N A’ VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 15.

8
Compiled by Mark Miller
[Link]

Last updated: April 5th , 2024

This is the authorized and definitive dictionary for Na’vi, the language created by Dr. Paul
Frommer for James Cameron’s film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are deri-
ved from, Dr. Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Na’vi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Na’vi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorization: parentheses such as «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show infix positions (for beginners), as in [t·a.R·on]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-
sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most, if
not all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known modal
verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depending upon
transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes
will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the
IPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that
variants, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morp-
hological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary num. = number

+ = leniting morpheme boundary ofp. = only for people
« » = infix morpheme part. = particle
adj. = adjective ph. = phrase
adp. = adposition pn. = pronoun
adv. = adverb prop.n. = proper noun
conj. = conjunction vtr. = transitive verb
c.w. = compound word vin. = intransitive verb
intj. = interjection vtrm. = transitive modal verb
inter. = interrogative vim. = intransitive modal verb
n. = noun sbd. = subordinated
nfp. = not for people

An English - Na’vi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provi-
ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estoni-

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an, German, Hungarian, Português and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations
in other languages available.

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the
IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary
was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the [Link] community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canon
lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixes
that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semantic
meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer

• M = The Movie
• JC = James Cameron
• G = The Avatar Games
• C = The Comics
• ASG = The Survival Guide
• PND = [Link]

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs approved by Dr.
Frommer are included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words,
which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer also legalized a few pronunciation errors
made during filming: these, like oìsss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved
words created by other sources for the Avatar franchise, like the Toruk show by Cirque du
Soleil and the Pandora attraction at Disney World. Other words suggested by the LEP and
language community have been approved as well. These additional sources are indicated as
follows: JC for James Cameron, CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zoë Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer, CdS for
Cirque du Soleil, D is for Disney (from Pandora - The World of Avatar) and G for the Avatar
Game. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
> >
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions ˆ have
ˆ beenˆ split ˆin
accordance with the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at’."k’E].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters ’ for ejective, and "for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,
let me know here or by email to mark@[Link], and I will correct them. As for version

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number, I’ll change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large
change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.
The Na’vi language is a work in progress, with contributions by many people. Very early
on, the Na’vi Community was graciously invited by Dr. Paul Frommer to participate in the
growth of the language. This rapidly became an international effort, made possible only by
the global reach of the internet. To my knowledge, a constructed language has never evolved
in this manner and the rapid growth and maturing of Na’vi would not have been possible
otherwise.
My role in the work of Na’vi is shepherd of the public face of the Na’vi language and sup-
port of its fans. However, I would like to recognize some particular individuals who’s assistan-
ce has been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is
Dr. Paul Frommer and his monumental effort in creating and expanding this amazing langu-
age. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for originally creating this document, with the note
that most of his work is still included here. Thanks also to Tuiq who created the automation
tools for the maintenance of this dictionary with its translations and variants. Finally, thanks
to everyone in the Learn Na’vi Community who are helping Na’vi to bloom!

- Mark Miller, et alia

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P

’a’aw: ["[Link]] P F adj. a few, several (Used ’ekxinum: [PE."k’[Link]] P F n. degree of tight-
with countable nouns in the singular form) ness, looseness (c.w. from ’ekxin tight and
’ak: [Pak^] P F intj. ow, ouch um loose)
’akra: ["[Link]] P F n. soil (fertile) ’ekxinumpe: [PE."k’[Link]] P F inter. how
’aku: ["P·a.k·u] P F vtr. remove, take away, take off tight, loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tight-
’al: [P·al] P F vtr. waste ness, looseness)
’ali’ä: [Pa."liP.æ] P F n. collar / choker ’em: [P·Em] P F vtr. cook
’ampi: ["P·am.p·i] P F vtr. touch ’emyu: ["[Link]] P F n. cook, cooker (derived
’ana: ["[Link]] P F n. hanging vine from ’em cook)
’ango: ["[Link]] P F adj. soft (of a sound) ’en: [PEn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in-
tuition
’anla: ["P·an.l·a] P F vtr. yearn for
’eng: [PEN] P F n. beak of a bird or animal
’are: ["[Link]] P F n. poncho, cape, shawl
’engeng: ["[Link]] P F adj. level
’asap: ["[Link]^] P F n. sudden shock
’en si: ["PEn "s·i] P F vin. make an informed guess
’asap si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. be shocked, be start-
(derived from ’en guess)
led (derived from ’asap sudden shock)
’eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious
’avun: ["P·a.v·un] P F vtr. save (time, food, etc.)
’etnaw: ["[Link]] P F n. shoulder
’aw: [Paw] P F num. one
’evan: ["[Link]] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived
’awkx: [Pawk’] P F n. cliff
from ’evengan boy)
’awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past) ’eve: ["[Link]] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived
’awlo: ["[Link]] P F adv. once from ’evenge girl)
’awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp ’eveng: ["[Link]] P F n. child
’awnìm: ["P·[Link]] P F vtr. avoid (c.w. from ’evengan: ["[Link]] P F n. boy (derived from
’ì’awn remain and alìm distance) ’eveng child)
’awpo: ["[Link]] P F pn. one individual ’evenge: ["[Link]] P F n. girl (derived from
’awsiteng: [[Link]."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w. ’eveng child)
from ’aw one and teng same, equal) ’evi: ["[Link]] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
’awstengyem: [[Link]."j·Em] P F vtr. bind / ’eveng child)
bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w. ’ewan: ["[Link]] P F adj. young
from ’awsiteng together and yem put) ’ewll: ["[Link]] P F n. plant
’awve: ["[Link]] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived "
’ewrang: ["[Link]] P F n. loom
from ’aw one) ’eylan: ["[Link]] P F n. friend
’ä’: [PæP] P F intj. oops! ’eylanay: [[Link]."naj] P F n. acquaintance (with
’älek: ["Pæ.lEk^] P F adj. determined the potential for becoming a friend) (derived
’änsyem: [Pæn."sjEm] P F adj. complete from ’eylan friend)
’ärìp: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. move ’eylyong: ["[Link]] P F n. pet (c.w. from ’eylan
’e’al: ["[Link]] P F adj. worst friend and ioang annimal)
’e’in: [PE."Pin] P F n. pod, gourd ’eyng: [P·EjN] P F vin. answer, respond
’e’insey: [PE."[Link]] P F n. drinking gourd (c.w. ’eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value
from ’e’in gourd and sey cup or bowl mi- eight)
nimally modified from naturally occurring re- ’i’a: ["P·iP.·a] P F vin. end, conclude
sources) ’ia: ["P·i.·a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
’efu: ["P·E.f·u] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive ’ipu: ["[Link]] P F adj. humorous, funny, amusing
’eko: ["P·E.k·o] P F vtr. attack ’it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
’ekong: ["[Link]] P F n. beat (rhythmic) ’itan: ["[Link]] JC,P F n. son
’ekxin: [PE."k’in] P F adj. tight ’ite: ["[Link]] JC,P F n. daughter

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 >
’itetsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. little daughter (term ’ongop: ["Po.N·op^] P F vtr. design (c.w. from ’on
of endearment) (derived from ’ite daughter) shape, form and ngop create)
’ì’awn: [P·I."P·awn] P F vin. remain, stay ’ongopyu: ["[Link]] P F n. designer (derived
’ìheyu: [PI."[Link]] P F n. spiral from ’ongop design)
’ìn: [P·In] P F vin. be busy, be occupied ’on si: ["Pon s·i] P F vin. shape, give shape (to so-
’ìp: [P·Ip^] P F vin. disappear, vanish, recede from mething) (derived from ’on shape)
view ’opin: ["[Link]] P F n. color
’llngo: ["[Link]] P F n. hip ’opinsung: ["[Link].s·uN] P F vtr. color, color in
’o’: [PoP] P" F adj. bringing fun, exciting (c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)
>
’ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance ’opinvultsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. crayon
’okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (deri- (c.w. from ’opin color and vultsyìp stick)
ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing) ’ora: ["[Link]] P F n. lake
>
’oktrr: ["[Link]] P F n. day of commemoration ’oratsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. pond, pool (deri-
" remembrance and trr day)
(c.w. from ’ok ved from ’ora lake)
’okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient) ’otxang: [Po."t’aN] P F n. musical instrument (ge-
(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story) neric term)
’om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta ’rrko: ["P·r.k·o] P F vin. roll
’ompin: ["[Link]] P F n. violet, purple, magenta " .p’om]
’rrpxom: ["Pr P F n. thunder
(derived from ’om purple) ’u: [Pu] P F n." thing (object, fact, abstraction)
’on: [Pon] P F n. shape, form ’ul: [P·ul] P F vin. increase
>
’ong: [P·oN] P F vin. unfold, blossom ’umtsa: ["[Link]] P F n. medicine
’onglawn: ["[Link]] P F n. exhiliration of first ’uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
bonding (c.w. from ’ong blossom and lawnol ’upe: ["[Link]] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
great joy) ’u thing and pe inter. marker)
’ongokx: ["P·o.N·ok’] P F vin. be born (c.w. from ’upxare: [Pu."p’[Link]] P F n. message
’ong unfold and nokx give birth to) ’ur: [PuR] P F n. sight, look, appearance

a: [a] P F,LN part. clause - level attributive marker alu: ["[Link]] P F conj. that is, in other words (deri-
afpawng: [a."fpawN] P F n. grief ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for
afpawng si: [a."fpawN s·i] P F vin. grieve (deri- appositions)
ved from afpawng grief ) alunta: [a."[Link]] P F conj. because, from the rea-
aho: [a."ho] P F vin. pray son
akrrmaw: [a."[Link]] P F conj. after (temporal) am’a: [am."Pa] P F n. doubt
"
variant of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time and am’ake: [am."[Link]] P F adj. sure, confident (c.w.
maw after) from am’a doubt and ke not)
akrrta: [a."[Link]] P F conj. since (temporal) vari- am’aluke: [am."[Link]] P F adv. without a
" (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
ant of takrra doubt (derived from am’ake sure, confident)
akum: [a."kum] P F conj. that (as a result) (de- amay: [a."maj] P F n. brook
rived from kum result) this form follows apxa: [a."p’a] P F adj. large nfp.
the result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum, asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (de-
nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that I rived from sim near, be near)
fell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’ asip: ["[Link]^] P F n. tall thin mass or pile of somet-
alaksi: [a."[Link]] P F adj. ready hing, tower
alìm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (de- atan: [a."tan] JC n. light
rived from lìm far, be far) atanvi: [a."[Link]] P F n. ray (derived from atan
alo: ["[Link]] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a light)
number of repeated or recurring actions atanzaw: [a."[Link]] P F n. forked lightning

