‘We have learnt that an electric current produces magnetic field and a varying magnetic field gives rise to an electric field. This brought together the phenomena of electricity and magnetism into a coherent and unified theory. After this discovery, Maxwell predicted variation of electric and magnetic field vectors perpendicular to cach other leads to electromagnetic disturbance in space. He also concluded that, electromagnetic waves could travel with the speed of light. This led him ro conclude thae the light itself is an electromagnetic wave. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES DISPLACEMENT CURRENT ‘Ampere’s circuital law states that, the line integral of magnetic field B around any closed path is equal iy times the vora current chrcading the closed path, $@ CHAPTER CHECKLIST _ © Displacement Current $B-d1=nol 0) axwelts Equations where, is the net current threading the surface hounded by a closed path C + Electromagnetic Waves Origin of Displacement Current Flestromagnetic Spectrum According t Maxwell, the Eq. (i) is logically inconsistent. With the help of following observations, it explained the same. He considered a parallel plate capacitor having plates A and B connected to a batcery L, through a tapping key K. After pressing the key K, the conduction current flows through the connecting wires and the capacitor starts storing charge. As the charge on the capacitor grows, the conduction current in the wire decreases. When the capacitor is fully charged, the conduction current stops flowing in the wire. But during the charging of capacitor, there is no conduction current between the plates of capacitor. Let at an instant during charging, / be the conduction current in the wires. This current will produce magnetic field around the wires which can be detected by using a compass needle.& Circuit diagrams showing the inconsistency of Ampere'scruita law ‘Afict this, the magnetic field was found out at point £, ‘which is ata perpendicular distancey from connecting wire, in a region outside the parallel plate capacitor. For this, a plane circular loop C;, of radius r is considered. Its centre lies on wire and its plane is perpendicular to the ditection of current catrying wite (see Fig. (a)). The magnitude of magnetic field is same at all points on the loop and is acting tangentially along the circumference of the loop. IF B is the ‘magnitude of magnetic Feld ar F, chen by using Ampere’ circuital law for loop Cy, we get $841 —§ Bal cosd= Bx 2Rr Uy! Bot 2mr Now a different surfacs, i.e. a tiffin box surface is considered. This surface is without lid with is circular rim, which has the same boundary as that of loop C, {see Fig. (b)] On applying Ampere’scireuital aw to loop C, of this sifin surface, we get §B-dl=8-20/=1, x0=0 > (ii Gi) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), it has been noticed that there isa magnetic field at E calculated through one way and no magnetic field at, calculated through another [Link] this contradiction arises from the use of Ampere’ circuital law, hhenee, Ampere’s cicuital law is logically inconsistent. Basic Idea of Displacement Current Since, Ampere’ circuial law for conduction current during. charging of a capacitor was found inconsistent. Maxwell argued that the above inconsistency of Ampere’ circuital lavr is because of some missing term, That term must be related to a changing clectrc field which passes through surface 5 between the plates of capacitor during charging, So, Maxwell introduced this missing term, i dlispkicement current, in order to make Ampere’ citcutal law logically consistent. Displacement current is. that ccurrear which comes into play in the region in which the clectric field and che electric flux is changing with time. doe) i, Displacement curren, | fy =e <2 ‘Ampere’s circuital lav (ge dl= tol oss modified to ([Link] where, J, = conduction current and J, = displacement Ie is called modified Ampere's circuital law or Ampere Maxwell's-circuital law. ‘Therefore, modified Ampere'scircuital law may also be apo fa-cton,(1,re%]| TThe inferences can be drawn from the abeve diseussion as given below (i) The conduction and displacement currents are individually discontinuous, bur the currents together possess the property of continuity through any closed electric circuit. (ii) The displacement current is precisely equal to the conduction current, when the two present in different parts of the circuit. il) The displacement current arises due to rate of change of electric flue (oF electric field) between the two plates of the capacitor. (iv) Just as the conduction current, the displacement current is also the source of varying magnetic field. EXAMPLE [1 Inan electric circuit, there is a capacitor of reactance 100.2 connected actoss the source of 220V. Find the displacement current. Sol. Since, displacement curent = conduction current ‘Therefore, * net EXAMPLE |2| In which way, you can establish an instantaneous displacement currant of 1.0 in the space between the parallel plates of 1 uF capacitor? Sol.» Displacemen bro, = EAL where, Eis electric field and A isthe area of= path ce ad at dt wots WN 1 ygeyet aC Thus, an instantaneous displacement current of 1A can bbe aot up by changing the potential difference across the paallel plates of capacitor at the rae of 10° Vs! MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS Maxwells equations are the basic laws of electicicy and magnetism. These equations give complete description of all electromagnetic interactions. Maxwell on the basis of his, equations, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. ‘There are four Maxwell's equations which are explained as, given below Gauss’s Law of Electrostatics “This law states that, the total electric flux through any closed surface is always equal to = times the net charge enclosed by that surface. It is given by ‘This equation is called Maxwel’s first equation. Gauss’s Law in Magnetostatics ‘This law states that, the net magnetic flux through any’ closed surface is always zero. Ic is given by fusas=0) This equation is called Maxwell's second equation. