Л.С. Пичкова, О.О.

Чертовских

Английский язык для поступающих

в магистратуру

BREAKTHROUGH

English language exam guide

for graduate students

1
 МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ

МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ МИД РОССИИ

Кафедра английского языка № 2

Л.С. Пичкова, О.О. Чертовских

Английский язык для поступающих

в магистратуру

BREAKTHROUGH

English language exam guide

for graduate students

Уровень В2-С1

Издательство
«МГИМО-Университет»

2017

2
81.2Англ

Редакционный совет серии:

Рецензенты:
Воевода Е.В., Доктор педагогических наук, профессор, МГИМО МИД РФ.
Казакова Е.П., Доцент, к. филол. наук, МГИМО МИД РФ.

Пичкова Л.С., Чертовских О.О.

Английский язык: “BREAKTHROUGH” English language exam guide for
graduate students. Учебное пособие для подготовки к вступительному
экзамену по английскому языку в магистратуру. Уровень В2-С1/Пичкова
Л.С., Чертовских О.О. Московский государственный институт
международных отношений МИД России, каф. англ. яз. № 2. — М.:
МГИМО-Университет, 2017. — 235 с.
ISBN
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для подготовки к
вступительному испытанию по английскому языку в магистратуру МГИМО
МИД РФ. Пособие также может быть успешно использовано для
подготовки к международным экзаменам в формате их отдельных
требований.
Цель учебного пособия — совершенствование основных речевых
навыков, таких как говорение, аудирование, чтение и письмо.
Пособие предназначено как для аудиторной работы студентов, так и для
самостоятельной подготовки. Наличие ключей к заданиям дает возможность
осуществить самоконтроль и самокоррекцию полученных знаний.
В учебном пособии представлен формат вступительного испытания по
английскому языку, параметры оценки, а также предлагается алгоритм
действий для успешного достижения поставленной цели.

81.2Англ

© Пичкова Л.С., Чертовских О.О., 2017

© Московский государственный
институт международных отношений
МИД России, 2017

3
 Contents

Предисловие...................................................................................................5
Методическая записка..................................................................................7
Unit 1.................................................................................................................9
Test 1...............................................................................................................17
Unit 2...............................................................................................................23
Test 2...............................................................................................................33
Unit 3...............................................................................................................38
Test 3...............................................................................................................48
Unit 4...............................................................................................................53
Test 4...............................................................................................................62
Unit 5 ..............................................................................................................67
Test 5...............................................................................................................78
Mid Test…......................................................................................................82
Unit 6...............................................................................................................87
Test 6...............................................................................................................97
Unit 7.............................................................................................................101
Test 7.............................................................................................................113
Unit 8.............................................................................................................118
Test 8.............................................................................................................129
Unit 9.............................................................................................................134
Test 9.............................................................................................................143
Unit 10...........................................................................................................148
Test 10...........................................................................................................158
Final Test......................................................................................................163
Appendix 1...................................................................................................167
Appendix 2...................................................................................................169
Appendix 3...................................................................................................171

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Предлагаемое учебное пособие (Уровень В2-С1) предназначено как для

аудиторной работы учащихся, так и для самостоятельной подготовки к
вступительному испытанию по английскому языку в магистратуру МГИМО

4
МИД РФ. Пособие также может быть успешно использовано для подготовки к
международным экзаменам в формате их отдельных требований.
Цель данного учебного пособия — совершенствование основных речевых
навыков, таких как говорение, аудирование, чтение и письмо, а также
максимальное развитие коммуникативной компетенции – умения получать,
перерабатывать и передавать информацию в соответствующей ситуации
общения форме.
Пособие построено по тематическому принципу и призвано расширить
словарный запас обучающихся, углубить умения и навыки просмотрового,
поискового и аналитического чтения, а также навыки устной и письменной
речи. Представленные в пособии задания по аудированию направлены на
дальнейшее овладение навыками адекватного понимания информации,
полученной на слух, и ее обработки в соответствии с поставленной задачей.
Лексические и грамматические задания способствуют формированию
устойчивого навыка употребления лексико-грамматических явлений в устной и
письменной речи.
Структура настоящего учебного пособия определяется указанными выше
учебными задачами. Уроки (Units) включают в себя тематически
ориентированные тексты, комплекс упражнений для освоения и закрепления
лексики и грамматики, а также задания для развития навыков устной и
письменной речи. В тестах (Tests) содержатся устные и письменные задания в
формате международных экзаменов и вступительного испытания МГИМО.
Выбор тем уроков определяется необходимостью формирования компетенций,
необходимых для общей и профессиональной деятельности на английском
языке, предусмотренных образовательным стандартом высшего образования
МГИМО МИД РОССИИ (см. ОК-1, ОК-2, ОК-3, ОК-6, ОК-9, ПДК-5, ДПК-1).
(ОК-1) владение культурой мышления, способность к обобщению, анализу,
восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения;
(ОК-2) способность понимать и анализировать мировоззренческие, социально и
личностно значимые философские проблемы;
(ОК-3) способность понимать движущие силы и закономерности исторического
процесса; события и процессы экономической истории, место и роль своей
страны в истории человечества и в современном мире;
(ОК-6) способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и
письменную речь;
(ПДК-5) ориентация в мировых экономических, экологических,
демографических, миграционных процессах, понимание механизмов
взаимовлияния планетарной среды, мировой экономики и мировой политики;
(ДПК-1) способность воспринимать базовые ценности мировой культуры и
опираться на них в своем личностном и общекультурном развитии.
Пособие содержит ключи к заданиям, наличие которых дает возможность
осуществить самоконтроль и самокоррекцию полученных знаний.
В пособии представлен формат вступительного испытания по
английскому языку, параметры оценки, а также предлагается алгоритм действий
для успешного достижения поставленной цели. В Приложении представлены
статьи по тематике уроков.

5
 При составлении данного учебного пособия авторы использовали
современные аутентичные материалы.
В соответствии со ст. 1274 Гражданского кодекса РФ авторы данного
пособия использовали в своей работе с обязательным указанием имени автора,
произведение которого используется, и источника заимствования, правомерно
обнародованные произведения и отрывки из них в качестве иллюстраций в
широком смысле в объеме, оправданном поставленной целью или методикой, в
качестве аутентичных материалов.

Ссылки на аудиоматериал:
[Link] [Link]

Авторы

МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Цель настоящего учебного пособия – совершенствование основных

речевых навыков, таких как говорение, аудирование, чтение и письмо, которые

6
необходимы при подготовке к вступительному испытанию по английскому
языку в магистратуру МГИМО МИД РФ.

СТРУКТУРА ПОСОБИЯ

Учебный материал пособия представлен 10 уроками (Units), состоящих из

7 разделов каждый (Lead-in, Listening, Language Focus, Grammar Rehab, Reading,
Speaking, Writing) и рассчитан на 64 академических часа. После каждого урока
представлен контрольно-измерительный материал в формате теста (Test), в
котором содержатся устные и письменные задания в формате вступительного
испытания.
Темы уроков: Art of Communication; Environment; Technologies; Making a
Living; Live and Learn; Literature; Aiming High; Global Problems; Travelling; Art
or Entertainment?
Пособие также содержит дополнительный материал по изучаемым темам,
представленный в Приложении (Appendix). Наличие подобного материала
способствует расширению кругозора студентов и дает дополнительную
информацию, которую можно использовать при монологическом высказывании
и написании мини-эссе.

РАБОТА С ПОСОБИЕМ

По мнению авторов, целесообразно начинать работу над материалом

каждого юнита с раздела Lead-in, преследующим цель активации основных
знаний обучающихся по основной теме урока и расширить словарный запас за
счет комплекса лексических упражнений.
Навыки говорения совершенствуются на основе проблем общественно-
политической и социально-культурной тематики, затронутых в текстах и аудио-
материалах и вопросах на обсуждение. Особое внимание уделяется заданию на
построение монологического высказывания, строго регламентированного по
формату и времени (2 минуты). Данный вид задания способствует развитию
творческого мышления и аргументации.
Навыки письменной речи отрабатываются через выполнение задания по
развитию предложенного тезиса и написанию мини-эссе.
Навыки просмотрового, поискового и аналитического чтения
углубляются через чтение аутентичных текстов на обсуждаемые темы и
выполнение задания в формате экзамена.
Навыки аудирования развиваются и совершенствуются через
прослушивание аутентичных текстов на актуальные темы урока и выполнение
различных заданий в формате вступительного испытания.
Для прослушивания аудиоматериала необходимо пройти по любой из
следующих ссылок:
[Link] [Link]
Тесты, сопровождающие каждый урок, содержат следующие задания:
 Выполнение заданий на основе аудиоматериала монологического и/или
диалогического характера. Время звучания – 4-5 мин. Двукратное предъявление.

7
 Выполнение задания в формате Multiple choice на основе прочитанного
материала по общественно-политической и социально-культурной тематике.
 Мини-эссе на предложенную тему. Объем – 50-70 слов.
 Устная презентация по предложенному тезису. Продолжительность
говорения - 2 мин.
Данное учебное пособие может быть использовано как индивидуальная
учебная книга и рабочая тетрадь: ряд упражнений предназначен для выполнения
непосредственно в книге, что способствует оптимизации учебного процесса.
Таким образом, структура учебного пособия и предлагаемые задания
призваны обеспечить активизацию и совершенствование таких основных
речевых навыков, как чтение, письмо, говорение и аудирование, что необходимо
для успешной сдачи экзамена по английскому языку.
В соответствии с требованиями Образовательного стандарта высшего
образования МГИМО МИД РОССИИ учебник предусматривает формирование
следующих компетенций, необходимых для деятельности на английском языке
по изучению и творческому осмыслению зарубежного опыта в культурной и
общественно-политических сферах:
a. (ОК-1) владение культурой мышления, способность к обобщению, анализу,
восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения;
b. (ОК-2) способность понимать и анализировать мировоззренческие, социально
и личностно значимые философские проблемы;
c. (ОК-3) способность понимать движущие силы и закономерности
исторического процесса; события и процессы экономической истории, место и
роль своей страны в истории человечества и в современном мире;
d. (ОК-6) способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную
и письменную речь;
e. (ПДК-5) ориентация в мировых экономических, экологических,
демографических, миграционных процессах, понимание механизмов
взаимовлияния планетарной среды, мировой экономики и мировой политики;
f. (ДПК-1) способность воспринимать базовые ценности мировой культуры и
опираться на них в своем личностном и общекультурном развитии.

Авторы

Unit 1

ART OF COMMUNICATION

8
Lead-in
1. Read the quotation. Expand upon its key message.

“The most important thing in communication is to hear what isn't being said”.
Peter Drucker, 1909-2005, Austrian-US management guru.

2. What is 'good communication'? Rank the following according to how

important you think they are and explain why.

 getting the message across quickly and efficiently

 developing an interesting exchange of ideas
 using language correctly
 having time to think before you speak
 being able to express your feelings

3. Complete the sentences with the words given in the box.

Appearance, charisma, cultures, digressions, wavelength, eye contact,

assertive, humour, language, listener, nerves, pace, speaks, rambler,
vocabulary, emotions, point, rapport

A good communicator is someone who:

1. is a good_______________and shows interest in other people;
2. has an awareness of body___________________as sometimes our gestures
speak louder than words;
3. is not a___________________ and doesn't get easily sidetracked;
4. doesn't suffer from_______________ and is relaxed when meeting new
people;

9
5. is sensitive to people from other_____________________;
6. has an extensive___________________;
7. has a good sense of_______________________;
8. has an attractive______________________ and is well dressed;
9. maintains_____________________ with the listener(s);
10. speaks at a reasonable_________________ - not too fast and not too
slow;
11. has______________________ and can hold the attention of the
listener(s);
12. keeps to the point and doesn't have a lot of
long_________________________;
13. never gives away__________________;
14. gets straight to the____________________;
15. thinks before___________________;
16. is ___________________________;
17. is on the same ____________________with the audience;
18. can easily establish ____________________with the listeners .

4. Answer the questions:

 What makes a good public speaker?

 Which of the points mentioned below do you agree/disagree with? Is there
anything else you would add?

Listening
Ссылки на аудиоматериал:
[Link] [Link]

CD 1.1 Listen to five people talking about communication habits and

answer the questions:
Which person/people (1-5):

[Link] conversations?
[Link] someone by accident?
[Link] has technical problems with communication?
[Link] suddenly contacted by someone?
E. thinks they are not up-to-date in their habits?
F. is interested in famous people?
Speaker 1_______________
Speaker 2_______________
Speaker 3_______________

10
Speaker 4_______________
Speaker 5_______________

Language Focus
1. Match the phrasal verbs from the listening with their meanings.

1. get in touch with a. meet by accident

2. track down b. maintain a relationship with
3. bump into c. follow what is happening
4. lose touch with d. find
5. stay in touch with e. have no contact with
6. keep track of f. exchange the latest news
7. catch up with the news g. contact

2. Match these idioms with their meanings.

1. actions speak louder than words

2. think before you speak
3. get a word in edgeways
4. hear it on the grapevine
5. be on the same wavelength
6. get straight to the point
7. have a quick word with someone

a. talk about the most important thing immediately

b. share similar ideas
c. hear about a rumour passed from one person to another
d. get a chance to say something
e. talk briefly to someone
f. what you do is more important than what you say
g. don't start talking until you have thought about what you want to say

3. Discuss the questions:

 Does it irritate you when people do not get straight to the point?
 When was the last time you felt you were really on the same wavelength with
someone else?
 What have you heard on the grapevine recently?
Grammar Rehab

11
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous.

I work in a large office with about thirty other people, most of whom I
1) ............ (know) quite well. We 2) ............ (spend) most of the day together,
so we have all become friends. In fact, most of my colleagues are so interesting,
that I 3) ............ (think) of writing a book about them! 4) ............ (take)
Helen Watson, for example. Helen 5) ............ (run) the accounts
department. At the moment she 6) ............ (go out) with Keith Ballantine, one
of the sales representatives, and they 7) ............ (seem) very happy together.
But everyone - except Helen apparently - 8) ............ (know) that Keith
9) ............ (fancy) Susan Porter. But I 10) ............ (happen) to know that Susan
11) ............ (dislike) Keith. “I can't stand people who never 12) ............(stop)
apologising all the time!” she told me. “And besides, I know he 13) ............
(deceive) poor Helen. He 14) ............ (see) Betty Wills from the overseas
department.”
And plenty of other interesting things 15) ............ (currently/go on). For
instance, every week we 16) ............ (experience) more and more problems with
theft - personal belongings and even money have been stolen. When you
17) ............ (realise) that someone in your office is a thief, it 18) ............ (upset)
you at first. But I 19) ............ (also/try) to catch whoever it is before the police
are called in. I'm not going to tell you who I 20) ............ (suspect). Well, not yet
anyway!

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

A Success Story

The Barnstable Herald is celebrating its fiftieth

anniversary. This small local newspaper has managed to
1)............ all of its rivals, none of which survived the last (1) LIVE
recession, and whose owners obviously 2)............ our (2) ESTIMATE
dedication and determination to succeed. Over the years (3) READ
our 3)............ has steadily increased, and many Barnstaple (4) SUBSCRIBE
residents now take out annual 4)............. Our paper boasts (5) COVER
(6) COLUMN
a wide 5)............ of local and national events, written by (7) DEPEND
experienced and qualified 6)............ and we pride ourselves (8) CENSOR
on our 7) ........... from governmental or political party (9) EXTREME
control. Any 8)............ that takes place is on purely ethical (10) CRITIC
grounds and we have not allowed ourselves to be
intimidated by 9)............ pressure groups. And while there
has been some 10)............ of the brevity of our reporting of
international sports news, we feel that as a local paper, our
duty is first and foremost to supply the public with local

12
news.

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

It never ceases to amaze me how little notice some people now take 1) ............
rules in public places. When I was a child, it would never have occurred to me
not to comply 2) ............ the rules. If someone smoked in defiance of a 'No
Smoking' sign on a train, they would rapidly be reminded 3)............ their
transgression by several irate passengers, who would refer the errant smoker
4)............ the sign in no uncertain terms. What's more, the person accused
would normally apologise 5)............ his indiscretion, and would certainly
refrain 6)............ repeating his anti-social behaviour. These days reminding
someone 7)............ their public duty not to drop litter or swear on the streets is
likely to succeed only 8)............ unleashing a torrent of verbal abuse 9)............
the wrongdoer. Many people seem blithely unaware that, for example, ‘the
silence in the library’ rule applies 10)............ them, as much as to anyone else.
Asking them is not enough, pleading 11)............ them might still not deter them
12)............ their noisy chat, resorting 13)............ physical violence, an
undesirable option, seems the only one likely to get a result. But, in all
seriousness, what really annoys me is that one is made to feel churlish or old-
fashioned just to insist 14)............ basic respect of everyday manners. Truly, it
seems polite behaviour and good manners count 15)............nothing in today's
society.

Reading
Read an extract. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

An Extract from “1984”, by George Orwell

“How is the Dictionary getting on?” asked Winston, raising his voice to be
heard over the noise. “Slowly,” said Syme. “I'm working on the adjectives. It’s
fascinating.” He had cheered up immediately when Winston mentioned
Newspeak. He picked up his piece of bread with one hand and his cheese with
the other, and leaned across the table so he could speak without shouting.
“The Eleventh Edition is the final edition,” he said. “We’re getting the language
into its final shape — the shape it’s going to have when nobody speaks anything
else. When we’ve finished with it, people like you will have to learn it all over
again. You think that our main job is inventing new words. But it’s not! We’re
destroying words — hundreds of them, every day. We're cutting the language

13
down to the bone. The Eleventh Edition won't contain a single word that will
stop being used before the year 2050.”
He bit hungrily into his bread and swallowed a couple of mouthfuls, then
continued speaking. “It’s a beautiful thing, the destruction of words. Of course,
we are getting rid of many verbs and adjectives, but there are hundreds of nouns
that can be got rid of as well. It isn't only the synonyms; there are also the
antonyms. After all, why have a word which is simply the opposite of some
other word? Take “good”, for instance. If you have a word like “good”, why do
you need a word like “bad”? “Ungood” is just as good — better, in fact, because
it's an exact opposite. Or again, if you want a stronger version of “good”, why
have lots of unclear, useless words like “excellent” and “splendid” and all the
rest of them? “Plusgood” covers the meaning, or “doubleplusgood” if you want
something stronger still. Of course, we use those forms already, but in the final
version of Newspeak there'll be nothing else. In the end, the whole idea of
goodness and badness will be covered by only six words. Don’t you see the
beauty of that, Winston? It was Big Brother’s idea originally, of course,” he
added.
A sort of dull eagerness passed quickly across Winston's face at the mention of
Big Brother. At this, Syme said, almost sadly, “You don’t really appreciate
Newspeak, Winston. Even when you write it you’re still thinking in Oldspeak.
I’ve read some of those pieces that you write in The Times occasionally.
They’re good enough, but they’re translations. In your heart you’d prefer to
keep Oldspeak. You don’t understand the beauty of the destruction of words.
Do you know that Newspeak is the only language in the world whose
vocabulary gets smaller every year?” Winston did know that, of course. He
smiled, sympathetically he hoped, not trusting himself to speak.
Syme went on: “Don’t you see that in the end we shall make thoughtcrime
impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. Every idea
that can ever be needed will be expressed by exactly one word, with its meaning
extremely clear and all other meanings rubbed out and forgotten. Already, in the
Eleventh Edition, we’re not far from that point. But the process will still be
continuing long after you and I are dead. Every year fewer and fewer words,
and the range of consciousness always a little smaller. Even now, of course,
there’s no reason or excuse for committing thoughtcrime. It’s simply a question
of self-discipline. But in the end there won’t be any need even for that.
The Revolution will be complete when the language is perfect. Has it ever
occurred to you, Winston, that by the year 2050, at the very latest, not a single
human being will be alive who could understand the conversation we are having
now?”

1. When Winston asked Syme how his work was going, he

A. seemed nervous about speaking about it at first.
B. began speaking about something else instead.

14
C. began speaking about it with enthusiasm.
D. spoke quietly so no one else could hear what he said.

2. In paragraph two, “We're cutting the language down to the bone” means
that the dictionary writers were
A. reducing the language to the minimum possible.
B. destroying the beauty of the language.
C. making the language simpler and easier to use.
D. trying to stop the language from changing and developing.

3. Syme said that he believed that many words should be destroyed because
A. they had lost their true meanings.
B. they were not being used often enough.
C. there were too many with similar meanings.
D. they could be replaced by clearer and simpler words.

4. In paragraph four, Syme criticises Winston for

A. refusing to use Newspeak in his writing.
B. his lack of enthusiasm for Newspeak.
C. using a mixture of Oldspeak and Newspeak.
D. not knowing enough Newspeak.

5. The writer suggests that Winston

A. highly respected Syme.
B. was beginning to be persuaded by Syme.
C. wanted to encourage Syme in his work.
D. was trying to hide his true feelings from Syme.

6. In the fifth paragraph, Syme said that he believed the aim of Newspeak
was
A. to encourage people to be more self-disciplined.
B. to help people to express their opinions more clearly.
C. to stop people from thinking originally and independently.
D. to help prevent misunderstandings between people.

7. Syme said that the language of the future

A. would make it easier for people to communicate.
B. would be completely different to the one people speak today.
C. would be very easy to learn and use.
D. would be more or less the same as it is today.
[1]
Speaking

15
Study Speaking Strategy in Appendix 1 and speak for 2 minutes about
current trends in communication and the way the world of communication
is changing. Think about the following topics:

 texting messages • writing emails

 surfing the Internet • using smartphones
 using social networks
 writing traditional letters

Writing
Study Writing Strategy in Appendix 1 and write a paraphrase of each
quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you agree or not and why.

“The more elaborate our means of communication, the less we communicate.”

Joseph Priestley (British political theorist)

“Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee and just as hard to sleep

after.” Anne Morrow Lindbergh (VS author)

Additional task
1. Study Exam Skills in Appendix 1.
2. Before doing Test 1 read article 1.1 in Appendix 3.

Test 1

Listening

16
Ссылки на аудиоматериал:
[Link] [Link]

CD Test 1. You will hear a woman called Helena Drysdale being interviewed
about her research for a book on minority languages. Listen to the Speaker
and do tasks 1-10.

Circle the correct answer A-D.

1. The main purpose of Helena’s journey was to

A. establish precisely where Europe’s minority languages are spoken.
В. investigate the effects of climate and location on language.
С. calculate the exact number of minority languages in Europe.
D. assess the current condition of Europe’s minority languages.

2. One problem of living in the mobile home was that

A. there wasn't much space.
В. the children had nowhere to play.
С. it became very hot.
D. they all got bored with each other.

3. What does Helena say about the people she met?

A. Not all of them spoke a minority language.
В. Some were more willing than others to express their views.
С. Intellectuals gave more biased information than other people.
D. Older people had a rather unbalanced view of the situation.

4. We learn that people who were punished for speaking Provencal

A. did not take their punishment seriously.
В. felt they were treated unfairly.
С. were made to feel embarrassed.
D. regretted what they had done.

5. What point does Helena make about some local people in a tourist
area?
A. They are not interested in preserving their culture.
В. They complain too much about tourists.
С. They sell their land in order to make large profits.
D. Their actions are not consistent with their opinions.
6. According to Helena, language
A. enables people to express their emotions.
В. is an expression of one’s identity.
С. is the key to integration,

17
D. makes everyone different.

Complete the text using no more than three words and/or numbers for each
answer.

Presenter: Yes, I can see. And how did you go about gathering your
information? What were your 7.______________________?
Helena: I did some research in the 8._______________ and on
_______________ after we came back, but the only real way to get the kind of
information I was looking for was by actually talking to people. We met writers,
teachers and artists, who generally gave a more 9._________________ of the
situation, and we were able to balance that with the more 10.
___________________, personalized accounts of people in the rural areas.

Reading
Read the article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

The Truth is out there on the Net

Far from encouraging mass deceit, the web promotes honesty because we fear
getting caught, writes Clive Thompson.
Everyone tells a little white lie now and then but Cornell University professor,
Jeffrey Hancock, recently claimed to have established the truth of a curious
proposition: we fib less frequently when were online than when talking in
person. He asked thirty undergraduates to record all their communications, and
all their lies for a week. When he tallied the results, he found the students had
mishandled the truth in about one-quarter of all face- to-face conversations, and
in a whopping 37 per cent of phone calls. But when they went into cyberspace,
only 1 in 5 instant-messaging chats contained a lie, and barely 14 per cent of
email messages were dishonest. Obviously, you can't make generalisations
about society solely on the basis of college students' behaviour, and there's also
something odd about asking people to be honest about how often they lie. But
still, Professor Hancocks results were intriguing, not least because they upend
some of our primary expectations about life on the net.
Wasn’t cyberspace supposed to be the scary zone where you couldn't trust
anyone? Back when the Internet first went mainstream, those pundits in the
government, media and academia worried that the digital age would open the
floodgates of deception. Since anyone could hide behind an anonymous
[Link] address or chat-room nickname, net users, we were warned, would be
free to lie with impunity. Parents panicked and frantically supervised their

18
children’s use of cyberspace, under the assumption that anyone lurking out there
in the unknown was a threat until proved otherwise. And to a certain extent, you
can see their reasoning: if we go along with the basic introduction to any
psychology course, we’re more likely to lie to people when there’s distance
between us. Eventually, though, many suspicions turned out to be unfounded.
What is it, then, about online life that makes us more truthful? It's simple: we're
worried about being exposed. In ‘real’ life, after all, it’s pretty easy to get away
with deception. If you lie to someone at a party, you can always claim you
never said it. On the Internet, your words often come back to haunt you. The
digital age is tough on liars, as an endless parade of executives are finding out.
This isn’t a problem for only corporate barons. We read the headlines: we know
in cyberspace our words never die, because machines don't forget. “It’s a cut-
and-paste culture”, as Professor Hancock put it, though he said that on the
phone, so who knows if he really meant it? And consider that many email
programs automatically 'quote’ your words when someone replies to your
message. Every time I finish an email message, I pause for a few seconds to
reread it just to ensure I haven’t said something I'll later regret.
Maybe this helps explain why television programmes like CSI: Crime Scene
Investigation have become so popular. They're all about revealing the sneaky
things that people do. We watch with fascination and unease as scientists
inspect the tiniest of clues - a stray hair on a car seat, a latent fingerprint on a
CD-ROM. After you've seen high-tech cops rake over evidence from a crime
scene with ultraviolet light and luminal and genetic sequencers enough times,
you get the message: Watch out - we’ve got files on you. Forensic science has
become the central drama of pop culture, and our fascination with it may well
add to our anxieties about technology. So no wonder we're so careful to restrict
our lying to low-technology environments. We have begun to be keenly
suspicious of places that might be bugged, conducting all of our subterfuge in
loud restaurants and lonely parks.
Our impulse to confess via cyberspace inverts much of what we think about
honesty. It used to be if you wanted to really trust someone, you arranged a
face-to-face meeting. Our culture still obsesses over physical contact, the
shaking of hands, the lubricating chitchat. Executives and politicians spend
hours flying across the country merely for a five-minute meeting, on the
assumption that even a few seconds of face time can cut through the
prevarications of letters and legal contracts. But perhaps this growing tendency
towards online communication is gratifying news. We could find ourselves
living in an increasingly honest world. It will at least, inevitably, be one in
which there are increasingly severe penalties for deception. With its unforgiving
machine memory, the Internet might turn out to be the unlikely conscience of
the world.

1. What does the writer suggest about Professor Hancocks findings?

19
A. They prove a higher than average level of dishonesty amongst students.
В. They are unreliable as students are not likely to have kept accurate records.
С.They only demonstrate what was already common knowledge to most people.
D. Students are less likely to lie while chatting online than on the telephone.

2. What does the writer state about the early days of the Internet use?
A. There was no discernible change in the general level of honest behaviour.
В. The Internet provided people with new ways to commit crime.
С. Children were frequently not permitted any kind of access to the Internet.
D. There was some over-reaction to the perceived dangers of the Internet.

3. What point is illustrated by the references to email records?

A. The corporate world has been forced to reassess its systems of
communication.
В. People have developed a less trusting attitude towards others they deal with.
С. People are becoming more cautious with regard to the content of email.
D. Email and similar documentation has sometimes been used to manipulate the
truth.

4. According to the writer, television programmes on forensic science have

A. led to people becoming more frightened of being exposed.
В. encouraged people to adopt more sophisticated methods of deception.
С. overtaken other types of television drama in terms of popularity.
D. given people a false impression of what science can currently achieve.

5. What does the writer state about the future impact of online
communication?
A. People will ensure that emails are strictly accurate and honest.
В. Instances of dishonesty will have more serious consequences.
С. People will feel the need for legal advice when preparing certain documents.
D. It will remove the need for face-to-face contact.

6. In these paragraphs, the writer is

A. commenting on the varied uses of the Internet.
В. complaining about a lack of online security.
С. expressing doubt about the benefits of computers.
D. explaining an unexpected side-effect of modern technology. [15]

Speaking

20
Various social networks have aroused great interest among Internet users.
However, some people say that they have a lot of drawbacks.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing
Answer the following question:

Do you think minority languages should be preserved?

21
Write 50-70 words.
Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Unit 2

ENVIRONMENT N
TT

22
Lead-in
1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. Speak about advantages and disadvantages of living in a major

city/countryside. Use the notes given below:

City
 Pros: interesting life; inspiration for work; facilities close at hand; easy
access to shops and shopping malls; all amenities are at hand: art galleries,
museums; better job prospects; latest film releases and theatre production;
centre of activity, etc.
 Cons: lack of community spirit; sense of alienation; noise pollution;
air/water/soil contamination; traffic congestion; graffiti; vandalism; abandoned
vehicles; high cost of living; traffic hazards; dirty streets; ugly blocks of flats;
frightening crime rate; people are always in a hurry and stressed; hectic
lifestyle; fast pace of life; constant rat race; people live according to the law of
the jungle etc.
Countryside
 Pros: there is no hustle and bustle of a major city; picturesque view/fantastic
scenery/natural landscape; secure environment; healthy lifestyle; space; peace
and quiet; clean and fresh air; production of organic food; strong sense of
community; outdoor leisure activities and sports; most things are cheaper than
in the city; more time available to take up sports and hobbies, etc.
 Cons: droughts; no crops; isolation; not many things are available; lack of
local facilities; problems when somebody is ill; may get bored; small social
circle; there isn't a wide variety of goods, brand names, etc.

3. Complete the passage with the words given in the box.

23
 gossip, live, amenities, doorstep, facilities, lack, drawbacks, crime-rate,
home background, beautiful scenery, major city, leisure activities, on
campus, social life, cost of living

The place where you grow up shapes your view of what the world is like. It is
difficult to appreciate the advantages that are on your own 1. …………. If you
grow up in a small, provincial town, you are likely to find the idea of living in a
2…………. attractive. You think of all the 3 ……………that would be around
you, the 4 …………… you could take part in and the opportunities you would
have. You might choose to ignore the 5 …………. of life in a city, such as the
frightening 6…………….., the need to travel long distances from one side of
the city to the other, and the much higher 7…………... If you live in a small
village in the countryside, you are surrounded by 8…………….. but there is
little for young people to do. There is a serious problem with 9………….. of
transport, particularly in the evenings. This makes it difficult to have a good
10…………….... In small communities, you know everyone and everyone
knows you. People 11…………….. about everything you do!
No wonder students who go away to college appreciate the chance to get away
from their 12……………and experience life in a different place. Life
13…………… in a hall of residence meets students’ needs. With a
study/bedroom and shared cooking and washing 14…………..you can be
independent and 15……………..your own life.

4. Answer the following question:

 What makes a place good to live in?

Listening
CD 2.1. You will hear five people expressing their views on environmental
problems. For speakers 1-5, choose which of the problems they are most
anxious about. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you
do not need to use.
A. Acid rain
B. Dioxins
C. Global warming
D. Carbon dioxide
E. Fossil fuels
F. Nuclear power

24
Speaker 1_______________
Speaker 2_______________
Speaker 3_______________
Speaker 4_______________
Speaker 5_______________

CD 2.2. Listen to five people talking about what they do to help the
environment. Choose which activity they are talking about. There is one
extra letter.

A. Planting trees
B. Using the car less
C. Changing to organic farming
D. Making an effort to save energy
E. Adopting a wild animal
F. Changing to solar power

Speaker 1_______________
Speaker 2_______________
Speaker 3_______________
Speaker 4_______________
Speaker 5_______________

Language Focus
1. Find out the meaning of these words and use them to complete the
sentences below.

•greenhouse effect • biodegradable • wetlands •deforestation • dumping

• toxic waste •renewable energy •emissions • biodiversity •global warming
•ozone layer • desertification • smog • habitats •depletion

1. There are still scientists who dispute the existence of__________________

and say there has been no real change in temperature.
2. The draining of________________________to build factories has enraged
environmentalists.
3. On some days in summer the________________________is so bad that
people with breathing problems are advised to stay at home.
4. Carbon dioxide____________________must be cut if we want to stop
polluting the air.
5. __________________of waste at sea is forbidden by international law.

25
6. Lack of rain means that large areas of previously fertile land in Africa are
threatened with____________________________.
7. We must develop______________________sources and not depend on oil.
8. The problem with most plastics is that they are not__________________ and
cannot be reabsorbed by the earth.
9. The build up of a layer of gases trapped in the earth's atmosphere which
prevents heat escaping is known as the _______________________.
10. Steady___________________________ in the Himalayas has
resulted in catastrophic floods in countries at sea level.
11. Scientists first became aware of the effects of certain gases on the
environment when they found a hole in the_________________ over
Antarctica.
12. As cities expand, many animals are being driven from their
natural___________________________.
13. Plant and animal species dying out means the loss of
the_________________of the planet.
14. Since ____________________________________continues to be
hazardous for a long time it is difficult to dispose of it safely.
15. Despite attempts to persuade people to conserve water,
the___________________of water supplies continues.

2. Match the following words to form collocations and use them in the
sentences of your own.

 acid risks
 nuclear fuels
 fossil rain
 health power

3. Match the sets of adjectives in A with the nouns in В to form

collocations. Then choose a suitable item to fill in the gaps in the
sentences below.