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 (derived from atan light and swizaw arrow) aylaru: [aj."[Link]] P F pn. to the others (contrac-
atxar: [a."t’aR] P F adj. smell of living animals, as tion of ay+lahe–ru)
found around a watering hole aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
atxkxe: [at’."k’E] P F n. land from nga you)
atxkxerel: [at’."k’[Link]] P F n. map (c.w. from ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
atxkxe land and rel picture) from oe I)
au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-
aungia: [a."[Link].a] P F n. sign, omen
es)
awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayo-
aystampe: [aj."[Link]] inter. what men vari-
eng we)
ant of paystan
ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["[Link]] P F pn. they (derived
from po he, she) aystepe: [aj."[Link]] P F inter. what women vari-
ayla: [aj."la] P F pn. others, the others (animate or ant of payste
non-animate) variant of aylahe aysupe: [aj."[Link]] P F inter. what people variant
aylahe: [aj."[Link]] P F pn. others, the others (ani- of paysu
mate or non-animate) (derived from lahe ot- ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from ’u thing)
her) (never plural u)

eampin: ["[Link]] P F n. blue, green (derived emza’u: [Em."z·a.P·u] P F vtr. pass (a test), over-
from ean blue, green) come (c.w. from za’u come)
ean: ["[Link]] P F adj. blue, green eo–: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place)
ehetx: [E."Et’] P F n. excuse eolì’uvi: ["[Link]] P F n. prefix (derived
ehetx si: [E."Et’ si] P F vin. make an excuse, make from eo– before and lì’u word)
excuses (derived from ehetx excuse) ep’ang: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. complex
ekxan: [E."k’an] P F n. barricade, obstruction epxang: [E."p’aN] P F n. stone jar used to hold
ekxan si: [E."k’an s·i] P F vin. exclude, keep out, small toxic arachnid
bar (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc- etrìp: ["[Link]^] P F adj. favorable, auspicious
>
tion) ewktswo: ["[Link]] P F n. (sense of) taste (de-
rived from ewku taste)
ekxtxu: [Ek’."t’u] P F adj. rough
ewku: ["·Ew.k·u] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally)
eltu: ["[Link]] P F n. brain
eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right
eltu lefngap: ["[Link] lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer eyawrfya: [e."[Link]] P F n. right way (of doing
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic) something), correct path (derived from eyawr
eltur tìtxen si: ["[Link] tI."t’En s·i] P F vin. be correct, right and fya’o path, way, manner)
interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r eyk: [·Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead
brain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness) eyktan: ["[Link]] JC n. leader (derived from
eltu si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. pay attention, quit goo- eyk lead)
fing off (derived from eltu brain) eyktanay: [[Link]."naj] JC,P F n. deputy, general,
emkä: [Em."k·æ] P F vtr. cross (derived from one step down from leader (derived from eyk-
emza’u pass, overcome and kä go) tan leader)
emkäfya: [em."kæ.fja] P F n. ford, crossing (de- eykyu: ["[Link]] P F n. leader (typically tempora-
rived from emkä cross and fya’o path) ry, of a small group like a hunting party) (deri-
emrey: [Em."R·Ej] P F vin. survive ved from eyk lead)

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F

fa–: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of fìpo: ["[Link]] P F pn. this one person or thing (de-
fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell rived from po he, she)
faoi: ["fa.o.i] P F adj. smooth fìtrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day)
">
fayluta: [faj."[Link]] P F n. these words (contrac- fìtsap: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. each other (c.w. from
tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case) fìpo this one and tsapo that one)
>
fäkä: [fæ."k·æ] P F vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from fìtseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. here, this pla-
fäpa top and kä go) ce (derived from tseng place)
fäpa: ["fæ.pa] P F n. top fìtxan: [fI."t’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (de-
fäpyo: ["fæ[Link]] P F n. roof (c.w. from fäpa top rived from txan great, much)
and yo surface) fìtxon: [fI."t’on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived
fäza’u: [fæ."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come up, ascend from txon night)
(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come) fkan: [fk·an] P F vin. resemble in a sensory moda-
fe’: [fEP] P F adj. bad nfp. lity, come to the senses as
fe’lup: ["[Link]^] P F adj. tacky, in poor taste fkarut: ["fk·a.R·ut^] P F vtr. peel
(c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style) fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
fe’pey: [feP."p·Ej] P F vin. feel dread, expect so- fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
mething bad to happen, fear (with tsnì for thing fkeytok: ["fkEj.t·ok^] P F vin. exist (derived
dreaded) (ii) (derived from fe’ bad and pey from kifkeyti tok be in the world)
wait) fkip–: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
fe’ran: ["[Link]] P F n. flawed nature, something fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. from specified agent)
fe’ bad and ran intrinsic character or nature) fkxake: ["fk’·a.k·E] P F vin. itch
fe’ranvi: ["[Link]] P F n. blemish, deformi- fkxara: ["fk’[Link]] P F n. stress (mental or emotio-
ty, stain, flawed feature (derived from fe’ran nal feeling)
flawed nature, inherently defective) fkxaranga’: ["fk’[Link]] P F adj. stressful (de-
fe’ul: ["fE.P·ul] P F vin. worsen, get worse (c.w. rived from fkxara stress)
from fe’ bad and ’ul increase) fkxen: [fk’En] P F n. vegetable (food)
fekem: ["[Link]] P F n. accident (c.w. from fe’ fkxile: ["fk’[Link]] P F n. bib necklace
bad and kem action) flawkx: [flawk’] P F n. leather
fekum: ["[Link]] P F n. disadvantage, drawback, flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek
downside (c.w. from fe’ bad and kum result) flä: [fl·æ] P F vin. succeed
fekumnga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. disadvanta- flel: [fl·El] P F vtr. trick (someone), fool (someone)
geous (derived from fekum disadvantage, fleltrr: ["[Link]] P F n. April Fool’s Day (c.w. from
drawback, downside) " and trr day)
flel trick, fool
few–: [fEw] P F adp. across, aiming for the oppo- fleltu: ["[Link]] P F n. fool, sucker, mark, someone
site side of easily tricked (derived from flel trick, fool)
fewi: ["f·E.w·i] P F vtr. chase flew: [flEw] P F n. throat
fewtusok: ["[Link]^] P F adj. opposite, on the flì: [flI] P F adj. thin nfp.
opposite side (derived from few– across)(In flìnutx: [flI."nut’] P F n. thickness (c.w. from flì
casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok) thin and nutx thick)
fil: [fil] P F n. child’s toy, plaything flrr: [flr] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or
"
things)
fì’u: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from ’u
thing) fmal: [fm·al] P F vtr. sustain
fìfya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report
from fya’o path) fmawnta: ["[Link]] P F n. that news (contrac-
fìkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived tion of fmawn–it a)
from kem action, deed) fmetok: ["fm·E.t·ok^] P F vtr. test

8
fmi: [fm·i] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the fpomtokx: [fpom."tok’] P F n. health (physical)
subjunctive) (c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)
fmokx: [fmok’] P F n. jealousy, envy ofp.
fmong: [fm·oN] P F vtr. steal, rob fpomtokxnga’: [fpom."tok’.NaP] P F adj. healt-
fmongyu: ["[Link]] P F n. thief (derived from hful (physically) (c.w. from fpom well-being,
fmong steal, rob) peace, happiness and tokx body) nfp.
fnan: [fn·an] P F vtr. be good at fpxamo: ["fp’[Link]] P F adj. terrible, horrible, aw-
fnawe’: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly ful
fnawe’tu: [fna."[Link]] P F n. coward (derived fpxäkìm: ["fp’·æ.k·Im] P F vin. enter
from fnawe’ cowardly) fra’u: ["[Link]] P F pn. everything (derived from
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type ’u thing)
fnelan: ["[Link]] P F n. male (derived from fnel frafya: ["[Link]] P F adv. in every way (c.w. from
kind, type) fra’u everything and fya’o way)
fnele: ["[Link]] P F n. female (derived from fnel frakrr: ["[Link]] P F adv. always, all the time (de-
kind, type) rived from" krr time)
fnepe: ["[Link]] P F inter. which kind variant of fralo: ["[Link]] P F adv. every time, every instance,
pefnel each time (derived from alo time)
frapo: ["[Link]] P F pn. everyone (derived from
fnetxum: [fnE."t’um] P F n. allergen (derived
po he/she)
from txum poison)
frato: ["[Link]] P F part. superlative marker than
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal
all
fngä’: [fN·æP] P F vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth)
fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived
use the restroom, go to the bathroom "
> from trr day)
fngä’tseng: ["fNæ[Link]] P F n. restroom (on >
fratseng: ["[Link]] P F adv. everywhere (deri-
Earth) (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneself and
ved from tseng place)
tseng place)
fratxon: [fRa."t’on] P F adv. every night (derived
fngo’: [fN·oP] P F vtr. require, demand
from txon night)
fnu: [fn·u] P F vin. quiet, be quiet fraw: [fRaw] P F pn. everything
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she) is fine or OK (derived from fra’u everything
fpak: [fp·ak^] P F vin. hold off, suspend action and zo be well)
fpap: [fp·ap^] P F vtr. pound frir: [fRiR] P F n. layer
fpe’: [fp·EP] P F vtr. send frìp: [fR·Ip^] P F vtr. bite
fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial) frrfen: ["f·r.f·En] P F vtr. visit
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit "
frrtu: ["[Link]] P F n. guest, visitor
of "
fta: [fta] P F n. knot
fpivìl: [fpi."vIl] P F intj. hmm, let’s see, let me ftang: [ft·aN] P F vim. stop
think (derived from fpìl think and «iv» ftanglen: [ft·aN."l·En] P F vtr. prevent (c.w. from
subjunctive infix) ftang stop and len happen)
fpìl: [fp·Il] P F vtr. think fta si: [fta s·i] P F vin. knot, make or tie a knot
fpìlfya: ["[Link]] P F n. thought pattern, way of (derived from fta knot)
thinking (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’o path) ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."[Link]] P F n. past (c.w.
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness from ft«awn»em pass by " (passive participle
fpomron: [fpom."Ron] P F n. health or well-being form) and krr time)
(mental) (derived from fpom well-being and ftär: [ftæR] P F adj. left (not right)
ronsem mind) ofp. ftärpa: ["ftæ[Link]] P F n. left side (c.w. from ftär
fpomronga’: [fpom."[Link]] P F adj. healthful left and pa’o side)
(mentally) (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace, fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with
happiness and ronsem mind) nfp. subjunctive verb in dependant clause)

