Electromagnetic Waves Edustudy point DESIGNED ByElectromagnetic Waves: EM waves are those waves in which electric and magnetic field vectors changes sinusoidally and are perpendicular to each other as well as at right angles to the direction of propagation of wave, Properties of EM waves:- + EMwoves are transvers innature. §—§ V/s" + These waves propagate through ® 1 5 2 space with speed of light, ¢ = T=—= = 3 X 10° m/s. (ois permeability of free space & £0 is permittivity of free space) Speed of EM wave ina medium is v = ue (uis magnetic permeability of a material medium & € is permittivity of material medium). Ei Also, = 5° (Eo & Bo are maximum values of electric and field). 0 The EM waves is divided equally between electric field and magnetic field vectors. The energy density in an electric field in vacuum is $£0E? 2 B And that in magnetic field B is —. Ho The electric vector is responsible for the optical effect of an EM wave. Energy crossing per unit area per unit time perpendicular to the directions of propagation of EM wave is called Intensity of EM wave. I= $eokee u Linear momentum of EM wave is P = ic Displacement Current: I+ is a current which produces in the region in which the electric field and electric flux changes with time. If E is the electric field in the region between the plates of the capacitor then- 6-2. 9A @ Eo o= QIA , is the Surface charge density on the capacitor plate whose area is A.where, = EA Therefore, ig = Displacement current Ampere - Maxwell Circuital law: fe dl = \to(ic + ia) Max ESCs 1, fEdA=9/2, (Gauss's Law for electricity) 2, BdA=0 (Gauss’s Law for magnetism) da, ; 3. $E-dl= (Faraday's Law) 4, PBAl= tf, +4 oie (Ampere ~ Maxwell Law) Source of EM Wave: An Electric charge at rest has an electric field in the region around it but no magnetic field. When a charge moves, it produces both electric and magnetic field. Tf the charge moves with a constant velocity, the magnetic field will not change with time. Tt can not produce EM wave. Maxwell found that, the accelerated or oscillating charge radiate EM waves. The frequency of EM wave is equal to the frequency of oscillation of charge, 1 meV Li The Equation of plane Progressive EM wave can be written as- Ex = E. Sin(kZ - wt)2 B, = B, Sin(KZ- wt) where, Z = Direction of propagation & K ==" Electromagnetic Spectrum: The Orderly arrangement of EM waves in increasing or decreasing order of wavelength (A) and frequency v is called Electromagnetic spectrum. Frequency. Wz Wavelength. m 10" 4 m 10" 400 nm) 10%] p-—Gamina ry 10” ro") VD xrays 10" oJ |e UE j ) 10 ——* : ae or | Ltatarea_____) s 550 ni 10” 4 5 10 10 1 10" | ia Pia i w |S ‘, oom 10 if Red 10° Long radio waves. 10! 700 am) 10 10 Microwaves © orange > Gamma Rays: - Wave Length Range: 10° to 107m, Production: by disintegration of atomic nuclei. Properties: Chemical reactions on photographic plates, fluorescence, ionization, diffraction, highly-penetrating and charges less. Uses: Provide information about structure of atomic nuclei, for the treatment of cancer disease,» X-Rays:- Wave Length Range: 10°"? to 10°°m. Production: by bombardment of high-energetic electrons on heavy target. Properties: All properties of Gamma Rays but less penetrating and more ionizing. Uses: Reveal structures of inner atomic electron shells and crystals, helps in medical diagnosis. » UV Radiation: - Wave Length Range: 10° to 4X107m. Production: by sun, electric discharge of gases. Properties: All properties of Gamma Rays but less penetrating, produce photoelectric effect. Uses: In detection of invisible writing, forged documents, finger print and to preserve food stuffs, make drinking water free from bacterias. > Visible light: - Wave Length Range: 4X107 to 7.8X107m. Production: Radiated by excited atoms in gases and incandescent bodies. Properties: Reflection, Refraction, interference, diffraction, polarization, photoelectric effect, photographic action and sensation of sight Uses: In all optical devices e.g microscopes, telescopes, camera etc. It is used to study molecular structure and arrangements of electrons in external shells of atoms. > Infrared Radiation Wave Length Range: 7.8X107 to 10%m, Production: from hot bodies. Properties: Heating effect, reflection, refraction, diffraction penetration through fog. Uses: In green houses to keep the plants warm, in infrared photography, for operating electronic devices by remote. > Microwaves: - + Wave Length Range: 10° to 10"'m. + Production: by oscillating currents in special vacuum tubes.+ Properties: Reflection, polarization. + Uses: In radar, long distance wireless communication via satellites and in microwave ovens. » Radiowaves: - Wave Length Range: 10°! to 104m. Production: weak radiation from AC circuits. Properties: Reflected by layers of atmosphere. Uses: In Radio and television transmission. KHATAM o- 68