A B
wind, solar power
natural, man-made species
noise, air disasters
industrial, nuclear fumes
wild-life, water waste
extinct, endangered pollution
noxious, toxic conservation

26
1. The city was dominated by tall factory chimneys, from which_____________
poured into the atmosphere.
2. The WWF is dedicated to______________________________.
3. The number of ___________________in the world is increasing as habitats
are lost.
4. Some countries have been criticised for selling their____________________
to developing countries.
5. People living near airports are those worst affected
by_____________________, but we all suffer from it to some extent.
6. Judging by the number of panels visible on people's
rooftops,______________is becoming more and more popular.
7. Global warming is resulting in an increased number
of_________________throughout the world.

Grammar Rehab
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past forms.

A. Last year, Tom and Fiona 1) ............ (decide) to buy a house. They
2) ............ (save up) for ages, and by the end of May they 3) ............ (put by)
enough for the deposit on a house. They 4) ............(live) in a tiny flat at the time
and Fiona 5) ............ (insist) that she 6) ............(want) a house with a big
garden. They 7) ............ (search) for only a few days when they found exactly
what they 8) ............ (look for) - a two-bedroomed house in nearly an acre of
garden. Unfortunately the owner 9) ............ (ask) much more than they 10)
............ (be) willing to pay, and when they 11) ............ (look) more closely at
the interior, they 12) ............ (see) that whoever 13) ............ (live) there before,
14) ............(make) an absolute mess of the walls and floors. Still, Fiona 15)
............ (like) the garden and the location so much that she 16)............ (manage)
to convince Tom that, despite the price, it 17) ............ (be) the perfect house for
them.
B. Last summer some friends and I 1) ............ (arrange) to go camping. We 2)
............ (look) forward to going for weeks when finally the date of the departure
3) ............ (arrive). We 4) ............ (load) the car with our luggage and 5)
............ (set off) early in the morning. The weather was perfect, the sun 6)
............ (shine) brightly and the wind 7) ............ (blow) gently. There 8)
............ (not/be) a cloud in the sky! Shortly afterwards, while we 9) ............
(travel) along the motorway, we 10) ............ (notice) that the car 11) ............
(make) a strange noise. Pete, who 12) ............ (drive) very fast, suddenly
13) ...........(stop) the car. Everyone 14) ............ (get out) and 15) ............ (go)
round to the back of the car. To our surprise the boot was wide open – whoever

27
16) ............ (load) the luggage 17) ............ (not/close) it properly, and
everything 18) ............ (fall out)!

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

Save Rainforests
(1) APPEAR
Frustrated and tired of hearing about the 1) ............ rainforests?
Well here’s your chance to do something positive about it.
The world's rainforests represent a vast reservoir of 2) ............ (2) KNOW
and hold potential for the 3) ............ of new medicines and foods. (3) DISCOVER
There is no doubt that large-scale deforestation alters the climate:
(4) INTENSE
it 4) ............ droughts in the dry season and floods in the rainy
season. The result is fewer animal and plant species, soil 5) (5) ERODE
............ , a water supply which is 6) ............ and poorer health (6) RELY
for the local people. By joining Rainforest Concern and
sponsoring acres of 7) ............ rainforest for the Choco-Andean (7) THREAT
Rainforest Corridor in Ecuador, you will be protecting one of the
(8) ECOLOGY
world’s most important 8) ............ areas. Within these forests
live a high number of seriously 9) ............ species of animals, (9) DANGER
birds and plants, many of which are found nowhere else on earth.
You will also be helping to secure the 10) ............ and culture of (10) SURVIVE
the Awa and Cayapas indigenous people, who still live in
harmony with their natural environment.
Please help this dynamic conservation project by completing the (11) SPONSOR
coupon now. Your 11) ............ will be a wonderful gift for your
children and for the Earth itself.

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Overpopulated or Underpopulated?

A few countries in Africa, mainly in the south have large herds 1) ............
elephants that are growing 2) ............ number and are already exceeding the
capacity 3) ............ game reserves to sustain them. In most other countries,
mainly in the centre of the continent, elephants are 4) ............ the brink of
extinction. Countries with big and growing herds push 5) ............ culling and
trade elephant products. Those without, favour a ban 6) ............ the ivory
trade.
For environmentalists, the answer is to redistribute elephants 7) ............
overpopulated to underpopulated areas, which helps to ease the pressures to cull
and stops the bitter clashes 8) ............ what to do. However, this is often just too
expensive.

28
The only real solution lies 9) ............ the opening up of large new elephant
lands by pulling down the fences of game reserves and joining them 10) ............
with other protected areas, including those 11) ............ adjacent countries.
This would create new homelands 12) ............ thousands of elephants 13)
............ a fraction of the cost.
14) ............ fact, one such trans-frontier park was opened early this year
between South Africa and Botswana in the Kalahari and the governments 15)
............ South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Mozambique have agreed to
set up two more in areas of high elephant congestion.

Reading
You are going to read an article about a famous conservation project. For
questions 1-7, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which you think fits best
according to the text.

Save Our Seeds

Over the past four hundred years, four hundred and fifty types of plants and
trees around the world have become extinct as a result of the combined effects
of global warming, population growth, deforestation, flooding and the fact that
deserts are advancing in some regions at a rate of nearly four miles a year.
Scientists estimate a quarter of the world's remaining 270,000 plant species will
be under threat of extinction by 2050.
In 1997, in an attempt to try to prevent the loss of such precious resources,
volunteers all over Britain began collecting seeds from Britain’s 1,400 species
of wild plants, three hundred of which are already facing extinction. The seeds
collected are now housed in the Millennium Seed Bank, which opened its doors
in 2000. Run by the Royal Botanical Gardens department of the famous Kew
Gardens in London, the bank is located in Sussex, about thirty-five miles
outside of the capital.
The bank is expected to become the world’s biggest seed bank and, apart from
preserving almost all the plant life in Britain, it also aims to have saved the
seeds of more than 24,000 species of plant life, almost a tenth of the world’s
flowering plants, in the next twenty years. If they are successful, the
Millennium Seed Bank Project will be one of the largest international
conservation projects ever undertaken.
In order to achieve this aim, the Millennium Seed Bank has a team of scientists
who travel to remote corners of the world to find and collect seeds. They work
together with local botanists and also help them to set up their own seed banks
by training local scientists. They also spend a great deal of time negotiating with

29
governments to allow them to collect the seeds and bring them back to Britain
for storage in the Millennium Seed Bank.
When these seeds arrive at the seed bank, they are sorted, separated by hand
from their pods, cleaned and dried and then X-rayed to make sure that they
haven’t been damaged in any way that might stop them from growing into
healthy plants. Finally, they are placed in ordinary glass jars and stored in three
underground vaults at temperatures of -20°C. Most plant species have seeds that
can be dried, frozen and stored for years and still grow into healthy plants.
However, the seeds of some species cannot be dried, so they can't be stored in
seed banks in the usual way. These seeds include many rainforest tree species
and plants that grow underwater.
Roger Smith, head of the Millennium Seed Bank, explains that scientists at the
bank are already working on finding new ways of storing those seeds that
cannot survive the drying and freezing process, and also on how to regenerate
the seeds when they become extinct in their natural habitats. "At the moment,
all we’re doing is preserving these plants for the future. We won’t have
managed to conserve any species until we find the way to successfully
regenerate them and grow new plants from them," points out Smith. "But at
least this way, when the technology becomes available, and it will, we won’t
have lost everything."
As well as preserving seeds for the future, the seed bank also receives 2000
requests per year for seeds from universities, governments and conservationist
organisations for use in various types of research — for example, to find cures
for diseases, to grow food in the developing world and to help in projects that
restore the natural habitats of endangered animal species so they can be released
back into the wild. Dr Hugh Pritchard, head of research at the Millennium Seed
Bank, says: "While it's true that many of the plants we preserve at the bank
aren’t useful at the moment, that doesn’t mean they won’t become useful in the
future. Something like thirty per cent of the medicines we use today are based
on products or chemicals which have been extracted from plants. So it’s easy to
see why we need to preserve the diversity of the earth’s plant life for the future."

1. What do scientists believe will happen by 2050?

A. All plant life will be altered.
В. 450 types of plants will be in danger of becoming extinct.
С. Part of the world's plant life will face extinction.
D. Environmental factors will affect only 450 plant species.

2. Where can the Millennium Seed Bank be found?

A. Outside Sussex.
В. Outside London.
С. In the Royal Botanical Gardens.
D. In the Kew Gardens.

30
3. The main objective of the Millennium Seed Bank is to
A. Save the seeds of thousands of the world's plants.
В. Protect all flowering plants in the world.
С. Start a new international project in the next few years.
D. Undertake a larger conservation project soon.

4. The Millennium Seed Bank carries out its work by

A. Training foreign governments to plant seeds.
В. Travelling around the world with botanists from other countries.
С. Helping other international seed banks.
D. Collecting international seeds and returning them to Britain for storage.

5. The methods used in storing the seeds show that

A. All seeds can be preserved for many years.
B. Some species cannot be stored by regular means.
С. Some of the plant species develop into healthy plants.
D. Some seeds are damaged when X-rayed.

6. The Millennium Seed Bank is trying to

A. Reproduce new plants from the seeds.
В. Reduce the storage lives of some seeds.
С. Destroy the seeds that cannot be frozen.
D. Plant the seeds that have a short storage life.

7. Why is this project important, according to Dr Pritchard?

A. It's useful to medical research.
В. It’s useful in technological research.
С. It helps governments in developing countries.
D. It helps animal habitats.
[12]

Speaking
Speak for 2 minutes about environmental problems you are most
concerned about. Think about the following topics:

31
  air/water pollution • global warming
 nuclear power • scarcity of natural resources
 deforestation • natural calamities
 endangered species • depletion of the ozone layer
 rubbish

Writing
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“Modern technology owes ecology an apology.”

Alan M. Eddison

“Nature provides a free lunch, but only if we control our appetites.”

William Ruckelshaus, (US environmentalist).

Additional task
1. Study Exam Skills in Appendix 1.
2. Before doing Test 2 read articles 2.1 and 2.2 in Appendix 3.

Test 2

Listening

32
CD Test 2. Listen to two people, Amy and Bill, discussing globalisation.
Who expresses the following opinions? Write A for Amy and В for Bill.

1. Globalisation could harm the regional way of life………

2. Globalisation can help people who live within a small area ………
3. Worldwide, more people eat traditional food than fast food ………
4. People can enjoy products from many different cultures today………
5. Large overseas companies have control over the non-alcoholic drink
market………
6. If not for globalisation, companies from different countries would not join
together to do business………
7. People who travel prefer to see unusual and exciting things instead of
symbols used by big companies………
8. Experiencing something from another country does not take away your
feeling of belonging to your country………
9. A range of different cultures can be reflected in food bought
overseas………
10. No single company has complete control over the fashion industry………
Now listen again and write words or phrases from the conversation that
mean the same as the words in bold.

Example: way of life…culture……

Reading
Read a magazine article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or
D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Doing What Comes Naturally

“This”, says a figure, dismounting from a single-seater ski-bike and addressing

us from somewhere inside the world’s thickest coat, “is one of the coolest
places on earth”. The emphases are heavy hut the voice is like a piano played
gently. You feel at home with this voice, you know where you are with it,
which, on this occasion, is in the High Arctic, on the trail of the Arctic fox, with
the temperature hovering somewhere around 50 below. The voice is
unmistakably that of Sir David Attenborough.
The words are those which open The Life of Mammals, Attenborough's new
magnum opus for the BBC, the latest in an extraordinary line that passes back
through Life in the Freezer and The Life of Birds to Life on Earth. We are

33
familiar enough with his work now to know that a number of things can be
guaranteed about The Life of Mammals.
Attenborough will draw our attention to animals in places we didn't know
existed. He will begin a sentence in, say, Australia and finish it in Brazil. We
will marvel again at Attenborough, the great communicator, the peerless
educator. And we will be variously appalled and intrigued by the ways in which
mammals hunt, eat and form relationships. As Attenborough says in the
introduction to the series, “We will look at the lives of our closest relatives and
they will lead us to ourselves.”
But will they lead us to David Attenborough? He recently wrote a 400-page
account of his career in broadcasting, Life on Air. It is one of the few books ever
published to contain tips on handling a Gaboon viper. (“Push a pole under one,
about a third of its length from the back of its head, and it will be balanced so
that you can gently lift it. Then dump it in a box and slam the lid down very
quickly.”) However, its author is far less forthcoming for anyone seeking to
know the private man. The death in 1997 of his wife, Jane, which everyone
close to Attenborough agrees devastated him, is approached in four sorrowful
but guarded paragraphs. His brother Richard, who lives close to him and to
whom he talks weekly, merits one mention in the book, and that in brackets.
Attenborough, it seems, slams the lid down very quickly on his feelings.
Not surprisingly, perhaps, he keeps out of the limelight as much as possible,
both on and off screen. His determination in this regard is founded in part on
genuine anxieties he has about taking credit where it isn't due. Frequently, of
course, Attenborough is present when the rare footage of, say, the naked mole
rat is shot. But at other times he goes nowhere near the animal at all, adding his
voice to the footage shot by a cameraman, who has been standing for months in
a field in a pair of wet boots. Attenborough, too, has had his fair share of long
nights spent on forest floors in damp sleeping bags, in disquieting proximity to
leeches. Yet the elements of risk and discomfort in his work are things he would
prefer to downplay. He considers himself the channel rather than the focus. If
people discover afterwards what he's gone through to film a particular animal,
then so be it, but he doesn't want it to be part of the programme.
Attenborough could have had a quieter life. He went to Cambridge in 1945 to
read natural sciences and considered becoming an academic. But he eventually
gave up on the idea. “I know someone who went looking for an animal in
Sumatra,” he recalls. “He didn't even see it for the first three years. Went out
and looked for it every day. Saw footprints, occasionally a hair. And after he'd
found it, that was all he was allowed to look at for another eight years. Another
chap I knew had to count the number of bees that went into a certain kind of
orchid between certain hours of the day. He was stuck out in the middle of the
Panama Canal counting bees. A caricature of the intellectual life really.”
So, in the hope of finding something more stimulating, he joined the BBC. He
rocketed up through the ranks, lending the best of his energies to wildlife

34
programming, which was then at an unpromisingly larval stage. In the Fifties
the technology wasn’t readily available to film in the field, so the natural world
had to be borrowed from London Zoo and brought to the studio in a sack. “It
gave you five minutes of very cheap programming, in which you showed a
python.” In the classic tradition of these things, he only began to present
programmes by chance, because the person who was to have done it came down
with something.
Ever since then, for over 50 years, he’s been doing what comes naturally;
entertaining and enlightening - and bringing comfort. For his programmes run
reassuringly counter to the reflex of our times, which is to mull fearfully over a
depressing prospect for the world about us. Seen through Attenborough’s eyes,
the planet tends not to be scalded and smoking, breathing its last. It teems and
thrives, blossoms and grows. The future in Sir David Attenborough's world is
big and bright.

1. The writer says that Sir David Attenborough’s voice

A. is not immediately recognizable.
В. is comforting to the listener.
С. rises and falls frequently.
D. is not affected by extreme temperatures.

2. What does Attenborough mean when he says “they will lead us to

ourselves’?
A. The mammals will remind us of the value of cooperation in survival.
В. We will realize how far humans have evolved compared to other species.
С. The mammals will help us gain an understanding of our own behaviour.
D. We will learn more about ourselves than we will about the mammals.

3. In his book Life on Air, Attenborough

A. is anxious to respect the privacy of his family.
В. gives practical advice on taming animals.
С. expresses a lack of interest in his family.
D. reveals little about his emotions.

4. What do we learn about Attenborough’s approach when making wildlife

programmes?
A. He tries not to be the centre of attention.
В. He leaves more uncomfortable work to others.
С. He avoids dangerous situations when filming.
D. He prefers to keep his distance from animals.

5. Attenborough implies that academic work is

A. exhausting.

35
В. monotonous.
С. unappreciated.
D. pointless.

6. What does the writer say about Attenborough’s early days at the BBC?
A. He never intended to present wildlife programmes.
В. He gained rapid promotion in the organization.
С. The BBC had little money to spend on wildlife programmes.
D. The technology for making wildlife documentaries had not been invented.

[14]

Speaking

Most people are convinced that a digital pet cannot substitute a real one.
Others suggest that digital pets are preferable for a number of reasons.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing
Answer the following question:

Who should be responsible for protecting the environment, individuals or

the government?

36
Write 50-70 words.
Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Unit 3

TECHNOLOGIES N
TT

37
Lead-in
1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. Speak about the way the advances in technology have affected our
working, studying and social life. Use the words given in the box:

the most sophisticated; advanced; cutting-edge; ground-breaking;

innovative; new-fangled; pioneering; revolutionary; state-of-the-art;
durable; easy to use/ user friendly; environmentally friendly; handy;
behind the times; old-hat; outdated/out-of-date; outmoded; obsolete

3. Complete each sentence using a suitable adjective from the box given
above. There may be more than one possible answer.

1. I don't understand these__________________phones. I just want something

simple that I can use to call people.
2. That device was___________________before it even went on the market.
Nobody uses it anymore.
3. This is a____________________ development. It will change the way we
communicate forever.
4. It's not exactly_____________________ technology, but it's still a pretty
useful piece of equipment.

4. Read the following predictions made about the future. Which statements
do you tend to agree/disagree with?

38
 LIFE IN 2050
 EDUCATION
Teachers will be replaced by computers.
The playground will be used less and less as computers provide playtime for
children.
Each student will have all the books they need stored on a palmtop computer.
 WORK
There will be more open collar workers. People will work from home and
submit their work in electronic form through the Internet.
Manual work will be carried out by robots under human supervision.
Employees will be closely monitored and evaluated by computerised managers.
 HOME
All housework, including cooking, will be done by robots.
All houses will be solar-powered.
 HEALTH
People will live an average of 125 years.
All surgery will be bloodless.
The cure for cancer will have been discovered.

5. Answer the following questions.

 What will the following things be like in 2050?

 Entertainment
 Food
 Transport
 The Environment

 Which technologies do you think will become obsolete in the next 30

years?

6. Complete the passage with the words given in the box.

contribute, is leading, a rise, stems, account, impact, expansion, results

What is it that drives us forward in the search for new technology? How can we
1. ______________for our hunger for new-fangled products that may have no
real positive 2. ____________________on our lives?
Particularly over the last twenty years there has been a vast 3. _____________
in the range of new technological products available to consumers. The huge
amount of choice that consumers have 4. ______________in too many products

39
being created and made, and fewer and fewer actually being bought. This will
lead to an enormous waste of resources and will 5. ______________ to the
scarcity of natural resources. Already the strain on the oil industry, which not
only provides petrol but plastics too, 6.______________to 7._____________in
concerns over the end date of our resources. The need to cut back on technology
and return to more basic ways of living 8. _____________from our realisation
that sooner rather than later we will not be able to keep producing this level of
technology.

7. Answer the question:

Which item of technology do you think is the most:

 important?
 useful?
 controversial?
 unpopular?
 pointless?

Listening
CD 3.1. You will hear part of a radio programme about mobile phones. For
questions 1-8, complete the sentences using no more than three words
and/or numbers for each answer.

The first category of mobile phone user is described as 1.__________________.

“Style bandits” see their phone as a type of 2. ___________________________.
“Hedonists” and “resisters” share an interest in simplicity and 3._____________
when buying a mobile phone. Mobile phones come in different colours to match
the 4.___________________ of each user. Food colours can remind us of our
5. _________________________. More than 6.____________________ of UK
teenagers have paid for a ring tone. Ring tones of music which is
7.__________________ are popular with teenagers.
High prices are paid for numbers which people find 8.______________. [14]
Language Focus
1. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using words/phrases from the box below.

stressful lifestyle; traffic congestion; urban sprawl; extreme weather

changes; nuclear power; fast food; unemployment; impersonal service;
biological weapons; space junk; GM foods; consumer society

40
1. I'm terribly sorry I’m late but _____________ in and around the city just
keeps getting worse.
2. The recent increase in___________________in the area can be explained by
the new automated car plant that has just opened.
3. After little more than forty years, we have seriously polluted the final frontier
with____________________ and other debris.
4. We live in a_____________________where we find it easier to throw away
something that is broken rather than get it fixed.
5. Many teenagers would prefer to go out with their friends
for__________________than sit down to a meal with their family.
6. Looking out the aeroplane window I could see that the unsightly__________
of the city had spread far into the desert.
7. Although the prices at the new shopping complex may be lower,
the______________________there keeps me going back to my local market.
8. The government has refused to pass a law which states that
all__________________must be clearly marked.
9. It is well known that many countries are hiding stores of potentially
lethal_____________________.
10. Her_____________________caused her to suffer from both mental and
physical ailments.
11. The______________________we've been having are wreaking havoc on
crop production in most parts of the world.
12. ___________________could be extremely dangerous if it were to fall into
the wrong hands.

2. Match the adjectives to the pairs of nouns to form collocations.

 technological inquiry/journal
 automated stage/research
 new age warfare/era
 scientific factory/appliances
 high-tech voice discs/camera
 experimental exploration/station
 space philosophy/travellers
 digital gadgetry/industry

Now, use the collocations to complete the sentences. Use the remaining
collocations to make up sentences of your own.

1. Originally, the Russian_______________MIR, was supposed to last for five

years, but in fact it remained in operation for fourteen.
2. Professor Smith has recently had his findings published in a prominent_____.

41
3. This is the product prototype; as you can see, it is still at
the______________.
4. _________________has put an end to the use of conventional weapons and
traditional battle strategies.
5. Supposedly,________________________, or DVDs as they are called, are
far more resistant to scratching than records.
6. People looking for meaning in today’s confusing modern world often
immerse themselves in_____________________________________.

3. Match items from columns A and В to form idioms.

A B
break a rocket scientist
blind someone clock back
move with with science
be somebody's of time
once in a guinea pig
turn the blue moon
come down to earth
reinvent the wheel
it doesn't take the mould
stand the test the times

Now, rewrite the sentences below using idioms.

1. Jeff finally saw the reality of the situation after his employer explained to
him that extra responsibilities went along with his new promotion.
2. In order to ensure our company's continued success we have to keep up with
modern trends.
3. I don't know why you think he's so special. It doesn't require that much
intelligence to install a software program.
4. You're confusing me with all that technological language. Just tell me in
simple terms how to connect to the Internet.
5. Sue, can I experiment on you by having you try out this new program I
designed?
Grammar Rehab
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future forms.

Technology has made such dramatic advances in the past decade that by the
year 2050 who knows what changes 1) ............ (take) place. It is quite likely
that by 2050 we 2) ............ (use up) most of the earth's natural resources and so
we 3) ............ (rely) on wind power and hydropower for our energy needs. As a

42
result of this shortage of energy, it is quite probable that scientists 4) ............
(find) a way for us to live outside the earth. By the next century it’s
possible that people 5) ............ (live) in cities on the Moon or perhaps in cities
on the seabed. It is to be hoped that scientists 6) ............(discover) cures for
fatal diseases such as Aids and, due to the advancement of genetic engineering,
hereditary diseases passed down from generation to generation 7) ............
(exist) no longer. It is quite possible that by 2050 life expectancy 8) ............
(increase) to 100 and that we 9) ............ (be able to) enjoy a healthier
existence than is now possible.
Another area likely to have been further affected by technology in the year 2050
is education. In schools, computers 10) ............ (replace) teachers and many
students 11) ............ (stay) at home to complete their education. We 12)
...............(see) changes in the workplace too. The two main areas of
employment 13) ............ (be) the so-called creative and caring professions, and
the disappearance of jobs in manufacturing 14) ............ (result) in massive
unemployment.

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

This New World of Communication

It was not so long ago that we dealt with colleagues through
face-to-face 1) ............ and with counterparts and customers
by phone or letter. But the world of communication has (1)INTERACT
2) ............ a dramatic transformation, not all for the good. (2)GO
Email 3) ............ has had a 4) ............ effect on certain (3)DOUBT
people’s 5) ............ , both at home and in business. For (4)SIGNIFY
these people, the use of email has become 6) ............ (5)BEHAVE
addictive, to the extent that it is 7) ............ their mental and (6)RESIST
(7)THREAT
physical health. Addicts spend their day checking for email (8)TEND
and have a 8) ............ to panic if their server goes down. It (9)OBSESSED
is estimated that one in six people have this dangerous (10) PRODUCE
9) ............ and spend four hours a day sending and receiving
messages, the equivalent to more than two working days a
week. The negative effect on 10) ............ is something
employers are well aware of.

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Is It a Reliable Source of Information?

Most would agree that the golden age of the library has well and truly passed
and that the Internet has overtaken as provider of global information. 1) ............
the same time, there is growing awareness that online articles which seem to be

43
based 2) ............ thorough research, evidence and academic study, are not as
factual as they claim. Online, a writer has powers that no ordinary journalist or
author would ever have, and the reader is forced to distinguish 3) ............ what
is actually objective or what is mere opinion. And even sites which were once
thought to be reliable now suffer 4) ............ attacks carried 5) ............
6) ............ Internet vandals intending to cause deliberate inaccuracy 7) ............
statistics, or publish personal abuse 8) ............ a well-known person, for
example. Another controversial issue is that of writers claiming to have
academic backgrounds or expertise 9) ............ an area when they do not. In
2007 online encyclopedia Wikipedia admitted that one of their editors, a
professor of religious studies who other editors believed to be entirely
trustworthy, was actually a 24-year-old student called Ryan Jordan. Before he
was unmasked, Jordan had made over 20,000 alterations 10) ............ the entries
people had posted 11) ............ the encyclopedia.

Reading
Read three extracts which are all concerned with technologies. For
questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which you think fits best
according to the text.

Smart Shoes Decide on Television Time

Sports shoes that work out whether their owner has done enough exercise to
warrant time in front of the television have been devised in the UK. The shoes,
dubbed Square Eyes, contain an electronic pressure sensor and a tiny computer
chip to record how many steps the wearer has taken in a day. A wireless
transmitter passes the information to a receiver connected to a television, and
this decides how much evening viewing time the wearer deserves, based on the
day’s exertions. The design was inspired by a desire to combat the rapidly
ballooning waistlines among British teenagers, says Gillian Swan, who
developed Square Eyes as a final-year design project at Brunei University in
London, UK. “We looked at current issues and childhood obesity really stood
out,” she says. “And I wanted to tackle that with my design.” Once a child has
used up their daily allowance gained through exercise, the television
automatically switches off. And further time in front of the TV can only be
earned through more steps.
Existing pedometers normally clip onto a belt or slip into a pocket and keep
count of steps by measuring sudden movement. Swan says these can easily be
tricked into recording steps through shaking. But her shoe has been built to be
harder for lazy teenagers to deceive. “It is possible, but it would be a lot of
effort,” she says. “That was one of my main design considerations.”

44
1. Gillian Swan’s purpose in creating the special shoe was to
A. prove a link between passive entertainment and obesity.
В. help teenagers to lose weight and become fitter.
С. reveal how teenagers prefer to spend their time.
D. find a way of staying in good condition while watching TV.

2. What does Swan say was of particular importance during the

development of the shoe?
A. creating a product that would always be in demand.
В. designing a shoe that teenagers were willing to wear.
С. making sure the technology could not be damaged.
D. ensuring that the information the shoe provided was reliable.

Extract from novel

“Sometimes I regret that I ever married into a Chinese family,” Phil said when
he heard we had to go to San Francisco, a hundred miles round-trip from our
house in San Jose, made worse by weekend football traffic. Although he's
become genuinely fond of my mother over the fifteen years we've been married,
he's still exasperated by her demands. And a weekend with the extended family
is definitely not his preferred way to spend his days off from the hospital. “Are
you sure we have to go?” he said absently. He was busy playing with a new
software program he had just loaded onto his laptop computer. He pressed a
key. “Hotcha!”* he exclaimed to the screen, and clapped his hands. Phil is
forty-three years old and with his wiry gray hair he usually strikes most people
as reserved and dignified. At that moment, however, he had the pure intensity of
a little boy playing with a battleship. [14]
I pretended to be equally busy, perusing the help-wanted section. Three months
ago, I took a position as a speech and language clinician with the local school
district. And while I was basically happy with the job I secretly worried I had
missed a better opportunity.
My mother had put those thoughts in my head. Right after I announced I had
been chosen over two other candidates for the same position, she said, "Two?
Only two people wanted that job?"
* Hotcha is slang expressing delight or success.

3. The writer refers to ‘a little boy playing with a battleship’ in order to

A. emphasize Phil's lack of maturity.
В. show a different side of Phil's character.
С. suggest that Phil misspends his time.
D. imply that Phil is ignoring her.

4. After the writer had told her mother about her job, she
A. felt that her mother was in some way envious of her.

45
В. was concerned she had not looked for another position.
С. decided she was in the wrong field of work.
D. wished she had kept it secret from her mother.

Machine rage is dead ... long live emotional computing

You have spent the last 20 minutes talking to an automated call centre. A
passionless, computerized voice drones out assurances and urges you to press
yet another key. Your blood pressure soars. Finally you hurl your phone at the
wall. Or your teenage son becomes immersed, with increasing agitation, in a
computer game. As his temper worsens, his performance declines until he ends
up trashing the console in a fit of adolescent rage. Computer angst - now a
universal feature of modern life - is an expensive business when you come to
think of it!
Fortunately, the days of the unfeeling machine will soon be over. Thanks to
breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, psychology, electronics and other
research fields, scientists are now creating computers and robots that can detect,
and respond to “users” feelings. The discoveries are being channelled by
Humaine, a £6 million programme that has just been launched by the European
Union to give Europe a lead in emotional computing. As a result, computers
will soon detect our growing irritation at their behaviour and in turn generate
more sympathetic, human-like messages or slow down the tempo of the games
they are running. Robots will be able to react in lifelike ways, though we may
end up releasing some unwelcome creations too. “Computers that can detect and
imitate human emotion may sound like science fiction, but they are already with
us,” said Dr Dylan Evans, a key Humaine project collaborator.

5. What does the writer feel is the problem with modern technology?
A. It does not function in the intended way.
В. It tends to cause friction between family members.
С. It can result in people losing their self-control.
D. It is impossible to achieve anything without technology.

6. What are we told about computers and robots in the second paragraph?
A. Computers will be able to adjust their behaviour to human need.
В. Robots may have superior social skills compared to some people.
С. Computers will be uniquely programmed to respond to individual users.
D. Europe has recently taken the lead in developments in technology.

Speaking

46
Speak for 2 minutes about the way rapidly developing technologies affect
our lives. Discuss both positive and negative influence:

 Positive
 People will learn new skills
 There are more advances in medical treatment
 Housework is more convenient
 Communication is easier
 Modern technology can lead to future improvements in pollution
 Most people have a higher standard of living than 20 years ago
 Negative
 People lose their jobs to new technologies
 People basically do not like change
 Medical advances only help the rich
 Modern technology has led to more pollution
 Children cannot communicate as well as they could before
 People may be richer, but they are not happier

Writing
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“If we continue to develop our technology without wisdom or prudence, our

servant may prove to be our executioner.” Omar Bradley (U.S. WWII Army
General)
“Change is not made without inconvenience, even from worse to better.”
Richard Hooker (British theologian)

Additional task
Study Exam Skills in Appendix 1.
Before doing Test 3 read article 3.1 in Appendix 3.
Test 3
Listening
CD Test 3. You will hear five short extracts in which different people are
predicting what life will be like in fifteen years’ time. While listening
complete both tasks.

47
TASK ONE
For questions 1-5 choose from the list A-H the prediction each speaker makes.
A. We will live longer.
В. Houses will be smaller.
С. Life in the workplace will be very different.
D. There will be more technology in the home.
E. There will be too many people.
F. Technology will be smaller.
G. We will lead healthier lives.
H. There will be less traffic congestion.

1. Speaker 1_______________
2. Speaker 2_______________
3. Speaker 3_______________
4. Speaker 4_______________
5. Speaker 5_______________

TASK TWO
For questions 6-10 choose from the list A-H the feeling aroused in each speaker
by the future they predict.
A. amusement
В. annoyance
С. worry
D. nostalgia
E. amazement
F. enthusiasm
G. distrust
H. indifference

6. Speaker 1_______________
7. Speaker 2_______________
8. Speaker 3_______________
9. Speaker 4_______________
10. Speaker 5_______________ [14]

Reading
Read the article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

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 The Search for Artificial Intelligence

Robert Matthews, a leading UK researcher, outlines his mission.

It is one of the most evocative phrases in the lexicon of science: artificial
intelligence, “АI”, the creation of machines that can think. Just the mention of it
conjures up images of HAL, the all-too intelligent computer in 2001: A Space
Odyssey, and C3PO, the chatty, batty robot from Star Wars.
For over half a century, computer scientists have been working towards creating
such machines, spending billions of pounds in the attempt. And hanging over
their efforts has been a challenge set by a British mathematician widely
regarded as the father of AI research: Alan Turing.
During the 1930s, Turing showed, in theory at least, that a “universal machine”
could be built, capable of performing all the tasks of any special-purpose
computing machine. After war-time working on code-breaking, Turing helped
to turn his discovery into the reality of an electronic computer. But he also
believed his proof meant that computers could mimic the action of the human
mind.
In 1951, Turing published a prediction: by the end of the century, computers
would be able to hold a five-minute conversation with humans and fool 30 per
cent of them into believing they were dealing with another human being.
It is a deadline that has come and gone, along with huge amounts of funding.
Yet no computer is remotely close to passing the Turing Test. What went
wrong? Why has no one succeeded in creating AI?
In fact, AI is already here, earning its keep in banks, airports, hospitals, factories
- even our own home and car. It may not be quite what many were led to expect,
but then the story of real-life AI is one of misplaced dreams, bitter feuds and
grant-grabbing hype.
Today's computer scientists divide into two broad camps on the issue of AI. The
pragmatists see AI as a means to creating machines that do for thinking what
engines have done for physical labour - taking on tasks we humans would prefer
not to do: spending endless hours scouring heaps of market data for trends or
scanning piles of medical images for signs of disease.
Then there are the visionaries, still wedded to Turing's challenge and trying to bring the
sci-fi image to life. For them, AI is all about computerised “assistants” that solve your
printer problems and cheeky-chappy robots that talk to strangers. There are some who
even see AI as the route to understanding the workings of the human mind.
Without doubt, it is the visionaries who have done most to get AI research on TV
shows such as Tomorrow's World. It is the pragmatists, however, who have got AI out
of the door and into successful applications: the neural network cooking controls of
microwave ovens, for example, or the expert system that vets credit card transactions.