9
fteke: ["[Link]] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w. fwìng: [fwIN] P F n. humiliation, embarrassment,
from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun- loss of face
ctive verb in dependant clause) fwìng si: [fwIN s·i] P F vin. humiliate (derived
ftem: [ft·Em] P F vtr. pass by (something) from fwìng humiliation)
ftia: [ft·i."·a] P F vtr. study fwopx: [fwop’] P F n. dust (in the air) (derived
ftu–: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction) from fwep dust and pìwopx cloud)
ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple fwum: [fw·um] P F vin. float (on the surface of a
ftumfa–: ["[Link]] P F adp. out of, from inside liquid)
(derived from mìfa inside) fya’o: ["[Link]] P F n. path, way, manner
ftuopa–: ["[Link]] P F adp. from behind fyalì’u: ["[Link]] P F n. adverb (c.w. from fya’o
ftxavang: ["ft’[Link]] P F adj. passionate path, way, manner and lì’u word)
ftxey: [ft’·Ej] P F vtr. choose fyan: [fjan] P F n. constructed device for keeping
ftxey: [ft’Ej] P F conj. whether, or something off the ground and clean
ftxì: [ft’I] P F n. tongue fyanyì: ["[Link]] P F n. shelf (c.w. from fyan con-
ftxìlor: [ft’I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting structed device for keeping something off the
(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful) ground and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level,
ftxìvä’: [ft’I."væP] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from step, rung)
ftxì tongue and vä’ noisome) fyanyo: ["[Link]] P F n. table, elevated utilitari-
ftxozä: [ft’o."zæ] P F n. celebration, happy occa- an surface (c.w. from fyan constructed device
sion for keeping something off the ground and clean
ftxozä si: [ft’o."zæ s·i] P F vin. celebrate (derived and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yo can be
from ftxozä celebration) used in place of fyanyo.
ftxulì’u: [ft’·u."[Link]] P F vin. orate, give speech fyape: ["[Link]] P F inter. how variant of pefya
(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word) fyawìntxu: [fja.w·In."t’·u] P F vin. guide (with
ftxulì’uyu: [ft’u."[Link]] P F n. orator, (public) dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fya’o path
speaker (derived from ftxulì’u orate, give and wìntxu show)
speech) fyawìntxuyu: [[Link]."t’[Link]] P F n. guide (de-
fu: [fu] P F conj. or rived from fyawìntxu guide)
fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or fyel: [fj·El] P F vtr. seal, make impervious
and ke not) fyeng: [fjEN] P F adj. steep
fula: ["[Link]] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’ul this fyengkekin: ["[Link]] P F intj. no need to use
(agentive) and a subordinator) honorific language (c.w. from lì’fyeng honori-
fura: ["[Link]] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-r this fic language and kelkin unnecessary)
(dative) and a subordinator) fyep: [fj·Ep^] P F vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip
furia: ["[Link].a] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’uri this fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
(topical) and a subordinator) fyeyntu: ["[Link]] P F n. adult person (derived
futa: ["[Link]] P F sbd. that (c.w. from fì’u-t this from fyeyn ripe, mature)
(patientive) and a subordinator) fyin: [fjin] P F adj. simple
fwa: [fwa] P F sbd. that (subordinate clause mar- fyinep’ang: [[Link]."PaN] P F n. degree of com-
ker) (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective) and a plexity (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’ang
subordinator) complex)
fwal: [fw·al] P F vtr. wipe fyinep’angpe: [[Link]."[Link]] P F inter. how
fwang: [fwaN] P F adj. savory, umami, rich complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of
complexity) variant of pefyinep’ang
fwefwi: ["fw·[Link]·i] P F vin. whistle
fyìp: [fjIp^] P F n. tendril, tentacle
fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
fyole: ["[Link]] P F adj. sublime, beyond perfection
fwem: [fwEm] P F adj. dull, blunt (as a point)
fyolup: ["[Link]^] P F adj. exquisite, sublime in
fwep: [fwEp^] P F n. dust (on a surface)
style (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra sty-
fwew: [fw·Ew] P F vtr. look for, seek, search
le)
fwi: [fw·i] P F vin. slip, slide
fyufye: ["fy·[Link]·e] P F vin. splash

10
H

ha: [ha] P F conj. so, in that case hayalovay: [ha."[Link]] P F intj. until next ti-
ha’: [h·aP] P F vin. fit, suit, complement, inherent- me (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- un-
ly enhance til)
ha’ngir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon hän: [hæn] P F n. net, web
hafyon: [ha."fjon] P F n. wisdom he’a: ["h·E.P·a] P F vin. cough
hafyonga’: [ha."[Link]] P F adj. wise (derived hefi: ["h·E.f·i] P F vtr. smell (not intentionally)
>
from hafyon wisdom) nfp. hefitswo: ["[Link]] P F n. (sense of) smell (de-
hahaw: ["h·a.h·aw] P F vin. sleep rived from hefi smell)
hek: [h·Ek^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous
expected
hamalo: [ha."[Link]] P F adv. last time (c.w. from
hena: ["h·E.n·a] P F vtr. carry
ham previous and alo time)
henga: ["[Link]] P F n. formally polite behavior
han: [h·an] P F vtr. lose henga si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. act in a formally
hangham: ["h·aN.h·am] P F vin. laugh polite or honorific way (derived from henga
hangvur: ["[Link]] P F n. joke, funny story (c.w. formally polite behavior)
from hangham laugh and vur story) hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. snow flurry (deri-
hapxì: [ha."p’I] P F n. part ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)
hapxìtu: [ha."p’[Link]] P F n. member (derived hertxayo: ["hER.t’[Link]] P F n. snow field (derived
from hapxì part) from herwì snow and txayo field)
hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished herwì: ["[Link]] P F n. snow
hasey si: [ha."sEj "s·i] P F vin. accomplish, bring herwìva: ["[Link]] P F n. snowflake (derived
to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi- from herwì snow and ìlva flake)
nished) hewne: ["[Link]] P F adj. soft (of an object)
haway: ["[Link]] P F n. lullaby heyn: [h·Ejn] P F vin. sit
hawl: [h·awl] P F vtr. prepare heyr: [hEjR] P F n. chest
hawmpam: ["[Link]] P F n. noise. sound hifwo: ["h·[Link]·o] P F vin. flee, escape
that is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate, hipx: [hip’] P F vtr. control
unexpected or startling (derived from hawng hiup: ["hi·up^] P F vtr. spit, spit out
overabundance and pam sound) hiyìk: ["[Link]^] P F adj. funny, strange
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance hì’ang: ["[Link]] P F n. insect (c.w. from hì’i
small and ioang animal)
hawngkrr: ["[Link]] P F adv. late (c.w. from
hawng overabundance " and krr time) hì’i: ["[Link]] P F adj. small, little (in size)
> hìkrr: ["[Link]] P F n. second, very short time (c.w.
hawntsyokx: [hawn."tsjok’] P F n. glove (c.w.
from hì’i" little, small and krr time)
from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)
hìm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity)
hawntu: ["[Link]] P F n. one under someone’s
hìmpxì: [hIm."p’I] P F n. minority, least, small
protection (derived from hawnu protect)
part
hawnu: ["h·aw.n·u] P F vtr. protect, shelter hìmtxampe: [hIm."t’[Link]] P F inter. how much
hawnven: [hawn."vEn] P F n. shoe (c.w. from variant of pìmtxan
hawnu protect and venu foot) hìmtxan: [hIm."t’an] P F n. amount (c.w. from
hawre’: [haw."REP] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu hìm small and txan much)
protect and re’o head) hìmtxew: [hIm."t’Ew] P F n. minimum (c.w.
>
hawtsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. nap (derived from from hìm small and txew limit)
hahaw sleep) hìmtxewvay: [hIm."t’[Link]] P F adv. minimally
hay: [haj] P F adj. next (derived from hìmtxew minimum)
hayalo: [ha."[Link]] P F adv. next time (c.w. from hìno: [hI."no] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-
hay next and alo time) cate (of things)

11
hìpey: ["hI.p·Ej] P F vin. hesitate, hold back for a enforcer, police officer (c.w. from koren rule
short time (derived from hì’i small and pey and leykek enforce)
wait) hrrap: ["[Link]^] P F n. danger
hìtxoa: [hI."t’o.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived hu–: [hu] "P F adp. with (accompaniment)
from hì’i small and txoa forgiveness) hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
hoan: ["[Link]] P F n. comfort hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
>
hoet: ["[Link]^] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive hufwetsyìp: [hu."[Link]^] P F n. breeze, light
hol: [hol] P F adj. few wind (derived from hufwe wind)
>
holpxay: [hol."p’aj] P F n. number (c.w. from hultstxem: [h·ul."tst’·Em] P F vtr. hinder
hol few and pxay many) hum: [h·um] P F vin. leave, depart
holpxaype: [hol."p’[Link]] P F inter. how many hupx: [h·up’] P F vtr. miss, not hit a target
(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how) huru: ["[Link]] P F n. cooking pot
hona: ["[Link]] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute huta: ["[Link]] P F adj. unexpected (usually for po-
horenleykekyu: [ho.­[Link]."[Link]] P F n. law sitive outcomes)

i’en: ["[Link]] JC n. stringed instrument of mystery and tsim source)

>
ikut: ["[Link]^] P F n. large pestle (grinding tool); ingyentsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. trick, sleight
meal-mashing pole of hand, clever/special methodology (derived
il: [i·l] P F vin. bend from ingyen feeling of mystery)
inan: [·i."n·an] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain io–: ["i.o] P F adp. over, above
knowledge from sensory input (stress moves ioang: [i."[Link]] P F n. animal, beast
to first syllable with infixation) ioi: [i."o.i] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel
inanfya: [i."[Link]] P F n. sense (means of per- (item of)
ception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge ioi säpi: [i."o.i sæ."p·i] P F vin. adorn oneself
from sensory input and fya’o path, way) (c.w. from ioi adornment and s«äp»i do (re-
ingyen: ["[Link]] P F n. feeling of mystery or in- flexive))
comprehension ioi si: [i."o.i s·i] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi
ingyenga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. mysterious, puzz- adornment)
ling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling ionar: ["[Link]] P F n. banshee rider visor
of mystery) irayo: [i."[Link]] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
>
ingyentsim: ["[Link]] P F n. mystery, riddle, irayo si: [i."[Link] "s·i] P F vin. thank, give thanks
enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feeling (derived from irayo thanks)

ka–: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly pam sound)

kafi: ["[Link]] P F n. sail kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from
kafi si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. to sail, move by means rel image, picture)
of a sail (derived from kafi sail) kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet to the taste
kafiuran: ["[Link]] P F n. sailboat (c.w. from kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello
kafi sail and uran boat) kaltxì si: [kal."t’I "s·i] P F vin. say hello, greet (de-
kahena: [ka."h·[Link]] P F vtr. transport (c.w. from rived from kaltxì hello)
ka across and hena carry) kalweyaveng: [kal."[Link]] P F n. son of a bit-
kakan: ["[Link]] P F adj. rough ch (vulgar) (c.w. from kali’weya poisonous
kakmokri: [kak."[Link]] P F adj. mute (derived arachnid and ’eveng child)
from mokri voice) kam–: [kam] P F adp. ago
kakpam: [kak."pam] P F adj. deaf (derived from kame: ["k·a.m·E] P F vtr. see, see into, understand,