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction ‘This law states that, the induced emf produced ina circuit is numerically equal to rate of change of magnetic flix through it It is given by ee 2 This euton cll Marval id eqetion. fea Ampere-Maxwell’s Circuital Law This law states that, the line integral ofthe magnetic field along a closed path i qual to times the toal current {ie tom of conduction curent and displacement current) threading the surface bounded by that closed. path, Iris given by §o-at=n4{2. +E $e) jon is called Maxwell's fourth equation. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ‘These waves are produced due tothe change in electric field E and magnetic field B sinusoidally and_ propagating through space such that, che two fields are perpendicular t0 each other and perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, Source of Electromagnetic Waves ‘An oxillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an oscillating electric field in space, which produces an oscillating magnetic field, which in tum produces an oscillating elecuic fields and so on. The oscillating clecric and magnetic fields regenerate each other sa wave which propagates through space. ‘The frequency of EM wave is equal ro the frequency of oscillation of charge, i. 1 ~ Riel Electromagnetic waves are also produced when fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped by metal carger of high atomic number. These electromagnetic waves are called rays. ‘Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves It can be shown from Maxwel’s equations chat eletrie and magnetic fells in an clecttomagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation. Ie was seen in the discussion of the displacement eurzent also, Ife would considera parallel place capacitor [refer 0 figure on page 330], che E inside che parallel plate capacitor wwas directed perpendicular tothe plates. Also, the B which sive tise co the displacement curtent was parallel w the Capacitor. Thus, E-and B were perpendicular in that case But, this observation isa general Feature. x _Drecson ot wave propagation plane EM wave traveling along Z-axisIn the above figure, we sce that permanent curve shows clectic field E which is along x-ditection and dowed curve shows magnetic field B which is along y-direction and the wave propagates along z-direction. Both E and B vary sinusodially and become maximum at same position and Since, in clectromagnetic wave, E and B are mutually perpendicular to cach other,” so they are transverse ‘The EM wave propagating in the positive z-direction may be represented by the following equations Here, =F, = F sin (ke =) Bysin(kz 0) mA, (0. = wavelength) = frequency] amplitude of varying electric field and plicude of varying magnetic field Important Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves Important characteristics of EM waves are listed below (i) The electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charge. (i) These waves do not require any material medium for propagation. (Gii) These waves travel in free space with the speed of light G x10! ms“), given by the relation Inftety Ie means that light waves are clectromagnetic in nature. (iv) Speed of electromagnetic wave in 2 medium is given by, » =1/ Jue, where € and pare the permittivity and magnetic permeability of a material medium, respectively. This means, the speed of EM wave in a ‘medium depends on elecuic and magnetic properties, of a medium. (©) The direction of variations of electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular w cach other and abo perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, TThus, electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. (i) In fre space, the magnitudes of lectricand magnetic fields in electromagnetic waves are related by Eq 1By =e. (ii) The energy in electromagnetic waves is divided, on an average, equally between electric and magnetic fields. U. =U, where, U, and Uy (ill) The energy density (energy per unit volume) in an sncrgy of electric field energy of magnetic field, dlectie field E in vacuum is eek? and that in rnagnetic eld Bis =, ener eld Bis cexgy anrianl with an cloctronnaguetc wave fiven by Leta eine ako uy = 4e £2 = 2 photo a (Gx) Electromagnetic waves, being uncharged, ate not deflected by clectric and magnetic fields. (4) The electromagnetic wave like other waves carries ‘energy and momentum, Since, it has momentum, an electromagnetic wave also exerts pressure called radiation pressure. If wave is incident ona completely absorbing surface, then momentum delivered is given by u momentum, 7 Note Light cartes energy from the sun tothe earth, thus ‘making We possible on the earth (i) Electromagnetic wares are polarised and can be easily seen in the response of a portable AM radio to a broadcasting station, [Fars AM radio has a telescopic antenna, it responds to the electric part