49
When current AI technology is pushed closer to its sci-fi image, the results can be more
irritating than impressive: witness Microsoft's Paperclip Assistant, and the AI-based
“help-desks” of some high-tech companies. Even now, 50 years after work began on
intelligent machines, only the bravest customers trust the automated telephone ticketing
system at their local cinema.
Even so, visionary AI researchers working away from the mainstream have pulled off
some striking achievements. Herbert Simon's 1957 prediction that a computer would
make a mathematical discovery came to pass 20 years later, when a logical based
program named AM, developed by Douglas Lenat at Stanford University, discovered
that every even number greater than four seemed to be the sum of two odd primes. In
fact, AM had been pipped to this discovery by the Prussian mathematician Christian
Goldbach in the 18th century; nevertheless the rediscovery of “Goldbach's Conjecture”
by AM caused a stir within the AI community.
Simon's prediction that a computer would become world chess champion also came to
pass - in a manner of speaking - in 1997, when IBM's Deep Blue computer beat Garry
Kasparov, the greatest human exponent of the game.
Most likely it will be one of the AI visionaries who finally created a computer that
passes Turing's 50-year-old test. For many in the mainstream AI community, however,
beating the Turing Test is viewed as little more than a party trick. They are hard at work
addressing far more basic issues in AI - like convincing computers to hand over the
cinema tickets you've paid for.

1. According to the writer, the term “artificial intelligence”

A. is missing from some scientific dictionaries.
В. makes us think of machines from sci-fi films.
С. is overused among computer scientists.
D. implies that computers can be too clever.

2. Turin believed that

A. computers could copy human thought processes.
В. computer research needed more funding.
С. computers would eventually replace human beings.
D. computers might be used for immoral purposes.

3. Computer scientists today

A. do not distinguish between sci-fi and reality.
В. are making our dreams come true.
С. do not agree about the aims of AI development.
D. are spending far too long on AI research.

4. What is the writer's view of the Microsoft Paperclip assistant?

A. It is a very helpful device.
В. It is not to be trusted.

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С. It is an impressive development.
D. It is rather annoying.

5. The discovery made by Lenat's computer program

A. went against 18th century mathematical theory.
В. was greeted with excitement by AI researchers.
С. showed predictions about AI to be false.
D. enabled it to win games like chess.

6. According to the writer, what do many mainstream AI researchers think

is most important?
A. inventing a computer to beat the Turing test.
В. developing computers to become chess champions.
С. improving computerised services in daily life.
D. creating computers for entertainment purposes. [9]

Speaking
Robots perform quite a lot of jobs nowadays. However, many people are
worried about computers doing the same things that people can do and
believe that the consequences may be unpredictable.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing
Answer the following question:

Do you think developments in Information Technology will lead to greater

human happiness?

51
Write 50-70 words.
Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Unit 4

MAKING A LIVING N
TT

52
Lead-in
1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. Rank the following according to how important you think they are for a
happy working life and explain why.

 social status
 pleasant working environment
 job satisfaction/sense of achievement
 good remuneration
 room for creativity
 helping others
 opportunity for personal development
 little or no stress
 career advancement
 flexible working hours
 opportunity to travel

Rank the following work-related problems according to how damaging you

think they are for a working person and explain why. Then speak about
your dream job.
 deadline pressure
 lack of recognition
 workaholism
 overwork/physical strain
 stress caused by responsibility
 mobbing
 disagreeable boss

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 dead-end job

3. Which of the adjectives in the box below best describe the following jobs
and professions. Which of the problems/benefits in Ex. 2 would you
associate with each occupation?

•surgeon • airline pilot • construction worker • school bus driver • telephone

operator • farmer • football manager • probation officer • carpenter • newspaper
reporter • solicitor • student advisor • war correspondent • army officer •
investment consultant • factory worker

• fulfilling • arduous • mind-numbing • demanding • gruelling • rewarding

• hazardous • glamorous • secure • stimulating • strenuous
• stressful • motivating • physical • intellectual

Listening
CD 4.1. You will hear part of a talk by time management expert David
Markham. For questions 1-8, complete the sentences using no more than
three words for each answer.

David says that the key to good time management is 1.______________.

It's important to have 2.______________ expectations of what we can achieve.
David warns that 3.______________ can prevent us from achieving what we
have set out to do.
He recommends giving priority to 4.______________ if we feel overwhelmed.
David advises against always trying to 5.______________ in our work.
Housework requires the same 6.______________ that we need to exercise at
work.
David suggests we should reserve time for those pursuits we find 7.
_______________________.
He says it is a mistake to think of the 8.______________ as a form of
relaxation. [14]
Language Focus
1. Fill in the gaps in the sentences using words/phrases from the box below.

• promotion • vacancy • workforce • incentive • overtime • freelance

• redundant • white-collar • full-time • productivity • temporary • bonus

54
1. We have an important deadline to meet, so I'll have to
work_________________this week.
2. Nearly half the staff are going to be made_________________as part of the
firm's downsizing policy.
3. This job is not suitable for the ambitious, as there are few prospects
of_________________ .
4. I’ve got young children, so I'd prefer to work part-time now and
go_________________ when they are older.
5. Many employees on _________________contracts would like the security
of a permanent job.
6. I have heard that there may be a(n) _________________for a salesperson in
the new department store.
7. In the not-too-distant future, over 25% of the_________________in Europe
may be unemployed.
8. In order to be competitive, the company must increase_________________.
9. Jenny works as a(n) _________________journalist and enjoys not being
tied to one specific paper.
10. Mark was given a £1,000_________________when he beat his deadline by
a month.
11. The union representative claimed a pay increase would serve as a(n)
_________________ for employees to work harder.
12. Office jobs are often referred to as_________________ work.

2. Match the words to form collocations. Then use them to complete the
sentences below.
A
 assembly benefits
 civil relations
 retail line
 fringe servant
 industrial trade

1. She is a_________________- that is, she is employed by the state.

2. Managers often enjoy many_________________including a company car.
3. Working on a(n) _________________in a factory was the most monotonous
job I've ever had.
4. Having worked in the_________________for ten years, I have extensive
sales experience.
5. In an attempt to improve _________________the management have
agreed to compromise in their negotiations with the union.

B
 cheap pension

55
 state labour
 minimum benefit
 project package
 remuneration leader
 unemployment wage

1. Most people nowadays supplement their_________________with a private

one.
2. Workers under 18 used to earn very little, but now all workers are entitled to
the _________________of £3.70 per hour.
3. In some countries, you don’t qualify for_________________if you own your
house.
4. The post comes with an attractive_________________as well as a company
car.
5. Attracted by the promises of_________________, large companies are
moving their factories to other countries.
6. You will join a team working on the design of our new toys and you will
report to the _________________twice a week.

3. Match items from columns A and В to form idioms.

A B
beaver away to the grindstone
keep one's mind ends meet
mean the shots
make one’s hands
get something off inside job
be someone's on the job
call at something
have time on business
keep one's nose right-hand man
be an the ground

Use some of the idioms to complete the sentences below.

1. It's going to take lots of hard work to___________the

business_____________ , but in the long run I feel it will be worth it.
2. Of course, his personal assistant will be with him; he________________the
President's________________.
3. James, you've been________________ at that report for the last hour. Come
down and have your supper.
4. It's very difficult to________________with all these clients coming and
going.

56
5. She might be the boss, but don't be fooled. It's really the vice-president
who________________ around here.
6. With the economy in such a state, many businesses are finding it impossible
to________________.

Grammar Rehab
1. Complete the story with the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple, Past
Continuous or Past Perfect.

Amazing But True!

One day, a fisherman on the Arral Sea 1) ............ (sail) home after a day's
work. It 2) ............(rain) and he 3) ............ (not feel) very happy. He 4) ............
(not have) a very good day and 5) ............ (not catch) any fish. Suddenly, he
6) ............ (hear) a strange noise. A cow 7) ............ (fly) towards his boat!
The cow 8)............(hit) the boat and nearly 9) ............ (destroy) it. When the
fisherman 10) ............ (get back) home, people 11) ............ (not believe) his
story. Then, some time later, the US Air Force 12) ............ (show) that the
fisherman 13) ............ (tell) the truth. While one of their transport planes 14)
............ (fly) over the Arral Sea, a cow on the plane 15) ............ (go) mad
and the pilot 16) ___________ (throw) it out into the sea!

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

Finding Employment
(1) COME
Finally, you have made it! You have 1)............ the first
stage. There were more than one hundred 2)............ for (2) APPLY
the job and you were among the final ten. However,
there's still a long way to go. 3)............ is essential to (3) PREPARE
performing well in an interview.
Firstly, you should think about your strengths and (4) WEAK
(5) EXPLAIN
4)............. What areas might need 5)............? Is there
anything on the form that you think they need to know
more about? Read the job 6)........... carefully and talk to (6) DESCRIBE
people doing the same type of job. List the skills and (7) QUALIFY
7)............ needed and think about what 8)............you can (8) PROVE
give to show that you have these skills. Check the time, (9) LOCATE
the date and the 9)............ of the interview before you set
off. Make sure you are 10)............ dressed and arrive on (10) SUITABLE

57
time. Try not to look 11)............; smile, look at the (11) COMFORT
person interviewing you and focus throughout.

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Dropping out of the Fast Lane

The advertising industry is suffering 1) ............ a brain drain, because an

increasing number of senior executives find the strains of the job incompatible
2) ............ family life, a survey shows. Stress counsellors say more mature staff
are voting 3) ............ their feet. Rather than pursue a place 4) ............ the board,
many choose less lucrative jobs, as varied as furniture-making and alternative
medicine, which enable them to spend more time 5) ............their children.
Experts 6) ............ the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising say there are
concerns 7) ............ a lack of experience 8) ............ senior positions.
There was a danger that unless companies made greater efforts to retain
experienced staff, they might lose touch 9) ............ the “grey market” as the
population grew older.
Hamish Pringle, the Institute's Director General, says: “It bothers me that,
10) ............ definition, this means the industry has very few people with any
significant business experience. There are people advising clients
11)............multi-million-pound decisions who are really very wet 12) ............
the ears. You've got to ask yourself whether that is really good 13) ............the
business.”
He says increasing numbers of men and women, tired out by the dual demands
14) ............ desk work and essential socialising in the London-dominated
industry, are leaving at the age of 40 to achieve a healthier balance 15) ............
work and home life.

Reading
Read an extract. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

Settling Down

“I’ve become quite an expert at this,” Helen thought as she sorted through yet
another overflowing drawer. She had been relocated constantly over the last few

58
years as her company had assigned her to different projects around the country.
She normally worked on six-month contracts, going into organisations to
reorganise their personnel departments. To begin with, she had stayed in hotels,
but the novelty had soon worn off. She enjoyed having her room cleaned and
tidied and her bed made for her at first, for example, but then she found herself
longing for independence and a place of her own. And so she now insisted on
being given her own accommodation. After all, this benefited the company as
she was no longer claiming expenses for food and laundry.
Helen remembered her worst experience of staying in a hotel. It had been in
Aberdeen, Scotland, where she had ended up staying for nine months. Her room
had been changed constantly, so she had never known which room she would be
sleeping in from one week to the next. On top of that, she didn’t like the hotel
restaurant. Aberdeen cattle produce fine steak and the Scots are rightly proud of
it, but as Helen never ate meat, she had practically survived on toasted cheese
sandwiches for the whole of her stay.
Now she was off to Bristol, yet another new city. The contract this time was for
a full year. The local water company was planning to reduce their workforce by
at least thirty per cent over this period. Helen was beginning to get tired of
always being the bearer of bad news. When she had chosen her profession at
college, she had imagined it would be rewarding, but it was becoming rare to
find a business planning to expand. Still, the company had found her a studio
flat in a quiet residential area and from the photographs she had seen Helen
thought it looked quite promising.
Bristol was a beautiful city with some stunning architecture. The City Museum
and Art Gallery was one of Helen’s favourite buildings and as admission was
free she began to pop in whenever she was passing. Before long she was on first
name terms with the museum staff and they would let her know in advance
about upcoming lectures and other events.
Meanwhile, Helen realised that she was no longer so eager to get to work. At
first, she put this down to the depressing nature of the task, then to the dull, cold
office she was working in. However, she finally had to admit that she had been-
spending whole days just getting through the day, impatient for it to end so that
she could visit the museum. Helen knew that her feelings would not change.
She eventually decided that this contract would be her last.
Once Helen had made her decision to leave her job she found that the days
passed much more quickly. She wanted to leave her job with good references
and so she carried on working really hard. She also began job hunting. As she
looked through the vacancies in the local newspaper, one in particular caught
her eye. It was for an exhibition coordinator at the City Museum and Art
Gallery. The salary was much less than Helen was currently earning, but it
would be enough for her to live on. Her administration and management skills
would both be useful and she felt hopeful of obtaining an interview. “What a
nice place to call home,” she thought as her bus crawled through the city centre.

59
1. Helen considered herself to be very good at
A. managing projects.
B. organising her schedule.
C. moving house.
D. saving money.

2. The writer uses the phrase “the novelty had soon worn off” (paragraph
1) to mean that
A. Helen had started to miss the comforts of home.
B. Helen's company had stopped allowing her to stay in hotels.
C. Helen had quickly become tired of staying in hotels.
D. Helen had chosen to do things differently to other people.

3. The writer suggests that the hotel in Scotland

A. wasn't a very popular hotel.
B. didn't listen to any of Helen's complaints.
C. was near the countryside.
D. didn't have a very varied restaurant menu.

4. Helen was finding it more and more difficult to

A. act professionally at work.
B. adapt to new environments.
C. tell people they had lost their job.
D. find suitable accommodation.

5. Helen was “on first name terms” with the staff at the museum because
she
A. sometimes gave talks at the museum.
B. enjoyed chatting to them about architecture.
C. visited the museum frequently.
D. donated money to the museum.

6. In paragraph five, we learn that Helen spent her working day

A. doing as little as she could.
B. wishing she were somewhere else.
C. feeling sorry for herself.
D. doing dull, boring tasks.

7. In the final paragraph, we learn that Helen felt

A. satisfied with the decision she had made.
B. anxious that she wouldn't get the job at the museum.
C. nervous that she was making the wrong decision.

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D. convinced that she would get the job at the museum. [1]

Speaking
Speak for 2 minutes about the way the workplace has changed in the last
twenty years. Think about the following topics:

 technology business ethics

 working conditions corporate culture
 salaries work-life balance
 dress code

Writing
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“Work is an essential part of being alive. Your work is your identity.” Kay
Stepkin (U.S. baker)

“The only place where success comes before work is dictionary.”

Vidal Sassoon (British hair stylist)

Additional task
1. Study Exam Skills in Appendix 1.
2. Before doing Test 4 read article 4.1 in Appendix 3.

Test 4
Listening
CD Test 4. You are going to hear a business consultant giving advice to
people considering starting their own business.

Questions 1-4. Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN

TWO WORDS for each answer.

61
1. One feature of running your own business is that it does not involve going
through the normal process of____________________________.
2. Having________________________________is very important when
assessing your own suitability.
3. Seek____________________________opinions from friends and family.
4. Success is affected by your choice of________________and_____________.

Questions 5-7. Choose THREE letters A-F. Which THREE reasons are
given for leaving a job and starting a business?

A. having difficulty getting a new job

В. losing a job
С. having a new boss
D. being transferred to a different job or location
E. being overlooked for promotion
F. lacking a sense of achievement

Questions 8-10. Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN

THREE WORDS for each answer.

Potential problem Comment

Inadequate May need 9.________________from
8.____________________ husband/wife
Excessive 10.___________ and high
level of _________________

Reading
Read the article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

No Cure for the Summertime Blues

Paul Gould looks at the highs of going away and the lows as your post-holiday
glow fades.
Irrespective of the destination, it's the coming back that hurts. As you trudge in
to work and go back to the old routine, post-holiday blues hit whether you've
been to a tropical paradise or simply spent a week at a local campsite. It is a

62
recognized psychological pattern: we switch to a low after a high, we get
despondent when a spell of basking in bliss is abruptly ended.
For me, that bliss was tasted at its most intoxicating two years ago in a secluded
bay in southern Crete in Greece. At the time, a fortnight seemed to expand into
a way of life. Days were taken up with massage, sunbathing, swimming and
yoga. There was constant laughter amongst friends. Being a wage-slave seemed
inconceivable: I was born to dance and sing and be pampered. This, I felt, was
how life should be. More unsettling, though, was my conviction that life could
be like this. If only I could cling on to this happy state, my potential for joy and
creativity would be unlocked.
It couldn't last. The blues set in even before the holiday ended. What we needed,
one of our group declared, was a post-holiday trauma support group. Is trauma
too strong a word? Cary Cooper, professor of psychology at the University of
Manchester, says the symptoms are undoubtedly genuine: “It's things like being
more aggressive or more withdrawn, mild depression, feeling tired even after a
good night's sleep. Really, you're angry at the lifestyle you're reentering but you
can't take it out on your lifestyle so you take it out on other people.”
So what of my hope of clinging on to that holiday feeling? My resolutions were
to continue yoga classes, to take up massage and to rise above stress. Couldn't I
maintain that way of life? “The reason you don't is that people get really
absorbed in work, then get on the train or whatever, and by the time they get
home they're exhausted and just flop in front of the TV,” says Professor Cooper.
The post-holiday glow may last a day or two. There's the gratification of
colleagues asking where you've been. It can be quite amusing for the first
morning when you can show off by telling people you've been to exciting places
having more fun than them. But then day-to-day hassles crowd in thick and fast.
The holiday may well have seemed like ages at the time, but now it shrinks to a
tiny blip. You feel cheated.
Perhaps holidays give us an unrealistic taste of fantasy. I detect something
altogether darker: they compel us to see how much aggravation, tedium and
mediocrity we put up with the rest of the time. On a more paranoid note, is it
possible we've been intoxicated by a cynical holidays industry? Are holidays
just a mechanism whereby we swap our role as producers in the great big
economic machine for that of the consumer? Professor Cooper confirms my
fears: “We go on holiday and become consumers and because work is so time-
consuming, the way we justify it is to use the money to make us feel better
about our limited existence, saying: “At least I can afford a nice holiday”.”
Surely we can't just blame the industry? Some of my best holidays have simply
been times when I chose to hang out with friends, have long conversations, feel
carefree. Professor Cooper believes these are opportunities that allow us to
invest in relationships.
After a holiday, Professor Cooper advises going back to work gradually: “Do
only the stuff that needs immediate attention, leave on time, go to the gym.”

63
Thank goodness work-life balance has entered public debate. It is high time we
got agitated about the realisation that four weeks’ holiday a year and a working
week of 40 hours plus means we can set aside no time or energy for things that
matter, such as our partners, our children, our friends, staying healthy, or
cooking instead of ready meals. But Professor Cooper's advice so far can only
help so much. A more revolutionary solution is downshifting. “People see the
gap between a normal human life and the treadmill existence and realize the
cost is too great,” he says. So they think: “Why not work for a smaller company
or set up on my own?”

1. In paragraph one, the writer suggests that post-holiday feelings of depression

A. occur when a holiday has been cut short.
В. happen regardless of the holiday location.
С. arise when a holiday has not been satisfying.
D. affect people with little variation in their work.

2. During his holiday in Crete, the writer was

A. resentful about an illusion of happiness.
В. certain he could maintain that way of living.
С. determined to start working for himself.
D. astonished at the change in his behaviour.

3. What does Professor Cary Cooper believe about trauma?

A. People have a tendency to confuse stress with trauma.
В. It has a serious impact on performance at work.
С. Holidays can only increase trauma which already exists in a person.
D. It can cause people to behave in an unpleasant way towards others.

4. What are we told about people who have been back at work for a few days?
A. They feel as though the holiday they had was too short.
В. They exaggerate when describing it to their colleagues.
С. They lack the mental discipline to maintain a lifestyle change.
D. They underestimate the time they need to commit to work.

5. In paragraph five, the writer states that going on holiday forces people to
A. focus on relationships they have neglected.
В. be keener to assert their superior social status.
С. recognize the frustrations of everyday life.
D. work longer hours in order to afford time off.

6. In paragraph six, one of the writer's aims is to

A. encourage people to protest about their working hours.
В. persuade people of the value of personal relationships.

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С. highlight which of Professor Cooper’s proposals are valid.
D. illustrate the advantages of people becoming self-employed. [15]

Speaking

Some people believe that it is impossible to work without inspiration.

Others say that inspiration is not essential.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing
Answer the following question:

What are the dangers of working too much?

Write 50-70 words.

Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Unit 5

LIVE AND LEARN N

66
Lead-in
1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. What are the most important factors for success while studying? Rank
the points in order of importance and explain why you think so.

 motivation
 being disciplined
 being organised
 being confident
 being creative
 high IQ
 alertness
 concentration
 natural talent
 being able to cope with pressure and deadlines

3. Use the words in the box to complete the opinions about education below.

• assessment • curriculum • dumbing down • elitism • interpersonal skills

•plagiarism • streaming

1. Education is not about developing your ______________ but about

learning facts.

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2. Frequent examinations are a much more reliable and useful way of
measuring performance than continuous ______________.
3. ______________is an excellent idea because it enables students with a
similar ability to work at the same pace.
4. The most important aspect of education is the ______________ , or
subjects which are taught.
5. Private education creates______________and encourages inequality in
society, which is absolutely disgusting.
6. Most cases of ______________ can be avoided by citing sources.
7. Some people believe that it's easier to get good grades nowadays because
education is______________. They claim that qualifications are worth less than
in the past.

4. Read the text and fill in the gaps with words/phrases from the box.

• nutritious • out of hand • overwhelmed • essential • lighten the load • relieve

•grin and bear it • keep things in perspective • positive

What with heavy workloads and pressure to get good grades, many students
today feel 1.______________. Some try to 2. ______________but stress affects
their health all the same. Learning how to manage stress and maintain a 3.
______________ attitude is crucial. But what are the ways to beat those
feelings of stress? Well, to begin with, it is necessary to learn time-management
skills. Time-management is 4. ______________if last-minute exam cramming
and assignment panic is to be avoided. Secondly, busy young people should
think of ways to 5. ______________. For example, those with part-time jobs or
a lot of extracurricular activities should seriously consider dropping some of
them around exam time. Thirdly, it is of paramount importance to pay attention
to their health.
6. ______________meals and adequate sleep are stress-busters! Exercise too
should not be forgotten. Working-out is a great way to deal with tense muscles
and 7. ______________stress. Finally, students should realise that there is never
a need for things to get 8. ______________. Parents, teachers, guidance
counsellors and friends are all there to help and provide support. Often, simply a
talk with a loved one is all it takes to relieve stress and 9. ______________!
Listening
CD 5.1. You will hear a conversation between two students discussing the
subject of local history. For questions 1-7, choose the most appropriate
answer (A, В or C).

68
1. What does local history study?
A. The history of small towns or villages.
В. How events are affected by their location.
С. How history is seen in different places

2. How is local history different from conventional history?

A. The place is more important than what happened.
В. What happened is as important as who did it.
С. Local history isn't interested in events.

3. Local history
A. deals exclusively with places.
В. takes an interest in everyday life.
С. can be influenced by centres of power.

4. Conventional historians
A. rarely write about working conditions.
В. focus more on events in public life.
С. do not examine how ordinary people lived.

5. Interest in the lives of ordinary people

A. has risen in the last decades.
В. continues to be relatively low.
С. has to do mostly with public lives.

6. What is the aim of local history?

A. To look at the larger picture of history.
В. To teach us about the details of history.
С. To help us understand the significance of people.

7. At the end of the conversation, the man

A. is unconvinced by the woman.
В. is even more confused than before.
С. is considering joining the course. [12]

Language Focus
1. Underline the correct word in the sentences. Use the remaining words in
sentences of your own.
A.
1. The school is thought highly innovative in that it implements a system of
continuous (tests, assessment, finals) to determine grades.

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2. One could hear the sounds of lively (debate, talk, argument) coming from the
room where the philosophy class was being held.
3. My brother, who wants to join the clergy, has just entered a (seminary,
university, college).
4. It was inevitable that the (seminar, lecture, tutorial) would be well-attended
as it was being given by the renowned professor.
5. There's no way I'll be able to come. I've got to hand in a two thousand word
(assignment, project, essay) on the Russian Revolution by Monday afternoon.
6. Stephen was caught (copying, plagiarising, stealing) from his fellow student's
test paper and was expelled.
7. For tomorrow, please read this short original (article, text, excerpt) from
Dicken's Hard Times and be prepared to discuss it in class.
8. If you're really interested in applying, ask the University to send you a
(syllabus, prospectus, curriculum) for the upcoming year.
B.
1. John's excuse for not doing his homework was that he had been too tired, but
the teacher (dismissed/denied/ ignored/refused) this as nonsense.
2. Gable’s theory (pulled/took/attracted/engaged) a lot of interest from the
scientific community.
3. The (approach/entrance/opening/advent) of new technology is bound to
revolutionize the function of the classroom.
4. Writing is generally considered a more (severe/thorough/demanding/critical)
task than reading.
5. The library will be (sheltered/housed/included/contained) in the old building
on Bridge Street.

2. Fill each gap with the correct particle, then explain the phrasal verbs.

• over • up • behind • off • out

1. Juliet was new to the class and had to do extra work to catch_______with the
others.
2. If you miss school for more than a couple of days, you are in danger of
falling_______with your work.
3. I need to go_______my History notes because we've got a test on Monday.
4. If you don't pay attention, how do you expect to keep _______with the
lesson?
5. Look_______the word in the dictionary if you're not sure what it means.
6. We had to put_______ our Biology field trip because the weather was so bad.
7. Simon was told_______ severely when his parents saw his school report.
8. We couldn't work_______ what had gone wrong with our science
experiment, so in the end we had to start again.

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3. Match the pairs of adjectives to the nouns to form collocations.

first class/Master's learning

higher/first-rate degree
correspondence/refresher schooling
compulsory/formal certificate
post graduate fees
long-distance/accelerated diploma
tuition/registration course
school-leaving/medical education

 Now use one word from each set to complete the sentences below. Use the
remaining collocations in sentences of your own.

1. _______________learning has proved highly popular in remote parts of

Australia and Canada.
2. In the UK_______________ schooling lasts up until the age of sixteen.
3. Nowadays, a_______________certificate does not necessarily guarantee
someone a place in the job market.
4. Please forward the £100 _______________fee along with your
completed application.
5. Stella already has a Bachelor of Arts but she is now working towards
attaining a_______________degree.
6. My father opened a bank account for me on the day I was born to ensure that
I would receive a _______________ education.
7. Now that I've got this job abroad, I think I had better take
a_______________course in Spanish.
8. It will take him at least a year to earn a _______________diploma in child
psychology.

4. Match items from columns A and В to make idioms and then use them,
in their correct form, to complete the sentences.

A B
1. be the teacher's a. p's and q's
2. mind one's b. one, two, three
3. learn something с. the grade
4. be as easy as d. pet
5. be of the e. the back of one's hand
6. know something like f. old school
7. pass with g. by heart

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8. make h. flying colours
9. teach i. one’s own
10. in a class of j. a lesson

1. Now Johnny, if you're coming to see your sister in the school play you’re to
be quiet and_______________.
2. I can remember as a child, the difficult time I had learning my multiplication
tables_______________.
3. My father _______________and believes that some jobs are just not meant to
be done by a man.
4. The children bullied their classmate in the school yard with the cruel chant of,
Suzy_______________.
5. Everybody here is fine and Steve has just finished his finals which
he_______________.
6. If you don't study harder there is no way that you will_______________.
7. I've been studying this list of historical dates for hours and
I_______________.
8. There's nothing to geometry, it _______________.
9. I'm going to _______________that boy _______________he won't forget.
10. Jacob is _______________; his work is always excellent.

Grammar Rehab
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

A Sleepless Night

One night I 1) ............ (be) alone at home with my ten-year-old daughter. She
2) ............ (wake) me up in the middle of the night: “Mum, mum! There
3) ............(be) a man outside the house. He 4) ............(watch) me through the
window!”
I 5) ............ (look) out of the window. I 6) ............ (can) see the shape of a man
outside. Who 7) ............ (be) he? What 8) ............ (he, do) there?
“I 9) ............ (must, get) to the telephone in the hall and telephone the police,” I
10) ............ (think).
I 11) ............ (go) downstairs hardly daring to breathe, afraid that he 12) ............
(hear) my movements. I 13) ............ (reach) for the telephone, 14) ............ (lift)
the receiver and 15) ............ (dial) 999. The police 16) ............ (answer) and I
17) ............ (explain) what 18) ............(happen). They 19) ............ (say) that
they 20) ............ (come) at once.
Soon a police car 21) ............ (stop) in front of the house. I 22) ............(hurry)

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downstairs and 23) ............ (open) the front door. A police officer 24)............
(come) in.
“What 25) ............ (happen)?” he 26) ............ (ask).
After listening to my story he 27) ............ (go) out, and after a while 28)............
(return).
“It’s all right,” he 29) ............ (say). “I 30) ............ (just, see) that man. He
31) ............ (walk) his dog. By the way, he 32) ............ (live) in the house
opposite.”

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

Illiteracy

While the number of adults who remain illiterate are fewer

than ever, it is becoming 1)............ clear that they are more (1)INCREASE
2)............ than such people were in the past. Nowadays the (2)CONVENIENT
written word is so important that without it much information
that is vital for the running of our everyday lives becomes
(3)ACCESS
3)............. Ashamed to admit it, illiterate adults often become
(4)CUSTOM
4) ............ to concealing their ignorance, and 5)............many (5)SEEM
do so with remarkable success. This may be one of the
reasons why Bristol's “Literacy for You” scheme has been
received rather less than 6) ............ Not surprisingly, adults (6)ENTHUSIASM
have some 7)............ about coming forward and openly (7)RESERVE
admitting that they find 8)............ a page of print that a child
(8)COMPREHEND
of seven could read without effort. Programmes for teaching
basic literacy skills to adults need to be sensitively assembled
so as not to discourage or humiliate the learner, who is
probably already experiencing high levels of frustration on a
day to day basis. Reading materials need to be graded
(9) COMPLEX
carefully in terms of 9) ............ and some authentic texts may
require considerable 10) ............before the learner is able to (10) SIMPLE
handle them.

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Teenage Wonder

73
Tony Zucci of Manchester Rovers is the most famous young footballer in the
UK. He has scored 1) ............ 40 goals this season and was voted footballer of
the year, and he's still only 2) ............ his teens.
Two years ago Tony was 3) ............ holiday with his parents 4) ............ a
Spanish seaside resort. He was playing football 5) ............ the beach with
some local boys when football manager Chris Hill, who was there 6) ............
business, spotted him. 7) ............ the end of the holiday, Tony had signed his
first contract for Manchester Rovers.
Tony works hard to keep fit. 8) ............ Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays he
gets up 9) ............ dawn for training. Even 10) ............ the winter months, when
the temperature is often 11) ............ freezing, he never misses a session.
Manchester Rovers now have a five-point lead in the Premier Division, and they
are 12) ............ a lot of pressure to be the first team to win the cup for the third
year 13) ............ succession.
We shall know the outcome of the championship 14) ............ the end of next
week, but with Tony Zucci, star striker, 15) ............ the team my money's
definitely on Manchester Rovers.

Reading
Read an extract. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

[Link]

Jack’s father was a cabinet maker, as his father had been, and his father before
him. In fact, nobody could remember a time when the Barlow men had ever
done anything other than make furniture. It therefore went without saying that
Jack would enter the family business. It wasn’t the trade itself that Jack objected
to, but the fact that he would be trapped forever in a place where the monthly
cattle market was the highlight of the social calendar.
Maybe if he hadn’t gone away to university, he would have been happily
unaware of the limitations of his birthplace. Of course, he could view the entire
world from his computer, but the experience of actually living somewhere else
was completely different. He could still remember his amazement at
discovering shops that never closed and nightlife that went on until the morning.
His flatmates had teased him a lot about this. Now their cosy little flat in the
city seemed a million miles away.
Jack made up his mind to speak to his parents that evening. He had been putting
it off for far too long. He knew that his mother would understand how he felt;
she had moved here from the city after marrying his father. But his father, born
and bred in the small town of Tadworth and proud of it, would be a harder nut

74
to crack. Jack practised his argument again and again in his head, trying to
guess his father’s objections and plan what he would say in reply.
Jack waited until his father had finished his dinner before he carefully raised the
subject of his future career. “Dad, you know how much I enjoy my work,” he
began, “and I do think I’m quite good at it, but I just can’t imagine staying here
in Tadworth my entire life.” There, he’d said it. It hadn’t been as difficult as
he’d imagined. His father looked at him. “I was wondering how long it would
take you,” he said. “I’ve been waiting since you came back from university.”
Suddenly. Jack did not need his carefully rehearsed argument.
“We’re going to bring the business into the 21st century!” his father proudly
announced. Jack could only stand there open-mouthed as his father described
his plans. These included setting up a website, expanding their product range
and, the biggest challenge of all, targeting the international market as well as the
UK. “You can’t beat quality craftsmanship, son,” his father boasted. “Plenty of
people will pay extra to have a unique piece, not those flat-pack excuses for
furniture.”
Although they would stay in the family house and keep the existing workshop,
the business headquarters would be in the city. These would include a
showroom, which would be Jack’s mother’s responsibility. Here, their furniture
would be displayed in richly decorated interiors, to emphasise the superior
quality of their products. Jack would manage the marketing department where
he would finally be able to use his business degree.
Two years later, Jack was relaxing in front of the television in his city centre flat
when he happened to see one of the advertisements he had helped make for
‘Barlow’s. As the town of Tadworth came into view, Jack stared at the screen.
He had seen this advertisement many times, but had always been busy
examining it from a marketing point of view. Now, as he watched, the
soundtrack drifted into the background and he found himself focusing on scenes
from his childhood. He could make out the lane behind the school and the old
mansion up on the hill — the “Haunted House”. Now the camera was moving
across the river. He remembered the days that he used to spend there, fishing
with his friends. The picture changed to an advert for a mobile phone. Jack
turned the television off and sat back in his chair, deep in thought.

1. Jack was unenthusiastic about entering the family business because

A. he felt he was being forced to enter it.
B. he didn't think he would be a good cabinet maker.
C. he didn't want to stay in his home town.
D. he wanted to have a more exciting career.

2. The writer suggests that when Jack moved away from his home town, he
A. appreciated it more.
B. had more experiences and opportunities.

75
C. changed his ambitions for the future.
D. discovered who he really was.

3. When the writer says that Jack's father “would be a harder nut to
crack” in paragraph three, he means that
A. he would never agree with Jack.
B. he would be very disappointed with Jack.
C. he couldn't predict his reaction.
D. it would take some effort to persuade him.