12
 know (spiritual sense) kawnomum: [kaw."[Link]] P F adj. unknown
kan: [k·an] P F vtrm. aim, to intend; aim, to direct (c.w. from ke not and omum know)
>
a weapon or other object at a target kawtseng: ["[Link]] P F adv. nowhere (c.w.
kan’ìn: ["k·an.P·In] P F vtr. focus on, specialize from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)
in, be particularly interested in (c.w. from kan kawtu: ["[Link]] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke
aim and ’in be busy) ’aw not one and tute person)
kanfpìl: ["k·[Link]·Il] P F vin. concentrate, focus kay–: [kaj] P F adp. from now (in the future)
one’s attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpìl kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late
think) afternoon
kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with kä: [k·æ] P F vin. go
ngay true) kä’ärìp: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from
kangay si: [ka."Naj s·i] P F vin. validate, confirm kä go and ’ärìp move)
(derived from kangay valid) kämakto: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] P F vin. ride out (c.w.
kangkem: ["[Link]] P F n. work, colloquial from kä go and makto ride)
form of tìkangkem kämunge: [kæ."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take (derived
kanom: ["k·a.n·om] P F vtr. acquire, get from munge bring)
>
kantseng: ["[Link]] P F n. destination (c.w. käpxì: [kæ."p’I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w.
from kan aim and tseng place) from kä go and hapxì part)
kanu: ["[Link]] P F adj. smart, intelligent ofp. kärìp: ["k·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. push variant of
kar: [k·aR] P F vtr. teach kä’ärìp
>
kara: [ka."ra] P F vtr. resist käsatseng: [kæ."[Link]] P F adv. out there (c.w.
karyu: ["[Link]] P F n. teacher (derived from kar from kä go and tseng place)
teach) käsrìn: [kæ."sR·In] P F vtr. lend (derived from
karyunay: [[Link]."naj] P F n. apprentice teacher srìn temporarily transfer from one to another)
(derived from karyu teacher) käteng: ["k·æ.tEN] P F vin. spend time with, hang
katir: ["[Link]] P F n. rainbow out with
katìng: ["ka.t·IN] P F vtr. distribute (ii) ke: [kE] P F adv., part. not
kato: ["[Link]] P F n. rhythm ke’aw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart,
kavan: ["k·a.v·an] P F vtr. support (physically) strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)
kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery ke’u: ["[Link]] P F pn. nothing (c.w. from ke not
kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] P F vin. betray (derived and ’u thing)
from kavuk treachery) kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun)
kaw’it: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. not at all, not a bit kefpomronga’: [[Link]."[Link]] P F adj. unhe-
(used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at all in ph- althful (mentally) (c.w. from ke not and fp-
rases) (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it bit) omronga’ healthful (mentally)) nfp.
kawkrr: ["[Link]] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke kefpomtokxnga’: [[Link]."tok’.NaP] P F adj.
’aw not one and " krr time)
unhealthful (physically) (c.w. from ke not and
kawkxan: [kaw."k’an] P F adj. free, unblocked, fpomtokxnga’ healthful (physically)) nfp.
unobstructed, clear (c.w. from ke ’aw not one keftxo: [kE."ft’o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
and ekxan barricade, obstruction) ’How sad!’
kawl: [kawl] P F adv. hard, diligently kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isn’t it?, right?
kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil (c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-
kawngkem: ["[Link]] P F n. evil deed, crime tion marker)
kawnglan: ["[Link]] P F adj. malicious, bad he- kehe: ["[Link]] P F part., intj. no
arted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txe’lan kekem: ["[Link]] P F pn. no action or activity
heart) (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)
kawngsar: ["kawN.s·aR] P F vtr. exploit kelemweypey: [[Link]."[Link]] P F adj. impa-
kawngtu: ["[Link]] P F n. bad person, “bad tient (derived from ke not and lemweypey
guy” (derived from kawng bad, evil) patient)

13
kelfpomron: [[Link]."Ron] P F adj. unhealthy kenzen: [kEn."zEn] P F adv. not necessarily (c.w.
(mentally) (c.w. from ke not and lefpomron from ke not and nìzen necessarily)
healthy (mentally)) ofp. kerusey: ["[Link]] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke
kelfpomtokx: [[Link]."tok’] P F adj. unhealt- not and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))
hy (physically) (c.w. from ke not and fpom- kesätarenga’: [kE.sæ."[Link]] P F adj. irrele-
tokx health) ofp. vant (derived from sätare connection, rela-
kelha’: [kEl."haP] P F adj. inappropriate (derived tionship)
from ke not and leha’ appropriate) kesran: [kE."sRan] P F adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w.
kelhoan: [kEl."[Link]] P F adj. uncomfortable (de- from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of
rived from hoan comfort) this word is not entirely clear. It may have
kelkin: [kEl."kin] P F adj. unnecessary originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ’not
kelku: ["[Link]] P F n. home, house yes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-
kelku si: ["[Link] "s·i] P F vin. live, dwell (deri- tain action was performed well or not, and
ved from kelku home) over time it became shortened to just kes-
kelpxìmrun: [kEl."p’[Link]] P F adj. rare (deri- ran, its use expanding to include anything
ved from ke not and lepxìmrun common) only mediocre in quality.)
kelsar: [kEl."saR] P F adj. useless, in vain (c.w. ketartu: [kE."[Link]] tare n. outcast (derived
from ke not and lesar useful) from ke not)
keltrrtrr: [kEl."[Link]] P F adj. unusual (derived keteng: ["[Link]] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke
from ke not and" " letrrtrr ordinary) not and teng same, equal)
>
keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w. ketrìp: ["[Link]^] P F adj. unfortunate, inauspi-
from ke not and tsun be able) cious (derived from etrìp favorable)
>
kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed ketsran: [kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. no matter, no
kemlì’u: ["[Link]] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem matter what, whatever (c.w. from ke not and
action and lì’u word) tsranten Matter, be of importance)
>
kemlì’uvi: ["[Link]] P F n. infix (derived ketsukanom: [[Link]."[Link]] P F adj. unavai-
from kemlì’u verb) lable, unobtainable (derived from kanom ac-
kempe: ["[Link]] P F inter. what (action) vari- quire, get)
>
ant of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed) ketsuklewn: [[Link]."lEwn] P F adj. intolerable,
kem si: ["kEm "s·i] P F vin. do (derived from unacceptable (derived from ketsuk– not able
kem action, deed) to do and lewn endure, stand, tolerate)
>
kemuia: [kE."mu.i.a] P F n. dishonor (c.w. from ketsuktiam: [[Link]."[Link]] P F adj. un-
ke not and meuia honor) countable, infinite (derived from ketsuk– not
kemuianga’: [kE."[Link]] P F adj. dishono- able to do and tiam count)
> >
rable (c.w. from ke not and meuianga’ ho- ketsuktswa’: [[Link]."tswaP] P F adj. unforget-
norable) table (derived from ketsuk– not able to do
kemuia si: [kE."mu.i.a s·i] P F vin. dishonor (de- and tswa’ forget)
rived from kemuia dishonor) ketuwong: ["[Link]] P F n. alien
kemum: [kE."mum] P F ph. I don’t know (c.w. kew: [kEw] P F num. zero
from ke not and omum know) kewan: ["[Link]] P F n. age (derived from koak
kemwiä: [kEm."wi.æ] P F adj. improper, unfair, old and ’ewan young)
wrong, unjustified (c.w. from ke not and kewong: ["[Link]] P F adj. alien
muiä proper, fair, right, justified) key: [kEj] P F n. face
ken: [kEn] P F adp. despite, in spite of keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, wrong, not
ken’aw: [kEn."Paw] P F adv. not only (c.w. from right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)
ke not and nì’aw only) keye’ung: [kE."[Link]] P F n. insanity
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as keyn: [k·Ejn] P F vtr. put down
kenong: ["k·E.n·oN] P F vtr. model, represent, ex- keynven: [k·Ejn."vEn] P F vin. step (derived
emplify (ii) from keyn put down and venu foot)

14
keyrel: ["[Link]] P F n. facial expression (c.w. kllte: ["[Link]] P F n. ground
" >
from key face and rel image) klltseng: ["[Link]] P F n. position (derived from
kezemplltxe: [[Link]."t’E] P F adv. of tseng place) "
course, needless to say " (contraction of klltxay: [kl."t’·aj] P F vin. lie on the ground (c.w.
ke+zene+pivlltxe) from kllte " ground and txay lie flat)
kezin: ["[Link]] P F adj. untangled (derived klltxeykay: [kl.t’Ej."k·aj] P F vtr. lay (something)
from zin tangled) on the ground " (c.w. from kllte ground and tx-
ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead ay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay
kian: [k·i."·an] P F vtr. blame kllvawm: ["[Link]] P F adj. brown (c.w. from
kiantu: [ki."[Link]] P F n. blameworthy person kllte ground " and vawm dark)
(derived from kian blame) kllwo: [kl."w·o] P F vin. alight, land (process of)
kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid) (c.w. from" kllte ground and wo reach for)
kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river kllyem: [kl."j·Em] P F vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte
kin: [k·in] P F vtr. need ground and " yem put)
kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg kllza’u: [kl."z·a.P·u] P F vin. come down, descend
kinamtil: [ki."[Link]] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki- (c.w. from " kllte ground and za’u come)
nam leg and til joint) ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
kinä: ["ki.næ] P F num. seven ko’on: ["[Link]] P F n. ring, oval, closed shape
kintrr: ["[Link]] P F n. week (derived from kinä roughly circular (derived from koum roun-
seven and trr " day)
ded, curved and ’on shape)
kintrram: ["[Link]] P F n. last week (derived koak: ["[Link]^] P F adj. old, aged (for living
from kintrr week) "
things)
kintrray: ["[Link]] P F n. next week (derived
" koaktan: ["[Link]] P F n. old man (derived
from kintrr week)
from koak old, aged)
kip–: [kip^] P F adp. among
koakte: ["[Link]] P F n. old woman (derived
kipxì: [ki."p’I] P F n. one-seventh (c.w. from kinä
from koak old, aged)
seven and hapxì part)
koaktu: ["[Link]] P F n. old person (derived
kive: ["[Link]] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
from koak old, aged)
from kinä seven)
kolan: [ko."lan] P F intj. I mean, rather (self-
kì’ong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow
correcting) (derived from kan aim, intend)
kìm: [k·Im] P F vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol
kom: [k·om] P F vim. dare
rumit kolìm He spun the ball
kìmar: [kI."maR] P F adj. in season (of foods, vege- komum: [ko."mum] P F ph. I don’t know (c.w.
table or animal) from ke not and omum know)
kìng: [kIN] P F n. thread kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also, additionally
kìte’e: [[Link]."PE] P F n. service kop: [kop^] P F conj. and also
kìte’e si: [[Link]."PE "s·i] P F vin. serve (derived koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline
from kìte’e service) koren ayll: [ko."REn a."jl] P F n. law, societal rule
kllfro’: [kl."fR·oP] P F vin. be responsible (c.w. from koren rule" and yll communal)
" kosman: [ko."sman] P F adj. wonderful, terrific,
kllkä: [kl."k·æ] P F vin. go down, descend (c.w.
"
from kllpa bottom and kä go) fantastic
kllkulat: [kl."k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. dig up koum: ["[Link]] P F adj. rounded, curved
" krr: [kr] P F n. time
kllkxem: [kl."k’·Em] P F vin. stand
" "
kllpa: ["[Link]] P F n. bottom krra: ["kr.a] P F conj. when, at the time that (de-
"
kllpä: [kl."p·æ] P F vin. land, reach the ground rived" from krr time)
"
(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive) krrka–: ["[Link]] P F adp. during (derived from
kllpxìltu: [kl."p’[Link]] P F n. territory krr time)"
"
kllrikx: [kl."rik’] P F n. earthquake (c.w. from krrnekx: [kr."n·Ek’] P F vin. take/consume time
"
kllte ground and rikx move) "
(ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)

