Present Simple

I/You/We/They He/she/It
Afirmativa Write Writes
Negativa don’t write doesn’t write
Interrogativa Do … write? Does … write?
Resposta curta Yes..do / No…don’t Yes…Does / No…
doesn’t
Usado para:
•rotinas diárias ou ações que se repetem ( com advérbios de frequência: often, usually, always…)
My dad always listens to a podcast.
•hábitos
Tony checks his emails every morning.
•estados permanentes
Sally works as a website.
•horarios ( intenção de futuro)
The webinar begins at 2pm.
•verdades ou leis da natureza
The sun rises in the east.
•reviews, comentários ou narrações
This new smartphone takes excellent pictures and has a long battery life.

Present Continuous

I He/She/It We/You/They
Afirmativa ‘m writing ‘s writing ‘re writing
Negativa ‘m not writing isn’t writing aren’t writing
Interrogativa Am… writing? is…writing? are…writing?
Resposta curta Yes, …am/ No, Yes…is / No… Yes…are / No…
…’m not isn’t aren’t
Usamos para:
•ações que estão acontecendo agora, na hora que esta a ser falado
She is talking to her friend now.
•ações que estão acontecendo em torno do que esta a falar
My brother is staying with his friends these days.
•ações marcados no futuro (principalmente quando sabemos hora e lugar)
I’m meeting Sarah at 5pm.
•situações temporárias
My parents are spending some time in the country.
•situações que evoluem
More and more students are using the internet for their schoolwork.
•para demonstrar critica e incomodo
You are always talking too fast.

Present perfect

I/You/We/They He/she/It
Afirmativa have worked has worked
Negativa haven’t worked hasn’t worked
Interrogativa have…worked? has…worked?
Resposta curta Yes..have/ No…haven’t Yes…has / No…hasn’t
usamos para:
•descrever ações que começaram no passado e continuam até agora ( principalmente com
verbos de estado: be,have,like, know…)
We’ve been friends for 30 years.
•para falar de ações passadas que tem um resultado no futuro
My dad has spoken with the doctor and he feels relieved now.
•para ações que aconteceram em um tempo indeterminado no passado, em que a ação é mais
importante do que o tempo que aconteceu
Sarah has bought a new webcam.
•ações que foram completadas recentemente
The webinar has just finished.
•ações que acontecem no momento que é falado mas ainda continua
Amy has had two online lessons this morning.

Presentation Perfect Continuous

I/You/We/They He/she/It
Afirmativa have been working has been working
Negativa haven’t been working hasn’t been working
Interrogativa Have… working ? has … working?
 Resposta curta Yes..have / No… Yes…has / No…hasn’t
haven’t
usamos para:
•para enfatizar a duração de uma ação que começou no passado e continua até o presente.
We have been waiting to see a doctor for an hour.
•para uma ação que começou no passado e durou algum tempo, pode ter acabado ou não, mas
que tem um resultado no presente
Tony has been working hard all day and he is exhausted.
•para expressar raiva, irritação, aborrecimento ou critica.
The triage bot has been asking me questions for 30 minutes and it still hasn’t come up with an
answer!

Past Simple
I/You/He/She/It/We/They
Afirmativa talked/ spoke
Negativa didn’t talk/ speak
Interrogativa did… talk/ speak?
Resposta curta Yes..did / No…didn’t
usamos para:
•ações que aconteceram em um tempo específico no passado
Robert emailed me yesterday.
•hábitos passados
She wrote a weekly blog when she was younger.
•ações passadas que aconteceram uma imediatamente depois da outra
I picked up my phone and called my sister.
•ações passadas que não vão acontecer de novo
They created the first iPhone in 2007.

Past continuous
I/You/He/She/It We/You/They
Afirmativa was going were going
Negativa wasn’t going weren’t going
Interrogativa was… going? were … going?
 Resposta curta Yes..was / No…wasn’t Yes…were / No…
weren’t
usamos para:
•uma ação que estava em andamento em um determinado momento no passado (não sabemos
quando a ação começou ou terminou)
I was talking to Ann on the phone at 8pm last night
•uma ação passada que estava em andamento quando outra ação a interrompeu. Usamos o
passado contínuo para a ação em andamento (ação mais longa) e o passado simples para a ação
que a interrompeu (ação mais curta).
They were having a video conference when the lights went out.
• duas ou mais ações que estavam acontecendo ao mesmo tempo no passado (ações
simultâneas).
Henry was waiting to use the computer while his brother was writing an email.
•para fornecer informações contextuais em uma história.
It was a cold morning. It was raining and a freezing wind was blowing.