4. Jack didn't argue with his father because

A. he was too nervous to speak.
B. his father unexpectedly agreed with him.
C. he had forgotten what he had planned to say.
D. his father didn't understand what he was trying to say.

5. Jack's father believed the company would be successful in the future

mainly because of
A. a demand for mass-produced furniture.
B. the development of a company website.
C. the production of home-assembled pieces.
D. a demand for individually hand-crafted items.

6. The purpose of the showroom would be to

A. recreate magnificent room settings.
B. emphasise the excellence of the furniture.
C. give Jack a suitable role in the company.
D. make the company better known to the public.

7. While he was watching the advertisement for Barlow's, Jack

A. was reminded of why he had left Tadworth.
B. realised how successful the company had become.
C. became nostalgic about his childhood.
D. began to regret leaving Tadworth.
[1]

Speaking

76
Speak for 2 minutes about the aims of education. Think about the following
aims:

 to develop understanding of other people/cultures

 to learn social skills
 to prepare for life in the workplace
 to become aware of how the past has affected the present
 to develop critical thinking

Writing
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.” Will Durant (U.S.

historian)

“Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern
but impossible to enslave.”
Henry Peter (Scottish politician)

Additional task
1. Study Exam Skills in Appendix 1.
2. Before doing Test 5 read article 5.1 in Appendix 3.

Test 5

77
Listening
CD Test 5. You will hear John Lister, a counsellor at a university in
Britain, giving advice on money matters to a new intake of university
undergraduates. For questions 1-10 complete the sentences with a word or
short phrase.

Students can borrow money for living expenses from the 1.

__________________.
Payments are usually made to students each 2. __________________.
Students can obtain a personal 3. __________________from the Internet.
He suggests choosing a bank with good 4. __________________ facilities.
John thinks that working 5. __________________ a week is enough.
It is important to make sure you 6. __________________between
work and study.
Students are advised to talk to their 7. __________________before buying
books. Students can buy 8. __________________ from students in higher
years.
They should also consult the 9. __________________in their department.
John tells students to make full use of their 10. __________________card.

Reading
Read the text. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

The Slate Quarry

Bethesda used to be at the heart of the Welsh slate industry. The famous dark
blue-green stone, used for roof and floor tiles, had been exported all over the
world during the 19th century. The nearby quarry, now deserted, had been the
world’s biggest at nearly a mile long and 1,200 feet deep. It was a spectacular
sight, a man-made Grand Canyon. The area still provided a source of income
for the residents of Bethesda, as numerous outdoor activity centres had been set
up around the town.
David’s speciality was rock-climbing. Climbing had become more popular
recently, along with other the so-called ‘extreme sports’. David believed this
was because of television. The advanced cameras used by the television
companies could show spectacular images of hang-gliders taking off from the
tops of mountains or climbers hanging from a cliff by their fingertips. David
worried that these sports, which actually required years of dedicated practice,

78
were shown as being deceptively easy. Annoyingly, because of this, he had to
spend the first morning of each course lecturing the participants on the dangers
involved.
North Wales is one of the most beautiful regions of Britain. However, it rains
regularly, even throughout the summer. Slate becomes dangerously slippery in
the rain, and David made sure that his climbers used safety ropes and harnesses
at all times. That day he was leading a group of seven teenagers from a town
near London. As he tried to demonstrate the equipment, they continually
mocked his accent and whispered to one another. At times, David muttered
angrily to himself in his native Welsh language, knowing that they wouldn’t
understand a word.
The three girls in the group had soon understood the technical procedures and
David was pleasantly surprised at how well they worked as a team. The boys
were a different kettle of fish entirely. They argued over who would go first and
then over who had done the best. By the time David and the boys returned to the
quarry floor, they were running almost an hour late. David announced that they
were going back to the hostel immediately, despite loud complaints from the
girls. The original plan had been to stop off in the town for a bit of shopping on
the way back.
David was too irritated to argue, and stormed off towards the hostel. He phoned
a couple of friends, in an attempt to drown out the teenagers’ complaining.
Suddenly, one of the boys was pulling at his arm. “Sir, Sir! The girls, Sir,
they’ve run off!” The girls, it seemed, had decided to arrange their own
shopping trip. David was immediately gripped by a sense of panic. It was easy
to get lost in these hills, and now it was beginning to get dark.
As the group marched on, the weather steadily worsened. Within minutes a light
drizzle had turned into driving rain, which didn’t surprise David at all. He knew
that one minute the sun could be shining in these hills and the next the sky could
be covered with big, black clouds. He had no choice but to alert the Mountain
Rescue Team.
David tried to prepare himself for the inevitable questioning, and of course the
deserved criticism. He spoke to the operator in Welsh as the boys looked on.
Suddenly, David sighed with relief. The operator had informed him that the
girls were safe and well. They had already reached the town centre safely and
had stopped a policeman to ask where to catch the bus back to the hostel.

1. The writer tells us that the residents of the town of Bethesda

A. couldn't survive without the slate industry.
B. were starting to move away from the area.
C. now arranged sight-seeing trips around the slate quarry.
D. were continuing to benefit from the slate quarry.

2. David suggests that his job had been made more challenging because of

79
A. the higher numbers of people in his classes now.
B. the way the media presented extreme sports.
C. the new, stricter safety rules he had to follow.
D. the very difficult climbs around Bethesda.

3. David got annoyed while teaching the teens because

A. they were making fun of him.
B. they didn't seem to understand him.
C. the weather was so wet and miserable.
D. they didn't follow his safety instructions.

4. David cancelled the shopping trip because

A. the boys' bad behaviour had wasted too much time.
B. he was fed up of the girls' complaining.
C. the boys didn't want to go shopping.
D. he hadn't finished the teens' lesson.

5. David didn't notice the girls leave because

A. they had told him they were going back to the hostel.
B. he had decided not to pay attention to them for a while.
C. the sun was setting and it was difficult to see anything.
D. he was busy helping some of the boys.

6. In the final paragraph, the writer suggests that David

A. was more angry about the incident than worried.
B. was surprised the girls were found so quickly.
C. thought people would say the incident was his fault.
D. wished he hadn't phoned the Mountain Rescue Team. [1]

Speaking

Some people say that online education is an excellent alternative to

traditional education. But other people believe that virtual education
cannot substitute traditional one.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!
Writing

80
Answer the following question:

Do you think learning will ever take place without teachers?

Write 50-70 words.

Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Mid Test

81
Listening
CD Mid Test. You will hear five short extracts in which different people
speak about the job interviews they attended. While listening complete
both tasks.

TASK ONE
For questions 1-5 choose from the list A-H the advice each speaker
received.
A. mind your body language
В. arrive early for the interview
С. wear the right clothes
D. show interest in the prospective employer
E. hide your enthusiasm for the job
F. practise the interview beforehand
G. think of an unusual situation
H. control your nerves
1. Speaker 1_______________
2. Speaker 2_______________
3. Speaker 3_______________
4. Speaker 4_______________
5. Speaker 5_______________ _
TASK TWO
For questions 6-10 choose from the list A-H the problem each speaker
encountered.
A. feeling unwell
В. having the wrong information
С. not having the right personality
D. arriving late for the interview
E. having a slight accident
F. not having the right qualifications
G. being unable to answer questions
H. being unhappy about the pay
6. Speaker 1_______________
7. Speaker 2_______________
8. Speaker 3_______________
9. Speaker 4_______________
10. Speaker 5_______________ [14]
Reading

82
Read the text. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

Caribbean Dream

The snow was piling up around the door and there was no sign yet of a change
in the weather. As he cleared the pathway, Carl thought of blue skies and warm
sunshine. It was how he got through the winters. He had decided that it must be
his Caribbean background that made him suffer so miserably every winter.
Everyone had warned him about the British weather but he had thought that he
would soon get used to it. Twenty years on, he still wasn’t used to it and he
doubted that he ever would be.
He hadn’t meant to stay for so long. His intention had been to work as hard as
he could for ten years, save every penny he could and then return home to start
up his own business. Somehow, along the way, he had ended up getting married
and having three children. Carl loved his family dearly, although this didn’t stop
him from occasionally wondering where he would be now if he’d stuck to his
plans.
Carl worked at a local factory where they manufactured appliances such as
washing machines and fridges. He’d been there for eighteen years and had been
promoted several times. He was now a foreman on the day shift. Lately, there
had been talk of redundancies around the factory. He knew that the company
had recently lost a big order but he was sure that they had a good enough
reputation in the field to survive.
Alarm bells started to ring in Carl’s mind when his wife came home in tears one
day and announced that the shop she had been working in was about to close for
good. Carl realised that soon he would need to start dipping into his precious
savings. He still dreamt of returning to the Caribbean one day and although Carl
was rarely able to add to his savings, so far he hadn’t had to use them.
Over the next few months, he worked as many hours overtime as he could. One
afternoon, his line manager sent for him. He nervously entered the office and
when he saw the expression on his manager’s face, he knew what was coming.
“I’m offering you voluntary redundancy after the summer if you would like to
take it. I’m very sorry.” he said. At least he had a few months left at work,
which would give him time to make plans.
Because Carl had been with the company for so long, he was entitled to a
considerable redundancy package. By law, the company had to calculate his
compensation based on his current salary. He would leave with enough money
to pay off the loan for his house completely. This was a good thing, of course,
even though he had lost his job. Carl began to think more and more eagerly
about his Caribbean dream. He decided that he would talk to his family. Perhaps
it was true that every cloud has a silver lining, he thought.

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Within the space of six months, Carl’s life changed completely. He sold his
house and the family moved to the island of his birth. He is pleased at how
quickly his children have settled into the Caribbean way of life and he has found
some premises where he is planning to open up an electrical appliances repair
business. His Caribbean dream is becoming a reality. He chuckles quietly and
shakes his head when people ask him if he will miss the snow!

1. Regarding the British weather, Carl

A. thought that he would always find it difficult.
B. believed that he would get used to it one day.
C. hadn't expected the winters to be so bad.
D. didn't understand why people talked about it so much.

[Link] he thought about his life, Carl would sometimes

A. worry about the future.
B. regret coming to Britain.
C. wish he had never married.
D. imagine how his life might have been different.

3. In the third paragraph, we learn that Carl

A. was happy about his promotion.
B. felt confident that his job was safe.
C. worried about being made redundant.
D. realised he needed to look for another job.

4. When Carl's wife lost her job, Carl felt concerned that
A. he would lose his job, too.
B. they wouldn't be able to visit their relatives any more.
C. their plans for the future would be affected.
D. he wouldn't be able to save any more.

5. When Carl's line manager called him into his office, the manager seemed
very
A. angry.
B. nervous.
C. apologetic.
D. afraid.

6. In the sixth paragraph, the phrase 'every cloud has a silver lining' means
A. it is impossible to predict the future.
B. bad situations can bring about good.
C. there is often an opportunity to make money through a bad situation.
D. dreams can help you get through bad times. [1]

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Speaking

Teamwork skills have become highly valued by employers. However, some

people say that sometimes teams cannot work successfully.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing

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Answer the following question:

What is the hardest work you can think of?

Write 50-70 words.

Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Unit 6

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 LITERATURE N

Lead-in
1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. Discuss the following opinions about literature. Which do you

agree/disagree with? Try to find evidence to support your answers.

 Children’s books can never be considered great works of literature.

 Literature should make you think.
 Popular fiction is not literature.
 Good books don't often make good films.
 Writers of the book need to be involved in the film version.
 New film adaptations can give new life to classic books.
 It's best to avoid film versions of your favorite book.

3. Complete the text with the words from the box.

• thriller • critics •blog •memoirs •autobiography •ghostwriter • diaries

Wendell Jones has certainly had an interesting life, working for the government
over the last 25 years. During the time, he kept a collection of
1.______________which he wrote every day. Now, he has used this collection
to put together the 2.______________ of his time in government. He told
me that he had thought of writing an 3.______________ but he didn't have the
time and didn't trust a 4.______________ to do it for him.
At times, the book reads like a 5.______________ with all the secret meetings
and people talking behind each other's back. It certainly will keep you

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interested! Of course, the 6.______________hated it but you should be the
judge and decide yourself. Personally I loved it.
If you want to discuss this book further, come to my 7.______________ at
[Link].

4. Rewrite the sentences so that they have a similar meaning. Use the
phrases in the box.

• lived up to the hype • a real let-down • couldn't put it down • not my kind of
thing • easy to read • couldn't get into it • hard-going at the beginning • a real
page-turner

1. I read it in one afternoon without stopping.

I couldn't put it down.
2. My friends told me it was great but I thought it was rubbish.
I thought it was ______________ .
3. It started badly but got better after 20 pages.
It was ______________ .
4. It's a history novel. I prefer science fiction.
It's______________.
5. Just when you think you know everything, something else happens and you
want to read more.
It's ______________.
6. It has a lot of information in it, but it is clearly written and I understood
everything.
It's ______________.
7. The critics were right! It's a fabulous novel!
It ______________.
8. I tried and I tried but I really couldn't understand what was going on.
I ______________.

Listening
CD 6.1. Listen to Dr. Lloyd and match authors a-f with the writing habits
1-5. There is one author you don't need to use.

a. Ernest Hemingway
b. Proust
c. Anthony Trollope
d. Thomas Wolfe
e. Balzac
f. Somerset Maugham

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1. needed to drink a lot of coffee
2. had to write a certain number of words every day
3. preferred to write in bed
4. started writing early in the morning
5. did all of his writing on his feet

Listen again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1. Dr. Lloyd thinks that Hemingway's habit is logical.

2. Writers are usually superstitious.
3. Trollope was a slow writer.
4. It is not a good idea to write in the mornings.
5. Many writers drink coffee to help them write.
6. Most writers' habits have a good reason.
7. Everyone knows the rules for writing.
8. Dr. Lloyd will teach the students how to write. [6]

Language Focus
1. Replace the words in bold with the correct form of prepositional verbs
from the box.

•come across •come up •get on •get over •look at •look into •look like• look
round

1. Anyone who doubts the power of the social web only needs to observe the
activity on Twitter.
2. How are you progressing at work?
3. A free microblogging service that started a few years ago, Twitter resembles
an onscreen bulletin.
4. An opportunity has arisen for a Twitter correspondent at Sky [Link].
5. I am resisting an urge to investigate Twitter in case it is as addictive as
Facebook.
6. If Twitter ever suffers a catastrophic failure it cannot recover from, you will
still be protected from any data loss.
7. We inspected the new office to see if the building was suitable.
8. I have read a really interesting anecdote on Twitter. I found it by chance.
2. Complete the text with prepositional verbs from the box.

• keep up with •come across •look at •look like• look into

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Journalists need to be familiar with technical developments in the media. They
shouldn't just 1._______________social networking sites, they need to use them
because familiarity with the tools is important. They need to
2._______________ their sources from Facebook, MySpace and Twitter
and any other type of social media source as carefully as they would verify
traditional sources. They need to restrict access to private profile information
that they don't want the general public to 3._______________by chance. They
need to manage their time efficiently and manage their friends on social
networks so they can 4._______________ tweets, status updates and endless
emails. Although blogging and tweets may 5._______________conversation,
journalists must be mindful that they represent more than just themselves.
3. A. Match phrasal verbs with their definitions.

1. make oneself up rely on

2. be made up of go towards
3. look back regard
4. make (it) up to think of
5. look after see clearly
6. make out take care of
7. make of compensate for
8. look on think about the past
9. make for consist of
10. look to put on make-up

B. Fill each gap with the correct particle.

1. Parents look _______ film stars to provide suitable role models for their
children.
2. Like many budding actresses, she left her home town and
made_______Hollywood.
3. Some people look_______the theatre as an old-fashioned form of
entertainment.
4. What did you make_______ that film you saw the other night? Did you like
it?
5. I had problems making_______what the actors were wearing from where I
was sitting.
6. You have to look _______ yourself in the harsh world of show business.
7. I forgot his birthday so I made it_______ to him by taking him to the opera.
8. Looking _______, I have never regretted becoming an actor.
9. The orchestra is made _______ of several different sections.
10. He makes himself _______ to look like a clown before each
performance.

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4. A. Match idioms 1-6 with their meanings (a-f).

1. keep a close eye on

2. keep a low profile
3. keep an open mind
4. keep your wits about you
5. keep your fingers crossed
6. keep in with

a. get all the facts before making a judgment

b. stay alert
c. stay friendly with
d. monitor very carefully
e. avoid attracting attention to yourself
f. hope for a positive outcome

B. Complete the gaps in the sentences with the above-mentioned idioms.

1. Try to_______________the editor. He could help your career.

2. When you're reporting from a war zone, you've got to_______________.
3. We need to _______________ this story. Things are changing fast.
4. Just_______________that we are the first ones to get this story.
5. It is not clear yet if he's guilty. We need to_______________.
6. It will be hard to interview her. She tends to _______________.

Grammar Rehab
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

Late Delivery

These days, letters posted in one country can be sent to somebody1) ............
(live) on the other side of the world in less than a week, thanks to air mail. But
this is not what happened to a letter 2) ............ (send) by Mr Gray in 1937. He
suddenly had to leave the country to go to France and so he quickly 3)............
(write) a letter to his wife to say goodbye and tell her what a wonderful wife she
4) ............. (be). He must have posted the letter just before he boarded the ship
that 5) ............ (take) him to France, but sadly the ship 6) ............ (sink) and Mr
Gray 7) ............ (never see) again.
Mrs Gray finally 8) ............ (receive) the letter last week - more than sixty years
after her husband 9) ............ (write) it. An official explained that the letter

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10) ............ (fall) behind a desk and it 11) ............ (remain) undiscovered if the
Post Office 12) ............ (not decide) to replace the old furniture.
Today, Mr Gray could have sent his wife an email or a text message instead of a
letter. In fact, the use of postal services for business correspondence, as well as
for personal letters, 13) ............ (decline) all the time. In all probability, the
number of daily deliveries 14) ............ (continue) to drop in the future.

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Dostoevsky was born in Moscow in 1821. He was

the son of a doctor who worked in a hospital for the poor.
The young Dostoevsky went to military school and held
1)............ posts until he resigned to become an author. 1. GOVERN
In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which
gained him 2)............ into St. Petersburg's 3)............ 2. ENTER
3. LITERATURE
circles.
In the following years, Dostoyevsky worked as a 4)............. 4. JOURNAL
He began to travel around 5)............ Europe and developed 5. WEST
a gambling 6)............ , which led to financial hardship. For
a time, he had to beg for money, but he eventually became 6. ADDICT
one of the most 7)............ read, highly regarded and 7. WIDE
8. INFLUECE
8)............ Russian writers. Dostoevsky admired the works
of the English writer Charles Dickens who wrote about
difficult times during the 9)............Revolution in the late
18th and early 19th centuries. Dostoevsky also wrote 9. INDUSTRY
novels about social issues. One of Dostoevsky’s most
10)............ works is Crime and Punishment. The main
10. SIGNIFY
character in the novel is Raskolnikov, a poor,
11)............university drop-out. The novel tells the story of 11. EMPLOY
how Raskolnikov plans to murder a(n) 12)............
moneylender to solve his financial problems. Another 12. GREED
major work is The Brothers Karamazov, which was
Dostoevsky’s final novel and 13)............ even his best. The
13. POSSIBLE
novel focuses on a murder again but this time Dostoevsky
examines other characters’14)............ to the crime.
Fyodor Dostoevsky died in 1881 and is buried in the 14. REACT
Alexander Nevsky Monastery in [Link].
3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

The Secrets of Success

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Have you ever wondered why some people are successful and others not?
Successful people are passionate. They believe 1) ............ themselves when no
one else will. They set goals and turn their dreams 2) ............ realities. But what
exactly is it about successful people that makes them so successful? First,
successful people know exactly what it is they want. They have a specific goal
and they stick 3) ............ it. Second, successful people don’t just think; they act.
They understand that goals alone are meaningless 4) ............ the action to back
them up. Third, successful people think positively. They know setbacks and
failures are simply a part 5) ............ the road 6) ............ success and view them
7) ............ a positive light. Fourth, successful people are persistent. They keep
trying no matter how many times they fail until they have achieved their goal.
Fifth, successful people are curious and are not afraid to experiment or make
mistakes. Finally, successful people are passionate 8) ............ what they do and
are confident 9) ............ their abilities. They have a positive attitude, put 100%
effort 10) ............ everything they do, and they won’t settle 11) ............
anything but the best. So, now you know the keys 12) ............ success, what are
you going to do with them?

Reading
Read the text. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

“Agnes Grey” by Anne Bronte

My father was a clergyman in the north of England, who was respected by all
who knew him. My mother, who married him against the wishes of her friends,
was a rich man’s daughter. Her father clearly told her that if she became the
poor parson’s wife, she must give up all of her father’s wealth. Anyone would
be happy with an elegant house and spacious grounds, of course, but she would
rather live in a cottage with Richard Grey than in a palace with any other man in
the world. Her father believed that making his daughter give up her fortune
would work in splitting them up, but he was mistaken. The two married and as a
result my mother’s fortune all went to her ‘wiser’ sister, who had married a very
wealthy man.
Of six children, my sister Mary and myself were the only two who survived
early childhood. Being the youngest daughter, I was always seen as the baby,
and the pet of the family, and my father, mother and sister all spoiled me.
Mary and I were brought up in the strictest seclusion. We never went to school.
My mother took the whole responsibility for our education on herself, with the
exception of Latin, which my father taught us. Since there was no society in our

93
neighbourhood, our only contact with the world consisted of a tea party, now
and then, with the farmers and trades people in the area.
My father had endless ideas as to how increase his little fortune, always for the
family. Saving, however, was not my father’s strong point. He would not get
into debt (at least, my mother made sure he did not), but whenever he had
money he had to spend it right away. He liked to see his house comfortable, and
his wife and daughters well clothed, and well looked after. Also he was very
charitable and liked to give to the poor.
One day, a kind friend suggested to him a way of doubling his private property
and later increasing it even more. This friend was a merchant who generously
offered to give my father a fair share of his profits, if he would only entrust him
with what he could spare. So my father gave the friendly merchant all the
money he could and the merchant immediately loaded up his cargo and
prepared for his voyage.
My father was delighted, as we all were, with our brightening prospects. What
happy hours Mary and I passed while sitting at our work by the fire, or under
the weeping birch tree in the garden, talking of future happiness to ourselves
and our parents, of what we would do, and see, and have with our coming
fortune.
Unfortunately, disaster struck when news came that the ship which contained
our fortune had been ship-wrecked, and gone to the bottom of the sea, together
with several of the crew and the unfortunate merchant himself. I grieved for
him; I grieved for the overthrow of all our air-built castles — our romantic
dreams of better times that we should have known would never come; but with
the hopefulness of youth I soon recovered from the shock. Mary did not grieve,
but she thought about the misfortune continually, and was very depressed. My
mother thought only of comforting my father and paying our debts and reducing
our expenses in as many ways as she could. My father however was completely
overwhelmed by the disaster. His health, strength and spirits sank and he never
fully recovered them.

1. The narrator refers to her mother's sister as 'wiser' because she

A. had managed her money well.
B. had married a more respected man.
C. had followed her heart.
D. had followed her father's wishes.

2. When the narrator says in paragraph three that her sister and herself
'were brought up in the strictest seclusion', she means that they
A. didn't receive a good education.
B. had to follow lots of rules in the home when they were children.
C. saw few people outside of their family while growing up.
D. lived in a very small, quiet place.

94
3. Richard Grey found it difficult to save money because
A. he preferred to use it to make others happy.
B. his wife and daughters were big spenders.
C. he had too many debts to pay off.
D. he didn't want others to think he wasn't generous.

4. The merchant persuaded Richard Grey to

A. buy some property.
B. lend him some money for a voyage.
C. start a shipping business.
D. invest some money in his business.

5. The phrase 'all our air-built castles' in the final paragraph refers to
A. things the family had bought because they thought they would soon be rich.
B. the family's shock after losing their money.
C. the unrealistic hopes the family had for the future.
D. things the family had lost because of the tragedy at sea.

6. After the loss of the family's fortune,

A. the family's debts and troubles kept increasing.
B. each member of the family was affected differently.
C. the narrator's mother couldn't forgive the narrator's father.
D. the narrator was depressed for a long time. [1]

Speaking
Speak for 2 minutes about a film adaptation of the book that has
impressed/disappointed you. Use the words given below:

brilliant, classic, disturbing, gripping, interesting, moving, overrated, shocking,

tedious, tense, thought-provoking, a charming read, a child's perspective, a
moral tale, a remake of a film, (dynamic) dialogue, evocative language,
extremely well-written script, key characters, incredibly heartwarming,
(realistic) plot

Writing

95
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“Without literature, life is hell.” Charles Bukowski

“There is no surer foundation for a beautiful friendship than a mutual taste in

literature.” P.G. Wodehouse

Test 6

96
Listening
CD Test 6. You will hear part of a radio programme in which a writer
makes a confession. For questions 1-10, complete the sentences with a word
or short phrase.

Gaby says she spends a lot of time in 1. _____________for research purposes.

As a teenager she had a very full 2. ______________, but always had problems
with her 3. _______________. Most people attributed her A level failures
to 4. _______________ rather than lack of effort. Gaby says she was afraid
that if she had retaken her exams and failed again, she would have been
declared 5._______________. Gaby thinks that after leaving school she
probably appeared quite 6.________________. Her reading helped her to
develop an interest in different features of 7.__________________. Some of
her friends are in jobs which have a negative, effect on 8.
__________________. She thinks her lifestyle causes some of her friends to
have feelings of 9. __________________. A problem for many graduates is that
they begin their working lives in 10. __________________.

Reading
Read the text. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

“The Picture of Dorian Gray”, by Oscar Wilde

As soon as it had finished, Dorian Gray rushed behind the scenes into the green-
room. When he entered the room, Sibyl Vane looked at him, and an expression
of joy came over her. “How badly I acted tonight, Dorian!” she cried.
“Horribly!” he answered. “Horribly! It was dreadful. Are you ill? You have no
idea what I suffered.” “Dorian,” she answered, “you should have understood.
But you understand now, don't you?” “Understand what?” he asked, angrily.
“Why I was so bad tonight. Why I will always be bad. Why I will never act well
again.” He shrugged his shoulders. “You are ill, I suppose. When you are ill you
shouldn't act. You make yourself ridiculous. My friends were bored. I was
bored.”
“Dorian,” she cried, “before I knew you, acting was the one reality of my life. It
was only in the theatre that I lived. You came and you freed my soul from
prison. You taught me what reality really is. Tonight, for the first time in my
life, I saw through the silliness of the empty theatre in which I had always
played. You had made me understand what love really is. Oh, Dorian, you

97
understand now what it means? Even if could do it, it would be a crime for me
to play at being in love. You have made me see that.”
He threw himself down on the sofa and turned away his face. “You have killed
my love,” he muttered. “You used to stir my imagination. Now I’m not even
curious about you. I loved you because you were marvellous, because you were
intelligent. You have thrown it all away. You are nothing to me now. I will
never see you again. I will never think of you. Without your art you are
nothing.”
The girl grew white and trembled. “You are not serious, Dorian?” she
murmured. “You are acting.”
“Acting! I leave that to you. You do it so well,” he answered. She moaned and
threw herself at his feet. “Dorian, Dorian, don’t leave me!” she whispered. I was
thinking of you all the time tonight. But I will try, really. I will try. Can’t you
forgive me for tonight? Don’t leave me!” “I am going,” he said at last in his
calm, clear voice. I can’t see you again. You have disappointed me.” He turned
and left the room. In a few moments he had left the theatre.
When he arrived home, he entered his bedroom. His eye immediately fell upon
the portrait Basil Hallward had painted of him and he startled back as if in
surprise. The face seemed to have changed a little. He could see the lines of
cruelty round the mouth as if he had just done some terrible thing. He quickly
glanced into a mirror. He couldn’t see any lines like that around his red lips.
What did it mean? Suddenly he remembered what he had said in Basil
Hallward's studio the day the picture had been finished. He had wished that he
could remain young, and the portrait grow old; that his own beauty might not
disappear, and the face in the picture would show all his passions and his sins.
Surely his wish had not come true?
Such things were impossible. But, there was the picture, with the touch of
cruelty in the mouth.
Cruelty! Had he been cruel? It was the girl's fault, not his. He had dreamed of
her as a great artist, had given his love to her because he had thought she was
great. Then she had disappointed him. And yet he still felt regret, as he thought
of her lying at his feet crying loudly like a little child.
But what about the picture? It held the secret of his life, and told his story. It
had taught him to love his own beauty. Would it teach him to hate his own soul?
Would he ever look at it again?

1. Sibyl told Dorian that he had made her realise that

A. she was a terrible actress.
B. she could never give up acting.
C. there is more to life than the theatre.
D. her love for him was not real.

2. Dorian said that he had loved Sibyl because

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A. she loved him so deeply.
B. he admired her character.
C. she inspired him because of her talent.
D. she made him a better person.

3. Sibyl tried to stop Dorian from leaving her by

A. pretending to be crazy.
B. blocking the exit to the theatre.
C. explaining the reason for her behaviour.
D. promising not to act again.

4. As soon as Dorian saw the portrait of himself, he

A. jumped in disbelief.
B. went back to the theatre.
C. began to feel afraid.
D. felt regret.

5. Dorian Gray thought his portrait had changed because

A. he was looking at it differently.
B. a wish he made had come true.
C. he had told the artist to change it.
D. the artist had chosen to re-paint it.

6. By the end of the story, Dorian realised

A. that he still loved Sibyl.
B. why he felt so disappointed.
C. that he was now sure that Sibyl had behaved wrongly.
D. that his treatment of Sibyl may have been wrong. [1]

Speaking
Some people say there's nothing better than reading a good book, while
others would rather watch its film version. They claim that books will be
replaced by television and cinema in the near future.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing

99
Answer the following question:

What makes a work of literature “great”?

Write 50-70 words.

Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Unit 7

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 AIMING HIGH N

Lead-in
1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. Look at the following factors which may be important for career success.
Choose a maximum of three in each group which you consider absolutely
necessary.

background
 social background
 financial backing
 influential acquaintances
 well-rounded education
 relevant work experience
 qualifications
 supportive family
 experience of other cultures
soft skills
 popularity with colleagues
 sensitivity to the feelings of other people
 work ethics
 team spirit
 competitive spirit
 ability to delegate
 willingness to compromise

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 ability to establish rapport with colleagues/superiors
personal qualities
 positive mindset
 positive image
 intrinsic motivation
 ambition
 dedication
 determination
 resilience
 intuition
 persistence
 attractive appearance
 charisma
 natural talent
 ruthlessness
 ability to seize opportunities
 foresight

3. Read the short biography of Steve Jobs below. Complete the gaps with
one of the words from the box. Which of the qualities in Ex. 2 did he have?

•marketer •an award-winning • on the verge of • resigned • tensions • disappointing

• immediate success • to obtain finance • appeal to • went into business • experience
• dropped out of

Steven Paul Jobs was born in California, USA, on February 24, 1955. In 1974 he 1.
______________ college to work as a video game designer. His aim was to save
enough money to go to India and 2. ______________ Buddhism.
Back in the US in the autumn of 1974, Jobs 3. ______________ with his highschool
friend Stephen Wozniak. Jobs understood that computers would 4. ______________
a broad audience. Although he had long, unkempt hair and dressed casually, he
managed 5. ______________ for his first marketable computer, Apple II. In 1977
Apple Inc. was formed and met with 6. ______________.
Seven years later Jobs introduced the Macintosh computer in a brilliantly
choreographed demonstration that he gave himself. However, the sales of the first Macs
were 7. ______________. This led to 8. ______________ in the company, and in
1985 he 9. ______________.
In 1986 Jobs bought Pixar Animation Studios. Over the following decade he built Pixar
into a large corporation that, among other achievements, produced the first full-length
film to be completely computer-animated Toy Story, in 1995.
In 1996, Apple, saddled by huge financial losses and 10. ______________ collapse,
asked Jobs to come back. He accepted, and quickly engineered 11. ______________
advertising campaign that urged customers to "think different" and buy Macintoshes. In

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1998, he introduced the iMac, an egg-shaped computer that offered high-speed
processing at a reasonable price. It was an instant success. Steve Jobs saved his
company and in the process, reestablished himself as a master high-technology 12.
______________.

4. Use the words from the box in their Infinitive or –ing form to complete
the six rules for achieving success.

•gain •improve •imagine •concentrate •respect •focus

Six Rules for Achieving Success

1. You must_______________yourself and others around you.

2. Remember,_______________on the outcome of your goal is a great
motivator.
3. Try_______________what your life will be like once you have accomplished
your aim.
4. Build up your motivation levels by_______________ your diet.
5. You should always_______________on the job at hand, don’t get distracted.
6. You need to _______________control over the everyday events in your life.

Listening
CD 7.1. You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose the
answer (A, В or C) which fits best according to what you hear. There are
two questions for each extract.
Extract one
You will hear part of an interview with a musician, explaining why he
turned down a prize in a music awards ceremony.

1. Why did Steve's group refuse to go to the ceremony to accept their

award?
A. They believed it would be morally wrong.
B. They were busy doing concerts.
C. They did not expect to win.
2. According to Steve, the people who voted for his group
A. have been loyal fans for a long time.
B. will soon lose interest in their music.
C. agree with their ideals and beliefs.

Extract two

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You will hear part of an interview with Richard Hale, a retired cricket
player.

3. What is the main reason for Richard Hale's success?

A. natural talent
B. a lot of practice
C. the ability to concentrate
4. Richard Hale dislikes the way that some current players
A. react to a success.
B. do not learn from their mistakes.
C. believe they are more important than their team.

Extract three
You will hear part of an interview on local radio with Lily Simmons, a
university student who is taking part in a fund-raising event called 40-hour
Famine.

5. According to Lily, the purpose of 40-hour Famine is to

A. encourage students to do some charity work abroad.
B. persuade people to give money to charity regularly.
C. help people understand the effects of famine on people’s lives.
6. After taking part in last year's 40-hour Famine event, Lily was
A. proud of what she had achieved.
B. determined to do better in the next event.
C. disappointed she had not fulfilled her aim. [14]

Language Focus
1. A. Complete the gaps with one of the nouns from the box.

•challenge •success •motivation •ambition •failure

1. The film “Star Wars” was an overnight_______________.

2. I have a burning _______________to travel to Australia.
3. When pupils get tired of studying, a system of rewards can help increase
student_______________.
4. Sadly, my attempts to learn Japanese met with complete____________.
5. The government faces the formidable_______________of reducing
unemployment.