15
krrpe: ["[Link]] P F inter. when variant of pehrr kurakx: [k·u."R·ak’] P F vtr. drive out
"
(c.w. from krr time) kurfyan: ["[Link]] P F n. hamper or suspended
ku’up: ["[Link]^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight) rack (c.w. from kur hang and fyan construc-
kulat: ["k·u.l·at^] P F vtr. reveal, bring forth, un- ted device for keeping something off the ground
cover (literally and metaphorically) and clean)
kum: [kum] P F n. result
kurfyavi: ["[Link]] P F n. hook (for hanging or
kuma: ["kum.a] P F conj. that (as a result) (de-
suspending an item) (derived from kurfyan
rived from kum result) this form precedes
hamper or suspended rack)
the result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kuma
yawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that I kurkung: ["[Link]] P F n. asshole (vulgar) (c.w.
fell in love with her.); see also ’akum’ from kuru neural queue and kung putrid,
kung: [kuN] P F adj. putrid, fetid, rotten rotten)
kur: [k·uR] P F vin. hang kuru: ["[Link]] P F n. neural queue

Kx

kxa: [k’a] P F n. mouth kxänäng: ["k’æ.næN] P F adj. smell of decaying

kxakx: [k’·ak’] P F vin. break, snap in two animal/flesh, rotting, putrid
kxam: [k’am] P F n. middle, midpoint kxeltek: ["k’·El.t·Ek^] P F vtr. pick up, lift
kxamlä–: ["k’am.læ] P F adp. through (via the kxem: [k’·Em] P F vin. be vertical
middle of) (derived from kxam middle) kxemyo: ["k’[Link]] P F n. wall, vertical surface
kxamtrr: ["k’[Link]] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w. (c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)
from kxam middle " and trr day) kxener: ["k’[Link]] P F n. smoke
>
kxamtrrmaw: ["k’[Link]] P F n. the time kxetse: ["k’[Link]] P F n. tail
immediately after noon, " early afternoon (c.w.
kxeyey: ["k’[Link]] P F n. error, mistake
from kxamtrr noon and maw after) kxitx: [k’it’] P F n. death
>
kxamtseng: ["k’[Link]] P F n. center, place in kxì: [k’I] P F intj. hi, hiya, hey (derived from kal-
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng txi hello) colloquial, shortened form of kal-
place) txì
kxamtxomaw: ["k’am.t’[Link]] P F n. after mid- kxìm: [k’·Im] P F vtr. command, order, assign a
night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and task
maw after) kxìmyu: ["k’[Link]] P F n. commander, one with
kxamtxon: ["k’am.t’on] P F n. midnight (c.w. authority over another (derived from kxìm
from kxam middle and txon night) command, order, assign tasks)
kxamyì: ["k’[Link]] P F n. intermediate level (c.w. kxll: [k’l] P F n. charge, running attack
from kxam middle and yì level) "
kxll si: ["k’l "s·i] P F vin. charge (derived from
kxangangang: ["k’[Link]] P F intj. boom (ono- "
kxll charge)
matopoeic) kxor: [k’oR] P F n. a wall or bank of powerful wa-
kxange: ["k’·a.N·e] P F vin. yawn terfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly
kxanì: ["k’[Link]] P F adj. forbidden force (countable, but only rarely)
kxap: [k’ap^] P F n. threat kxu: [k’u] P F n. harm
kxapnga’: ["k’[Link]] P F adj. threatening (deri- kxuke: ["k’[Link]] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
ved from kxap threat) nfp. harm and ke not)
kxap si: [k’ap s·i] P F vin. threaten (derived kxukx: [k’·uk’] P F vtr. swallow
from kxap threat) kxum: [k’um] P F adj. viscous, gelatinous, thick
kxawm: [k’awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe kxumpay: ["k’[Link]] P F n. viscous liquid, gel
kxayl: [k’ajl] P F adj. high (c.w. from kxum viscous, gelatinous, thick
kxaylyì: ["k’[Link]] P F n. high level (c.w. from kx- and pay water, liquid)
ayl high and yì level) kxumpaysyar: ["k’[Link]] P F n. glue (c.w.

16
 >
from kxumpay viscous liquid and syar stick kxutslu: ["k’[Link]] P F n. risk (c.w. from kxu
to, adhere) harm and tìtsunslu possibility)
kxu si: [k’u s·i] P F vin. harm (derived from kxu kxutu: ["k’[Link]] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu
harm) harm)

la’a: ["[Link]] P F n. separation, distance between layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black

two places or objects layro: ["[Link]] P F adj. free (from oppression)
la’ang: ["[Link]] P F n. pile of stinking, rotting lätxayn: [l·æ."t’·ajn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, con-
animal matter quer
la’ape: ["[Link]] P F inter. how near, how far, le’al: [lE."Pal] P F adj. wasteful (derived from ’al
what distance variant of pela’a waste) nfp.
la’um: ["l·a.P·um] P F vin. pretend (use with tsnì) le’aw: [lE."Paw] P F adj. only
lafyon: [la."fjon] P F adj. wise (derived from ha- le’awtu: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. alone, on one’s own,
fyon wisdom) ofp. by one’s self; lonely (c.w. from ’aw one and
lahe: ["[Link]] P F adj. other, else tute person)
lak: [lak^] P F n. shell, hard covering of a plant or le’en: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (de-
animal rived from ’en guess) nfp.
lal: [lal] P F adj. old (opposite of mip) nfp.
le’Ìnglìsì: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. English, of the
lam: [l·am] P F vin. seem, appear
English language (derived from ’Ìnglìsì Eng-
lamaytxa: [[Link]."t’a] P F n. flood lish language)
lan: [lan] P F n. resin
lefkeytongay: [[Link]."Naj] P F adj. real (c.w.
lang: [l·aN] P F vtr. investigate, explore
from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true)
lante: ["l·an.t·E] P F vin. wander
lefkrr: [lE."fkr] P F adj. current (derived from
lanutral: ["[Link]] P F n. dandetiger (c.w. "
fìkrr this time)
from lan resin and utral tree)
lefnelan: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. male (derived
lapo: ["[Link]] P F pn. other one person or thing
from fnelan male)
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)
lefnele: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. female (derived from
lapx: [l·ap’] P F vtr. regret
fnele female)
laro: ["[Link]] P F adj. clean
laro si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. clean, make free of dirt lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived
(derived from laro clean) from fngap metal)
latem: ["l·a.t·Em] P F vin. change (l«eyk»atem lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy-
vtr. change) ous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness,
> peace) nfp.
latsi: [l·a."ts·i] LA vin. keep up with someone
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain lefpomron: [[Link]."Ron] P F adj. healthy (men-
lawk: [l·awk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about, tally) (derived from fpomron health or well-
say something concerning being (mentally)) ofp.
lawnol: ["[Link]] P F n. great joy lefpomtokx: [[Link]."tok’] P F adj. healthy
> (physically) (derived from fpomtokx health
lawnoltsim: ["[Link]] P F n. source of (gre-
at) joy (c.w. from lawnol great joy and tsim (physical) ) ofp.
source) lefrir: [le."fRiR] P F adj. layered (derived from
lawr: [lawR] P F n. melody frir layer)
law si: ["law "s·i] P F vin. make clear (derived leftxozä: [lE."ft’o.zæ] P F adj. celebratory
from law clear) leha’: [lE."haP] P F adj. appropriate, suitable, fit-
layl: [lajl] P F adj. innocent ting (derived from ha’ fit, suit, complement)
layompin: [la."[Link]] P F n. black (derived lehawmpam: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. noisy
from layon black) (derived from hawmpam noise)

17
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived lepwopx: [lEp."wop’] P F adj. cloudy (derived
from hawng overabundance) from pìwopx cloud)
lehawngkrr: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. late (derived lepxìmrun: [lE."p’[Link]] P F adj. common, of-
from hawngkrr late) " ten found (derived from pxìm often and run
leheng: [lE."hEN] P F adj. formally polite (derived find)
from henga formally polite behavior) ler: [lER] P F adj. steady, smooth (for motion)
lehìpey: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. hesitant, in a state of lereyfya: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. cultural (derived
hesitation (derived from hìpey hesitate) from reyfya way of living)
lehoan: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. comfortable (derived lerìk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rìk
from hoan comfort) leaf )
lehrrap: [lE."[Link]^] P F adj. dangerous (derived lerìn: [lE."rIn] P F adj. wooden, of wood (derived
from hrrap" danger) from rìn wood)
leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. respect leronsrel: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. imaginary (deri-
leioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] P F vin. to respect (deri- ved from ronsrel something imagined)
ved from leioae respect) lertu: ["[Link]] P F n. colleague
lek: [l·Ek^] P F vtr. heed, obey lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar
use)
lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from
kin need) lesar si: [lE."saR s·i] P F vin. be useful, be of use,
come in handy (derived from lesar useful)
lekoren: [[Link]."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived
leskxir: [lE."sk’iR] P F adj. wounded (derived
from koren rule)
from skxir wound)
lekxan: [lE."k’an] P F adj. blocked, obstructed;
lesngä’i: [lE."sNæ.Pi] P F adj. original, existing at
frustrated (derived from ekxan barrier)
> or from the start, first in a series (derived from
lekxutslu: [lE."k’[Link]] P F adj. risky (derived
sngä’i begin)
from kxutslu risk)
lesnonrra: [[Link]."nr.a] P F adj. full of self-pride
lekye’ung: [lEk."[Link]] P F adj. insane, crazy "
(derived from snonrra self-pride)
(derived from keye’ung insanity)
leso’ha: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. enthusiastic, keen
lelewng: [lE."lEwN] P F adj. shameful (derived (derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)
from lewng shame) ofp. ofp.
lelì’fya: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. concerning language, letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from
regarding language (derived from lì’fya lan- tam suffice)
guage) letokx: [lE."tok’] P F adj. bodily, physical (deri-
lemrey: [lEm."REj] P F adj. surviving (e.g. of enti- ved from tokx body)
ties from a group some of whom have died) (de- letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)
rived from emrey survive) "
letrrtrr: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. ordinary (derived
lemweypey: [lEm."[Link]] P F adj. patient (de- from trr day) " "
rived from maweypey be patient) >
letsaktap: [lE."[Link]^] P F adj. violent (deri-
len: [l·En] P F vin. happen, occur ved from tsaktap violence)
leNa’vi: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. having to do with the >
letsim: [lE."tsim] P F adj. original, unique, not de-
Na’vi, the People (derived from Na’vi the Pe- rived from another source (derived from tsim
ople) source)
leno: [lE."no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated >
letskxe: [lE."tsk’E] P F adj. stony, of stone (deri-
(of a person) ved from tskxe rock, stone)
lenomum: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. curious (deri- >
letsranten: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. important
ved from newomum be curious) (derived from tsranten matter)
>
lenrra: [lE."nr.a] P F adj. proud (derived from letsunslu: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. possible (deri-
nrra pride)" ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
>
lepay: [lE."paj] P F adj. watery (derived from letswal: [le."tswal] P F adj. powerful (derived
pay water) from tswal power) ofp.