of the signal. ‘When the antenna is turned horizontal, the signal will be greatly diminished EXAMPLE [3] An electromagnetic wave is travelling in vacuum with a speed of 3x 10°m / s, Find its velocity ina medium having relative electric and magnetic permeability 2 and 1, respectively. Sol. Gives \elocity of electromagnetic wave in vacuurn, e=3x10'm/s Relative electric permeability, & and magnetic permeability, , =1 Since, velocity of electromagnetic wave in a medium can, be caleulated bytt * Teena, Veto Tee, ‘i ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The orderly arrangement of EM waves in increasing or decreasing order of wavelength A. or frequency is called electromagnetic spectrum. The range varies from 107-?'m 10 10m, ice. from Y-rays to radio waves. Microwaves ‘These waves are called short wavelength radio waves which are produced by vacuum tubes. Their frequency lies in the range of 1 GHz ro 300 GHe (gigahertz). Uses of microwaves ate given below (i) These are used in RADAR systems for aircraft navigation (ii) These are used in microwave oven for cooking, purpose, ‘These are used in study of atomic and molecular (iv) These are used to measure the speed of vehicle, speed (of cricket ball, ete Fg cae Infrared Waves 10 tos ‘These waves were discovered by Herschell. These waves are oe ounmeme dh alko called heat waves. These waves are produced from the toa] ox hese mcinting bie and molecles 108} we / 108 wy con} They have high penetration power. Its frequency range is 3} — meee —{ ee fiom 3x10!" He 4x 10" He 4 vate i t-~ —} Green tow os Uses of infrared waves are given below tos tons he son i) These are wed in physical therapy. el ‘ vow yi PY ‘on coro —f [FIOM com (ji) ‘These are used in satelite for army purpose olf emtewnes EN orenge “These are used in weather forecasting 108] | }essin antruraco-{} Pio) esr (iv) These are used for producing dehydrated fruits. 1% reso 109 es (0) These are used in solar water heater, solar cells and 108 sof cooker. (el satounee — orm e e Visible Rays io Electromagnetic spectium with common narnes for various pats of it ‘The wavelength ranges, frequency ranges and use of various regions of electromagnetic spectrum are surnmarised below Radio waves ‘These are produced due co oscillating charge particles. ‘The frequency varies From 500 kHz to 1000 MH. Uses of radio waves are given below (@) These are used in AM (Amplitucle Modulation) from 530 kHz to 1710 kHz, These are also used in ground wave propagation, (i) These are used in TV waves ranging from 54 MHz10 890 MHe. Gi) These are used in FM (Frequency Modulation) ranging from 88 MHz to 108 MHz. (is) UHF (Clea High Frequency) waves ate used in cellular phones. Ic is that part of spectrum which is visible by human eye and its frequency range is from 4x10" Hz wo 7x10" Hi Uses of visible rays are given below sible rays are used by the optical orgens of humans and als for three primary purposes (i) To sce things, avoid bumping from them and escape danger. To find stuff ro cat. i) To find other living things with which to consort so 4s t0 prolong the specs. Ultraviolet Rays ‘These ays were discovered by Rite in 1801, These rays are produced by special lamps and very hr bodes. The sun is an importne source of UV-rays but fortunately absorbed by zone layer at an akitade of about 40:30kr. les Frequency range is fom 10" He co 10" He,Uses of ultraviolet rays are given below (i) These are used in burglar alarm, (ii) ‘These are used in checking mineral sample. (ii) ‘These are used to study molecular seructure (iv) To kill germs in minerals. (©) To sterlise surgical ins (vi) These rays can be Focussed into very narrow beams for high precision applications such as LASIK eye surgery. X-Rays “These rays were discovered by German professor Roentgen Its frequency range is from 3 X10" Hz to3 x 10” He. Uses of X-rays are given below (These are used in surgery to detect the fracture, dliscased organs, stones in the body, ete. (ii) ‘These are used in engincering to detect fault crack on bridges, testing of welds. (iii) These are used at metro station to detcet metal or explosive material, (iv) These are used in scientific research, Gamma (7) Rays ‘These rays were discovered by Rutherford. They eravel with the speed of light and having high penetration power. The frequency ranges from 3 x 10" Hz wo 5 x 102 He. ‘Uses of gamma (7) rays are given below (i) These are used to produce nuclear reaction. (ii) These are used in radio therapy for the treatment of tumour and cancer fi microorganism, ‘These are used in food industry wo kill pathogenic (i) These are used to provide valuable information about the structure of atomic nucleus. Different Types of Electromagnetic Waves Type Wavelength Production ange Rede > 0.1m Rapid ccoleration wave ‘nc decelrations of Slecrons fn aera Microwave Oa mia Kiysron vate or ‘mm. magnetron vave inkared—_Immta Vibraton of some wave 700m and molacuoe Ugh TOOnmie Electors i atoms Zoarm emit ight when they ‘move rom higher energy lve toa ‘wer eneray level Detection eceivere aerale Point sods: Thermmoptes Dolometer,Inirared photographic fm The eye Protctes, Photographic fim Utavilet 200 rm to. Inner shal elecirons Phetocals, fas Thm inalomsmevng Photographie from Figher energy fm level toa lower seneigy level Xeaye—Tamte Kray tubes or inner Photographie lnm — sheleecrons fim. Geiger tubes, lonsation chamber Gamma <10"rm Radioactive decay Photographic rays ofthe nuctsus ‘film, ensation chamber Note Tis EM spectrum and its properties nave