1. B. Which of the five nouns from the box do each of the following pairs of
verbs collocate with?

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fulfill a/an_________________
realize
achieve ____________________
enjoy
take up a/an_________________
rise to
end in _____________________
result in
improve _____________________
lack

1. C. All three words in each of the groups below can be used in

combination with one of the nouns from exercise 1. A. Write an
appropriate noun in each of the spaces.
1. major/new/daunting____________________
2. secret/lifelong/main____________________
3. total/continued/dismal__________________
4. huge/great/resounding __________________
5. high/strong/poor_______________________

2. A. Tick the boxes in the table to form collocations. Think of at least two
more phrases for each verb.

get gain win earn

control of a situation
promotion
the title
smb's respect
a reputation
the right to do/have smth.
experience
a salary
one's living
the advantage

2. B. Use some of the collocations in their correct form to complete the

sentences below.

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1. The heavyweight champion_______________ over his opponent in the last
round of the match.
2. She went to work in the restaurant to _______________as a chef.
3. Although he's incredibly wealthy now, when he first came to this country
he_______________as a dish washer.
4. He's very well paid for his freelance writing but he
also_______________from the bookshop where he works.
5. She _______________ as a tough businesswoman by sticking to her
principles and never backing down from the competition.

3. A. Fill the gaps with the idioms listed below.

• scored an own goal • be on the ball • a whole new ball game • a level playing
field •take your eye off the ball • move the goal posts

1. I'm fed up with the behaviour of your representative. Every time we think we
are near to making an agreement, he demands something else. If he continues
to_______________, we'll have to stop the negotiations.
2. My father retired ten years ago but last week he was asked to go back to the
office to do some training. He says everything's changed now. The introduction
of computers has made it_______________.
3. If you want to pass your exams, you need to_______________ and plan your
revision carefully. Prepare well and you'll be fine.
4. I was going to buy the TV until the salesman_______________by telling me
that he had the same model at home but it didn't have a good picture.
5. Make sure you ask the same questions in the speaking exams. We need to
make sure there is_______________ for all students.
6. If you are the manager, you can't_______________for one minute. One
mistake could cost the company millions of pounds.

3. B. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the words/phrases listed below,
explain the idioms.

•jump on • play second • bring • walk • wait in •face • strike • read • follow • put
you in

1. It's much better to admit that you made a mistake and_______________the

music.
2. It's like_______________ a tightrope at the moment; one mistake and the
festival could be cancelled.

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3. Our town was the first to build a multi-cultural centre, but now other towns
are_______________the bandwagon.
4. Her loud orange dress and angry expression_______________ the wrong
note at the gallery opening.
5. The report doesn't state it exactly, but_______________ between the
lines, I'd say the journalist doesn't believe the Mayor.
6. The theatre manager cannot afford to look weak right now; he knows there
are other people _______________the wings to take his place.
7. Brian wants the leading role. He's not interested in _______________fiddle
to anyone.
8. After being published every week for the last century, the owners are
finally_______________the curtain down on the local arts magazine.
9. Before the rehearsal starts, let me_______________ the picture about what
has been done up to now.
10. Matthew was a very good director; his successor will find him a hard
act_______________.

Grammar Rehab
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form, Gerund or Infinitive.

A Gifted Violinist

Y u k i e H a n u e i s c o n s i d e r e d b y m a n y 1)............ ( b e ) t h e f i n e s t
v i o l i n i s t o f her generation - and she's still in her early twenties. When we
visited her, in the music department of the University of New York, she was too
busy practising 2)............(talk), but she invited us 3)............ (have) a coffee with
her in her mid-morning break. Astonishingly, she manages 4)............ (combine)
her PhD at the university with international concerts and recitals, numerous
public appearances and interviews. She evidently thrives on the workload,
buzzing around the place with an industrious enthusiasm that leaves us all
breathless. Her fame as a performer means 5)............(make) regular appearances
at high profile events. Last month, for example, she agreed 6)............(appear) in
a series of recitals organised by Coca-Cola. This involved 7)............ (travel) to
far-flung places like Seoul, Oslo and Montevideo.
“I can't stand 8)............(do) nothing,” she says. I happen 9)............ (have) a
particular talent, and it would be wasteful not 10)............ (exploit) it to the full.”
I encouraged her 11)............ (tell) me about her upbringing, but she was rather
reticent to sing her own praises. I did, however, succeed in persuading her
12)............(confess) to a secret desire. “If I hadn't been a musician, I would have
loved to train 13)............ (become) a martial arts expert”, she says. Certainly,
she would have had the discipline, but I couldn't imagine someone so physically

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frail actually 14)............ (stand) there hitting someone. But it was an interesting
revelation, and one that I was 15)............(learn) more about during my day with
her.

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

Encouraging Children

Cash rewards are a common form of 1)............ used by (1) MOTIVATE

parents with high 2)............ to encourage their children to (2) EXPECT
work hard at exam time. Some youngsters receive
3)............ of as much as £100 for each A grade they obtain (3) PAY
at GCSE. But should such “bribes” be based on exam
(4) PEFORM
4)............ or should they, as many parents and teachers
feel, be offered in 5)............ of a child’s effort, regardless (5) RECOGNISE
of results? The latter approach would solve the problem of
how parents reward children with different levels of (6) ABLE
6)............; imagine, for example, a family with one child
who is 7)............ gifted and another who has learning (7) ACADEMIC
(8) DIFFICULT
8)............. The dangers of result-related incentives for the
second child are clear; with little hope of obtaining the
higher grades, the withholding of promised 9)............ (9) FINANCE
rewards would only compound the child's feeling of
10)............. However, some leading educational (10) FAIL
psychologists believe that parents should rely on their own
(11) JUDGE
11)............ in such matters. They maintain that if parents
know that money will motivate their child, then they
should not be condemned for operating a system of cash
payouts.

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

A Person to Emulate

David Peters, the Scottish long-jumper, has been awarded a knighthood in

recognition 1)............ his services to charity and the world of athletics. Sir
David, as he will be known, will be knighted by the Queen in a ceremony next
week. Mr Peters, who retired from athletics last year, had a talent which was,
quite simply, 2)............ of the ordinary. All his performances were, 3)............
exception, characterised by great effort and determination. He seemed to thrive
4)............ difficult situations, and it was when 5)............ pressure, that he

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produced his greatest performances. In later years, he became increasingly
prone 6)............injury, and last year, his talents evidently 7)............ decline, he
failed to regain his Olympic long-jump title, and promptly retired. At his best,
however, his jumping was sometimes 8)............ belief, and in his greatest year,
2000, he broke the world record no fewer than four times. In the late 1990s he
was single-handedly responsible 9)............ bringing British athletics out of a
severe slump with his inspirational performances and personal charisma. Peters
was capable 10)............ great generosity, and once, famously, failed a jump
deliberately in order to let his great rival, Aravan Sijipal, win on his farewell
appearance. When being interviewed, Peters was also an exception to the rule
for he always tried to praise others rather than blow his own trumpet. A deeply
religious man, he was 11)............ dispute with the athletics authorities on more
than one occasion for his refusal to compete on Sundays. His antidrugs
campaign had a great effect 12)............ young athletes all over Britain, and
throughout his career, he remained very conscious 13)............ what he saw as
his public duty in this respect. Many charitable organisations have reason to be
grateful 14)............ him 15)............ the time he devoted 16)............ raising
money for their causes.

Reading
Read the following magazine article. For questions 1-7, choose the answer
(А, В, С or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

AroundtheWorldin94Days

In February 2001, at the age of 24, Ellen MacArthur became the youngest and fastest
ever woman to sail round the world. After 94 days alone on board her yacht
Kingfisher, she finished second to Michel Desjoyaux of France in the single-handed
Vendee Globe event.
In sport, like life, the winner is usually feted, and runners-up are quickly
forgotten. This time the roles were reversed and it was Ellen, weighing just 50
kilos and barely 1 m 60 tall, that really captured people's imaginations and
emotions. One newspaper in France, where she was and is a real heroine,
summed up the national mood there with the headline “Well done, Michel,
bravo Ellen”.
As with many spectacular achievers, the signs were there from an early age,
even in the unpromising nautical terrain of landlocked Derbyshire. Her great-
grandparents were sailing people and a great-uncle was a merchant seaman, but
any real link with the sea is tenuous. There was, however, an Auntie Thea who
lived on the east coast of England and had a 26-foot sailing boat called Cabaret.

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It took just one trip on the open sea with her aunt to spark off Ellen's lifelong
passion.
She was eight years old. After that she began saving her pocket money and
spent all her spare time reading sailing books in the library, absorbing
information like a sponge. With her savings and the help of her grandmother she
bought an 8-foot fibreglass dinghy, and from that moment on there was no
keeping her away from the water.
Sailing round Britain single-handed at the age of 18 was just the start; Ellen had
long since set her sights on the Vendee. But finding the money to undertake
round-the-world voyages is no easy feat. She wrote 2,000 letters requesting
sponsorship and received just two replies, one, happily, from the Kingfisher
company who were looking to expand into France. And in terms of race
preparation, if thoroughness was the key to success, Ellen could certainly be
considered one of the favourites. In the eight months leading up to the start of
the race, she sailed no fewer than 60,000 miles at the helm of her 60-foot
Kingfisher, far more than the rest of the fleet put together in the same period.
During her three months at sea MacArthur negotiated deadly icebergs, gigantic
waves and gale-force winds. She endured the freezing cold of the Antarctic and
suffered the blistering heat of the windless doldrums. Racing conditions meant
sleeping in 10-minute bursts, a survival suit that stayed on for weeks at a time
and hands and wrists covered in sores and cuts. Food was dried or frozen. Water
came from a desalinator, which passes sea water through a membrane. “You
don't really wash in the icy waters of the southern ocean,” she laughs. “Anyway,
there's no one to tell you that you smell.”
As Kingfisher crossed the finishing line Ellen was surrounded by hundreds of
spectator boats and a cheering crowd of 200,000 lined the shore. Stepping off
her yacht she looked remarkably composed and seemed to take the change from
solitude to public adulation very much in her stride. Her thoughts, she later
confessed, were on the realization that she had fulfilled the ambition that had
dominated her life for the previous four or five years. “Throughout that time my
sole focus had been crossing the finishing line, and in the fastest possible time.”
Now she could savour that moment. But despite MacArthur's belief that
everyone who finishes the Vendee is a winner, she still feels a sense of
disappointment that, having taken the lead from the eventual winner Michel
Desjoyaux 10 days from the finish, she did not quite have the energy or good
fortune to turn her advantage into victory. “You have to believe you can win
from the start”, she asserts. “Deep down you're a competitor, you don't climb
the mast and come back black and blue just for a cruise. You do it because it's a
race.”
The public will now be hoping to see a suitable encore, some new feat of
endurance to justify her celebrity status. For Ellen can no longer claim, as she
did in her post-race press conference, to be the simple Derbyshire girl with “no
mobile, no credit cards, no money, no nothing”; she is a heroine and an

110
inspiration to others of her generation. As if to reinforce this, and despite her
reluctance to take on this role, she later commented: “If there's one thing I've
learned in this past year, it's that deep down in your heart, if you have a dream,
then you can and must make it happen.”

1. At the time of her achievement we learn that Ellen

A. enjoyed only short-lived success.
B. was more famous in France than anywhere else.
C. attracted more attention than Michel Desjoyaux.
D. became popular because of her size.

2. Where did Ellen’s initial interest in sailing come from?

A. She came from a family of sailing enthusiasts.
B. She went to see one of her relatives.
C. She read widely on the subject.
D. She lived near the sea.

3. What do we learn about Ellen at the start of the race?

A. People thought she had a very good chance of winning.
B. She was a more experienced sailor than the other racers.
C. She had been waiting for this moment since she was 18.
D. She had gone to great lengths to achieve her ambition.

4. The writer suggests that one cause of discomfort for Ellen at sea was
A. the shortage of water.
B. her failure to sleep.
C. extremes of temperature.
D. a lack of cooking facilities.

5. According to the writer, when Ellen finished the race, she was
A. overwhelmed by her new-found fame.
B. surprised by the number of people who came to greet her.
C. able to reflect on her achievement.
D. delighted to be amongst people again.

6. According to the writer, Ellen

A. thinks she deserved to win the race.
B. has mixed feelings about the outcome of the race.
C. knew she would win the race.
D. thinks Michel Desjoyaux was lucky to beat her.

7. Which of the following views does the writer express in the last
paragraph?

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A. She has the power to motivate.
B. She has no right to fame yet.
C. Her comments lack depth.
D. She needs to change her lifestyle. [14]

Speaking
Speak for 2 minutes about success/fame. Think about:

•its importance in our lives •main factors to achieve it •happiness it brings

•problems it causes

Writing
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“Genius is two percent of inspiration and ninety-eight percent of perspiration.”

Thomas Alva Edison

“You always pass failure on the way to success.” Mickey Rooney (American
comedian)

Test 7

112
Listening
CD Test 7. Listen to some people talking about what they believe to be the
secret of success. For questions 1-10, complete the sentences with a word or
a phrase.

Martin, 47, neurosurgeon

One of the obstacles that you're bound to face when you're trying to be
successful is some people telling you that you can't do it. What they really mean
is that they can't do it. Don't listen to them; when they try to 1. ______________
like that, believe in yourself. You can do it if you keep at it. And don't allow 2.
______________to stop you. Just don't allow them to enter your head – 3.
______ them ______ completely. It takes a lot of effort, and sometimes a lot of
time, but you can get there.

Sandra, 30, business executive

When you're trying to improve yourself in any way, don't allow other things to
4. ______________ you. If you get side-tracked you will lose focus and things
will become harder - you've got to avoid that and make sure that your efforts are
5. ________________________. 6. ____________ yourself _______ your
target by 7. _________________, making plans to get there or even writing
about it occasionally. Once you've been doing it for a while, being 8.
_____________ and _____________ will become something you do
automatically, like walking.

Tom, 40, actor

Some performers are not organised because they think that schedules and plans
9. are ______________ with art. This is rubbish. You simply must organise
yourself and discipline yourself to achieve little things every day. Without
organisation and discipline you'll get nowhere. And another thing - don't let
anybody or anything convince you that you're not good. If you 10.
______________yourself and believe that others are better than you, succeeding
is very difficult indeed.

Reading

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Read the following magazine article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer
(А, В, С or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Fool If You Think It’s Over

In hospital and facing death, Chris Rea decided it was time to make the blues
music he really loved. And it’s wonderful, says Mark Edwards.
I am feeling guilty as I approach Chris Rea’s studios. A couple of months
earlier, his record company had sent me his new album to sound out my
opinion. It’s fantastic, I told them, the best thing he’s ever done - a collection of
raw, powerful delta blues and gospel tunes that would make the world
reappraise their idea of Chris Rea. And then - almost as an afterthought, in case
this all sounded too gushing — added that it might benefit from being a little
shorter.
After all, it was a radical change of direction from a man best known for soft-
rock hits like On the Beach and Road to Hell. Perhaps a slightly shaved running
length would make it less daunting? Since then I have found out that I had been
sent only half of the tracks Rea wanted to release. He wanted the new album to
be a double. His record company, EastWest, didn’t. The disagreement proved
final. Rea left EastWest and opted to release the new album, Dancing Down the
Stony Road, on his own label, Jazzy Blue.
As I neared his studios, I began to wonder if my throwaway comment had
proved to be the final straw in the mind of some EastWest executive that a
double was out of the question; or - much worse - if someone had even told Rea
what I’d said. As our interview began, I confessed. To my surprise and immense
relief, Rea laughed and thanked me. After nearly a quarter of a century of
dealing with major record labels, he was glad to be free. While just about every
musician can reel off a list of complaints about their label, Rea’s label
relationships have led him to be trapped in what he terms “this horrible
executive rock thing” for 25 years. A man who fell in love with the delta blues
of Blind Willie McTell and saw a career for himself along the lines of guitarist
Ry Cooder found himself instead bracketed for his vocals alongside Dire Straits
and Phil Collins, following the huge success of his early single Fool If You
Think It’s Over.
“I had no ambitions to be a singer,” he says. “That was an accident, and I went
along with it because it’s better than being on the dole in Middlesbrough. And you
think, next time around I’ll slip into what I really want to do ... but it never exactly
happened.” Once his record company knew that he could write middle-of-the-road hits,
they wanted more of the same, Rea doesn’t blame them; he blames himself for being
too compliant. “I always protest mitigating circumstances: an instinctive working-class
fear of the suit. It’s actually a failing of mine, not theirs. I’ve always been very keen to
help get the job done. To do what’s required.”

114
It took the prospect of his own death for Rea to finally make the album he’s been
dreaming of all these years. Rea has had a series of operations over the past eight years,
the last of which he was told that he had little more than a 50/50 chance of surviving.
As he was being wheeled into the operating theatre, he thought, “I’ve got to get through
this, I can’t die yet because the sound that the audience love when I play live I haven’t
actually got on record. That became the aim when I came out. I don’t know how many
copies the new album will sell. But what I do know is that I’ll stamp my name on it.”
Quite right too. Dancing Down the Stony Road is a marvellous mix of moaning blues,
pleading gospel tunes and raucous stomps. It’s the perfect setting for Rea’s gravelly
voice and for his amazing guitar playing. It’s easier to see Rea’s connection to these
songs. When the slide guitar and moans of the opening track give way to a huge, distant
bass drum and an exquisite piano riff and suddenly Rea sings, “Come on easy rider,
give me something for my pain,” you know he isn’t some rock star toying with the
vocabulary of poor bluesmen. This is real pain he’s talking about. You can also hear it
in the unearthly guitar solo that rips the songs apart. “Easy Rider,” explains Rea,
“comes from the days following the operation.”
Rea, however, believes he’s always had the blues. “When you’re in Middlesbrough and
your dad’s ice-cream shop is four doors down from the unemployment exchange, and
on a Wednesday afternoon the rest of the town shuts, but your dad won’t let you shut
and you only get the drunks from the unemployment exchange...” He shudders at the
memory. “I had this huge fear that I’d spend my life in that shop. I used to go upstairs to
check the stock. And I’d sit there playing the guitar and it would stop me from getting
frightened.” The idea of music as a way of exorcising your fears is revisited on Dancing
the Blues Away, an upbeat track on the new album that - don’t tell EastWest - is
surprisingly radio-friendly. Even playing the blues, it seems, Rea can’t help creating
catchy tunes.

1. What was the writer’s first reaction to Rea's new album?

A. He preferred its length to that of his other work.
B. He liked the music but not the lyrics.
C. It would change public opinion about the musician.
D. It would appeal to a wide audience.

2. Before meeting Rea, the writer was concerned that

A. his remarks had adversely affected the musician’s career.
B. the musician might have taken his remarks too seriously.
C. his opinions would be considered too superficial.
D. he might be accused of being hypocritical.

3. What does the writer say about Rea's musical career?

A. Rea treated music like any normal job.
B. Rea felt it had become too business oriented.
C. It gave Rea the chance to play with top musicians.

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D. Rea was compared to musicians he had never emulated.

4. What do we learn about Rea's relationship with his former record

company?
A. He felt they were demanding too much of him.
B. He was always very critical of their approach to the music business.
C. They thought he was incapable of writing any other type of music.
D. He failed to impose his own will in his dealings with them.

5. What does Rea say about his new album?

A. It was recorded during a concert.
B. He wanted the title of it to be his name.
C. He is unsure of its potential for commercial success.
D. It was delayed because of his poor health.

6. What does the writer say about the new album?

A. The beginning is rather too loud and overdramatic.
B. Rea has adapted his voice to suit the style of music.
C. It contains material which is based on personal experience.
D. The lyrics are faithful copies of those used by early blues artists. [14]

Speaking
The popularity of extreme sports has grown a lot for the last decades. More
and more people are getting involved in this activity. Others are sure that it
is silly to risk their lives.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing

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Answer the following question:

Why do people believe that progress would be impossible without risks

once taken by dare-devils?

Write 50-70 words.

Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Unit 8

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 GLOBAL PROBLEMS N

Lead-in

1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. Discuss the following questions.

 What problems of the modern world would you include in the list of global
issues if asked?
 What news dominates the mass media headlines today?
 What are the main issues involved in the following global concerns?

global warming whale hunting women's rights

child labour human rights GM food

3. Match each of the extracts 1-4 with the most appropriate headline a-d.
a. How the rich exploit the poor
b. Racial discrimination persists
c. The family under threat
d. An end to class privilege?

Extract 1.
Politicians often claim that their aim is to create a fairer society. The goal of
achieving absolute equality has long been abandoned, but many claim that a
meritocratic society is possible, by establishing institutions that ensure people
get the opportunities to better themselves and are rewarded on the basis of their
efforts and abilities. Thus, the factor that determines people’s success in life is
their own talent, not an accident of birth.
Extract 2.

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In the early 1970s, sociologists described what they called the “post-modern
family”. They noted three main characteristics: the indifference of adolescents
to the family’s identity; instability in the lives of couples, accompanied by
increasing divorce rates; and the destruction of the ‘nest’ notion of nuclear
family life. In the 1980s, there was a dramatic shift from mothers caring for
young children in the home to the use of paid providers. This reflected women's
increasing desire to return to work.
Extract 3.
The United States consumes one-fifth of all the world’s coffee, making it the
largest consumer in the world. But few Americans realize that agricultural
workers in the coffee industry often toil in what can be described as
‘sweatshops in the fields’. Many small coffee farmers receive prices for their
coffee that are less than the costs of production, forcing them into a cycle of
poverty and debt.
Extract 4.
It was not until 1967 that a referendum finally granted all indigenous people
Australian citizenship. Since that time conditions for Aboriginal people have
improved but remain significantly below those enjoyed by white Australians.
There are still large differences in the state of health, education, housing, and
employment between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples.

Refer to the extracts again and discuss these questions.

 If a society rewards the talented, what should happen to people who have
fewer talents?
 Are the three main characteristics of the “postmodern family” an accurate
description of the current state of the typical family in your country?
 What should the wealthier nations of the world do to ensure that farmers and
other workers in poor countries are not “forced into a cycle of poverty and
debt”?
 What can be done to improve the situation of ethnic groups like the
Australian Aborigines? Are there similar groups in your country?

Listening

119
CD 8.1. You will hear five short extracts in which different people are
talking about action they have taken on global issues. While you listen you
must complete both tasks.
TASK ONE
For questions 1-5, choose from the list A-H the speaker’s motivation for
taking the action.
A. I hoped to change people’s way of thinking.
B. I was driven by feelings of guilt.
C. I had always wanted to help others.
D. A friend encouraged me.
E. I wanted to prove a point to a friend.
F. I had seen pictures of suffering.
G. It would show me in a good light.
H. I was impressed by other people’s work.

1. Speaker 1_______________
2. Speaker 2_______________
3. Speaker 3_______________
4. Speaker 4_______________
5. Speaker 5_______________

TASK TWO
For questions 6-10, choose from the list A-H the effect that the experience
had on the speaker.
A. I became disillusioned.
B. It made me feel ashamed.
C. It encouraged me to do more.
D. It increased my self-respect.
E. I suddenly became very popular.
F. It made me regret what I had done.
G. It helped me achieve an ambition.
H. I felt I had not done enough.

6. Speaker 1_______________
7. Speaker 2_______________
8. Speaker 3_______________
9. Speaker 4_______________
10. Speaker 5_______________
[14]

Language Focus

120
1. Underline the correct word.

1. The company's plans to build a new factory in the area (produced / developed
/ raised / originated) a very strong reaction from the public.
2. The plans for the new shelter were abandoned because a (right / due / suitable
/ valid) location could not be found.
3. He is known to (order / run / control / handle) challenges at work with unique
professionalism.
4. Maria's boss told her that personal items such as photographs should be
(covered / packed / kept / held) out of sight.
5. There has been a dramatic (change / turn / switch / swing) in the public's
attitude towards borrowing from banks.
6. The witness said that he heard two shots being (thrown / aimed / pulled /
fired) before seeing two men running down the street.
7. Ted went to the police and handed in the money he found in the street; honest
people like him are a (scarcity / unavailability / rarity / shortage) nowadays.
8. The board held a meeting to discuss the future (way / line / plan / direction)
of the organisation.
9. Vegetable fats, (though / yet / even / still) not as harmful as animal fats, can
nevertheless result in gaining weight.
10. If you take regular exercise, your body (practises / serves / functions /
exercises) more effectively.

2. Сomplete the phrases with verbs from the box, then make sentences
using the phrases.

• do • pass • break • make • take • reach • pay • serve • lay • commit • plead •
give

_____________out of prison
_____________a stand
_____________an arrest
_____________for one's crime
_____________amends for
_____________one's bit
_____________the blame
_____________a fine/penalty
_____________a law
_____________ down the law on/against sth
_____________time in prison
_____________ sb with a warrant

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_____________ a crime
_____________ guilty
_____________ a verdict
_____________ evidence

3. Match the verbs to the phrases with against. Then, translate the word-
combinations.
• one's better judgment
do smth • the establishment
race AGAINST • the clock
go • smb's wishes
win • the law
• all odds
• one's principles
• smb's advice

4. Match items from the two columns to form idioms.

A.
foot of society
on the fringes begins at home
take the law into killing on sth
kill two birds with one stone
throw oneself on the bill for sth
bridge the the mercy of the court
the law of generation gap
rob Peter one's own hands
make a to pay Paul
charity the jungle

Use the idioms in their correct form to complete the sentences below.

1. As usual, we the taxpayers will end up _________________ for the new

animal shelter that the government is so busy boasting about.
2. Soon after the thief_________________ on selling his stolen goods, he was
arrested for robbing the computer shop.
3. Why not_________________ and have unemployed people plant trees in
areas that have been devastated by fire?
4. In many inner-city areas,_________________ prevails. The police have little
or no control.
5. Vagrants, being both homeless and jobless, live________________ .

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6. My granddad never contributed to international aid groups. He always said
that_________________ and that England had enough poor people of its own to
help.
7. Many Third World countries are borrowing from the World Bank to pay off
their national debts; to my mind simply a case of_________________.
8. My community is attempting to_________________ by having its youth
group members put on shows at the local retirement home.
9. Knowing that his guilt was obvious, the young
delinquent_________________ hoping for a lighter sentence.
10. Despite his rage at being assaulted by his employer, the victim did
not_________________ but waited patiently for the outcome of the trial.

B.
be in bitter fruit
double-edged deep water
above sword
fact of the law
necessity knows disguise
blessing in no law
the weed of crime bears life

Use the idioms in their correct form to complete the sentences below.

1. Being a genius child is a _________________because they cannot

communicate with ordinary children.
2. The government is _________________because of its plans for tax increases.
3. It is a pity that drug abuse has become a _________________in the Olympic
Games.
4. Nobody is _________________.
5. He was involved in illegal dealings with lowlifes because he had to feed four
kids. _________________.
6. His failure to pass the exam was a _________________. This made him
realize the importance of hard work.
7. Don't mislead yourself. You will have to foot the bill for your crimes one
day; _________________.

Grammar Rehab

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1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Gerund (with
correct prepositions if necessary), or the Infinitive.

Out of Work
In Britain a lot of people are out of work. Tracey Chapman, 18, left school a
year ago. She lives in the North East, an area of high youth unemployment. She
hasn’t been able to find a job yet.
“My Dad just doesn’t understand. He started 1)............ (work) in a steel mill
when he was 15. Things are different now, but he thinks I should start 2)............
(bring) home some money. Oh, I get my unemployment benefit, but that isn’t
much and I’m fed up 3)............ (queue) for it every Thursday. I hate 4)............
(have) 5)............ (ask) my Mum and Dad for money. Oh, My Mum gives me a
couple of pounds now and then, but she can’t stand 6)............ (see) me at home
all day. I know she hates me 7)............ (be) hard up all the time and I hate
8)............(look) upon with either scorn or pity. I’ve almost given up 9)............
(look) for a job. I buy the local paper every day but I’m really tired 10)............
(look) through the “Situations Vacant” column. There are 50 applicants for
every job. I was interested 11)........... (be) a dentist’s receptionist because I like
12)............ (meet) people, but now I’d take any job at all. People ask me why I
don’t move to London, but I don’t want 13)............ (leave) my family and
friends. Anyway, I’m afraid 14)............ (leave) because I’m scared 15)............
(live) on my own in a big city.”
George Morley is 54. Until last year he was a production manager in the textile
industry. He had worked for the same company since he left school. He had a
good job, a four-bedroomed house and a company car. When his company had
to close because of economic difficulties, he became redundant.
“It’s funny really… I don’t feel old, but it isn’t easy to start 16)............ (look)
for a job at my age. I’ve had so many refusals. Now I’m frightened 17)............
(apply) for a job. All the interviewers are twenty years younger than me. Some
even refuse 18)............ (listen) to me, saying they regret 19)............ (inform) me
the vacancy I’ve applied for has been taken. You see, I am interested
20)............ (learn) new skills, but nobody wants 21)............ (train) me. I can see
their point of view… I’ll have to retire in ten years. It’s just, I’m tired
22)............ (sit) around the house. I’ve worked hard for nearly forty years and
now I’m terrified 23)............ (have) nothing to do. When I was still with
Lancastrian Textiles I remember 24)............ (be bored) 25)............ (do) the
same thing day after day, but now I’d really enjoy 26)............ (do) a job again
… any job really. It’s not the money … I got good redundancy pay, and the
house is paid for … and I’ve given up 27)............ (smoke), no, it’s not just
money. I just need 28)............ (feel) useful, that’s all.” [2]
2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

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 Voices of the Poor
(1) ADEQUATE
Poverty is much more than a(n) 1)................... income. For
the poor, the good life or well-being is multidimensional
with both material and psychological dimensions.
Wellbeing is 2)................... of choice and action; it is peace (2) FREE
of mind; it is safety; it is belonging to a community; it is
a(n) 3)................... livelihood and a steady source of (3) DEPEND
income; it is food. The poor describe ill-being as lack of
material things - food especially, but also lack of (4) EMPLOY
4)..................., money, shelter and clothing and living and
working in often 5)..................., polluted and risky (5) HEALTH
environments. They also defined ill-being as bad
(6) PERCEIVE
experiences and bad feelings about oneself.
6)................... of powerlessness over one's life and of being (7) COMMON
voiceless were not 7)...................; neither were feelings of (8) ANXIOUS
8)................... and fear for the future.

Amnesty International
(1) MOVE
Amnesty International is a worldwide 1)...................that
works to promote recognised human rights.
Amnesty International's vision is a world in which every
person, 2)................... of nationality, enjoys all of the
human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of (2) REGARD
Human Rights and other international human rights
standards. Our mission is to undertake research and action (3) SPECIFY
3)................... focused on prevention and 4)................... of
abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, (4) ELIMINATE
freedom of conscience and expression and freedom from
discrimination, within the context of our work to promote (5) SUPPORT
all human rights. (6) PARTIAL
Amnesty International has more than a million
5)................... in over 140 countries and territories. (7) PERSUADE
Amnesty International is 6)................... and independent (8) MEMBER
of any government, political 7)................... or religious
creed. Our work is financed largely by subscriptions and
donations from our worldwide 8)...................

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

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 An Aging Population

As medical science progresses, we are becoming an increasingly elderly society and,

although living 1)............ a ripe old age can only be a good thing, it brings 2)............
it a large number of problems that we have yet to deal 3)............ properly. One such
problem is that the burden 4)............ financing care 5)............ the elderly is
falling 6)............ a reduced percentage of the working population. The gradual but
steady trend 7)............ smaller families means a smaller number of people to pay
8)............ the requirements of an increasingly elderly population. The services
needed 9)............the elderly are currently stretched 10)............breaking point. Nursing
homes, homecare, meals 11)............ wheels and so on all need more investment if we
wish our elderly to live as fulfilled and independent life as possible. Young people
today are encouraged to start saving 12)............ personal pension schemes as early as
possible to ensure an adequately financed retirement since it is predicted that state
pension levels in the future will not be enough to guarantee a continuation of the
lifestyle they have become accustomed 13)............, but 14)............ the interim we still
have to cope 15)............ an expanding older population who are discovering too late
that the steps they had taken to guarantee an income 16)............their later years were
not sufficient. Obviously, the pressure 17)............ public funds to subsidise this
shortfall is enormous.

Reading
Read the following magazine article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer
(А, В, С or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

MAKE YOUR HOME GREENER

Residential buildings are responsible for consuming 27% of the total amount of
energy consumed within Europe and are the biggest source of global warming
in the world. This is a fact that has, until recently, been overlooked by law-
makers trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, who have concentrated their
efforts on industry and transport. The EU has now issued a new directive which
intends to cut carbon dioxide emissions from buildings by 45 million tons. This
means that each of us can now save the planet from the comfort of our own
homes.
The first things we can do are simple and easy. We can block up draughts,
switch off unnecessary lights and make sure taps are not left running. The next
step requires more planning and some expense, but as well as saving energy, we
will also save on bills.
Many homes have loft insulation, but it is rarely enough. Most insulation is
100mm thick, but to be truly effective the recommended thickness is 200-

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300mm. Full insulation can have a dramatic effect on energy consumption. It
can save up to 25 percent on your heating bills. A variety of materials are
available, but one of the most environmentally friendly is cellulose in the form
of compressed recycled newsprint which has been fireproofed.
We should use energy efficient light bulbs. These are usually expensive to buy
but consume less than half the energy of standard bulbs. Also, these bulbs last
much longer than conventional light bulbs reducing the consumption of
resources.
Thermal solar panels are very efficient. They are capable of providing all the
hot water you need even in Britain's climate. Photovoltaic panels can be fitted as
solar roof tiles or solar windows and are now capable of generating about half
of an average home's electricity needs. A large conservatory with lots of glass
panels on the south side of a building will tap light and warmth and reduce the
need for lighting.
We can install a “grey” water recycling system. At present water used to flush
the toilets is of the same drinkable quality that comes out of the taps. This is an
unnecessary waste of energy used in water purification. A grey water recycling
system cleans water that has been used for washing and sends it through the
toilet system reducing the use of clean drinking water.
New buildings can incorporate much more energy saving features in their
design. They can have a timber structure, extensive insulation, electronic
environmental controls, triple glazing, a non-polluting heating system and a turf
roof. However, it is how we deal with our present homes that will determine
housing's contribution to global warming. It's down to each and every one of us,
so get insulating!

1. The amount of energy consumed by residential buildings is

A. 45 million tons.
B. 27% more than that consumed by industry.
C. mainly responsible for global warming.
D. going to be reduced by 2010.