Past perfect
I/You/He/She/It/We/They
Afirmativa has written
Negativa hadn’t written
Interrogativa had…written?
Resposta curta Yes..had / No…hadn’t
usamos para:

• para uma ação que terminou antes de outra ação passada ou antes de um horário especificado
no passado.
The reporter published the story after he had spoken to his source. (Pretérito perfeito: tinha
falado antes de outra ação passada: publicado) The journalist had written the article by 2pm.
(Pretérito perfeito: tinha escrito antes de um horário especificado
no passado: 14h)
• por uma ação que terminou no passado e cujo resultado era visível em um momento posterior
no passado.
My dad was upset because he had heard some bad news.

Past perfect continuous

I/You/He/She/It/We/They
Afirmativa had been writing
 Afirmativa had been writing
Negativa hadn’t been writing
Interrogativa had…been writing?
Resposta curta Yes..had / No…hadn’t
usamos para:

Usamos o passado perfeito contínuo:

•enfatizar a duração de uma ação que começou e terminou no passado, antes de outra ação ou
de um tempo determinado no passado.
They had been waiting for a long time before the celebrity arrived at the press conference.
• para uma ação que durou algum tempo no passado e cujo resultado era visível no passado.
The reporters had been working hard all day and they were exhausted.

Future simple

I/You/He/She/It/We/They
Afirmativa will go
Negativa won’t go
Interrogativa will…go?
Resposta curta Yes..will / No…won’t
usamos para:
• para decisões na hora.
These wireless speakers look cool. I will buy them.
• para previsões futuras baseadas no que acreditamos ou imaginamos que acontecerá.
I think we will all work remotely in the future. Perhaps, people won’t use mobile phones in the
future.
• para promessas, ameaças, avisos, esperanças, ofertas, solicitações.
•para ações/ eventos/ situações que vão acontecer no futuro e não podemos controlar
It will be winter soon.

Future continuous
I/You/He/She/It/We/They
Afirmativa will be writing
Negativa won’t writing
 Negativa won’t writing
Interrogativa will…be writing?
Resposta curta Yes..will / No…won’t
usamos para:
•para ações que estarão em andamento em um momento futuro determinado.
This time tomorrow, i will be having a video conference with my colleagues.
•para ações que certamente acontecerão no futuro como resultado de uma rotina ou arranjo.
Sandra will be doing a course in IT this summer.
•quando perguntamos educadamente sobre os planos de alguém para o futuro próximo (para ver
se eles podem fazer algo por nós ou porque queremos nos oferecer para fazer algo por eles).
Will you be going to the office later? Can you give me a lift?

Connectors
•adição
and or also too in addition
either…or neither…nor both…and
•oposição
but however while on the other hand
although/ though/ even though in spite of/ despite
•razão e consequência
so consequently therefore because since as considering that seeing that as
a result
•finalidade
to/ in order to so that/ in order that
•tempo
when after while as before as soon as until/ till
•sequência temporal
first then next later finally
•mudança de assunto
by the way as for
•reformulação
in other words this/ that is

Infinitivo com to:

•exprimir propósito
Emma uses an app to search for job vacancies.
•depois de certos verbos que se referem ao futuro (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan,
promise, refuse…)
Tim hopes to study in England next year.
•depois de would like, would prefer, would love…, para exprimir uma preferência específica
I would prefer to have a job that really made a difference in the world.
•depois de adjetivos que exprimem sentimentos/emoções (happy, glad, sad, etc), vontade/falta
de vontade (eager, reluctant, willing, etc) ou que se referem ao caráter de alguém (clever, kind
etc), e dos adjetivos lucky, fortunate.
I'm reluctant to share too much personal information
•depois de too/enough.
The music venue is big enough to host 1000 people.
• para falar sobre um evento inesperado, normalmente usado com only.
She went to the lecture only to find out that it had already finished.
• depois de it + be + adjetivo/nome.
It was kind of you to lend me your book.
•com as expresses to tell you the truth, to be honest, to sum up, to begin with, etc.
To be honest. I don’t know what i want to do when i leave school.

Infinitivo sem to:

• depois de modal verbs.
You must study for your exams if you want to get into university.
• depois dos verbos let, make, see, hear e feel.
The teacher made her turn off her phone. MAS
usamos o infinitivo com to depois de be made, be heard, be seen, etc (passiva). She was made
to turn off her phone.
• depois de had better e would rather.
I would rather do an internship than go to university.