been trequenty askod in previous years 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010. | CHAPTER PRACTICE | (SOLVED) OBJECTIVE Type Questions 1, Which statement represents the symmetrical, counterpart of Faraday’s law and a consequence of the displacement current ‘being & source of a magnetic field? (@) An electric field changing with time gives rise to ‘magnetic Held ()A magnetic fed changing with time gives rise to an elect Hild (6) An af changing with time gives rise tan tlectrie eld (6) An displacement carcent, changing with time ‘ives tise to an electric field 2. Alinearly polarised electromagnetic wave given as R= Ei cos(hzonis incident normally on a perfectly reflecting infinite wall lz =a, Assuming that the material ofthe wall {s optically inactive, the reflected wave will be given as GE, = £,(ks — 0) OE, = E,icom(ke +01) (OF, =~ Fyicoxke +o) (OE, =F,isimtz—or) 3. Radiations of intensity 0.5 Wm” are striking a ‘metal plate. The pressure on the plate is 0.166 x10 Nix? ()0332«10° Nm (o)0r11x10° Nin (008310 Nm4, Total energy density of electromagnetic ‘waves in vacuum is given by the relation ae a Lee? sdus? tise wy Leet etuye Opt Ol ateet HH Bien? Lope et © (@ dee 5. ‘The speed of electromagnetic wave in ‘vacuum depends upon the source of radiation (a) ineeases as we move from 7-rays to radio waves {b) decreases as we move fom y-rays to radio (0) is same forall of them {@) None ofthe above 6. One requires I eV of energy to dissociate a ‘earbon monoxide molecule into carbon and fonygen atoms. The minimum frequency of the appropriate electromagnetic radiation to achieve the dissociation lies in "NCERT Exemplar (by infrared region (@) microwave region VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 7. Acapacitor has been charged by aDC source. What are the magnitude of conduction and displacement current when itis Fully ‘charged? (a) visible region (6) ultraviolet region Delhi 2013, 8. The charge on a parallel plate capacitor varies asq = qgcos2nvt. The plates are very large and close together (area= And separatio Neglecting the edge effects, find the displacement current through the capacitor. CERT Exemplar 9. Avariable frequency AC source is ‘connected to a capacitor. How will the displacement current change with decrease in frequency? NCERT Exemplar 10. ‘The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. What isthe displacement current across its plates? Foreign 2016 Il, What are the directions of electric and magnetic field vectors relative to each other and relative to the direction of propagation of ‘electromagnetic waves? All India 2012 12. Acharged particle oscillates about its mean position with frequency 10° Hz, What is the frequency of electromagnetic wave produced by the oscillators? CERT B. “a 5. 16. 7. 18. 19. 20. In which directions do the electric and magnetic field vectors oscillate in an electromagnetic wave propagating along the X-axis? ‘All India 2017 How is the speed of electromagnetic waves in ‘vacuum determined by the electric and magnetic fields? Delhi zo17 Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum? ‘AML India 2017 ‘An electromagnetic wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify. Delhi 2014 To which pat ofthe electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency 5% 10""Hz belong? Al nia 2014 Name the type of electromagnetic wave used in food industry to will pathogenic microorganism. Also write its frequency range. ‘What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of ‘wavelength 10” m, red light of wavelength 6800 Aaand radio waves of wavelength 500m? NCERT Why are microwaves considered suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation? Delhi 016 Name the electromagnetic waves which, (@ maintain the earth's warmth and (ii) are used in aircraft navigation. Foreign 2012, Name the electromagnetic waves used in LASIK eye surgery and why? Name the electromagnetic radiations used for (a) ‘water purification, and (b) eye surgery. CBSE 2016 Why does microwave oven heats up a food item containing water molecules most efficiently? NCERT Exemplar SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 25, When an ideal capacitoris charged by a DC battery, no current flows, However, when an AC source is used, the current flows continuously. How does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement current? Delhi 2012 A capacitor made of two parallel plates each of the plate 4 and separation d, is being charged by an external AC source. Show that the displacement current inside the capacitor is the same as the current charging the capacitor. ‘Allindia 201327. (i) Anclectromagnetic wave is travelling in a ‘medium with a velocity v= vi Draw a sketch showing the propagation of the electromagnetic wave inaicating the direction of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields, (i) How are the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic felds Felated to velocity of the clectromagnetic wave? Delhi 2013, All dia 20000 28. Even though an electric field E exerts a force gE ‘ona charged particle yet electric field of an ‘electromagnetic wave does not contribute to the radiation pressure (but transfers energy). Explain NCERT Exemplar 29. Show that the radiation pressure exerted by an EM wave of intensity Jon a surface kept in 1 vacuums NCERT Exemplar 30. Poynting vectors is defined as a vector whose magnitude is equal to the wave intensity and whose direction is along the direction of wave propagation. Mathematically itis given by $= (Ex), Show thenature of Sversust_ graph. We NCERT Exemplar 31. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths vary as (9107 m Radio waves It is used in radio communication. (a) Infrared waves have frequencies lower than those of visible ight, vibrate not only the electrons, bat also the entire atoms or molecules in the structure of the surface, This vibration increases the internal energy and hence the temperature ofthe structure, which is why infrared waves are often called heat waves. Electromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave transfer a total energy U to a surface in time t, then, total linear momentum delivered to the surface 1s siven as, ®) where, ¢ is the speed of electromagnetic wave. In the given figure, I, is the displacement current in the region between two plates of parallel plate capacitor. ‘The magnetic field induction at a point in a region between two plates of capacitor at a perpendicular distance r from the axis of plates is given by= es Leet oes Ene Hass (Ene) (eo, = ERA] Heke 2M. Hater dE oar de 2 dt 34, ‘Yes, the ammeter will show the momentary deflection. This momentary deflection occurs die to the fact that the condueting current flows through connecting wires during the charging of capacitor. This leads to ‘deposition of charge at two plates and hence, varying tlectre fel of increasing nature is produced between the plates which in tur produces displacement current ln space between two plates, which maintals the continuity with the conduction current. holy i.e. Current inside the capacitor = Displacement current. do where, [y = fy SE y= et 35. Refer to text on page 328, 36. Radiant fuse density, A (eeR) a eteglEx | ont | 1g ERD Poo Suppose electromagnetic waver ar propagating song Seats be elec held vector of cectomapnet waves ie alg Fans and mac eid vector be along Zane Three Fa Fyeos (ke at) and RarBycos (vat) 1 1 » Lex m= 1 (&, x B,) cos? (rar) ie ne” S mcteg(E x B)= ce, [(E, x B,)le0s*(kx ~ ot) Average value of the magnitude of radiant flux density ‘over complete cycle, Sq netligx Bf Ef cova yd eget x = eee 37. Refer to text on page 330 38. () Refer to text on page 330 (ii) Refer to text on pages 332 and 333, 89. Refer to text on pages 332 and 333 40. () y-rays, Its frequency range is from 5x10 Hz 103 x10" He 41 a2 BES 47. (i) The thin ozone layer on top of stratosphere absorbs ost of the harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the ‘sun towards the earth. They include UVA, UVB and. UVC radiations which can destroy the life system on. the earth, Hence, this layer is crucial for human survival, (ii) Momentum transferred = Energy/Speed of light E ‘Thus, the amount of the momentum transferred by the electromagnetic waves incident on the surface is very stl. (9 yrrays, Its frequency range is from 3x10" He to 3x10°Hz (ii) Welders wear special glass goggles to protect the eyes from ultraviolet rays, (i) Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies, so they are called heat waves. They are used in physical therapy. weather forecasting, et () Microwaves ate suitable for RADAR systems that are used in aireraft navigation. These rays are produced by special vacuum tubes, mamely llystrons, ‘magnetrons and gunn diodes. (i) Infrared rays are used to treat muscular strain. These rays are produced by hot bodies and molecules. (i) X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine. “These rays are produced when high energy electrons are stopped suddenly on a metal of high atomic number Refer to text on pages $32 and 333, Refer to text om pages 332 and 333, ( Gamma rays has the highest-frequency in the electromagnetic waves. These rays are of the nuclear frigin and are produced in the disintegration of radioactive atomic nucle and in the decay of certain ‘subatomic particles. They are used inthe treatment of ‘cancer and tumours (ii) Utraviolet rays lie near the high frequency end of visble part of FM spectrum. These rays are used to preserve food stuff. The harmful effect from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can be life threatening and include premature aging of the skin, suppression, of the immune systems, damage to the eyes and skin, We know that, conduction current I, is equal to the displacement current I. ie T= 1g= 005A It exists across the capacitor plates, Refer to Example 2 on pages 329 and 230, (given) So, by applying a varying potential difference of 500V/s, we would produce a displacement current of desired value. Wetmowthat b= ea where, 6 =885 10" C* NnArea, A esxut var s a Ty = 885 x 10° 107 310% 27 LFA 49. Given, radius of plates, Separation of two circular plates, d em=i2 x10"? m Current,1=015.A (@ Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor, C where, A is the area of plates, 8854 107 x 3.14 (12% 10" #F ce hg pate fe pn = CV Ss Mat aT a = rece! wot os aC Boxe” 18710 Vis Thus, the rae of change of potentials 187 «10 Vis. (i) The dsplacement current is equal to the conduction (ii) Yes, Kirciho(Ts frst rule i valid because we take the ‘current to be the sum of conduction current and the displacement current BO. Given, radius of plates, R=6cm =6 10" m Capacitance of capacitor, (C= 100 pF =100 x10"? F Voltage of capacitor, V = 220 Frequency of capacitor, © = 300 rad/s () The rms value of current, Ig oP =69yA (Yea, the conduction current is equal to displacement current. (Gi) Given, the distance of point from the axis between the plates, 3an=3x10"' mn Radius of plates. em =6 107? m The magnetic fleld