2. People making the laws had previously focused on

A. Europe.
B. residential buildings.
C. industry and transport.
D. private houses.

3. It is recommended that loft insulation is

A. 100mm thick.
B. 200-300mm thick.
C. made of cellulose.
D. fireproof.

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4. According to the writer, we should use light bulbs which are
A. conventional.
B. efficient.
C. standard.
D. high energy.

5. Which sort of panels can produce electricity?

A. solar panels
B. glass panels
C. photovoltaic panels
D. thermal solar panels

6. How can individuals reduce global warming?

A. By buying a new environmentally friendly house.
B. By designing new buildings with energy saving features.
C. By insulating new buildings.
D. By making changes in our current homes. [13]

Speaking
Speak for 2 minutes about the problem of unemployment. Think about:

•causes (lack of training, automation, stiff competition, economic crisis etc.)

•results (poverty, family breakdown, low self-esteem, debt, alcohol abuse etc.)
•solutions (retraining schemes, incentives for businesses, creation of new jobs,
introduction of universal basic income etc.)

Writing
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“Remember there is no “Planet B”.”

“The most important decision we make is whether we believe we live in a friendly or

hostile universe.” Albert Einstein
Test 8

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Listening
CD Test 8. Listen to a historian talking about some important dates in the
twentieth century. For questions 1-10, choose the answer (A, В, or C)
which fits best according to what you hear.

1. World War I
A. filled people with disgust at the thought of any further war.
B. inevitably led to World War II.
C. is known as Great Patriotic War.

2. In 1928 The British women gained

A. equal rights and opportunities as men.
B. the right to participate in the general elections.
C. the possibility to participate in a militant movement.

3. The women’ suffrage was obtained

A. in 1928.
B. in the latter part of the 19th century.
C. at the beginning of the 20th century.

4. In 1929 the United States faced

A. the Great Depression.
B. stock market crash.
C. mild economic crisis in industry.

5. This important financial event

A. had far-reaching social consequences.
B. followed the crisis in commerce and finance.
C. resulted in reduction of the number of jobless people.

6. Dropping atomic bomb was a

A. disputable action.
B. irresponsible decision.
C. tough measure.

7. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

A. proved the need for the use of such weapons.
B. hastened the end of World War II.
C. was the demonstration of unparalleled destructive power.

8. Yuri Gagarin was the first man to

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A. orbit the Earth successfully.
B. make two circuits around Earth.
C. pave the way for Moon exploration.

9. Dr Martin Luther King

A. granted African Americans full constitutional freedom.
B. called for aggressive resistance to discrimination.
C. distinguished himself as a leader of the civil rights movement.

10. Civil Rights Act, signed in 1964

A. paved the way for the struggle for equal rights of the black people.
B. was partly responsible for Martin Luther King assassination.
C. prohibited unfair treatment of African American in employment.

Reading
Read the following magazine article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer
(А, В, С or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

ONE MAN'S MUZAK IS ANOTHER MAN’S NOISE

Extensive research was carried out in 2002 into opinions on background music, or
muzak as it is commonly known in the USA or piped music as it is known in
Britain. The survey asked the general public what they thought and the findings
gave an interesting view of the growing use of this type of music that seems to
follow us everywhere.
So what exactly is muzak? It is background music played in public places such as
shops, supermarkets, pubs, or even down the telephone! If you are asked to wait
on the phone for a few minutes, you can often find yourself with an earful of
exceptionally loud music. From the survey, researchers found that 33% of the
general public expressed a total dislike of this form of music. Together with the
36% of the general public who said that they never actually even notice
background music, this total figure might be a strong message for business people
that perhaps they need to start questioning the value of playing muzak anywhere
and everywhere, as many people clearly dislike it! The vast majority of people
who find it annoying feel that shops, supermarkets, restaurants and cafes are the
worst places. Generally, restaurants are considered worse for those who are hard
of hearing, as they can feel left out of conversations or unable to hear restaurant
staff well enough due to background noise.
Ordinary daily life has never been noisier. It has become quite acceptable to play
muzak in buses and taxis, for example. It is now commonly piped onto streets,
beaches and parks as well as hotels, restaurants and hospital waiting areas. Many

130
people in hospital are helpless and also denied their right to silence when they are
in such an uncomfortable condition. Surely we all have a basic right to silence,
should we choose.
In recent years, the quality of piped music has changed, from relatively soft
sounds to hard, louder sounds on many occasions. Restaurants seem to be
operating in the belief that the more background noise there is, the better business
will be. There are, in fact, no statistics that actually prove that higher noise levels
increase business. Such levels are certainly against the rights of the individual.
Apparently, there is an Internet site which offers help in complaining about the
increasing use of muzak by companies in Britain. We generally seem to have
little choice in the matter, with music deafening us without our permission, as a
means of encouraging us to spend more money. This would seem to be a total
abuse of the relationship between company and customer. The site allows you to
make a complaint quickly and easily. It also has a list of restaurants and cafes that
do not actually play muzak. If you do indeed find yourself more and more
stressed and annoyed by such music in public places, why not let your voice be
heard and make a complaint. It might just make a difference!
Those who dislike muzak tend to avoid shops in which it is played. It is not,
however, enough to avoid those particular businesses as your opinion and voice
are lost if you simply stay away. In order for managers to get the message that a
large number of customers are staying away and that it could be affecting
customer relations, perhaps we now need to start complaining!
As Helen G. from London said, “I think our worst experience recently was in a
large computer store. We asked two or three assistants if they could turn the
music down as we couldn't think straight, but they were either indifferent or said
they were unable to help. On the way out, we spoke to a more senior member of
staff who said it couldn't be turned off. I explained that we had come with 2,000
pounds to spend on computer equipment, but couldn't bear to stay in the shop any
longer because of the noise level. He immediately told us to wait while he went to
turn it off. Of course we didn't wait and simply took our business elsewhere!”
Whatever happened to being able to focus peacefully on what we're doing,
whether it be shopping or socializing? Silence in public places now seems to be
totally unacceptable these days. The right to silence is something we need to
insist on as we should be allowed to have a certain level of peace and quiet in our
lives.

1. According to the writer, muzak

A. is common in the USA and Britain.
В. seems to cause pain in the ears.
С. is played by musicians in public places.
D. helps us have interesting views on music.

2. What does "they" in the underlined line refer to?

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A. reseachers
В. people who dislike muzak
С. 33% of the general public
D. 36% of the general public

3. The writer seems to think that

A. many patients in hospital are denied music.
В. we have always been quiet in everyday life.
С. it's quite acceptable to choose to have peace and quiet.
D. it's quite acceptable to have music in public places.

4. Why has a special Internet site been set up?

A. to ease the process of complaining
В. to give customers lists of good restaurants
С. to encourage customers to shop more often
D. to request permission to increase the use of muzak

5. Helen went somewhere else to buy computer equipment because

A. the staff were unhelpful.
В. she couldn't bear the prices.
С. she didn't have time to wait.
D. she had things to do elsewhere.

6. What is the writer’s conclusion?

A. People have difficulty focusing these days.
В. Socializing in public places is impossible nowadays.
С. Silence in public places is something we have a right to.
D. People are now able to focus on shopping in peace and quiet. [9]

Speaking
A lot of people believe that it is impossible to get rid of poverty. Others say
that poverty can be reduced.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing

132
Answer the following question:

What is the most pressing social problem in your country at the present time?

Write 50-70 words.

Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Unit 9
TRAVELLING N

133
Lead-in
1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. Look at the following list of holidays. Think of advantages and

drawbacks of having such holidays.

adventure holiday backpacking skiing holiday

package holiday beach holiday camping trip
caravanning hitchhiking holiday sightseeing
safari

3. Read the text and complete the gaps with one of the words from the box
in its correct form, then answer the question.
 What can spoil the holiday?

• prevent • suffer • tour operator • mutiny • cruise • trip • spread • travel industry
• distress • publicity • all-inclusive holiday • board • complain about • refund •
high-value

There are too many people in Britain today who are ready to complain rather
than enjoy their holidays and who 1. ______________ the word about how
easy it is to get money back from the 2. ______________ which appears to have
become paralysed with fear over bad 3. ______________.

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I recently heard a middle-aged woman protesting bitterly that she had had to
pay for the hire of a golf cart during an 4. ____________golfing ____________
in Jamaica and demanded back all the money spent on the cart together with
more for the 5. ____________she had been caused. A friend of mine
recently overheard a group of young lads deciding, before they even 6.
______________the aircraft, what they were going to 7. ______________to get
a 8. ______________on the cost of their holiday and which 9. ______________
item would be “lost” during the 10. ______________.
Last month a Manchester man led a 11. _____________of 200 passengers on a
12. ______________ship because, he said, the bingo prize was not big enough.
This week I heard details of a honeymoon couple who were sent a big bouquet
of flowers by the 13. _____________and then complained that it was too big
and 14. ______________them from moving freely about their hotel room.
These types, who we have all met in airport lounges, just make the rest of us 15.
______________, when they lie and fool tour operators into handing cash back.

Listening
CD 9.1. You will hear part of a lecture about meteorites, and about some
craters they have created on Earth. What does the lecturer say about each
meteorite or crater? Choose your answers from the boxes, matching them:
e.g. Ensesheim - the meteorite was damaged by humans. (The speaker says
people began chipping off pieces.)
1. Krasnojarsk A. crater first identified from the air
2. Antarctica В. it was used to prove where
3. Cape York meteorites come from
4. Siberia С. meteorite damaged by humans
5. Vredefort Crater D. meteorite destroyed part of forest
6. Wolf Creek Crater E. meteorite has become tourist
attraction
F. meteorite landed in uninhabited
region
G. meteorites sometimes revealed by
natural forces
H. story invented about it
I. thought to be largest known crater
[4]
Language Focus
1. Read the hotel advertisement below. Put the phrases from the box in the
correct place.

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• steer clear of the tourist traps • get back to nature • get away from it all •
lounge around by the pool

Want to 1._______________? Our chain of remote holiday villas along the east
coast of Bulgaria allow you to 2. _______________ full of noise and people
trying to sell you something. With all our villas located near the National Park
our holidays will give you the opportunity to 3. _______________. And if all
that seem a bit too tiring, you can always 4. _______________that comes with
every villa.

2. Match items from the two columns to form idioms.

bring a cat
no room to swing the limit
the sky is the house down
move the beaten track
go off hair down
let one's one's seat
live on a the town red
paint shoestring budget
on the edge of mountains
read somebody house
on the like a book

Use some of the idioms in their correct form to complete the sentences
below.

1. I don’t like to stay in tourist resorts, I prefer to _________________.

2. The flat was so tiny there wasn’t _________________.
3. Once you get a license and some experience behind you,
_________________.
4. Having the right kind of attitude in this business can _________________.
5. The most amazing thing about this year's Oscar winning film is that it was
made _________________.
6. I know she doesn't really want to come out dancing with us. I
can_________________.
7. I can't believe I got the promotion! Let's go out and _________________.
8. To make up for the poor service the restaurant owner told us our drinks
were_________________.

3. Complete the sentences with a phrase from the box.

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• at odds with • at last • at present • at a loss • at times • at a standstill • at a loose
end •at least • at a glance • at large

1. It was a shame that we couldn't go to the concert, but _______________ we

got a refund on the tickets.
2. Despite a massive police search, the bank robbers are still _______________.
3. _______________, I’ve finished my homework.
4. I haven't got enough money for a holiday _______________, but hopefully
I'll be able to go away later in the year.
5. He was _______________to explain how it happened.
6. _______________I wish I didn't live in such a big city.
7. I am totally _______________ Mark on this issue.
8. It took me two hours to get to work this morning. On George Street traffic
was practically _______________.
9. When we were given the menu, I could tell _______________that it was
going to be a very expensive meal.
10. She was _______________, so she decided to call one of her friends.

Grammar Rehab
1. Open the brackets using Subjunctive Mood, where necessary.

Away From It All?

Many of us might sometimes dream of ‘getting away from it all’, of living on a

remote and beautiful desert island like some latter-day Robinson Crusoe. Desert
islands are fascinating places, we can imagine escaping from the pressures of
modern life to an image of simplicity and tranquility.
There is something appealing in the story of Philip Quarrl, an Englishman who
was shipwrecked on an island off the Pacific coast of Mexico in 1675. He lived
alone for 50 years before a ship arrived. Quarrl refused to leave saying to his
would-be savers: “I was shipwrecked, thanks to my Maker, and was cast away.
If I 1)............ (make) Emperor of the Universe, I 2)............ (not be concerned)
with the world again, nor you 3)............ (require) me to be concerned, if you
4)............ (know) the happiness I enjoy out of it.”
There are other desert island stories. A group of English seamen who mutinied
against the harsh regime on board HMS Bounty in 1789, escaped with some
Tahitian women to Pitcairn Island in the South Pacific, which has been called
‘the most remote and inaccessible, inhabited Island on Earth. The descendants
of the mutineers still live there, leading a simple and peaceful life.

137
After Marlon Brando had finished working on the film Mutiny on the Bounty he
bought an island, Tetiaroa, in the Tahitian group. He said that he wanted it to be
“a laboratory for developing ways for the South Pacific to survive the onslaught
of civilization”.
For most of us, however, the dream remains unreal, and we never think
seriously about escaping from civilization. For one man, though, the dream is
becoming reality.
His name is Arthur ‘Smiley’ Ratcliffe. He is a millionaire who owns large areas
of Virginia and West Virginia, who has five Rolls-Royces, and who started his
career with a loan of $1,500. Ratcliffe spent year exploring the Pacific and
wishing he finally 5)............ (settle down) somewhere to escape from the
modern world. In 1981 he discovered Henderson Island, an uninhabited island
110 miles north of Pitcairn Island. He offered a deal: if he 6)............ (permit) to
establish a home on Henderson, he 7)............ (spend) one million dollars on
Pitcairn (population 44).
Smiley, a 57-year-old, who is a teetotaler, and who works 20 hours a day, 52
weeks a year, was interviewed by Simon Winchester for the Sunday Times in
May 1983. This is what he said: “I’ve thought about it for many years. I’ve
wanted to set up my own place where goddam people like Freud aren’t worth a
hill of beans. At first it looked as if such places 8)............ (disappear) long ago.
But then I thought of Pitcairn and a flicker of hope appeared. So it was high
time I 9)............ (stop) dreaming and 10)............ (start) acting. I told myself
I’ll work like hell and build a place for myself and my grand-children. That was
my dream, and now it looks like it may come true. I had been to Pitcairn first
and I 11)............ (settle) there immediately. Oh, the people there were all for it,
by the way. They are just like Virginians were 50 years ago when I was growing
up. I felt as if I 12)............ (take) by some invisible hand back to my happy
childhood days. The place was just what I wanted – flat as a pancake, good
beach, landing place, jungle thick as hell, but I figure I can clear that. And the
weather is about as perfect as you can get.”
But Smiley Ratcliffe has no intention of living like Robinson Crusoe. He
already has a seaplane and a private jet, and is arranging to buy a ship which
will make its initial journey from San Diego. “If we 13)............ (start) next year
we should have the main house done in six months. So long as I 14)............
(get) a cool glass of milk and my chewing tobacco, I 15)............ (be) happy.”
Smiley told reporters he wanted his grandchildren to grow up in a society
free from “crime and dope”. That’s one man’s paradise. [2]

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

Going on a Strike

Strikes were frequent in the 1960s, but 1) (1) DIFFER

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…………….. in the kinds of strikes compared to
earlier periods in Canadian history were 2) (2) NOTICE
………………
In 1966, when the number of strikes and strikers
involved peaked at levels higher than those of the (3) BARGAIN
1940s, they did so within a system of contract
collective 3)…………….. For example, many strikes (4) RENEW
revolved around contract 4)…………….. not over
(5) CONTENT
the actual rights of workers. However, as
workers' 5)…………….. deepened, more and more (6) LEGAL
of them walked off the job 6)…………….. in what
were known as ‘wildcat’ strikes. In the 1960s, (7) RELATE
wildcat strikes were a 7)…………….. new
phenomenon; indeed, these strikes accounted for one
(8) ASSEMBLE
third of disputes reported in 1966.
(9) RESOLVE
Workers, ignoring the terms of their contracts, struck
to protest speed-ups on the 8)…………….. line, the (10) NEGOTIATE
firing of a fellow worker, and slow 9)……………..
of grievances and contract 10)…………….. (11) COMPROMISE
In some instances, wildcat strikers and their leaders
found themselves at odds with one another. The
contract system tended to put union leaders in a 11)
…………….. position, because they were held
responsible for the actions of their members.

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Latin America is a thrilling travel destination. Arm yourself 1)............ a

Portuguese or Spanish phrasebook to get 2)............ Mexico, Central America
and the 14 countries that make 3)............ South America, and 4)............ you go
5)............ the adventure of a lifetime.
The Amazon region boasts some 6)............ the most bio-diverse rainforests
7)............ earth, providing an incredible backdrop to the myriad wildlife living
there, and a home 8)............ the indigenous peoples. The majesty of the Andes
is inspiring 9)............ climbers and the tropical beaches and coral reefs of the
Caribbean Coast offer a haven 10)............. those wanting to snorkel or just relax
and unwind. You can even mingle 11)............ the likes of giant tortoises, lava
lizards and penguins, all inhabitants of the Galapagos Islands.
The Mayan ruins of Tikan in Guatemala and the mysteries of the Inca City of
Machu Picchu in Peru are fascinating archaeological relics 12)............ past
civilisations. And for city life, check 13)............ South America’s exuberant
music scene: try the tango in Buenos Aires, home of Eva Peron, dance the night
14)............ at the Carnival in Rio De Janeiro, or live it 15)............ at any one of

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the many village fiestas held annually in South America - beware 16)............ the
bulls though!

Reading
Read the text. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

Escape

Many people long to escape from the hustle and bustle of modern life. But few
people would actually give up a warm comfortable home to move to a remote
island in the middle of the North Sea. The Sirrs family, however, decided to do
exactly that. Unhappy with their busy lifestyles they sold their 400 year-old
cottage in Yorkshire to move to the tiny Scottish island of Graemsay.
Incredibly, for less than the price of a modest semi-detached house, it was
possible to buy half of the island. Attracted initially by the low price, Rob and
Jill contacted the agent concerned and discovered that "the estate" advertised
actually comprised a post office, six houses and a private sandy beach - all for
£60,000.
Interested, the young couple and their three children decided to go and have a
look. Knowing that the island would look its best in the summer, they chose to
view the property in December. They didn't want to be under any illusions.
Despite a seasonal chill, the weather was clear and the sea calm. The island
looked more beautiful than they could ever have imagined. While they left their
children playing on the beach, the Sirrs looked around and realised that the deal
was even more astonishing than they had first thought. The six-bedroom house
came with a farm and 300 acres of land.
Once on the island the Sirrs tried to imagine what life could be like for them.
They were anxious to meet their neighbours as soon as possible. However, they
had no need to worry. On that first trip they met up to half of the sixty or so
island inhabitants and were given a warm welcome! The couple were thrilled
that the people of Graemsay were so friendly. Many of them urged the couple to
complete the transaction as soon as possible. Within two weeks of their visit,
the Sirrs' bid of £55,000 was accepted.
The move has brought new challenges to the family. Rob and Jill have started a
sheep farm and renovated the cottages to rent out as holiday homes. They insist
that the only thing they miss about their previous life is going to the cinema. If
anything, moving to the remote island has brought the family closer together.
Before they moved, the Sirrs thought long and hard about bringing their
children up in such a remote place. But the children are young enough to adjust
and seem happier in the new environment.

140
They are content with their own company and make their own entertainment.
Although they are the only pupils at the local school, they receive lots of
attention and are able to take advantage of the school's modern facilities.
Since the move, the family have been visited by many friends who are envious
of their beautiful surroundings. The family consider themselves lucky. For very
little cost, they have all the benefits of a beautiful place to live. They also hope
that by improving their property they can, in future, give something back to the
island.

1. Why did the Sirrs family move to the island?

[Link] had always wanted to live on an island.
[Link] was a chance to escape.
[Link] hated Yorkshire.
[Link] children were unhappy at school.

2. They decided to visit the property in December because

A. it was the only time of year they could travel.
B. the weather was unusually good.
C. they wanted to spend Christmas in Scotland.
D. they wanted to see what the place was like at the worst time of the year.

3. When they first visited the island, the Sirrs

A. were a little shy and felt isolated.
B. could not imagine what their neighbours would be like.
C. wanted to get to know the island people.
D. were anxious about meeting the island people.

4. Which best describes the Sirrs' feelings before the move?

A. excited but apprehensive
B. nervous and worried
C. happy and calm
D. sad but resigned

5. Their neighbours
A. told them to buy the property before someone else got it.
B. urged them to bid a higher price.
C. told them that £55,000 was acceptable.
D. urged them to complete the sale of their house in Yorkshire.
6. One advantage mentioned of being the only students is
A. peace and quiet.
B. little financial cost.
C. greater use of school resources.
D. fewer discipline problems.

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 [13]
Speaking
Speak for 2 minutes about the ways tourism can help developing countries.
Think about:

• Economic benefits - tourism can provide direct jobs to the community, such as
tour guides or hotel housekeeping. Indirect employment is generated through
other industries such as agriculture, food production and retail. Infrastructure
development such as airports, roads, schools, hospitals, and retail areas have the
potential to benefit the local community and can aid economic development.
• Social benefits - tourism can bring about a real sense of pride and identity to
communities. By showcasing distinct characteristics of their ways of life,
history and culture, tourism can encourage the preservation of traditions.
• Environmental benefits - tourism provides financial support for the
conservation of ecosystems and natural resource management, making the
destination more authentic and desirable to visitors. It also adds more value to
the local tourism business.

Writing
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“The use of traveling is to regulate imagination with reality, and instead of

thinking of how things may be, see them as they are.” Samuel Johnson

“Traveling is the only thing you buy that makes you richer.”

Test 9
Listening

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CD Test 9. You are going to hear an extract from a lecture about social
change and what causes it. The lecture is in two parts.
Questions 1-5: According to the lecturer, what impact on society (A-G) did
each event (1-5) have? Choose your answers from the box.

A. Agricultural production improved.

В. Newcomers were absorbed into the
receiving community. 1. the Irish potato famine
С. People gained a better 2. immigration to the UK by French
understanding of the cultures of other Protestants
countries. 3. immigration to the UK from Asia
D. Tensions arose between 4. the increase in air travel
communities. 5. the First World War
E. The receiving community adopted
some aspects of the newcomers'
culture.
F. There was a lack of development in
the local community.
G. There was an increase in social
equality

Questions 6-10. Choose the correct letter А, В or С.

6. What is the speaker's opinion of political factors in social change in

Britain?
A. They have tended to have little impact.
В. They are more significant than economic factors.
С. Their significance is less than is usually claimed.

7. Many people moved to towns in the 19th century because of

A. a decline in agricultural production.
В. the availability of a wider choice of housing.
C. changes in how goods were made.

8. One result of education becoming compulsory was that

A. more women went out to work.
В. people had a greater choice of jobs.
C. changes took place in family structure.

9. What has been an effect of people moving into the countryside recently?
A. More and more facilities are provided in rural areas.

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B. Rural life is far more oriented towards towns than in the past.
С. There are tensions between traditional village dwellers and new residents.

10. What does the lecturer regard as the main characteristic of an “urban
village”?
A. The area has a clear boundary.
B. People know each other.
С. The housing is of a low standard. [4]

Reading
Read the following magazine article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer
(А, В, С or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

An Awfully Big Adventure

The Taklamakan Desert in western China is one of the Iasi unexplored places
on Earth. It is also one of the most dangerous. Charles Blackmore crossed it,
and lived to tell the tale.
There are very few big adventures left and very few heroes. Children’s stories
used to specialise in them - courageous explorers with sunburnt, leathery skin
and eyes narrowed by straining to see into far horizons on their journeys into the
unknown. These days you no longer find such people in fiction, let alone in real
life. Or so I thought until I met Charles Blackmore.
Blackmore’s great adventure consisted of leading an expedition across one of
the last unexplored places on earth, the Taklamakan Desert in western China. Its
name means “once entered you never come out”, but local people call it the
Desert of Death. He recalled the dangers and exhilaration of that amazing trek,
in the calm atmosphere of his family home.
The team he led was composed of four Britons (one of them the party's medical
officer), an American photographer, four Chinese (all experts on the area), 30
camels and six camel handlers. It later turned out that the camel handlers had
never worked with camels before, but were long-distance lorry drivers: a
misunderstanding that could have cost everyone their lives and certainly
jeopardised the expedition's success. This mixed bunch set out to cross 1,200
kilometres of the world's least hospitable desert and Charles Blackmore has
written a mesmerising account of their Journey.
At the time, he was about to leave the Army after 14 happy years. He launched
the expedition for fun, to fill a gap in his life, to prove something. “I had always
assumed I’d spend my whole life in the Army. I had been offered promotion but
suddenly I felt I wanted to see who Charles Blackmore really was, outside all
that. It was a tremendous gamble. Tina, my wife, was very worried that I

144
wouldn’t come back as nobody had ever done that route; we went into it blind.
In the event, it took 59 days to cross from west to east, and the desert was very
kind to us.”
Anyone reading his extraordinary account of that crossing will wonder at the
use of the word “kind”. The team suffered unspeakable hardships: dysentery;
extremes of temperature; severe thirst and dehydration; the loss of part of their
precious water supply. “But”, Blackmore explains, “when we were at the limits
of our own endurance and the camels had gone without water for seven days,
we managed to find some. We didn't experience the Taklamakan’s legendary
sandstorms. And we never hit the raw, biting desert cold that would have totally
immobilised us. That’s not to say that we weren’t fighting against hurdles the
whole time. The fine sand got into everything, especially blisters and wounds.
The high dunes were torture to climb, for us and for the heavily laden camels,
which often rolled over onto us.”
“What drove me on more than anything else was the need to survive. We had no
contingency plan. Neither our budget nor time allowed one. No aircraft ever
flew over us. Once we got into the sandhills we were completely on our own.
“I knew I had the mental stamina for the trip but I was very scared of my
physical ability to do it. I remember day one - we sat at the edge of the desert
and it was such an inferno that you couldn't breathe. I thought, “We’ve got to do
it now!” At that moment I was a very scared man.”
If it was like that at the beginning, how did they feel towards the end? “When
you’ve walked for 1,000 kilometres you’re not going to duck out. You’ve
endured so much; you’ve got so much behind you. We were very thin, but very
muscular and sinewy despite our physical exhaustion. My body was well-toned
and my legs were like pistons. I could walk over anything.”

1. Meeting Charles Blackmore changed the writer's opinion about

A. the content of children’s fiction.
B. the nature of desert exploration.
C. the existence of traditional heroes.
D. the activities of explorers.

2. When the expedition members set off, some of the group

A. posed an unexpected risk.
B. disagreed with each other.
C. were doubtful of success.
D. went on ahead of the others.

3. Blackmore had decided to set up the expedition because

A. he was certain he could complete it.
B. he wanted to write a book.
C. his aims in life had changed.

145
D. his self-confidence was low.

4. Which of the following best describes the team's experience of the

desert?
A. They were not able to have enough rest.
B. It presented continual difficulties.
C. They sometimes could not make any progress at all.
D. It was worse than they had expected.

5. Which of the following did Blackmore experience during the trip?

A. frustration at the lack of funding
B. regret about the lack of planning
C. realisation that they would receive no help
D. fear that he would let his companions down

6. According to Blackmore, what enabled him to finish the expedition?

A. his strength of will
B. his physical preparation
C. his closeness to his family
D. his understanding of the desert [5]

Speaking
Some people consider hitch-hiking to be the best way of travelling. Others
think that hitchhiking is dangerous.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing
Answer the following question:

What are the benefits of travelling by car?

146
 Write 50-70 words.
Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

Unit 10
ART OR ENTERTAINMENT?

147
Lead-in
1. Read the above given quotation. Expand upon its key message.

2. Discuss the questions.

 In what way is art present in our everyday lives and what effect does it have?
 Which areas of art are you most interested in? Why?
 What is your favourite artist and what is your favourite work of art?

3. Which of the following do you consider to be art? Explain your reasons.

 some graffiti on a wall

 a tattoo on someone's body
 a holiday photograph
 a pile of bricks in an exhibition
 a painting of a bowl of fruit
 an advertisement for a product
 a firework display

4. What is the purpose of art? Rank the following purposes in order of

importance. Think of any examples of works of art that have achieved
some of these goals.

 to make people think and stimulate debate

 to communicate a political message
 to be beautiful and attractive to look at
 to entertain and make people laugh
 to show the skill of the artist
 to cause a positive or negative emotional reaction in the viewer
 to reflect society/life
 to make money

148
5. Complete the gaps with one of the words from the box.

• groundbreaking • critics • artists • thought-provoking

• controversial • sculptor • retrospective • collectors•
painters • masterpiece • preview

There are three exhibitions I suggest you get down to visit this week. The first is
a 1.______________at Huston’s, so get to see it before everyone else does!
These are Anotoly Ribienkos latest works and there are some marvellous
examples here of some 2.______________ techniques that he has been trying
out. The collection includes his 3.______________ “Matka”. Ribienko is one
of the most exciting 4.______________ around and his work with oils is
particularly popular with 5.______________who will pay hundreds of
thousands of pounds for his works.
The second exhibition is a 6.______________ of the art of the
7.______________ Selma Howard. Selma was always 8.______________ with
her concrete handbags and paper mobile phones, but her later political work was
very 9.______________. People forget that she also did some very interesting
traditional statues. She is a great loss to the art world.
The final exhibition shows a collection of famous paintings of the Renaissance
period.
All 10.______________ will enjoy it but it is the sort of exhibition that
11.______________like to complain about, saying it is popularising art. Still, I
think it is worth a visit.

Listening
CD 10.1. You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6, choose
the answer (A, В or C) which fits best according to what you hear.

Extract one
You will hear part of an interview with Diane Grossman, the organizer
of a recruitment fair for Summer Camps USA.

1. According to Diane, non-Americans working at summer camp may

A. arrange to visit friends in their countries.
В. recognize similarities between nationalities.
С. understand more about the American lifestyle.
2. Diane compares summer camp to a military camp to suggest that
A. there are strict rules.
В. the facilities are basic.
С. the working hours are long.

149
Extract two
You will hear part of an interview with James Lee, a writer who took
part in a documentary about the history of Chinese migration to
Australia.

3. The documentary helped James to realize

A. that he was more Chinese than Australian.
В. how fortunate he was compared to other Chinese Australians he knew.
С. what his ancestors had done for him.
4. According to James, Chinese Australians are now
A. working in a greater range of professions.
В. regarded as real Australians.
С. better educated than other ethnic groups.

Extract three
You hear part of an interview with Jeremy Mitchell, the organizer of
an exhibition on the art of tattooing.

5. Jeremy says that an aim of the exhibition is to

A. change people’s attitudes towards tattoos.
В. show how much variety of design there is in tattooing.
С. explain the value of tattoos in different social groups.
6. According to Jeremy, in Maori culture tattoos are worn
A. only by powerful men.
В. to indicate social status.
С. mainly on the face. [14]

Language Focus
1. Complete the sentences with a word from the box.

• ability •class •gift •head •match •none •peak •standard

1. As a jazz musician, Charlie Parker was in a_______________of his own.

2. Iain M Banks stands_______________and shoulders above other science-fiction
writers of his generation.
3. When she was at her_______________ she won 17 consecutive races on the
international circuit.
4. She is unrivalled in her_______________to portray downtrodden characters who
struggle to overcome their difficulties.

150
5. Early on in his career he showed a _______________for writing short stories.
6. As a football player Maradona was second to_______________.
7. Her acting is always of the highest_______________.

2. Choose the correct item.

1. She dressed in bright colours so as to be the centre of

piece/attention/one/focus.
2. The scandal tends to hit the roof/road/headlines/ newspaper on a daily basis.
3. Most people these days demand better quality products and so will choose
brand/code/first/business names.
4. My first view/impression/look/sight of the new soap opera was that it was
rather boring.
5. There are some styles that seem to last forever, while others are simply long-
lived/well-lived/ short-lived/ quick-lived trends.
6. Some film stars will do anything to be in the public service/light/eye/interest.

3. Study “Art” idioms and use them to complete the sentences.

1. be no oil painting - not good-looking

2. blank canvas - something that can be easily filled with completely new
things
3. con artist - a person who makes a living by swindling people
4. drama queen - someone who reacts to situations in an over-dramatic way
5. to a fine art - something done in a way that is based on highly developed
skill
6. paint something with a broad brush - to describe something in general
terms
7. poetic justice - the situation in which virtue is rewarded and vice is punished
8. poetry in motion - something that is graceful and beautiful to observe
9. state-of-the- art – ultra modern, up-to-date.
10. tar with the same brush - to describe something using the same
undesirable attribute, especially unjustly
11. stop the music - to stop everything.
12. it takes two to tango - the cooperation of both parties is needed to work
properly
13. sing the same tune - agree about a subject in public in spite of their
disagreement
14. music to someone's ears - good news; something which is pleasing

1. The girl was like __________________when she was dancing.

2. This car reflects _____________________technology in automobile industry.

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3. We shouldn't _________all athletes __________because not all of them
resort to doping.
4. For the success of the negotiations, both companies should make some
concessions; it__________________________, you know.
5. He wanted his ministers to _____________________before the press
conference.
6. The kind, flattering way he used to talk to her
was_______________________.
7. She is very intelligent, but she's_______________________.
8. Children are________________. It's easy to make them believe whatever you
want.
9. Many _______________________target the elderly by trying to gain their
confidence.
10. She is such a__________________________! She always tends to
exaggerate things.
11. A: (Entering a room full of people doing various things)_______________!
B: What?
A: I have an important announcement!
12. This company elevates web design to a___________________.
13. When asked about his policy to reform the educational system, the president
painted his plan_________________________.
14. It is ______________________that the economic crisis is affecting the
bankers who are blamed for causing it.

Grammar Rehab
1. Fill in the gaps with relevant Modals.