18
letut: [lE."tut^] P F adj. constant, continual (deri- lezeswa: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. grassy (derived
ved from tut continuation marker) from zeswa grass)
letwan: [lEt."wan] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a li: [li] P F adv. already
person) (derived from tute person and wan lie: ["li.E] P F n. experience
hide) lie si: ["li.E s·i] P F vin. experience (derived from
letxi: [lE."t’i] P F adj. hurried, frenzied (derived lie experience)
from txi hurry) lini: ["[Link]] P F n. young of an animal, bird, fish,
letxiluke: [lE."t’[Link]] P F adj. unhurried (c.w. insect
from txi hurry and luke without) lipx: [l·ip’] P F vin. drip
lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid lisre+: ["[Link]] P F adp. by, before, up to but not
lewäte: [lE.wæ."tE] P F adj. disagreeable, argu- after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)
mentative (of an agent) (derived from wäte liswa: [li."swa] P F n. nourishment
argue) liswa si: [li."swa s·i] P F vin. nourish, provide
leweopx: [[Link]."op’] P F adj. wave-like (derived nourishment (derived from liswa nourish-
from weopx wave (of water)) ment)
lewn: [l·Ewn] P F vtr. endure, stand, tolerate >
litsi: ["[Link]] P F adj. thin, lean, lithe
lewng: [lEwN] P F n. shame litx: [lit’] P F adj. sharp (as a blade)
lewnga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. shameful (derived lì’fya: ["[Link]] P F n. language (c.w. from lì’u
from lewng shame) nfp. word and fya’o way)
lew säpi: ["lEw sæ."p·i] P F vin. cover oneself lì’fyafnel: ["[Link]] P F n. dialect, variety of a
(c.w. from lew cover and s«äp»i do (reflexi- language (c.w. from lì’fya language and fnel
ve)) type)
lew si: ["lEw "s·i] P F vin. cover (derived from lì’fyaolo’: ["[Link].o."loP] P F n. language group,
lew cover) language users (c.w. from lì’fya language and
ley: [l·Ej] P F vin. be of value, have some positive olo’ clan)
value, be worth something lì’fyaolo’tu: ["[Link].o."[Link]] P F n. member of
leyapay: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. foggy, misty (deri- the speaker community (of a language) (deri-
ved from yapay fog) ved from lì’fyaolo’ language group, language
leye’krr: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. early (derived from users)
ye’krr early) " lì’fyavi: ["[Link]] P F n. expression, bit of lan-
leyewla: [lE."[Link]] P F adj. disappointing (deri- guage (derived from lì’fya language)
ved from yewla disappointment) lì’fyeng: [lIP."fjEN] P F n. honorific language (c.w.
leykek: [lEj."k·Ek^] P F vtr. enforce (derived from lì’fya language and leheng formally po-
from lek obey and «eyk» causative infix) lite)
leykekyu: [lEj."[Link]] P F n. law enforcer, police lì’fyeng si: [lIP."fjEN s·i] P F vin. use honori-
officer variant of horenleykekyu fic language (derived from lì’fyeng honorific
leym: [l·Ejm] P F vin. call, cry out, exclaim language)
leymfe’: [l·Ejm."fEP] P F vin. complain (c.w. from lì’kong: ["[Link]] P F n. syllable (c.w. from lì’u
leym call, cry out, exclaim and fe’ bad) word and ’ekong rythmic beat)
leymkem: [l·Ejm."kEm] P F vin. protest (c.w. lì’u: ["[Link]] P F n. word
from leym call, cry out, exclaim and kemwiä lì’ukìng: ["[Link]] P F n. sentence (c.w. from
improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified) lì’u word and kìng thread)
leyn: [l·Ejn] P F vtr. repeat, do again lì’ukìngvi: ["[Link]] P F n. phrase (derived
leyr: [lEjr] P F adj. frozen from lì’ukìng sentence)
leyr si: ["lEjr s·i] P F vin. freeze (something) (de- lì’upam: ["[Link]] P F n. accent, pronuncia-
rived from leyr frozen) tion (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)
>
leytslam: ["[Link]·am] P F vtr. appreciate (c.w. lì’upe: ["[Link]] P F inter. what (word,
from ley have value and tslam understand) utterance) variant of pelì’u

19
lì’upuk: ["[Link]^] P F n. dictionary (c.w. from lonusye: [l·o."n·[Link]] P F vin. exhale; blow (c.w.
lì’u word and puk book (English loan word)) from lonu release and syeha breath)
lì’uvan: ["[Link]] P F n. pun, word-play (c.w. lopx: [l·op’] P F vin. panic
from lì’u word and uvan game) lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
lì’uvi: ["[Link]] P F n. affix (derived from lì’u loran: ["[Link]] P F n. elegance, grace (c.w. from
word) lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-
lìktap: ["[Link]^] P F adj. crooked ture)
>
lìm: [l·Im] P F vin. be far lortsyal: ["[Link]] P F n. shimmyfly (c.w. from
lìmsimpe: ["[Link]] P F inter. how near, how lor beautiful and tsyal wing)
far (derived from lìm be far and sim be near) lrrtok: ["[Link]^] P F n. smile
lìng: [l·IN] P F vin. float in the air, hover lrrtok si:" ["[Link]^ "s·i] P F vin. smile (derived
> from lrrtok" smile)
lìngtskxe: ["[Link]’E] P F n. unobtanium (c.w.
lu: [l·u] P F vin. be, am, is, are (predicative co-
from lìng float in the air, hover and tskxe
pula, existential verb) (signifies possession
rock, stone)
with dative of possessor)
lo’a: ["[Link]] P F n. totem, amulet
luan: ["l·u.a·n] P F vtr. owe
loho: ["l·o.h·o] P F vin. be surprising (experiencer luke–: ["[Link]] P F adp. without
in dative)
lukftang: [luk."ftaN] P F adj. constant, continual
loi: ["lo.i] P F n. egg (c.w. from luke without and ftang stop)
lok: [l·ok^] P F vtr. approach lukpen: [luk."pEn] P F adj. without clothing, na-
lok–: [lok^] P F adp. close to ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing
lom: [lom] P F adj. missing, missed (as an absent (plural))
person who is longed for) lumpe: ["[Link]] P F inter. why variant of
lomtu: ["[Link]] P F n. missed person (derived pelun
from lom missing, missed) lun: [lun] P F n. reason
lonu: [l·o."n·u] P F vtr. release, let go lupra: ["[Link]] P F n. style

ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker) is patient (derived from maweypey be pati-
makto: ["m·ak.t·o] P F vtr. ride ent)
mal: [mal] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring mawfwa: ["[Link]] P F conj. after (c.w. from
mam: [mam] P F vtr. wrap maw after and fwa that)
man: [m·an] P F vin. belong mawkrr: ["[Link]] P F adv. after, afterwards, la-
"
ter (c.w. from maw after and krr time)
manawmtu: [ma."[Link]] P F intj. excuse me
sir, excuse me madam (c.w. from ma O (voca- mawkrra: [maw."kr.a] P F conj. after (temporal)
variant of akrrmaw " (c.w. from krr time and
tive marker) and nawmtu great person, noble
person) maw after)
manga: [ma."Na] P F intj. hey, hey you (c.w. from mawl: [mawl] P F n. half
>
ma O (vocative marker) and nga you) mawuptsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. turtle (deri-
masat: ["[Link]^] P F n. breastplate (armor) ved from mawup turtapede)
matu: [ma."tu] P F intj. excuse me, hey (derived may’: [m·ajP] P F vtrm. taste, try, sample, evalu-
from ma O (vocative marker) and tute person) ate, check out, test-drive
mauti: ["[Link]] P F n. fruit mäkxu: [m·æ."k’u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of
maw–: [maw] P F adp. after (time) harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm)
mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm me’em: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious
maweypey: [ma."wEj.p·Ej] P F vin. be patient (ii) mefo: ["[Link]] P F pn. they, those two (derived
(c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait) from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
maweypeyyu: [ma."[Link]] P F n. One who mei: ["mE.i] P F adj. wet