ata point between the plates, ter aan" > petty bu oak = his maximum value of current, thea T= Vln BE HE anx 10"? x 0.032 x 69% 10" Bex 006% 0.06 aco SL. E and B vectors must be in x and y-iirections ec sxi0! As we know, sx V 301 10m 52, Tor75 Mile band, Wevelength, 2, For 12 MHz band, Wavelength, .,=£= So, wavelength range is fim 25:10 40m. 53. Magnetic field, B= Bysinoot Given equation, Betz x10sin (1.20 x10" 2 ~ 50010) (On comparing this equation with standard equation, wegst Byai2 x10" T “The average intensity ofthe bear, ae 1 2x10")! x3x108 2 aman lynn W/mt 54) stntensty, 1 = Poerof le se = 100 (sn) +x) 14 Win? w 4x10 Win! aRtOF 55. Given, amplitude of the magnetic fed part of harmonic clectromagnetic wave, By = 510 aT = 510% 107 T Speed of light in vacuum, ¢ = £837. where, Ey is the amplitude of electric eld part of the Ee Boxa0 = 2, =158NIC ‘Thus, the amplitude ofthe electric field part of wave is 153NIC. Given. frequency of oscillation, v= 2x 10 He Speed of wave, ¢ = 310 mvs Plectrc field amplitude, 2, =48V/m (i) Wavelength of wave. he = axa! sxe vax 5108 (i) The amplitude of the oscillating magnetic feld, 8 eo aKIe 16x10 (ut) ‘The average energy density of electric feld, o As Putting the value of By in Eq. (i), we get teeta ii) Speed of electromagnetic waves, © a) Parting the value of cin i, we get Seg ot Bay ares (oy is average energy density of magoetc fd) “Ths the average energy density of the Eckl equals the average energy density of B fil Given, amplitude of an electromagnetic wave, £, =120NC Frequency of wave, v= 50 MHz = 50 10 Hz (i) Speed of light in vacuum, 40210" 1 =a0ar Angular frequency of electromagnetic wave, X 418% 50% 10" o=314x 10hrads ‘Wave number of electromagnetic wave, 310 108 e. axie Wavelength of electromagnetic wave, k Osradém, (W) Expression of eleteke fed, E= By sa (x 01) E 120 sin (1052-3. 1082) Expression of magnetic field Be B, sin (ke 0) B=4x 1077 sin ose —3.14x 10") 58. () The given equation signifies thatthe electromagnetic wave is moving along Yaxis and also in negative dtretion soit moves in ~} lection, (0) The electric part of electromagnetic wave in vacuum, Em [2.1c0s (08 y + (54x 102} Comparing with standard equation, E =, cov (ky +60), we get Angular frequency, = 5.4% 10" rad/s Wave number, k-=1rad/m The amplitude of the electric field pat of the wave, Ey = R1NIC n= suo € > hessm ii) Angular frequency, = 2ev ye 8 SKIRT axe 86x 10° He fy (oy Avene of magnetic feld, Ey_ 3d oa 03% 107° T (v) Expression forthe magnetic eld part of wave. B= By con ky + or}h BaLesx 0" cos y+ 54x10 Nk Ag = 029 em-K Amplit Be 59. Giver, Lets take, i = 107% Required absolute temperature, 029 2900K Let us take, 2.4 =5 10° cm for visible region, [Required absolute temperature, 029 dao 00 K = 6000 K Hence, we can find the temperature for other parts ofthe electromagnetic spectrum inthe same way. So, these ‘numbers tell us about the temperature ranges for which ‘temic vibrations can prodice these parts of clectromagnetic waves,GO. (i) This wavelength (21 em) corresponds to the radio (ii) This frequency (1057 MH2) also corresponds to the radio waves (short wavelength). (ii) As, T= 27 K Using the formula, 2,1 = b= 0.29 em-K dy em = 0.11 em 27 ‘This wavelength corresponds to the microwaves region of the electromagnetic spectrum, (iv) This wavelength lies in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. (0) Energy, E=14.4 keV = 144 x10! x1.6x10™ J Frequency of wave, E_Max 16x10 ho 66x 107 = 35% 10 He ‘This frequency lies in the X-ray region of the clectromagnetic spectrum. G1. Given, energy of photon, E = hv For trays Frequency of yrays, v= Energy of rrays, E = v= 66x 10 3x 10% =198x 10") x10" He pax" 16x10 The source of yxays is miclear origin For X-rays Frequency of X-rays, V = =1.24x 10° eV xa" He 6x 10 x 33 108 J 198 x 10% 16x10 1.24 x 10" eV ‘The retardation of high energy electron produces X-rays. Similarly, we can find for ultraviclet rays, visible rays, infrared rays, microwaves and radio waves. ‘They originate by oscillating current Energy of X-rays, E = hv: = 198% 10 Types of radiation Photon eneray rays 124 x 108 ev rays 124x 10" ev Uttraviolet rays 412 eV Visible rays 2.475 eV Infrared waves 4125 % 10 ov Microwaves 4125x107 ev Radiowaes —1.24x 10% eVSUMMARY = Displacement Current Vitien @ capacitors charged, then ‘electric tela is produced due to flow ol current inside it Ths ‘current callec displacement curent. tis given by ~ ate a «= Basic Idea of Displacement Current Ampere's circuit law for conduction curent during a charging of capector was, found to be rconsistent. Therefore, Maxwell modtied ‘Amoete's creuital by nveducing displacement current. = Maxwell's Equations Maxwell's equations aro the basic lane, ‘f electicity and magnetism = Gauss's Law in Electrosiatics The total electric fx through any dosed sutaces atvays equal 19 “-1mes he net change edeseay he sua, ie § a8 <2. = Gauss's Law in Magnetostatics The net magnetic flux trough any closed sutacsi alts a0 + Foraay's Law of EM! The ncicod am produced inact isrumericalyequlto erate of change of mage Buc tug ie pean at Ampere's-Manwell Cicultal Law Theline integral ofthe magnetic field along a closoé path ie oqual toy tos th total current treading the suriace Dounded by that closed path, Le PBdt-niye +4) Electromagnetic Waves These waves produced cue to change in electric feld and magnetic field sinusoidally and [propagates through space suc that the hwo tlelds are perpendicular io each other and algo to the direction of wave propagation. ‘Source