Voluntary Censorship

In the early 1920s, Hollywood was rocked by a series of scandals involving

major stars and directors. The film production companies were afraid that
government censorship of films 1)............ be introduced, and to avoid this they
set up a system of voluntary censorship.
In 1922 Will [Link], the US Postmaster-General, was invited to supervise this
system. After eight years of work, he produced a document which became
known as “The Hays Office Code” in 1930. The code was in operation until
1966. All films were supposed to be suitable for everyone.
The Hays Code was often the subject of jokes, very often because it was so
specific. For example, the “Profanity” section listed 28 forbidden words, and in
one case they 2)............ alter a Shakespearean story because it used one of them.
The ‘Vulgarity’ section explicitly forbade jokes about “travelling salesmen and

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farmers’ daughters! However, since the code disappeared, many people have
been worried about the effects of violence, sex, and bad language in the cinema,
and there have been calls for a new “Hays Code”.
Charles Orson, the Hollywood director, talks about the Hays Office Code:
“I started in Hollywood right in the middle of the Hays Office days, and you
know, we 3)............show them scripts before we started filming. I’m not sure
how carefully they looked at them, but it was a good thing for us. You see, it’s
pretty expensive to film a five-minute scene which you later 4)............ throw
away because of one wrong word. It was much easier to discuss it beforehand.
Sometimes it was pretty absurd. I remember a script in ’48 or ’49 where the
Hays Office sent it back and said, “You 5)............ use this. There are three
“damns”, two “hells”, and one “blast” in this scene.” We got back to them and
said something like “We 6)............ use this, it’s essential to the story,” so they
say, “OK, but you 7)............ cut it down a bit. You 8)............ have two
“damns”, one “hell”, and scrap the “blast”. “I thought it was pretty silly.
However, some of the things they said were sensible. You weren’t allowed to
show how to pick a lock, or how to kill yourself, for example. No, we often
laughed at them, censors are never popular, but the Code gave us a discipline. I
mean, some beautiful images came on to film because of it. You 9)............ show
something on screen, so you 10)............ use an image instead, like butterflies
whirling round, or waves on a beach, you know the kind of thing. Nowadays it’s
all too direct, too obvious. There’s no mystery left in the cinema. I was against
censorship all my life, but when I see some of the stuff kids are watching, I
think it 11)............ have gone too far in the other direction. I mean, you
12)............ draw the line somewhere. You really do.” [2]

2. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.

A Favourite Character
(1) LOVE
The 1)............ Donald Duck was Walt Disney’s second
(2) APPEAR
most famous cartoon character after Mickey Mouse.
Donald’s first film 2)............ was in 1934 in The Wise Little
Hen. (3) PART
Donald quickly became very popular, 3)............ because (4) PATIENT
people loved the fact that he was often so 4)............ and
bad-tempered.
(5) INTENT
Donald had a good heart and good 5)............but more often
than not, things would go wrong for him! (6) FAITH
Later in his career, Donald was joined by his 6)............
girlfriend, Daisy, and three naughty nephews.
For a very long time, Donald Duck cartoons were a firm (7) FAVOUR
7)............ on children’s television.
(8) EVENTUAL

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8)............ there were 128 Donald Duck cartoons, but
Donald also appeared in many others along with Mickey
(9) ORIGIN
Mouse, Goofy and Pluto.
The 9)............ voice of Donald was Clarence Nash and then
Disney artist Tony Anselmo took over after fifty years.

3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Many youngsters these days easily devote more time 1)............ the box than
they do to any other form of entertainment. Each year children read less and less
and watch television more and more. 2)............ fact, a typical child sits through
an average 3)............ 4)............ four hours of TV viewing a day. They spend
more time 5)............ this form of entertainment than they spend talking
6)............ parents, playing with friends, attending school or reading books.
According 7)............ a recent study, sixty-two percent of television programmes
contain scenes of violence. It would be logical then to assume that watching a
steady flow of violent images 8)............ screen cannot be seen simply as
entertainment. The bright colours, quick movements and sudden flashes will
always capture a child’s attention and there are certainly very few children who
find television totally uninteresting.
If we listen 9)............ the experts, it seems that viewing large amounts of TV
violence does not necessarily cause a child to act 10)............ a violent way but
can lead 11)............ the view that violence is acceptable in everyday life, as
well as possibly creating a fear of being attacked 12)............ the streets.
With governments finally taking measures to improve the quality of children’s
TV, parents must now become aware 13)............ the fact that too many hours of
viewing can have serious impact 14)............a child’s behaviour and attitude.
Obviously, turning 15)............ the TV set might be the best solution 16)............
the problem in the end.

Reading
Read the following magazine article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer
(А, В, С or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Crime Writer

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Beat-selling crime writer P.D. James - the initials stand for Phyllis Dorothy -
exudes an air of quiet authority. It is easy to envisage her, had she not become a
creator of detective stories with more twists and turns than a spiral staircase, as
a headmistress of a girls' school. But it is soon apparent from what she says that
the authoritative mien is, in fact, a cloak for shyness. She reluctantly admits that
Adam Dalgliesh, the detective in her novels, “is, I suppose, modelled on myself
- or rather, the way I would have turned out if I had been a man”. Dalgliesh
prefers to unravel the complexities of crimes solo, as does his creator. “I need
time on my own, particularly when I am writing. I can write more or less
anywhere as long as I have total privacy.”
She is too modest to concur with the view that she is Britain's best-known crime
writer, even though her books - 12 major detective novels - are read avidly by
millions all over the world. She herself is a great fan of the works of close
friend Ruth Rendell. “I particularly enjoy her psychological works, written
under the name of Barbara Vine.” Books beside her bed are most likely to be by
women writers such as Iris Murdoch, Anita Brookner and Penelope Lively,
although not to the total exclusion of male authors like Graham Greene and
Evelyn Waugh, whom she considers to have been the greatest novelists of their
generation.
Success came to P.D. James late in life. Now in her seventies, she was 42 when
her first crime novel, Cover Her Face, was published. Born in Oxford, the
eldest of three children, Phyllis grew up mainly in Cambridge, where her family
moved when she was 11 years old. “I met my husband there - he was a student
at the university, and I have always loved the place. That is why I chose it as the
setting for An Unsuitable Job For A Woman.”
Reluctantly, she reveals that from a promising start, life has been hard, even
tragic at times. Her Irish doctor husband, Connor Bantry White, returned from
the Second World War, during which he served with the Royal Army Medical
Corps, a very sick man. “I had to work long hours to support him and our two
young daughters, Clare and Jane. The ideas were teeming in my head, but I
could do practically nothing about it - I simply hadn't the time. My husband's
parents, however, were marvellous, and took my daughters under their wing,
giving them a sense of security throughout those difficult years.”
While working full-time in administration for the National Health Service, she
made good use of her enviable organisational skills. At one point, five
psychiatric outpatients' clinics came under her jurisdiction. Then followed 11
years at the Home Office, first in the Police Department, doing administration
for forensic science research, and then in the Criminal Law section, in the
juvenile crime division. It was while working in forensic science that she
became “quite accustomed” to the sight of corpses. But it was not fascination
with death itself that inspired her. It was, rather, the shape and construction
involved in the writing of a crime novel that appealed. “I have always enjoyed
reading detective stories, and I always knew that I wanted to be a writer.”

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“I didn't want to use the traumatic events of my own life in a work of fiction.
The writing of a detective story appealed as a wonderful apprenticeship for
someone setting out to be a serious novelist, and it was suitably removed from
my own experience. As I went on, I became increasingly aware that one could
stay within the constraints and indeed within the so-called formula of the classic
detective story and still write a good, serious and revealing novel about human
beings.” “Writing detective stories”, she says, is a way of bringing order out of
disorder. The solution of a crime confirms the sanctity of life - even if that life
is unlovable. Nobody really likes violence.

1. What does the writer suggest about P.D. James’s outward manner?
A. It is an attempt to discourage curiosity.
B. It points to a lack of self-confidence.
C. It conceals the true nature of her personality.
D. It comes as a surprise to her readers.

2. When questioned about Adam Dalgllesh, P.D. James

A. concedes that the detective resembles her.
B. admits that his behaviour is unusual.
C. accepts that he does not enjoy company.
D. recognises a weakness in the detective’s character.

3. What is revealed about P.D. James’s tastes in reading?

[Link] prefers books with lots of action.
[Link] is less keen on male than female writers.
[Link] believes that men write better books than women.
[Link] thinks that women writers are not given enough credit.

4. According to P.D. James, her early writing career suffered from lack of
A. support.
B. commitment.
C. confidence.
D. opportunity.

5. What characterised P.D. James's work in the National Health Science?

A. It was well-suited to her talents.
B. It was not a satisfying experience.
C. It was useful for her future writing.
D. It was not sufficiently demanding.

6. P.D. James was drawn to writing crime novels because

A. they were her favourite sort of reading.
B. they would be useful to her in her career.

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C. she liked the technical challenge they offered.
D. she had experienced the effects of crime at first hand. [5]

Speaking
Speak for 2 minutes about the historic role of the museums. Think about:

• the importance for young people to be aware of the past

• the ways to pass information to future generations
• the problems modern museums face
• the factors that can secure repeat visits
• the ways to raise museum’s profile

Writing
Write a paraphrase of each quotation (50-70 words). Say whether you
agree or not, and why.

“Entertainment is something which distracts us from the routine of daily life. It

makes us forget our cares and worries; it rests our nerves and minds, though it
may incidentally exhaust our bodies. Art, on the other hand, though it may
divert us from the normal routine of our existence, causes us to become
conscious of that existence.” Sir Herbert Read (British poet and critic)

“Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows
up.” Pablo Picasso

Test 10
Listening

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CD Test 10. You will hear three different extracts. For questions 1-6,
choose the answer (A, В or C) which fits best according to what you hear.

Extract 1
Listen to a talk about the famous artist Jackson Pollock.
1. What was Jackson Pollock famous for?
A. using his hands to paint with.
В. his unorthodox style.
С. his directness of expression.
2. What does the speaker find clever about Pollock's work?
A. that size and shape play no particular role.
В. the abandonment of traditionalism in favour of emphasis.
С. that the subject was decided on completion of the work.

Extract 2
Listen to a musician talking about one of his songs.
3. The speaker admits that
A. he can be absent-minded.
В. he often surprises his friends.
С. he thought Sarah was in Cornwall.
4. It seems that the speaker
A. often finds himself in difficult situations.
В. has a wide circle of friends who are always helpful.
С. managed to make the most out of a misunderstanding.

Extract 3
Listen to a conversation about street musicians.
5. Helen's view of busking differs from Andy's in that
A. she thinks buskers are too tired to play.
В. they make her feel guilty.
С. she does not like the music.
6. In general Andy's attitude can be described as
A. sentimental
В. radical
С. pragmatic

For questions 7-10 complete the following sets of sentences with a word or a
short phrase.
1. By the mid 1940s Jack started to paint in a completely 7. ___________
manner and it was around that time that he developed his drip and splash style
that he became 8. ___________ for.
2. Sarah Dunwich was supposed to come to the gig and sing a couple of songs
with me, but I 9. ___________.

158
3. Helen: I can't help thinking about the buskers, the reason they're doing it is
because they're 10. ___________for ___________.

Reading
Read the following article. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or
D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Charlie Chaplin

He was born in the slums of south London. Dickens might have created Charlie
Chaplin's childhood. But only Charlie Chaplin could have created the great comic
character of “The Tramp”, whose ragged dignity, subversive mischievousness,
hard-grained resilience and soft-hearted sentimentality gave his creator the
dimensions of an immortal.
Other countries - France, Italy, Spain, even Japan and Korea - show more
surpassing love (and profit) where Chaplin is concerned than the land of his birth,
Britain, which he quit for good in 1913 when he journeyed to America with the
Fred Karno vaudeville troupe to perform his mime, juggling and comedy acts on
the stage.
Sad to say, many English filmgoers between the wars thought Chaplin's Tramp a
bit, well, “vulgar”. Certainly the middle-class filmgoers did: the working-class
audiences were warmer towards a character who defied authority, using his
wicked little cane to trip it up, or aiming a well-placed kick on its broad backside
with the flat of his down-at-heel boot. All the same, Chaplin's comic persona
didn't seem all that English or even working class. English tramps didn't sport tiny
moustaches, baggy pants or tail coats: European dictators, Italian waiters and
American maitre d's wore things like that. Then again, the Tramp's ever-roving
eye for a pretty girl had a promiscuousness about it that was considered, well, not
quite nice by English audiences - that's how foreigners behaved, wasn't it? And
for over half of his screen career, Chaplin had no screen voice to confirm his
British nationality.
Indeed, it was a headache for Chaplin when he could no longer resist the talkies
and had to find “the right voice” for his Tramp. He postponed that day as long as
possible: in Modern Times in 1936, the first film in which he was heard as a singing
waiter, he made up a nonsense language which sounded like no known nationality.
He later said he imagined the Tramp to be an Oxford-educated gent who'd come
down in the world. But if he'd been able to speak with an Oxford accent in those
early slapstick shorts, it's doubtful if he'd have achieved world fame - and the
English would have been sure to find it “odd”.
Unlike Buster Keaton, Chaplin didn't work out his gags conceptually in advance.
He was the kind of comic who used his physical senses to invent his art as he went

159
along. Inanimate objects especially helped Chaplin make "contact" with himself
as an artist. He turned them into other kinds of objects. Thus, a bust alarm clock
in The Pawnbroker became a "sick" patient undergoing an appendectomy; boots
were stewed in The Gold Rush and their soles eaten like prime plaice (the nails
being removed like fish bones). This physical transformation, plus the adroitness
with which he managed it again and again, are surely the secrets of Chaplin's great
comedy.
He also had a deep need to be loved - and a corresponding fear of being betrayed.
It's nice to know that life eventually gave Charlie Chaplin the stable happiness it
had earlier denied him. In Oona O'Neill Chaplin, he found a partner whose
stability and affection effaced the 37 years age difference between them that had
seemed so ominous when the Santa Barbara registrar, who was marrying them in
1942, turned to the luminous girl of 17 who'd given notice of their wedding date
and said, “And where is the young man?” - Chaplin, then 54, had prudently waited
outside. As Oona herself was the child of a large family with its own turbulent
centre, she was well-prepared for the battlefield that Chaplin's life became as
unfounded charges of Communist sympathies engulfed them both - and, later on,
she was the fulcrum of rest in the quarrels that Chaplin's act of stern fatherhood
sometimes sparked off in their own large brood of talented children

1. Chaplin left Britain and went to the USA to

A. direct movies.
B. perform on the stage.
C. act in movies.
D. escape from his mother.

2. British audiences thought Chaplin's Tramp was

A. heart-breaking.
B. apparently foreign.
C. unmistakably English in origin.
D. very funny.

3. The Tramp
A. never appeared in a talking picture.
B. appeared in several talking pictures.
C. appeared in one talking picture.
D. appeared in talking pictures but didn't speak.

4. Chaplin's comic scenes were

A. improvised.
B. planned but not scripted.
C. carefully planned and scripted.
D. improved.

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5. When he married his last wife she was
A. 17.
B. 42.
C. 37.
D. 54.

6. After their wedding Chaplin's professional and family life was

A. turbulent.
B. uneventful.
C. tranquil.
D. disappointing

Speaking
Some people think that graffiti is an art form, while others say that it is
vandalism.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing
Answer the following question:

What is the primary aim of art?

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Write 50-70 words.
Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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Final Test
Listening
CD Final Test. You will hear part of a talk on the subject of time capsules.
For questions 1-10 complete the sentences.

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For reasons of security, time capsules are usually
1._________________________________.
People have been putting things in time capsules for
2._______________________________.
The main reason for time capsules going missing has been the failure to
3._______________________________.
The exact location of a capsule containing 4. ________________and
______________________from a popular TV programme is unknown.
The capsule is somewhere in an area that used to be a
5.______________________________.
Dr Thornwell Jacobs was unable to find sufficient information on
6.____________________.
His 'Crypt of Civilization' is situated in the 7.__________________________ of
Hearst Hall.
It’s got all sorts of things - newsreels, important
8.__________________________, scientific instruments and over
9.__________________________ pages of material on microfilm.
To avoid possible theft Dr Jacobs did not include
10.__________________________________. [14]

Reading
Read the text. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which
you think fits best according to the text.

Sharing Emotions

When we are young, sometimes the hardest thing about feelings is actually
sharing them with others, though, I realise now, it is certainly worth making the
effort to do so. Sharing with others helps us to share the load, as it were.
It was not until much later, looking back over my childhood, that I realised that
the first step in sharing was to identify what feelings I actually had! Making a
list of them seemed to help. Was I happy or was I sad? Was it an emotion
experienced only at that particular time or did I tend to feel like that all the
time?
My problem was that I had not realised that some fears are quite acceptable and
even helpful at times, while others can actually get in the way of enjoying
everyday things such as learning, playing with a friend or experiencing for the
first time the change from Primary to Secondary level. This is when I really
should have had a chat with my parents instead of holding it all inside, as they
would have been able to lessen my anxiety about moving up.

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There were times when my anxiety would also be accompanied by a headache,
a stomach ache or dizziness. My grandmother used to tell me that there is a
certain part of the brain that controls that fight or flight feeling. Not that I had
any idea what she was talking about as I must have been only about knee-high
at the time!
I recall a small group of us feeling uncomfortable at the idea of meeting new
teachers or moving up to the ‘big’ school. That kind of discomfort at such an
age is natural when faced with something new. Better late than never, I realised
that being shy is not such a bad thing. Nobody actually sets out to be like that, it
just happens naturally. I understood quite quickly that the key to shyness is just
to be yourself. No matter the age, it’s healthy to get things off your chest! In
fact, I quickly found that some of my friends had the same feelings and became
quite happy to share their secrets. Sometimes, just inviting a shy child to join in
a game a couple of times helped them to get over their feelings of shyness.
There were other times when I felt sad about leaving Primary school, but then
again, it was one of the many normal emotions or moods we have all
experienced during that period of change. Unhappiness was the emotion I felt
when I had to say goodbye to certain dear friends. It made me feel like crying,
though even crying made me feel better as tears slowly washed away the
negative emotions. When the sadness started to disappear, it felt as if a heavy
weight had been lifted from my shoulders.
I now realise at the tender age of twenty-eight that, even though, there might
sometimes seem to be no reason to look on the bright side of life, for every bad
there is a good. Also, having friends who think optimistically can help you get
on your feet again and move forward onto a more positive path.

1. What do youngsters find most difficult to do?

A. make an effort
В. realise that life is hard
С. accept help from others
D. tell others how they feel

2. What was the writer's first move towards sharing her feelings?
A. to look back over the years
В. to finish writing her lists of feelings
С. to decide which particular feelings she had
D. to ask people questions about her feelings

3. What does the writer mean by 'knee-high'?

A. too short
В. too young
С. too high

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D. too tall

4. According to the writer, what is the best way to handle shyness?

A. to be your usual self
В. to realise that age matters
С. to understand that it is unhealthy
D. to realise that it is uncomfortable

5. When the writer's sadness began to disappear she felt

A. she had lost weight.
В. she was heavier.
С. more positive about life.
D. more emotional about life.

6. The writer realises now for the first time that

A. it's difficult to tell good from bad.
В. she has optimistic friends.
С. you can get on your feet again yourself.
D. there is always a reason to look on the bright side. [13]

Speaking
Some people say that youth is the most wonderful period in a person's life.
Others are sure that young people face too many problems nowadays.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Give reasons for your answer
and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Speak for 2 minutes!

Writing
Answer the following question:

Why are people still interested in old movies?

Write 50-70 words.

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Use the following plan:
- make an introduction expressing your personal opinion
- give 2-3 arguments to support your position
- make a conclusion restating your position
(Do NOT copy the question.)

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APPENDIX 1
Exam Skills
Reading Strategy
Multiple-Choice Reading tests your ability to understand the main ideas contained in a text
and then look for specific information.
You will need to quickly identify the main idea in order to locate the correct section of the
text.
When you do this it will seem like two or three of the options could be the correct answer and
you therefore must read in much more detail to find the specific information that gives you
the correct answer.

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Top 10 tips
1. Read the questions before you read the text.
2. You will often be able to eliminate 2 of the four answers and this leaves you with two
choices. Think about the difference in meaning between these two choices and this will help
you get the correct answers.
3. If you are unsure of what the difference is between two or three sentences, it can help to
rephrase them in your own words.
4. Don’t be tricked by the examiner’s ‘distractors’ especially keywords from the questions
that look the same as the text.
5. Underline any keywords in the question and think about any synonyms that might appear
in the text.
6. If you don’t know anything about the topic, don’t panic. It is a reading test, not a test of
your knowledge.
7. Try to predict the correct answer before you read the text. This will help you find the
correct answer.
8. Before deciding on your answer, always go back and carefully read the questions before
making your final decision.
9. The answers will be in the same order as the text.
10. You might be asked about both facts and opinions. Facts are things that are always true or
cannot be disproved but opinions are just what people think.

Speaking Strategy
Spend a minute thinking about the topic below and making brief notes.
During a minute decide how you will introduce and link your ideas, and then be ready to talk
for two minutes.
Introduce the topic in your own words.
Take a stance on the issue.
Give arguments supporting your opinion.
Draw a logical conclusion based on your arguments.
If you are supposed to discuss advantages and disadvantages, after introducing the topic
outline the main benefits and drawbacks and then take a stance on the issue based on
arguments for or against.
Remember to include some examples to support or illustrate what you say.
Use a variety of vocabulary and grammatical structures.
Make sure you keep to the topic.
Use Linking expressions:
Introducing an idea: The problem/issue/phenomenon of...is/appears to be/has always been a
hot/pressing/ burning issue/problem...
People always say/have always thought/agreed/said/believed …
It is a controversial/burning/hot question...
There is a dispute /discussion/ no agreement concerning...
The first thing (I’d like) to mention; to begin with; another point to consider is; and, of
course, we shouldn’t forget, etc
The main body: Firstly; To begin with; Secondly; On the one hand ... on the other hand; In
addition; Besides; Moreover; What is more; Furthermore; However; Despite this; In spite of
this; In fact; As a matter of fact; As a result; Consequently; One major advantage is...; As
advocates of... claim/argue; As critics point out/claim...; There are a number of
disadvantages/weaknesses/drawbacks/downsides, etc
Giving an example: For instance; If we take the example of X; X serves as a good example
of this; etc

167
Bringing an idea to its conclusion: All in all; To sum up; In conclusion; In summary;
Taking all the arguments into consideration; In general; Finally; It seems important to
add/point out/remind that... ; The issue/debate is far from solving/resolving yet, but...

Writing Strategy
The secrets to paragraph writing lie in four essential elements, which when used correctly,
can make a great paragraph.

Element #1: Unity. Paragraph unity means that one paragraph is about ONLY ONE main
topic. That is, all the sentences - the topic, supporting sentences and the concluding sentence
-- are all telling the reader about ONE main topic.
Element #2: Order. Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether
you choose chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation of
details, a solid paragraph always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered paragraph, the
reader follows along easily, aided by the pattern you’ve established.
Element #3: Coherence. Coherence in writing means that all the ideas in a paragraph flow
smoothly from one sentence to the next sentence. With coherence, the reader can easily
understand the ideas that you wish to express. Using such connectors as First; Second; Third;
For example; On the one hand ...on the other hand; However, etc is an important way of
providing coherence in a paragraph.
Element #4: Completeness. Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all
sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete.
Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to the topic sentence and the concluding
sentence are needed for a paragraph to be complete.
A basic paragraph structure usually consists of the topic sentence, (three) supporting
sentences, and the concluding sentence.
1. Topic Sentence
The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph which introduces the main idea of the
paragraph by summarizing the main idea of your paragraph and indicating to the reader what
your paragraph will be about.
2. Supporting Details
Supporting facts, details, and examples come after the topic sentence, making up the body of
the paragraph and giving details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.
3. Closing Sentence
The closing sentence is the last sentence in the paragraph which restates the main idea of your
paragraph using different words.

APPENDIX 2
ФОРМАТ ВСТУПИТЕЛЬНОГО ЭКЗАМЕНА
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ (МГИМО)
Раздел Форма контроля Максимальное
количество баллов

Аудирование* Различные формы письменного 30

тестирования на основе прослушанного
материала социально-культурного или

168
 общественно-политического содержания

Чтение** Выполнение письменного задания на 30

основе прочитанного материала
социально-культурного или
общественно-политического содержания

Письмо*** Мини-эссе на заданную тему 20

Говорение**** Развитие предложенного тезиса 20

социально-культурного или
общественно-политического содержания
(с заданными параметрами по
продолжительности говорения)

Итого 100

* Выполнение заданий на основе аудиоматериала монологического и/или

диалогического характера.
Время звучания – 4-5 мин. Двукратное предъявление.
** Выполнение задания в формате Multiple Choice на основе прочитанного
материала по общественно-политической и социально-культурной тематике.
Объем-3000-3200 печатных знаков.
*** Мини-эссе на предложенную тему. Объем – 50-70 слов.
**** Устная презентация по предложенному тезису.
Продолжительность говорения - 2 мин.
Общее время на прослушивание аудиотекста, выполнение заданий по разделам
«Аудирование», «Чтение», «Письмо», и подготовку устной презентации тезиса по
разделу «Говорение» - не более 35 мин.

КРИТЕРИИ ОЦЕНКИ
Раздел (макс. Параметры оценки Баллы,
количество результата вычитаемые за
баллов) несоответствие
параметрам
Аудирование Адекватность восприятия и обработки услышанной 3 (за каждую
(30) информации в соответствии с поставленной задачей ошибку)
Чтение (30) Адекватность восприятия и обработки прочитанной 5 (за каждую
информации в соответствии с поставленной задачей ошибку)
Письмо (20) Соответствие содержания эссе заданной теме 10

169
 Соблюдение формата эссе 2
Аргументированность и логичность изложения 1
Адекватность лексического и грамматического выражения 1 за каждую ошибку
(корректность использования лексики, сочетаемость,
грамматическая корректность)
Соблюдение стилистических норм 1

Соответствие заданному объему (50-70 слов) 20 – от 0 до 19 слов

10 – от 20 до 39
слов
5 – от 40 до 49 слов
5 – от 71 до 80 слов
10 – от 81 до 90
слов
20 – 91 слово и
более
Говорение Аргументированность и логичность высказывания 1
(20)
Адекватность лексического выражения (корректность 1 - за первые две
использования тематической лексики, точность, уместность, ошибки
сочетаемость) 1 - за каждую
последующую
Грамматическая корректность 1 - за первые две
ошибки
1 - за каждую
последующую
Беглость речи 2
Соблюдение временного формата (в % к отведенному 20 - от 1% до 50%
времени) 10 - от 51% до 75%
5 - от 76% до 90%
Соответствие содержания высказывания заданной теме 10

[Link]
APPENDIX 3

Additional Articles

Article 1.1
The death of language?

170
6% of the world's languages are spoken by 94% of the world's population.
The remaining 94% of languages are spoken by only 6% of the population.
The largest single language by population is Mandarin (845 million speakers) followed by
Spanish (329 million speakers) and English (328 million speakers).
133 languages are spoken by fewer than 10 people.
SOURCE: Ethnologue
An estimated 7,000 languages are being spoken around the world. But that number is
expected to shrink rapidly in the coming decades. What is lost when a language dies?
In 1992 a prominent US linguist stunned the academic world by predicting that by the year
2100, 90% of the world's languages would have ceased to exist.
Far from inspiring the world to act, the issue is still on the margins, according to prominent
French linguist Claude Hagege.
"Most people are not at all interested in the death of languages," he says. "If we are not
cautious about the way English is progressing it may eventually kill most other languages."
According to Ethnologue, a US organisation owned by Christian group SIL International that
compiles a global database of languages, 473 languages are currently classified as
endangered.
Among the ranks are the two known speakers of Lipan Apache alive in the US, four speakers
of Totoro in Colombia and the single Bikya speaker in Cameroon.
"It is difficult to provide an accurate count," says Ethnologue editor Paul Lewis. "But we are
at a tipping point. From here on we are going to increasingly see the number of languages
going down."
What is lost?
As globalisation sweeps around the world, it is perhaps natural that small communities come
out of their isolation and seek interaction with the wider world. The number of languages
may be an unhappy casualty, but why fight the tide?
"What we lose is essentially an enormous cultural heritage, the way of expressing the
relationship with nature, with the world, between themselves in the framework of their
families," says Mr Hagege.
"It's also the way they express their humour, their love, their life. It is a testimony of human
communities which is extremely precious, because it expresses what other communities than
ours in the modern industrialized world are able to express."
For linguists like Claude Hagege, languages are not simply a collection of words. They are
living, breathing organisms holding the connections and associations that define a culture.
When a language becomes extinct, the culture in which it lived is lost too.
Cross words
The value of language as a cultural artefact is difficult to dispute, but is it actually realistic to
ask small communities to retain their culture?
One linguist, Professor Salikoko Mufwene, of the University of Chicago, has argued that the
social and economic conditions among some groups of speakers "have changed to points of
no return".

171
As cultures evolve, he argues, groups often naturally shift their language use. Asking them to
hold onto languages they no longer want is more for the linguists' sake than for the
communities themselves.
Ethnologue editor Paul Lewis, however, argues that the stakes are much higher. Because of
the close links between language and identity, if people begin to think of their language as
useless, they see their identity as such as well.
This leads to social disruption, depression, suicide and drug use, he says. And as parents no
longer transmit language to their children, the connection between children and grandparents
is broken and traditional values are lost.
"There is a social and cultural ache that remains, where people for generations realize they
have lost something," he says.
What no-one disputes is that the demise of languages is not always the fault of worldwide
languages like our own.
An increasing number of communities are giving up their language by their own choice, says
Claude Hagege. Many believe that their languages have no future and that their children will
not acquire a professional qualification if they teach them tribal languages.
"We can do nothing when the abandonment of a language corresponds to the will of a
population," he says.
Babbling away
Perhaps all is not lost for those who want the smaller languages to survive. As the revival of
Welsh in the UK and Maori in New Zealand suggest, a language can be brought back from
the brink. Hebrew, says Claude Hagege, was a dead language at the beginning of the 19th
century. It existed as a scholarly written language, but there was no way to say "I love you"
and "pass the salt" - the French linguists' criteria for detecting life. But with the "strong will"
of Israeli Jews, he says, the language was brought back into everyday use. Now it is
undeniably a living breathing language once more.
Closer to home, Cornish intellectuals, inspired by the reintroduction of Hebrew, succeeded in
bringing the seemingly dead Cornish language back into use in the 20th Century. In 2002 the
government recognised it as a living minority language.
But for many dwindling languages on the periphery of global culture, supported by little but a
few campaigning linguists, the size of the challenge can seem insurmountable.
"You've got smallest, weakest, least resourced communities trying to address the problem.
And the larger communities are largely unaware of it," says Ethnologue editor Paul Lewis.
"We would spend an awful lot of money to preserve a very old building, because it is part of
our heritage. These languages and cultures are equally part of our heritage and merit
preservation."

Tom Calls/[Link]
Article 2.1.
Eight Million Tons of Plastic is Dumped at Sea Each
Year

172
So much plastic is dumped into the sea each year that it would fill five carrier bags for every
foot of coastline on the planet, scientists have warned.
Around 8 million tons of plastic bottles, bags, toys and other plastic rubbish end up in the
world’s oceans each year.
Because of the difficulties in working out the exact amount, since much of it may have sunk,
the scientists said the true figure could be as much as 12.7 million tons polluting the ocean
each year.
Dr Jenna Jambeck, one of the researchers from the University of Georgia in the US, said we
are becoming “overwhelmed by our waste”.
More than half of the plastic waste that flows into the oceans comes from just five countries:
China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Sri Lanka.
The team also warned that this “ocean of plastic” can harm sea life. Turtles can mistake
plastic bags for jellyfish and eat them. The bags then block their stomachs, which causes
them to starve to death. Sea birds also often mistake floating plastic for food; over 90 per cent
of fulmars found dead around the North Sea have plastic in their stomachs. It is also feared
that it could harm our health to eat fish that have consumed plastic.
The scientists reached their figures by analysing data on the amount of waste generated and
how well it is disposed of in 192 coastal countries. This included litter left on beaches as well
as plastic from fly-tipping and badly-managed rubbish dumps. Their figures are much higher
than those from previous studies, which only looked at rubbish floating on the surface and did
not factor in the plastic that had sunk to the sea floor or was trapped in ice.
They estimated that between 4.7 million and 12.7 million tons of plastic made its way into the
world’s oceans in 2010, with a best estimate of 8 million tons. The figure is expected to rise
each year. Between 2015 and 2025, some 155 million tons of plastic could be dumped into
the ocean – enough to fill 100 bags per foot of coastline. Piled one on top of the other, the
bags would create a wall of rubbish 100ft high.