20
meitayo: [mE.i."[Link]] P F n. wetlands (c.w. from mì+: [mI] P F adp. in, on
mei wet and txayo field) mìfa: ["[Link]] or [mI."fa] P F adv., n. inside
mek: [mEk^] P F adj. empty, or metaphorically: mìftxele: [mI."ft’[Link]] P F adv. in this regard, re-
having no value lated to this matter
mekre: ["[Link]] P F n. supplies mìkam–: [mI."kam] P F adp. between
>
mektseng: ["[Link]] P F n. gap, breach (c.w. mìn: [m·In] P F vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mìn
from mek empty and tseng place) ne ftärpa Turn to the left
melo: ["[Link]] P F adv. twice (derived from me+ mìnyu: ["[Link]] P F n. turner (derived from
dual marker and alo time) mìn turn)
menari: [mE."[Link]] P F n. eyes (two) (derived mìso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived
from me+ dual and nari eye) from mì in)
meoauniaea: [­[Link].a."E.a] P F n. harmo- mll’an: [m·l."P·an] P F vtr. accept
ny, living at one with nature "
mllte: [m·l."t·E] P F vin. agree
"
merki: ["[Link]] P F n. ground rack (for smoking mo: [mo] P F n. space, hollow, enclosed open area
meats) mo’ara: [mo."[Link]] P F n. gathering place
mesrram: [[Link]."am] P F adv., n. the day befo- mo a fngä’: ["mo a "fNæP] P F n. restroom (on
" days ago (derived from trr
re yesterday, two Earth) (c.w. from mo space, enclosed open area
day) and (a) fngä’ relieve oneself )
mesrray: [[Link]."aj] P F adv., n. the day after to- moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
morrow, two "days from now (derived from trr (derived from me+ dual and oe I)
day) mok: [m·ok^] P F vtr. suggest
mestampe: [mE."[Link]] P F inter. what two mokri: ["[Link]] P F n. voice
men variant of pemstan momek: ["[Link]^] P F adj. hollow, not solid
mestepe: [mE."[Link]] P F inter. what two women mong: [m·oN] P F vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for
variant of pemste protection
mesupe: [mE."[Link]] P F inter. what two people mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
variant of pemsu (physically, sexually)
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor mowar: [mo."waR] P F n. advice, bit or piece of ad-
meuianga’: [mE."[Link]] P F adj. honorable vice
(derived from meuia honor and nga’ con- mowar si: [mo."waR s·i] P F vin. advise (derived
tain) from mowar advice)
meuia si: [mE."u.i.a s·i] P F vin. honor (derived mowarsiyu: [mo."[Link]] P F n. advisor (deri-
from meuia honor) ved from mowar advice)
meyam: [m·E."y·am] P F vtr. hug, embrace, hold mrr: [mr] P F num. five
in one’s arms "
mrrpxì: [mr."p’I] P F n. one-fifth (c.w. from mrr
meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak "
five and hapxì part)
meyptu: ["[Link]] P F n. weakling (derived mrrtrr: ["[Link]] P F n. five day work week (deri-
from meyp weak) ved from " mrr
" five and trr day)
mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before mrrve: ["[Link]] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
from mrr " five)
miklor: [mik."loR] P F adj. pleasant sounding,
beautiful sounding (derived from mikyun mu’ni: ["m·uP.n·i] P F vtr. accomplish, achieve
ear and lor beautiful) muiä: [mu."i.æ] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-
>
miktsang: ["[Link]] P F n. earring (c.w. from ed
mikyun ear and tsang piercing) mun’i: [m·un."P·i] P F vtr. cut
mikvä’: [mik."væP] P F adj. bad-sounding (deri- mune: ["[Link]] P F num. two
ved from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant to munge: ["m·u.N·E] P F vtr. take, bring
the senses) mungsye: ["m·[Link]] P F vin. inhale (c.w. from
mikyun: ["[Link]] JC n. ear munge take and syeha breath)
mip: [mip^] P F adj. new mungwrr–: [muN."wr] P F adp. except
"
21
mungwrrtxo: [muN."wr.t’o] P F conj. unless, ex- muntxa si: [mun."t’a "s·i] P F vin. mate (with so-
cept if (usually used" with subjunctive <iv>) meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated)
(c.w. from mungwrr except and txo if ) muntxatan: [mun."t’[Link]] P F n. husband, male
munsna: ["[Link]] P F n. pair (derived from spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
mune two and sna’o set, group) muntxate: [mun."t’[Link]] P F n. wife, female
muntrr: ["[Link]] P F n. weekend (derived from spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
mune two and " trr day) muntxatu: [mun."t’[Link]] P F n. spouse (derived
muntrram: ["[Link]] P F n. last weekend (de- from muntxa mated)
rived from muntrr " weekend) muve: ["[Link]] P F adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
muntrray: ["[Link]] P F n. next weekend (de- ved from mune two)
rived from muntrr" weekend) muwìntxu: [mu.w·In."t’·u] P F vtr. introduce,
muntxa: [mun."t’a] P F adj. mated, married present (derived from wìntxu show)

na–: [na] P F adp. like, as nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value
na’rìng: ["[Link]] P F n. forest nine)
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be näk: [n·æk^] P F vtr. drink
drunk nän: [n·æn] P F vin. decrease
nafì’u: [[Link]."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as ne–: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction)
and fì’u this) ne’ìm: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction)
nafpawng: [na."fpawN] P F adv. grievingly, with nefä: [nE."fæ] P F adv. up (direction)
grief (derived from afpawng grief ) nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction)
"
nam’ake: [nam."[Link]] P F adv. confidently (de- nekx: [n·Ek’] P F vtr. burn, consume
rived from am’ake confident) nemfa–: ["[Link]] P F adp. into, inside (c.w.
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en- from ne towards and mìfa inside)
couragement (mirative) nemrey: [nEm."REj] P F adv., intj. in a fashion as
nari: ["[Link]] P F n. eye if one’s life were at stake (derived from emrey
survive)
nari si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. watch out, be careful
neni: ["[Link]] P F n. sand
(derived from nari eye)
neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived
narlor: [naR."loR] P F adj. beautiful visually (deri-
from ne to)
ved from nari eye and lor beautiful, pleasant
netrìp: ["[Link]^] P F adv. luckily, happily
to the senses)
new: [n·Ew] P F vtrm. want
narvä’: [naR."væP] P F adj. ugly, unsightly (deri-
newomum: [n·Ew."[Link]] P F vin. be curious,
ved from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to the
want to know (c.w. from new want and
senses)
omum know)
natkenong: [nat."[Link]] P F conj. for example, neympin: ["[Link]] P F n. light color (derived
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tìke- from neyn light, shade of white)
nong example)
neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white
natxu: [n·a."t’·u] P F vtr. disapprove of niä: [n·i."·æ] P F vtr. grab
nawang: ["n·a.w·aN] P F vin. merge, become one nik: [nik^] P F adj. convenient, usable without
with much expenditure of effort
nawfwe: [naw."fwE] P F adj. fluent (for speech) nikre: ["[Link]] P F n. hair
Contraction of na hufwe nikroi: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. hair adornment (c.w.
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble from nikre hair and ioi adornment)
nawmtu: ["[Link]] P F n. great person, noble >
niktsyey: ["[Link]] P F n. food wrap (food items
person (derived from nawm great, noble) wrapped in edible leaves or vines) (c.w. from
nawri: ["[Link]] P F adj. talented nik convenient and tsyey snack, light meal)

22
nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy nìayoeng: [[Link]."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do
ninan: ["[Link]] P F adv. by reading (derived (casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo-
from inan read) eng us (inclusive))
ningyen: ["[Link]] P F adv. mysteriously, in a nìfe’: [nI."fEP] P F adv. badly (derived from fe’
puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen fee- bad)
ling of mystery) nìfkeytongay: [[Link]."Naj] P F adv. actually,
nip: [n·ip^] P F vin. become stuck, get caught in as a matter of fact (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-
something tion and ngay true)
nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people) nìfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri-
ved from fìkrr" this time)
nivi: ["[Link]] P F n. sleeping hammock (general
term) nìflä: [nI."flæ] P F adv. successfully (derived
nì–: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix from flä succeed)
nì’al: [nI."Pal] P F adv. wastefully (derived from nìflrr: [nI."flr] P F adv. gently, tenderly (derived
’al waste) from flrr "gentle)
nì’aw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from ’aw nìfmokx: [nI."fmok’] P F adv. jealously, en-
one) viously (derived from fmokx jealousy)
nì’awtu: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. alone (as one per- nìfnu: [nI."fnu] P F adv. silently (derived from
son) (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person) fnu quiet)
nì’awve: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. first (derived nìfpxamo: [nI."fp’[Link]] P F adv. horribly, terrib-
from ’awve first) ly, awfully (derived from fpxamo horrible)
nì’älek: [nI."Pæ.lEk^] P F adv. determinedly, with nìfrakrr: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. as always (derived
from frakrr always)"
determination (derived from ’älek determi-
ned) nìfrir: [nI."fRiR] P F adv. in layers (derived from
nì’en: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed frir layer)
guess, acting on intuition (derived from ’en nìftär: [nI."ftæR] P F adv. to the left (derived
guess) from ftär left)
nì’eng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same le- nìftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from
vel (derived from ’engeng level) ftue easy)
nì’eoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (de- nìftxan: [nI."ft’an] P F adv. so, to such an extent
rived from ’eoio ceremonious) (derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)
nì’eveng: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. like a child, imma- nìftxavang: [nI."ft’[Link]] P F adv. passionately,
turely (derived from ’eveng child) with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio-
nì’eyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in nate)
answer (derived from ’eyng answer) nìfwefwi: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. by whistling, in
nì’i’a: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (de- a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi
rived from ’i’a end) whistle)
nì’it: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab- nìfya’o: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. in a manner (deri-
stract) (derived from ’it bit, a small amount) ved from fya’o way)
nì’Ìnglìsì: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. in English (de- nìfyeyntu: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. like an adult,
rived from ’Ìnglìsì English) maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult)
nì’o’: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is en- nìhawmpam: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. noisily
joyable, enjoyably (derived from ’o’ exciting) (derived from hawmpam noise)
nì’ul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more nìhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively
nì’ul’ul: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. increasingly, more (derived from hawng overabundance)
and more (derived from ’ul increase) nìhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay
nìawnomum: [[Link]."[Link]] P F adv. as next)
you know, as is known (casual speech nìhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (deri-
[naw."[Link]]) (derived from «awn» passi- ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not
ve participle infix and omum know) manner, adverbial)

23
nìhìpey: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. hesitantly (derived nìlayl: [nI."lajl] P F adv. innocently (derived
from hìpey hesitate) from layl innocent)
nìhoan: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. comfortably (deri- nìler: [nI."lER] P F adv. steadily (derived from ler
ved from hoan comfort) steady, smooth)
nìhoet: [nI."[Link]^] P F adv. widely, pervasively nìli: [nI."li] P F adv. in advance (derived from li
(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive) already)
nìhol: [nI."hol] P F adv. few, not many (derived nìlkeftang: [[Link]."ftaN] P F adv. continuously,
from hol few) incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
nìhona: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. endearingly, sweetly without and ftang stop)
(derived from hona endearing) nìloho: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. surprisingly (derived
nìk’ärìp: [nIk."Pæ.RIp^] P F adv. steadily (deri- from loho be surprising)
ved from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without let- >
nìltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from
ting it move’ sìltsan good)
nìk’ong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived nìlun: [nI."lun] P F adv. of course, logically,
from kì’ong slow) following common sense
nìkakan: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. roughly (derived nìmal: [nI."mal] P F adv. trustingly, without he-
from kakan rouh) sitation (derived from mal trustworthy)
nìkakmokri: [[Link]."[Link]] P F adv. mutely nìmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. weakly, loosely (de-
(derived from kakmokri mute) rived from meyp weak)
nìkanu: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. intelligently, in a nìmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again
smart way (derived from kanu smart)
nìmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully
nìkeftxo: [[Link]."ft’o] P F adv. unfortunately,
(derived from mawey calm)
sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)
nìmweypey: [nIm."[Link]] P F adv. patiently
nìkelkin: [[Link]."kin] P F adv. unnecessarily
(derived from maweypey be patient)
(derived from kelkin unnecessary)
nìn: [n·In] P F vtr. look at
nìkemweypey: [[Link]."[Link]] P F adv. impa-
nìNa’vi: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. like the Na’vi,
tiently (derived from ke not and lemwey-
Na’vi-ly (derived from Na’vi the People)
pey patient)
nìklonu: [[Link]."nu] P F adv. firmly, steadfastly, nìnäk: [nI."næk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid
faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go) way (derived from näk drink)
lit.: ’without releasing it’ nìnän: [nI."næn] P F adv. less (derived from nän
nìkmar: [nIk."maR] P F adv. in the right season, decrease)
opportunely (derived from kìmar in season) nìnänän: [nI."næn.æn] P F adv. decreasingly, less
nìksman: [nIk."sman] P F adv. wonderfully (de- and less (derived from nän decrease)
rived from kosman wonderful) nìnew: [nI."nEw] P F adv. voluntarily, willingly,
nìksran: [nIk."sRan] P F adv. in a mediocre man- by desire (derived from new want)
ner (derived from kesran mediocre) nìngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from
nìktungzup: [[Link]."zup^] P F adv. carefully, ngay true)
firmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop) nìngong: [nI."NoN] P F adv. lethargically, lazily
lit.: ’without letting it fall’ (derived from ngong lazy)
nìkx: [nIk’] P F n. gravel nìno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, tho-
nìkxap: [nI."k’ap^] P F adv. threateningly (deri- roughly
ved from kxap threat) nìnrra: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. proudly, with pride (de-
nìkxem: [nI."k’Em] P F adv. vertically (derived rived from" nrra pride)
from kxem be vertical) nìnu: [nI."nu] P F adv. failingly, falteringly, in
nìlam: [nI."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or ex-
from lam seem) pected end (derived from nui fail, falter)
nìlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from nìolo’: [nI.o."loP] P F adv. (together) as members
law clear) of a clan (derived from olo’ clan)