of EM Waves Accelerating charges produces EM waves. Transverse Nature of EM Waves Since, the electric and ‘magnetic flelds in an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular 0 2acn other end also to the direction of wave propagation. Hence, electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. Electromagnetic Spectrum The orderly arrangement of EN wave in increasing o1 decreasing order of wavelength of ttequency is called electromagnetic spectrum. The range vaiies fromm 10-1? m to 10 m, ie. trom y-ays to radiowaves.CHAPTER PRACTICE (UNSOLVED) OBJECTIVE Type Questions 1. Out of the following options which one can be used to produce a propagating ‘electromagnetic wave? {@) Astationary charge () A charge less particle (e) Anaccelerating charge (@) A charge moving at constant velocity 2. If Band Brepresent electric and magnetic field vectors of the electromagnetic wave, the direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave is along [CERT Exemplar @E we (BxE Ex 3. ‘The range of wavelength of the visible light is (@) WAt10A ——(b) 4000 Atog000A {© 8000 Ato 10000 A (€) 10000 A to 15000 A 4. fey andy are the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space and « and\. are the corresponding quantities in the medium, the index of refraction ofthe medium interms of above parameter is may a(se) 5. The ratio of contributions made by the electric field and magnetic field components to the intensity ofan EM wave is NCERT Exemplar fen etn fois ea 6. Frequency of wave fs 610” Hs. The wave is (a) radiowave (0) microwave (©) Xray (@ None of these 7. Inthe following waves, which is not electromagnetic wave? @arays rays (Olnfiared rays X-rays 8. The largest wavelength of electromagnetic wave (@) X-rays (©) radio waves (ultraviolet rays (infrared rays Directions (Q. Nos. 9-12) In the following ‘questions, two statements are given- one labeled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below. (@) Both Assertion and Reason are true an! Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (0) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (0) Asscrton is true but Reason is false (@) Assertion is false but Reason is true 9. Assertion While applying Ampere's cireuital law to given surfaces with same perimeter, the left hand side §B-dl = oi) has not changed but the right hand side is zero. Reason No current passes through the surface. 10. Assertion We needed to do was to set up an AC circuit in which the current oscillate at the frequency of visible light ce, yellow Reason The above experiment demonstrates electromagnetic wave.11, Assertion An oscillating charge produces an ‘lecitic field in space, which produces an oscillating magnetic fied, which in turn, isa source of electric feld and so on. Reason The oscillating electric and magnetic field thus regenerate each other, so to speak, as the wave propagates through the space. 12. Assertion When the sun shines on our hand, we feel the energy being absorbed from the electromagnetic waves (our hands get warm). Reason Electromagnetic waves also transfer ‘momentum to our hand but because cis very large, the amount of momentum transferred is extremely small and we do not feel the pressure, Directions ([Link]. 13) This question is case study based question. Attempt any 4 sub-parts from this question. Each question carries 1 mark. 13. EM Wave Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. ie, electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation. Electromagnetic waves are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields. Diesen ot propagation — ‘The magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by B, = 2x10" sin(O0Sx08x +15 x10")7. (i) Whatis the angular frequency of wave? (@) 05x10" rads () 1510 rad 5 (@) 310° rads (@) 2x107 rads (Gi) What is the wavelength of the wave? @ ecm (b) 126m (©) 126m (@) 622m (Gii) What is the frequency of the wave? (@) 239 Gr () 28.9 Mts (©) 9 Glte (@) 203Miz jy) The maximum value of electric field is (4) 6108 Vin (©) 610" Vin“ (6) 6x10! Yen (@) 6vm™ {(v) Write an expression for the electric field? @) E, =60sin (05 x10 x+ 15 x10!" )Vin™ () Ey = 6 sin (05 % 102 x +15 x 10!) Van (OE, =60sin (05 x 03x + 15 x10" Vm"! (8) E, 60 cos (05 «10? x4 15 10") Vn! VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 14, 5. 16, 7. Depict the fields diagram of an electromagnetic wave propagating along positive X-axis with its electric field along Yeaxis, A capacitor is attached to a variable frequency of an AC source. What will happen. to the displacement current with the increase in frequency? ‘To which part of electromagnetic spectrum do the waves emitted by radioactive nuclet belong? What Is its frequency range? Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used in radar? Give its frequency range. How are electromagnetic waves produced by accelerating charges? Write two uses of infrared rays, Give the ratio of velocity of the two light \waves of wavelengths 4000A and 8000A travelling in vacuum. Mention one use of part of electromagnetic spectrum to which a wavelength of 2m {emitted by hydrogen in interstellar space) belongs What is common between difference types of electromagnetic radiations? Alaser beam has an intensity of 410" W/m? What will the amplitude of electric field in the beam? SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 23. Whena plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along y-direetion. Write the (0 ratio of the magnitudes and (i) the direction of its electric and magnetic 24. feld veetors. How are electromagnetic waves produced by oscillating charges? What is the source of the energy associated with the EM waves?25. Gamma rays and radiowaves travel with the same velocity in free space. Distinguish between them in terms of their origin and the ‘main application. 