Fiona Macrae/ [Link]

Article 2.2.
Six Reasons Why You Should Care About The
Environment

173
“The history of life on Earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their
surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation
and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Considering the whole span of
earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been
relatively slight. Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one
species -man- acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.” – Rachel Carson
(author of Silent Spring).
Here are 6 reasons why we should care:
Reason 1. A CLEAN ENVIRONMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR HEALTHY LIVING
The more you don’t care about our environment, the more it will become polluted with
contaminants and toxins that have a harmful impact on our health. Air pollution can cause
respiratory diseases and cancer, among other problems and diseases. Water pollution can lead
to water-related diseases.
Although we have treatment systems and other mechanisms to take care of some of these
issues, you never know what faults may occur. Air sustains us and water is a basic necessity,
so we should just do what we can to prevent pollution.
“When the earth is sick and polluted, human health is impossible…. To heal ourselves we
must heal our planet, and to heal our planet we must heal ourselves.” – Bobby McLeod
(Aboriginal Activist & Poet)
Reason 2. THE OVERALL TEMPERATURE OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE IS
INCREASING
Global warming is causing climate patterns to change. Climate change is real and we are
largely responsible because our activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Small changes in the average temperature can
lead to frequent occurrences of dangerous weather patterns and devastating storms, so for the
sake of our children and our future, we must do more to combat climate change.
Reason 3. FUTURE GENERATIONS WILL APPRECIATE IT
Unless you have some superpower you are not going to live forever. So, what type of world
do you want to leave for your future family? If you know the dangers that future generations
will face due to the problems we have now, why wouldn’t you make sacrifices and do
something to prevent them from happening?
“But there must be the look ahead, there must be a realization of the fact that to waste, to
destroy, our natural resources, to skin and exhaust the land instead of using it so as to
increase its usefulness, will result in undermining in the days of our children the very
prosperity which we ought by right to hand down to them amplified and developed.” –
President Theodore Roosevelt (26th U.S. President)

174
Reason 4. BIODIVERSITY IS IMPORTANT
Biodiversity refers to the variety of plants, animals, and other living things in our world. It
can be negatively influenced by habitat loss and degradation due to human activity, climate
change, and pollution, among other things.
We have many of the basic necessities that we need to survive because of biodiversity. We
need food that various species provide to eat, water to drink, air to breathe, and materials to
provide shelter and other necessities. There are many natural processes that have been formed
by various species to provide these necessities. If something happens to a certain organism,
an unwanted chain reaction may occur and that may negatively affect us.
The greater the diversity of life, the greater the opportunity for various discoveries that could
make our world a much better place, so let’s do what we can to prevent the loss of
biodiversity.
“We should judge every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to use it and come
to understand what it means to humanity.” – E.O. Wilson (American Biologist)
Reason 5. IT’S A REFLECTION OF YOUR CHARACTER
One of the life mottos is, “do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” Nature gives
us so many things for free – clean air, clean water, beautiful landscapes, breathtaking views,
and the list goes on… We take so much from nature, but what do we give in return?
Pollution?
The least we can do is show our appreciation by protecting and preserving our environment.
“What we are doing to the forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing
to ourselves and to one another.” – Mahatma Gandhi (Indian civil rights activist)
Reason 6. EARTH IS OUR HOME
It’s where we live, so we should take care of it!
“Out of all those millions and millions of planets floating around there in space, this is our
planet, this is our little one, so we just got to be aware of it and take care of it.” – Paul
McCartney (English musician)
As an individual, there are many ways to show that you care about our environment. Some of
the most common ways are the 3 R’s: REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE

Article 3.1

175
How Technology Will Change the Future of Work

How many of us can say, with certainty, what jobs we would choose if we were kids today?
It’s estimated that some 65% of children entering primary schools today will likely work in
roles that don’t currently exist.
We expect the pace of change in the job market to start to accelerate by 2020. Office and
administrative functions, along with manufacturing and production roles, will see dramatic
declines accounting for over six million roles over the next four years. Conversely, business
and financial operations along with computer and mathematical functions will see steep rises.
There is a central driver for many of these transformations, and it is technology.
Artificial intelligence, 3D printing, resource-efficient sustainable production and robotics will
factor into the ways we currently make, manage and mend products and deliver services. The
latter two have the potential to create jobs in the architectural and engineering sectors,
following high demand for advanced automated production systems.
When the World Economic Forum surveyed global HR decision-makers, some 44% pointed
to new technologies enabling remote working, co-working space and teleconferencing as the
principal driver of change. Concurrently, advances in mobile and cloud technology allowing
remote and instant access were singled out as the most important technological driver of
change, enabling the rapid spread of internet-based service models.
Our future place of work might not be an open plan office, but interconnected workspaces not
tied to one place, but many. They will be underpinned by virtual conferencing, complete and
constant connection and portability. Our working day will be fundamentally different.
Leveraging big data, like real-time traffic information, could cut journey times, making the
morning commute more manageable. That is, if you have to commute: home-working will no
longer be defined as a Friday luxury, but a more efficient way to work enabled by
technology, taking the physical strain from megacities and regionalising work locations.
These disruptive business models will fundamentally reshape how we do business, both
individually and as companies. For example, digitally enabling smallholder farmers can allow
them to operate as a collective, transferring knowledge and sharing vital learning with each
other from proper crop irrigation technology to water efficiency.
Critically, these very technologies might help us unlock the solutions to some of the biggest
societal challenges we currently face. What will be absolutely decisive is how we equip our
children, our students and our colleagues to harness the power of this technology to transform
our world for the better. It means providing incentives for lifelong learning as the pace of
technological advancement quickens.
Lastly, we must do our best to ensure the current and future generations are not left behind in
the global digital skills race.

Niall Dunne, Chief Sustainability Officer, BT Group Plc/[Link]

Article 4.1.

176
 Five Characteristics of a Positive Work
Environment

Aside from the job scope itself, one factor that significantly influences how employees feel
about work is the environment. By work environment, we mean everything that forms part of
employees’ involvement with the work itself, such as the relationship with co-workers and
supervisors, organizational culture, room for personal development, etc.
A positive work environment makes employees feel good about coming to work, and this
provides the motivation to sustain them throughout the day.
If you’re looking for a new job, then assessing the work environment is a crucial step you
shouldn’t skip. After all, this is the place you might be working at in the future and you
wouldn’t want to be dragging yourself to work every single morning.
These are the qualities which are much valued by employees and employers in most jobs:
1. Transparent & Open Communication
Transparent and open communication is what makes employees feel that they belong to the
organization. Work becomes meaningful because the employees know that what they
contribute affects the organization that they are affiliated with.
It is thus essential for the staff to discuss the organization’s philosophy, mission and values,
from time to time during meetings to ensure that everyone knows what they’re working for
other than their paychecks. Having open discussions get people involved and allow them to
share their views and perspectives on how to achieve company goals. After which, the
management side will give their own perspectives on how to fulfill the organization’s
mission.
Give-and-take communication will eventually break down the hurdles present in hierarchical
or bureaucratic organizations. Moreover, it promotes trust in day-to-day interactions between
co-workers, as well as between subordinates and supervisors.
Everyone becomes more united with the organization’s mission in their mind. There is
mutual respect among all employees, regardless of their official statuses. In
addition, employees will not be afraid to suggest ideas to improve the work process, so it will
benefit everyone in the organization in return.
2. Work-Life Balance
There has to be some sort of balance between work and personal life. In general, having that
sense of balance will improve job satisfaction among employees because they will feel that
they’re not overlooking other aspects of their lives.
When employees fulfill their various needs and goals in life, such as those of family, friends,
spiritual pursuits, self-growth, etc, they feel more confident about themselves and perform

177
their best at work. Apart from that, employees that are exposed to more experiences in life
outside of work can use what they’ve gained and apply that to their work.
In other words, work-life balance can promote creativity and out-of-the-box thinking.
3. Training & Development
In a time when change is more rampant than ever before, it is necessary for organizations to
keep abreast with the changes and train their employees accordingly. For instance,
technology is evolving so rapidly that what organizations commonly used ten years ago could
be made obsolete today (e.g. Zip drives, dial-up modems, etc).
Adapting to change is never more crucial in this era because those who don’t, get replaced.
This applies to both the individual and the organization itself.
A training and development-focused organization has a clear roadmap for training their
employees to sustain and enhance the productivity of the organization as a whole. Essentially
speaking, there are two kinds of skills that can be developed: hard skills and soft skills.
Hard skills: impact work productivity directly e.g. knowledge of a new database management
system. Soft skills: interpersonal skills which could affect the morale of the organization.
A positive work environment would have routine trainings to improve efficiency and instill
positive attitudes among employees.
4. Recognition for Hard Work
Rewards are necessary to encourage certain behavior in employees. This is known as positive
reinforcement in the field of psychology. A reward here doesn’t have to be monetary in
nature; sometimes even a simple verbal recognition by the supervisor is all that is necessary
to spur the employees’ motivation.
When hard work is appropriately rewarded and duly recognized by the
management, employees will naturally feel valued by the organization for what they put in.
Such mentality is healthy for the organization because employees will be willing to go the
extra mile without worrying about not getting anything in return.
5. Strong Team Spirit
As social beings, we naturally seek support from our peers and seek to belong to a group.
Come tough times, the team should come together to deal with whatever problems are out
there. This is where a sense of unity is evoked in the team and employees will no longer just
feel that they’re working for themselves. They are now working towards something bigger
than themselves, and as a team.

Article 5.1.

178
Who goes to university and what do students get out
of their experience?

Admission
Most universities don't let just anyone in. Grades in the subjects you take in the final years of
secondary education are what usually count and in many countries people also have to do an
entry test. While most participants in higher education are in the 18-25 age group, some
people choose to take a break from work later on in life and opt for the role of mature student,
bringing experience of work and the real world to their studies.
Which one to go to
In many countries there is a pecking order to the universities, with a few high status
institutions at the top turning out an intellectual elite and attracting the best minds in teaching
and research. Take a quick name check of the leading writers, politicians or scientists in the
UK or the USA and you should find the majority chose to spend their student years sitting in
the dining halls and libraries of Oxford and Cambridge or Harvard, Princeton and Yale. The
training grounds for medicine, law or engineering in Britain tend to be the metropolitan
‘redbrick’ universities slightly lower down the list.
Money
These days most European and North American students are given a loan which they have to
pay back to the government once they are in full-time employment, or they finance
themselves by working their way through college with part-time jobs in the evenings or at
weekends.
Where to live
For the majority of students, attending a university in a town or city near to where they live is
the only financially viable option, but in Britain for many years going to university meant
leaving home, with all the freedom and independence that implied. Universities traditionally
offer cheap and clean accommodation in halls of residence or student houses. After a year or
so, many students opt to share private rented accommodation outside the university.
Year out
These days if you haven’t taken time off between finishing school and embarking on higher
education, you haven’t really lived. The gap year can be devoted to working for charities in
different parts of the world, or simply to travelling. If you want to study abroad, you can
often get a year out as part of a language course, or enter a scholarship programme such as
Erasmus to support you while studying at a foreign university. Business or management

179
students often devote time away from university in the form of a work placement, to help
them gain practical experience in a professional environment.
Teaching & learning
A common feature of any university is attending lectures, which involves taking notes while
a lecturer is speaking to a large group of students. In Britain, you are also expected to present
a subject perhaps once a term and comment on it in tutorials. These are small group
discussions led by a lecturer at which closer analysis of a particular area is undertaken.
Science-oriented courses also involve practical lessons and field trips which enable students
to get to grips with their chosen course of study in the laboratory or beyond the university
walls.
How you are doing
Progress is measured by examinations usually taken at the end of the course, and known as
Finals. Alternatively, it can be based on continuous assessment and coursework. An
important component of most systems is the extended dissertation, a piece of writing
measured by the number of words a student has to produce. This must be based on some
original research from primary as well as secondary sources and on some sort of gathering
and interpretation of data.
Social life
There is an old saying that ‘all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy’, and prospective
students expect a rich and varied social life. Friendships forged in the student union bar or in
the varied clubs and societies that exist at most universities may last a lifetime.
Life after university
Well before the graduation ceremony, when students queue up to receive their degrees from
the Chancellor of the university at a special ceremony, the careers office has been busy
assessing future graduates for the kind of employment paths they should take by giving them
an aptitude test, arranging interviews, company presentations and recruitment fairs. For those
attracted by the academic life, there are further opportunities for study on Masters and
Doctorate (PhD) programmes and on into further research and teaching.
And what does university education all add up to?
This was the opinion of Theodore Roosevelt, a former US American President - A man who
has never gone to school may steal from a freight car; but if he has a university education he
may steal the whole railroad.
Or is it as an American journalist, Sydney Harris, said? - The primary purpose of a liberal
education is to make one's mind a pleasant place in which to spend one's time.

Richard Sidaway//[Link]/en/magazine/universities

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Article 6.1.
Nobel Prize for Literature

Background
The Nobel Prize for Literature was founded in 1895 when Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), the
Swedish inventor of dynamite, left much of his vast wealth to the establishment of the Nobel
Prizes, including one for literature. This is an annual award to a living author from any
country who has produced “the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency”. This refers
to a body of work rather than a single work, although individual books are sometimes
mentioned when the prize is awarded. The prize consists of a gold medal, a Nobel diploma
and prize money which at present stands at 10 million Swedish krona (1.3 million dollars).
The winners
A wide variety of writers have won the award working in a range of fiction and non-fiction
genres. Novelists, poets, dramatists and biographers have all received the award, but not
ghostwriters. Perhaps one of the most unusual winners was Winston Churchill - the former
British Prime Minister who won the prize in 1953 for his “mastery of historical and
biographical description”. The most common language of the winners is English, although
the country with the most winners is France. To date, only ten women have won the prize.
Two writers have refused the award - Boris Pasternak and Jean-Paul Sartre.
Controversy
In the early years (from about 1901 to 1912), the Swedish Academy chose more idealistic
writers and rejected many important and world-famous writers such as Leo Tolstoy, Emile
Zola and Henrik Ibsen, who they did not consider “idealistic” enough. Later on, the Academy
began awarding the prize for lasting literary value.
Many prominent and very popular writers have not been awarded the prize or even
nominated. In 1974, for example, Graham Greene. Vladimir Nabokov and Saul Bellow were
considered, but all lost when the award went to two Swedish writers, who were both Nobel
judges. Saul Bellow went on to win the prize in 1976 but neither Greene nor Nabokov won
before their deaths. The 1997 award went to the Italian Dario Fo, who was felt to be
lightweight by some critics.

Article 7.1.

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5 Qualities You Need to Reach Your Biggest Goals

Cynthia Bazin is a 2015 SUCCESS BlogStars winner, nominated and voted upon as one of
the most influential self-development writers and bloggers on the web.
In my work as a motivational speaker and mentor, I talk with people that have not achieved
their goals, and, usually, it’s not because their goal wasn’t a great one—it’s because they
give up too soon, before reaping the rewards of their efforts. Here are five qualities you need
to reach your biggest goals:
1. Be positive.
I have always believed that everything starts with a positive mindset. You have to believe in
yourself and stay positive as much as you can. Some of the best ways to do this are to
surround yourself with positive, inspiring people; journal your progress; and start each day
reading an inspirational article or listening to something positive and motivational.
2. Be persistent.
At times when you are trying to reach a goal, there are people that are going to say “no” to
what you want and need. Successful people do not give up. You don’t want to push too hard
on people—sometimes it just takes a 15 percent shift in your strategy. So keep moving
forward on your goals. Always believe that today is going to be your day.
3. Be patient.
You must also have amazing patience when going for your biggest goals. We all want to
achieve our goals today. We want the fruits of our labor right now, but sometimes the timing
isn’t right for our goal. As Beverly Sills said, “There are no shortcuts to any place worth
going.” Take massive action on anything that you can, but remember that great things take
time.
4. Be resilient.
Throughout our lives, there are people and situations that will try to throw us off our path to
success. There will be people that will try to tell you that you can’t do it, and there will be
challenges along the way that might want to make you quit. Resilience is definitely a quality
that you need to have in order to make it.
5. Be adaptable.
As Og Mandino said, “Always take the attitude of a student. Never be too big to ask
questions, never know too much to learn something new.” You must always learn and grow
through life because that will help you achieve great success. You must have an open mind to
the awesome possibilities and opportunities out there. Surround yourself with really smart
people who you can learn from.
Remember you deserve to achieve your goals and dreams. You have to do the right things to
achieve it. Be positive, persistent yet patient, have resilience and always be adaptable.
Believe in yourself. You can do this!
Cynthia Bazin/[Link]
Article 8.1.

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 Make a Difference

With over seven billion people living on our planet today, it's easy to think that one person's
actions won't make a difference. However, from personal experience, I can say that that is
completely untrue: each and every one of us is capable of making a difference - however
small - to someone's life.
You've probably seen the campaign posters and videos, produced by organisations such as
Greenpeace or Oxfam. It's likely you have watched adverts on TV, encouraging you to
sponsor a family in an underdeveloped country. Perhaps you've even been part of an event or
a protest. Charities are always telling us to donate £1 here, or £2 there, to save children dying
from malaria or elephants who are under threat from poaching. Realistically, many of us
won't actually see the difference that our contribution makes.
Luckily, if you don't want to get involved in a global campaign there are many other ways to
make a difference. Often, it's the little things that make someone's day. When next time you
make yourself a drink, why not ask if anyone else would like one? Or how about offering
your seat to someone else on the bus? Whether or not they explicitly thank you for your deed,
they will certainly appreciate it. Elderly people, especially those living alone, appreciate it
when people make an effort to say hello to them and ask how they are. Sending a card to a
friend who is sick should brighten their day.
If you have time to spare, why not volunteer? Lots of places can benefit from an extra pair of
hands! Care homes, animal rescue shelters and local charity shops also rely on volunteers to
help them out.
You may not make a change so big that it will be recognised by people the world over, but
it'll be appreciated by someone, somewhere, and that counts for a lot. If more of us made an
effort to make a small difference, the world would surely be a better place.

[Link]

Article 9.1.

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 US Tourists Caught Carving Names into Rome’s
Colosseum

Two California women break away from tour group to scratch their initials into ancient
amphitheatre, where defacing walls is strictly forbidden.
The Californians, aged 21 and 25, snuck away from their tour group on Saturday and began
scratching their initials into the amphitheatre with a coin. They managed a “J” and an “N”
around 8cm high, before taking a selfie with their handiwork.
Police were quick to catch the two Americans and report them for damaging the ancient site.
The women may now go in front of a judge and face a penalty.
“Defacing the walls is strictly forbidden, as pointed out on signs in both English and Italian.
But some visitors think little of breaking the rules as they view the crumbling monument
differently from other top sites such as the Vatican”, said a spokesman for the Special
Superintendency for the Archaeological Heritage of Rome.
“There’s a difference in perception. Museums are treated like churches, sacred places where
there are things of great value. Whereas the Colosseum is an incomplete building which has
already been robbed,” the spokesman said.
The Colosseum fell into disrepair after its heyday of hosting 73,000 spectators, watching
gladiator fights to the death, and was at one point quarried for its stone. While the
amphitheatre was completed in AD80, the section defaced on Saturday dates to the 1800s
when the Pope initiated restoration work. “It’s not an original wall but it’s nevertheless
antique,” the spokesman said. Antonio Camertoni, impersonating a Roman centurion outside
the Colosseum, agreed the tourists were wrong to carve into the stone. “It’s a piece of cultural
heritage. They don’t do it at home, but they do it here,” he said.
However the two unruly tourists are an incredibly small minority of around six million people
who visit the Colosseum and Roman Forum each year. Johnny Hansen, on holiday from
Denmark, said he certainly didn’t intend to leave his mark on the site. “Everyone should have
respect for it. They should be fined to make an example. It’s heritage, so you must protect it”.
The sheer number of visitors to the Colosseum, coupled with staffing cuts, makes it
increasingly challenging to catch tourists behaving badly. Security was upped at the
Colosseum and other sites last month, following threats against Rome by Islamic State, but
the focus is on stopping terrorists not rule-breaking tourists.
Police vehicles parked by the amphitheatre and metal detectors at the entrance reflect the new
security measures, while inside Colosseum staff continue trying to keep order among the
visitors. “The security is not inadequate from the point of view of terrorism, but the shortage
of personnel and the great mass of tourists is a problem, also for other sites,” the
Superintendency said. The Californians’ lawbreaking comes little over three months after a
Russian tourist was caught carving a 25cm letter into the Colosseum. The 42-year-old was
given a four-month suspended prison sentence and a €20,000 fine, although owing to a lack
of funds he has not paid the penalty. Rosie Scammell/[Link]
Article 10.1.

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 What is Modern Art?

Many people used to consider art to be paintings of fields with flowers, portraits of old-
fashioned men in top hats, or pictures of bowls of fruit. However, art has changed drastically
in the last century. Now, we accept everything as art. Computer game art, graffiti and video
projections are accepted as types of art forms. Famous London art galleries like Tate Modern
or Tate Britain often exhibit these contemporary categories of art. Let's discover some
famous contemporary artists:
Have you heard of Banksy?
Banksy is a famous British graffiti artist from Bristol. He creates all his art in secret - in fact,
no one knows his real name! Often, his paintings have a sense of humour behind them and he
usually paints about controversial issues. You can see his art on walls, in zoos, in the street.
Have you heard of Hirst?
Damien Hirst is also from Great Britain. He is the richest artist in the country. He became
famous after attending Goldsmiths University in London, and was very popular in the 1990s.
He has used a lot of dead animals in his work, including dead sharks, sheep and cows. He is
popular for his diamond-covered skull.
Have you heard of Duchamp?
Marcel Duchamp was a French-American painter and sculptor. He is considered to be one of
the most important artists of the 20th century as he has influenced many artists. He changed
what was the 'normal' idea in the art world. Perhaps his most popular piece of work is simply
a men's urinal that he decided to label as art. He did nothing to it. He didn't paint it, he didn't
make it, he didn't alter it. He saw it and decided to call it 'Fountain'.
Have you heard of Eggleston?
William Eggleston is an American photographer who made modern colour photography
acceptable as an art form. Before him, black and white photography was more popular.
Eggleston's photographs are very “American”. They contain lots of images of “Coca-Cola,
No Parking signs and palm trees”.

[Link]

Unit 1 Speaking

185
Various social networks have aroused great interest among Internet users. However,
some people say that they have a lot of drawbacks.
Social networks are very popular with users of different ages and professions. But many
people are concerned about the influence of social networks on their lives. Personally, I think
that social networks have a lot of benefits. Firstly, they link together users of the Internet who
have common interests and give people an opportunity to look for old and new friends, to
build communities, to send messages and to share news and pictures. There are sites which
allow classmates from schools or universities to keep in contact with each other. Secondly,
many people use social networks to communicate and exchange personal information.
Thirdly, social networks are used by teachers and students. Teachers often help pupils with
homework and post assignments, tests or quizzes. Social networks also serve to foster
teacher-parent communication. Parents can ask questions without having to meet teachers
face to face. Finally, some people search for job opportunities with the help of social
networks. However, some users are worried about data theft and viruses. The problem is that
many people give out too much personal information that may be passed to third parties for
different purposes. To protect user privacy, social networks allow users to choose who can
view their profile or contact them. This prevents unauthorized users from accessing, adding,
changing, or removing personal information and pictures. To conclude, the popularity of
social networks is predicted to grow as more and more people find it easier to communicate
digitally. What is more, millions of people use them for business and educational purposes.
Unit 2
Speaking
Most people are convinced that a digital pet cannot substitute a real one. Others suggest
that digital pets are preferable for a number of reasons.
Some children keep digital pets instead of real ones for companionship or enjoyment. But a
lot of people doubt that the relationship with robotic animals can have a good effect on a
child.
I strongly feel that digital pets can never be compared with real cats, dogs and other animals.
They do not even have the same physical form. Instead of a cute little kitten or a funny
puppy, you have a palm-sized computer with a small screen. I doubt that feeding, washing or
playing with the digital pet may be interesting and rewarding. Nevertheless, some children
believe that their digital pets are really alive and they feel extremely unhappy if their virtual
cats and dogs fall ill or die. In addition, it is quite possible to become addicted to the digital
pet. Some children play with them when they should be doing something else, for example,
their homework. But some people believe that digital pets have a number of benefits. Firstly,
a relationship with the digital pet teaches children that their desires cannot always come first.
It can also teach boys and girls to be responsible because the digital pet requires constant
attention, otherwise it will "die". Secondly, having a digital pet is a good training before
adopting a real animal. Finally, digital pets can successfully substitute real ones for children
who cannot care for a real pet, such as those who suffer from allergies. To sum up, digital
pets are usually predictable and they cannot give us as much joy and satisfaction as real ones.
Anyway, parents should take into consideration all advantages and disadvantages before
buying a digital pet.

Unit 3
Speaking

186
Today robots perform quite a lot of jobs nowadays. However, many people are worried
about computers doing the same things that people can do and believe that the
consequences may be unpredictable.
In the 90s and early 21st century research in Artificial Intelligence achieved its greatest
success. Today clever machines are taught to think and make decisions. To my mind,
computers and robots are very helpful. There are more and more jobs which humans leave to
robots such as exploring other planets, defusing bombs or just doing boring household chores
like cleaning. Computers can perform a lot of functions: they can control cars and planes,
provide us with the latest news or compose music. Many factory jobs are performed by
industrial robots nowadays. It has led to cheaper production of various goods, including
automobiles and electronics. Artificial Intelligence has successfully been used in a wide
range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific
discovery and toys. However, there are some reasons to worry about robots. Firstly, the use
of robots in industry leads to unemployment as many jobs are performed by machines.
Secondly, industrial robots can be dangerous and cause harm to human workers. Besides,
many people fear that highly intelligent robots may take over and destroy the human race.
There are a lot of books and films about people losing control over clever machines that
begin to kill their creators. But I believe that today we should not worry because robots are
still clumsy and not very intelligent. To conclude, Artificial Intelligence serves to help people
and make their lives easier. That is why I think that we should promote research in Artificial
Intelligence. But people must be careful and pay more attention to security.

Unit 4
Speaking
Some people say that it is impossible to work without inspiration. Others say that
inspiration is not essential.
People of different professions have been looking for inspiration for centuries. But we still
don't know what inspiration is and where it can be found. Many people wonder whether
inspiration is important in our lives and what makes us feel it.
In my opinion, inspiration is part and parcel of the creative process. In this state we are
capable of making discoveries, writing poems, inventing new things and making something
unusual. Every masterpiece of art, literature, music or architecture has been created thanks to
inspiration. This wonderful feeling has nothing in common with mediocrity, boredom or
idleness. When I feel inspiration, I can work for many hours running and I never feel tired or
bored. On the contrary, I am full of energy and enthusiasm.
However, some people say that they have no inspiration. They consider their lives to be
monotonous and say that every day is exactly like the previous one. Working, saving,
planning, bringing up their children, doing household chores — these are the daily aspects of
their lives. But I think that inspiration is everywhere and it lives in every soul. Sometimes
looking at the rising sun, falling leaves or smiling children we feel the desire to create. Many
things can inspire us and fill our head with new ideas and thoughts.
To conclude, only love of their work and inspiration can make people create beautiful and
unusual things. Inspiration is very important because it makes us work, think, search, create
and express ourselves. In other words, it makes us live.

Unit 5
Speaking

187
Some people say that online education is an excellent alternative to traditional
education. But other people believe that virtual education cannot substitute traditional
one.
Online education is rapidly increasing thanks to the development of computer technology. It
is intended for those who can't attend classes and communicate with the teacher face to face.
Education is delivered via the Internet, multimedia resources or videoconferencing. Teachers
and students communicate by exchanging electronic media or in real time. Personally, I think
that online education is especially convenient for disabled people and for those who want to
work and receive higher education simultaneously. You don't have to attend classes and you
can plan your day as you want. In my opinion, receiving education online may be rather
interesting. Some universities offer online student support services, such as online advising
and registration, e-counseling, online textbook purchase and even student newspapers.
However, a lot of people think that online learning is not as effective as traditional education.
Firstly, students don't have an opportunity to communicate with their teachers and group-
mates face to face. If they want to ask a question or to receive some additional information,
they have to send an e-mail and wait for the teacher's answer. Secondly, it is rather difficult
for teachers to control students' knowledge, to evaluate their progress, to appreciate their
abilities and to find an individual approach to everybody.
To conclude, I think that online learning is a wonderful opportunity to receive higher
education for some people, although computer-based activities will hardly be able to replace
practical or classroom-based situations.

Mid Test

Speaking
Teamwork skills have become highly valued by employers. However, some people say
that sometimes teams cannot work successfully.
Nowadays more and more employers demand teamwork skills. Good collaboration by team
members helps achieve goals. However, bad collaboration leads to unsuccessful performance.
So what are the pros and cons of teamwork? Personally, I think that the more people there are
in a team, the greater productivity is. Team members can communicate, exchange their ideas
and share their experience and skills with each other. If a company has a team full of creative
people who complement one another, then achieving the goal is far more likely. To my mind,
every team member should be able to make the right decision. A well-considered decision
will lead the team to success. But not everybody can work effectively in a team. Some people
put their own needs first and do not think of the common goal. Others cannot acknowledge
and appreciate the contributions of other members of the team. Quite a lot of employees try to
impose their ideas on others, or look down on other people. They are reluctant to cooperate or
seek advice from other members. Furthermore, some people cannot maintain good
relationships with their colleagues and handle criticism and complaints appropriately. As a
result, such individuals find it difficult to work with other team members and the team will
not be able to succeed. But I strongly feel that it is very important to develop teamwork skills
because they can help employees make a career. To conclude, I believe that the success of the
team depends on its members. That is why every employee must do their best to help the
team succeed.
Unit 6
Speaking

188
Some people say there's nothing better than reading a good book, while others would
rather watch its film version. They claim that books will be replaced by television and
cinema in the near future.
Personally, I'm fond of reading. Books educate and entertain us, bring past centuries to life
and help us understand our deepest dreams and fears. To my mind, a book is one of the
greatest wonders in the world. It gives us a unique chance to link up with authors who lived
hundreds and thousands of years ago. Through reading books we hear their voices and
understand their thoughts and feelings. Reading stirs our imagination, creates colourful
pictures of the described characters and events in mind, transfers to other countries,
continents or even to other worlds, introduces to amazing people who live exciting lives,
makes us laugh and cry. We can travel to wild jungles and deserts, to hot Africa and cold
Arctic.
However, some people don't read at all or read very little. They say that they are too tired
after hard working day and can do nothing but watch TV. Some people say that they have
little spare time and that is why they prefer watching a film to reading a book. What is more,
watching a film is much easier than reading a book because you don't have to use your
imagination.
To sum up, it's up to you to decide whether to read a book or watch its film version. But I'm
sure that no screen version can be better than a book itself and it can't substitute a special
silent conversation with the author.
Unit 7
Speaking
The popularity of extreme sports has grown a lot for the last decades. More and more
people are getting involved in this activity. Others are sure that it is silly to risk their
lives.
Extreme sports are becoming more and more popular. Some people say that they can't
imagine their lives without them. However, others don't understand what compels some
individuals to extreme sports.
In my opinion, extreme sports give one a wonderful opportunity to release stress, escape from
the daily grind and get a portion of adrenaline. Those people who are involved in extreme
activities say it makes them forget about their problems. Besides, it is always great to take up
something new. I believe it's really difficult to think about ordinary things when you have to
survive. It makes people feel strong and alive. What is more, it is also an unusual way of
losing weight and keeping fit. But some people think that taking up extreme sports is crazy as
it often involves a high level of danger. They admit that they are afraid of diving from a plane
or jumping from a bridge. Indeed, it is not a task for the weak hearted. It requires endurance
and reliance on your own survival skills. Extreme activities often involve speed, height and
physical exertion. Besides, you will need a certain amount of money to pay for highly
specialized gear and a professional instructor.
To sum up, it's up to you to decide whether to risk your life or not. Some extreme activities
are so dangerous that people compare them with virtual suicide. Others say that the
experience is magical. But you should always remember that your life and your health are the
most important things.

Unit 8
Speaking
A lot of people believe that it is impossible to get rid of poverty. Others say that poverty
can be reduced.

189
Nowadays millions of people live in poverty. They are deprived of common necessities such
as food, clothing, shelter and safe drinking water. They also suffer from the lack of access to
opportunities such as education, information, health care and employment. I have always
wondered if it is possible to get rid of poverty. I strongly feel that it is not fair that the rich
live in luxurious houses and drive expensive cars, while the poor lack access to health
services, suffer hunger and experience mental and physical health problems. All people are
born equal. So why do they live in different conditions? To my mind, there must be more
poverty reduction programs as well as institutions dedicated to tackling poverty. In politics,
the fight against poverty must be regarded as the most important goal. Besides, developed
nations ought to help developing countries. However, it is not so easy to fight poverty.
Poverty may be caused by different factors including geographic factors, unemployment,
overpopulation, war, discrimination and many others. So if we want to reduce poverty, we
must solve a lot of global problems first.
To sum up, the problem of poverty remains unsolved nowadays. Governments must take
some urgent measures to fight poverty because it often goes hand in hand with crime.
Anyway, poverty must be reduced for reasons of justice and security.
Unit 9
Speaking
Some people consider hitch-hiking to be the best way of travelling. Others think that
hitch-hiking is dangerous.
Hitch-hikers travel by getting rides in other people's cars. When they want drivers to give
them a lift, they stand on the roadside and raise their hand or put out their thumb. Most hitch-
hikers also carry a sign with the name of the place they want to go to. But is it safe to travel
in such a way? Personally, I think that hitch-hiking is a unique opportunity to see different
cities and countries. This way of travelling is for enthusiastic people who want to reduce their
road expenses. If you want to travel but have no money, hitch-hiking is a single way out.
Hitch-hiking will help you get where you want to go for nothing. But nowadays hitch-hiking
is less common than it used to be some years ago. There have been cases when hitch-hikers
were attacked or killed. That is why people, especially young women, should avoid hitching
alone. It is also necessary to be friendly and polite with drivers in order to avoid conflicts.
Besides, a lot of people say that hitchhiking is not for those who like comfort. Sometimes you
will have to walk, that is why you should travel light. You should also prepare for your trip
beforehand. You should have a good idea of how to get where you are going and be informed
about road conditions and weather forecast. To sum up, hitch-hiking is both exciting and
dangerous. Anyway, if you have decided to hitchhike, you should consult other people and
ask them to share their impressions.
Unit 10
Speaking
Some people think that graffiti is an art form, while others say that it is vandalism.
Nowadays graffiti can be seen in the subway and on the walls of many buildings. Some
people, especially teenagers, enjoy examining these drawings. But not all people like graffiti
and recognize them as an art form. I think that graffiti is definitely art. They are so popular
nowadays that these drawings can be seen in some museums and art galleries. Graffiti vary
from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings. One can see graffiti on many websites,
in fashionable magazines and on clothes and toys. Some graffiti artists get thousands of
dollars for their paintings. To my mind, this form of art gives young people an opportunity to
express their feelings and to demonstrate their skills. However, a lot of people say that graffiti
is the work of vandals. They claim, that it is silly and aggressive and it makes cities ugly.
Graffiti are sometimes revolutionary, they often have a reputation as part of a subculture that
rebels against the authority. Besides, graffiti are still illegal in many places and punishable by

190
fines that is why most graffiti artists choose to remain anonymous. But in my opinion, if the
artists were given some place to practice their art, the attitude to graffiti would be different.
To sum up, nowadays graffiti has the status of "street art". Some paintings are really skillfully
made, while others are unsightly and spoil the view of the city. Personally, I like graffiti, but I
wouldn't like to see it everywhere.

Final Test

Speaking
People say that youth is the most wonderful period in a person's life. Others are sure
that young people face too many problems nowadays.
Many people are convinced that youth and happiness are synonyms. But an Arabian proverb
says: "Youth is a kind of illness cured only by the passing years". I have always wondered
why many people believe that youth is the most wonderful period in a person's life. Youth is
a very complicated period when young people are undergoing the painful transition from
childhood to adulthood. They are facing psychological problems that may cause aggression
and lead to the rejection of adult values and experience. Socially, many young people suffer
from such problems as poverty, unemployment, low incomes, or breakdown of the family. So
alcohol and drugs may become a kind of psychological or emotional escape for young
people. However, it would be wrong to say that youth is the most awful period in a person's
life. It is the time of parties, dates and entertainment. What is more, youth is the period of
many happy moments, thrilling experiences and wonderful discoveries. Young people don't
usually have as many responsibilities and duties as adults do. They don't have to work and
they can spend their time on studies, hobbies and entertainment. Youth is the time to make
friends and to fall in love. Besides, young people are usually active, enthusiastic and know
what they want. All in all, youth is a period which may be very complicated and happy at the
same time. It is impossible to protect young people from all problems and difficulties that
they have to overcome. However, it is necessary to support them and to help them use this
period fruitfully.

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