A forma continua (-ing form):

• como um nome.
Studying abroad can cost a lot of money.
•depois de certos verbos: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, deny, fancy, finish, start,
go (para atividades), imagine, mind, miss, quit, save, suggest, practise, prevent, etc.
Joe started working for a volunteer programe.
•depois de love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate, para exprimir uma preferência geral. Sandra
loves working with animals.
MAS para uma preferência específica (would like/would prefer/
would love) usamos o infinitivo com to. Sandra would love to work with animals when she finishes
her degree in zoology.
• depois de expressões como be busy, it's no use, it's no good, it's (not) worth, what's the use
of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, etc.
He has difficult deciding which course to apply for.
•depois de spend, waste ou lose (tempo, dinheiro, etc).
Kate spent two weeks preparing her speech.
•depois da preposição to com verbos e expressões como look forward to, be/get used to, in
addition to, object to, prefer to.
Peter objects to working for companies that aren’t eco-friendly.
• depois de outras preposições.
Sam is keen on working outdoors.
• depois dos verbos hear, listen to, notice, see, watch e feel para descrever uma ação
incompleta.
I heard the students talking about their career choices during lunch. (Ouvi uma parte.) MAS
usamos o radical com estes verbos para descrever uma ação completa. I listened to the students
talking about their career choices in class today. (Ouvi tudo.)

Irregular verbs
Grupo 1: A-A-A

cost cost cost

cut cut cut
hit hit hit
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
Grupo 2: A-B-B

bring brought brought

build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
fell felt felt
find found found
get got got
have had had
hold held held
keep kept kept
leave left leaft
lend lent lent
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
say said said
sell sold sold
send sent sent
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
tell told told
think thought thought
understand understood understood
win won won
dream dreamt dreamt
hang hung hung
learn learnt learnt
grupo 3: A-B-A

become became become

come came come
run ran run
Grupo 4: A-B-C

begin began begun

drink drank drunk
ring rang rung
sing sang sung
swim swam swum
speak spoke spoken
steal stole stolen
take took taken
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
know knew known
see saw seen
show showed shown
wear wore worn
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
draw drew drawn
ride rode ridden
Grupo 5: sem padrão fixo

be was have been

do did done
Word formation
•Podemos formar opostos de verbos adicionando prefixos:
un- (cover- uncover)
dis- (agree- disagree)
mis- (understand- misunderstand)
de- (code- decode)

•Podemos formar opostos de adjetivos adicionando prefixos:

il- (legal- illegal)
im- (possible- impossible)
in- (secure- insecure)
ir- (regular- irregular)

•Podemos formar nomes apartir de verbos adicionando sufixos:

-ance (attend- attendance)
-ation (alter- alteration)
-tion (recognise- recognition)
-ment (base- basement)
-sion (conclude- conclusion)
-ure (depart- departure)

Modal verbs

Can Habilidade, permissão I can speak English. /

Can I leave?
Could Habilidade no I could swim when I
passado, was 5.
possibilidade
May Permissão (mais May I go now? / It may
formal), possibilidade rain today.
Might Possibilidade (menos We might arrive late.
certa)
Should Conselho, sugestão You should study
more.
 Must Obrigação, dedução You must wear a
forte seatbelt.
Shall Oferecimento (mais Shall we dance?
formal, UK)
Will Futuro He will call you later.
Would Condicional, pedido I would go if I had
educado time. / Would you help
me?

The passive
sujeito + verbo “to be” (conjugado) + past participle (3ª forma do verbo)

Estruturas:

Tempo verbal Voz passiva Exemplo

Present Simple am / is / are + past The book is read by
participle many students.
Past Simple was / were + past The cake was eaten
participle by Tom.
Future Simple will be + past The room will be
participle cleaned tomorrow.
Present Continuous am / is / are + being + The car is being
past participle washed.
Present Perfect has / have been + past The work has been
participle done.

Como transformar ativa em passiva

1. Identifique o objeto da frase ativa (quem recebe a ação).
2. Traga esse objeto para o início da frase.
3. Conjugue o verbo “to be” no mesmo tempo da frase ativa.
4. Use o particípio passado do verbo principal.
5. O agente (quem faz a ação) é opcional e vem com “by”.

Tempo Exemplo ativa Exemplo passiva

 Present simple They write letters. Letters are written.
Past simple They answered Questions were
questions. answered.
Future simple They will call you. You will be called.
Present continuous They are painting a A house is being
house. painted.

by + agente- usado para dizer quem realiza ou o que é que realiza uma ação.
with + instrumento/ material/ ingrediente- usado para indicar o que o agente usou.