26. Aradio can tune into any station from 5.5 MHz to 16 MHz band. What is the corresponding wavelength band? 27. Green light of mercury has a wavelength 510" em, () What is the frequency in MHz and period in second in vacuum? (i) What is the wavelength in glass, if refractive index of glass is 5? 28. Name the electromagnetic radiation to which waves of wavelength in the range of 10"%m belong. Give one use of this part of ‘electromagnetic spectrum. 29. Find the wavelength of electromagnetic wave of frequency 5 x 10""Hz in free space. Give its two applications. LONG ANSWER Type I Questions 30. (a) Identify the part ofthe electromagnetic ‘spectrum used in (i) radar and (i) eye ‘surgery. Write their frequency range. (b) Prove that the average energy density of the ‘oscillating electric field's equal to that of the ‘oscillating magnetic field. 31. (a) We feel the warmth of the sunlight but not the pressure on our hands. Explain. () Which out of wavelength, frequency and speed of an electro-magnetic wave does not ‘change on passing from one medium to another? () Athin ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is crucial for human survival on earth, why? 32, (a) How are electromagnetic waves produced? Depict an electromagnetic wave propagation in z-direction with its magnetic field B ‘oscillating along x-direction, () Write two characteristics of electromagnetic 33, Name the constituent radiation of ‘electromagnetic spectrum which (9 is used in satellite communication, (4) 1s used for studying erystal structure. (Gi) is emitted during decay of radioactive uelei Write two more uses of each. 34. How are X-rays different from y-rays? Give a detailed description. | ANSWERS | 2@ 7) Lo aH 41 5 aw 8 w 9. (c) On applying Anpere’s cxcultal law wo such surfaces with the same perimeter, we ind that the left band side of equation § Ba =. 1(})has not changed but the right hand side is zero and not ig. Since, no current passes tough the surface 10. (0) We needed to set up an AC circuit in which the current oscillate atthe frequency of visible light, ic, yellow. The frequency of yellow light is about 6 10" He, while the frequency that we get even with modem electronic circuits is hardly about 16° He. This is why the experimental demonstration of fletromagnetie wave had to come inthe low frequency region (the radio wave region) as in the Herta’s experiment (1887) IL. (a) An oscillating charge produces an electri field in space, which produces an oseillating magnetic eld, Which in tum, ia source of electric field 12, (a) When the sun shines on your hand, you feel the ‘energy being absorbed from the electromagnetic waves (yout hands get wan). Electromagnetic waves alsa twansfer momentum to your hand but because ¢ is very Jarge, the amount of momentum transferred is extremely small and you do not feel the pressure 13. (0) (#) Comparing with given equation, we get 10" rad (Gi) (8) Comparing the given equation with magnetic field a4! ine tafie(EoE] ‘ (i) (9) As we know frequency Le, ¥= =——— v 4.5% 10") (an = 239 Gite Te {i) (9 According to Manwell equation, electric fe te, By=Re=2% 107 x 3% 108 ma" = 6x0! Vn (9 (0) The electric fed component ie perpendicular 10 the dizection of propagation and the diection of magnetic field Thertore, the electric fed Component along the Zaris is obtained as E, = 60 sin (0.5% 10?x + 1.5% 104) Vn*14, Anclectromagnetic wave propagating along positive “Xcanis with its electric field Yeats, will have ts ld along Z-exis, as shown below — Dieation at nave propagation 15, When frequency of AC source inereaes, then displacement current also increases 16. Gamma rays, its Frequency range is 310" He to 5104 He 17, Microwaves are used in radar systems of aircraft navigation Tis frequency range is 1 GHz (0300 GHz Or Refer to tex on page 380. (Gource of Flectromagnetic Waves) 18. Two uses of infrared rays are (in weather forecasting (i) in prodvetion of dehydrated fruits 19, As, light waves travel in free space or vacuum with the speed of light (3 10" ms“) irtespective oftheir ‘wavelengtns. So the ratio of velocity of given ight 20. Given, wavelength, i = 21 ¢m=021m ‘The range ofthe wavelength of microwaves is approximately 30cm to 1 mm, Thus, the given wavelength emitted by hydrogen interstellar space belongs to microwaves. These are used in RADAR systems for airera navigation. 21. Speed, in vacuum ll types of electromagnetic wave travels with same speed. ic.3 10" mis 22, We know that, Ey =sax9 x10" NIC 28, Refer to text on pages 330 and 331 24, Refer to text on page 330 (Gouree of Electromagnetic Waves) 25. Refer to text on pages 332 and 333 26. Here, y, =55 MHz = 55 x10" He 0515 x 10%m| 1875 em Hence, corresponding wavelengths of above frequencies are 545 m and 18.75, Tr (Frequency ofthe wane yaa em 3x10" mh ict 5x10 7 mis 28. ‘Refer to text on page 382. 29. Refer to text on pages 332 and 333 30. (a) () Microwave - 1 GHz to 300 GHz (a) Uteavilet (by LASIK eye surgery) 10" He to10!* Hz, (b) Refer to text on page $31 [Important Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves (vil) BL. Refer to text on pages 332 and 333, 82. Refer to text on page 321 33. Refer to text on pages 232 and 333 134, Refer to text on page 333,