24
nìprrte’: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly, nìswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (deri-
with pleasure" (derived from prrte’ pleasurab- ved from swey best)
le) nìsyayvi: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. by chance or coin-
nìpxay: [nI."p’aj] P F adv. many, manily (deri- cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
ved from pxay many) nìsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from
nìpxi: [nI."p’i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un- syen last)
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp) nìsyep: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv. tightly, in an iron grip
nìpxim: [nI."p’im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (deri- (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like a trap’
ved from pxim erect, upright) nìt’iluke: [nIt."[Link]] P F adv. never-endingly,
nìpxul: [nI."p’ul] P F adv. formidably, imposingly forever (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusion
(derived from pxul formidable, imposing) and luke without)
nìran: [nI."Ran] P F adv. basically, fundamentally, nìtam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (derived from
in essence (derived from ran intrinsic charac- tam suffice)
ter or nature) nìteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
nìrangal: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. wish (contrary to se (derived from teng same, equal)
fact, with perfective or imperfective subjuncti- nìtengfya: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. as, same way as
ve) (derived from rangal wish) (similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-
nìräptum: [nI.ræp."tum] P F adv. coarsely, vul- me way as (conj.))
garly (derived from räptum coarse, vulgar,) nìtkan: [nIt."kan] P F adv. purposefully, delibera-
nìrìkxi: [[Link]."k’i] P F adv. shakily, tremblingly tely (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpose)
(derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver) nìtkanluke: [nIt."[Link]] P F adv. accidental-
ly, unintentionally (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-
nìronsrel: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. in imagination,
sefully, deliberately and luke- without)
by imagination (derived from ronsrel somet-
nìtokat: [nI."[Link]^] P F adv. guiltily (derived
hing imagined)
from tokat guilty)
nìsay: [nI."saj] P F adv. loyally (derived from
nìtrea: [nIt."RE.a] P F adv. in spirit, “spirit-ly”
say loyal)
(derived from tirea spirit)
nìsìlpey: [[Link]."pej] P F adv. hopefully (derived
nìtrrtrr: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu-
from sìlpey hope) " " from trr day)
larly (derived
nìskien: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. to the right (deri- >
nìtsim: [nI."tsim] P F adv. originally, in an origi-
ved from skien right)
nal way, with originality (derived from tsim
nìslele: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. by swimming (deri- source)
ved from slele swim) >
nìtsìsyì: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. by whispering, in a
nìsngä’i: [nI."sNæ.Pi] P F adv. originally, at first whisper (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)
(derived from sngä’i begin) >
nìtsleng: [nI."tslEN] P F adv. falsely (derived
nìsngum: [nI."sNum] P F adv. worryingly, fretful- from tsleng false)
ly (derived from sngum worry) >
nìtson: [nI."tson] P F adv. dutifully, as an obliga-
nìso’ha: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. enthusiastically tion (derived from tson duty, obligation)
(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about) >
nìtstew: [nI."tstEw] P F adv. bravely, coura-
nìsoaia: [[Link]."a.i.a] P F adv. (together) as mem- geously (derived from tstew brave)
bers of a family (derived from soaia family) >
nìtsyìl: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. by climbing (derived
nìsok: [nI."sok^] P F adv. recently (derived from from tsyìl climb)
sok recent) nìtut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
nìsteng: [nI."stEN] P F adv. similarly (derived from tut continuation marker)
from steng similar) nìtxan: [nI."t’an] P F adv. much (abstract), very
nìsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti (derived from txan much)
be angry) nìtxankeltrrtrr: [nI."t’[Link]] P F adv. ex-
nìsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally, traordinarily (derived from"txankeltrrtrr
" ex-
furthermore (derived from sung add) traordinary)

25
nìtxay: [nI."t’aj] P F adv. horizontally (derived from yrr natural)
from txay be horizontal) nìzawnong: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. safely (deri-
nìtxi: [nI."t’i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way ved from «awn» passive participle infix and
(derived from txi hurry) zong save)
nìtxiluke: [nI."t’[Link]] P F adv. unhurriedly, lei- nìzen: [nI."zEn] P F adv. necessarily (derived
surely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without) from zene must)
nìtxukx: [nI."t’uk’] P F adv. deeply (derived nìzevakx: [nI."[Link]’] P F adv. cruelly (derived
from txukx deep) from zevakx cruel)
nìvingkap: [nI."[Link]^] P F adv. by the way, nokx: [n·ok’] P F vtr. give birth to
incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to nong: [n·oN] P F vtr. follow, proceed after
one, pop into one’s mind) nongspe’: [n·oN."sp·EP] P F vtr. pursue with an
nìwan: [nI."wan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by intent to capture
hiding (derived from wan hide) nopx: [n·op’] P F vtr. put away, store
nìwawe: [[Link]."wE] P F adv. meaningfully, sig- nrr: [n·r] P F vin. glow, be luminous
nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig- "
nrra: ["nr.a] P F n. pride, feeling of pride
nificance) "
nuä+: ["nu.æ] P F adp. beyond
nìwä: [nI."wæ] P F adv. on the contrary, conver-
nui: ["n·u.·i] P F vin. fail, falter, go astray, not ob-
sely
tain expected or desired result
nìwäte: [nI.wæ."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, be-
nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
grudgingly (derived from wäte argue) "
from krr time)
nìwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast, quickly (derived
nulnew: [nul."n·Ew] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (deri-
from win fast)
ved from new want)
nìwok: [nI."wok^] P F adv. loudly (derived from
wok loud) nume: ["n·u.m·E] P F vin. learn
nìwotx: [nI."wot’] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com- numeyu: ["[Link]] P F n. student (derived
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole) from nume learn)
>
nìyawr: [nI."jawR] P F adv. correctly, rightly (de- numtseng: ["[Link]] P F n. school (c.w. from
rived from eyawr correct, right) nume learn and tseng place)
>
nìyewla: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. in a disappointing numtsengvi: ["[Link]] P F n. classroom, di-
fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations vision of a school (derived from numtseng
(derived from yewla disappointment) school)
nìyey: [nI."jEj] P F adv. directly, straight to the numultxa: [[Link]."t’a] P F n. class (for instruc-
point; just (derived from yey straight) tion) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa mee-
nìyeyfya: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. straight ahead, in ting)
a straight line (derived from yeyfya straight numultxatu: [[Link]."t’[Link]] P F n. classmate,
line) member of a class (derived from numultxa
nìyll: [nI."jl] P F adv. communally, in a communal class (for instruction))
manner "(derived from yll communal) nun: [nun] P F n. long (of time)
nìyo’: [nI."joP^] P F adv. perfectly, flawlessly (de- nunyol: ["[Link]] P F n. length (of time) (c.w.
rived from yo’ be perfect) from nun long (of time) and yol short (of ti-
nìyol: [nI."jol] P F adv. briefly, shortly (of time) me))
(derived from yol short (of time)) nunyolpe: ["[Link]] P F inter. what length,
nìyrr: [nI."jr] P F adv. naturally, without tam- how long (of time) variant of penunyol
pering with " or changing the nature (derived nutx: [nut’] P F adj. thick

26
Ng

nga: [Na] P F pn. you nget: [NEt^] P F adj. smell of decaying wood and
nga’: [N·aP] P F vtr. contain leaves, dank (non-animal decay)
nga’lini: [N·aP."[Link]] P F vin. be pregnant (for ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired
animals) (ii) (c.w. from nga’ contain and li- ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however
ni young of an animal) ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
nga’prrnen: [N·aP."[Link]] P F vin. be pregnant ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] P F n. length (derived
" from nga’ contain and
(for people) (ii) (c.w. from ngim long and pup short)
prrnen baby) ngimpuppe: ["[Link]] P F inter. what
ngam: [Nam] P F n. echo length, how long (of physical extension) vari-
ngampam: ["[Link]] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from ant of pengimpup
ngam echo and pam sound) ngip: [Nip^] P F n. space, open or borderless area
ngampam si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. rhyme (de- ngoa: ["No.a] P F n. mud
rived from ngampam rhyme) ngong: [NoN] P F adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient
> energy, lazy
ngatsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F pn. little you, you little
ngop: [N·op^] P F vtr. create
(derived from nga you)
ngopyu: ["[Link]] P F n. creator (derived from
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm
ngop create)
ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root
ngaytxoa: [Naj."t’o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologi- ngrrfpìl:" ["[Link]] P F n. key assumption (c.w.
es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w. from ngrr" root and fpìl think)
from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness) ngrrpongu: ["[Link]] P F n. grassroots move-
ngä’än: [N·æ."P·æn] P F vin. suffer mentally or ment (c.w. from " ngrr root and pongu party)
emotionally, be miserable ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab
ngäng: [NæN] P F n. stomach ngulpin: ["[Link]] P F n. grey (derived from
ngäzìk: ["Næ.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard ngul grey, drab)
ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific form) (de- ngungung: ["N·u.N·uN] P F vtr. rub
rived from nga you) nguway: ["[Link]] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
ngep: [NEp^] P F n. navel rived from way song)

oare: [o."[Link]] P F n. moon olo’: [o."loP] P F n. clan

oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me olo’eyktan: [[Link]."[Link]] JC n. clan leader
oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclu- (c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)
sive), you and I (derived from oe I) olo’eyktan: [[Link]."tan] P F n. male clan lea-
>
oetsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F pn. little me, little I (de- der (derived from olo’eyktan clan leader)
rived from oe I) olo’eykte: [[Link]."tE] P F n. female clan leader
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause (derived from olo’eyktan clan leader)
oeyktìng: [o."Ejk.t·IN] P F vtr. explain (why) (ii) olo’tu: [o."[Link]] P F n. clan member, member of a
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give) community (derived from olo’ clan)
ohakx: [o."hak’] P F adj. hungry ompu: ["[Link]] P F adj. fat, corpulent
ohe: ["[Link]] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial omum: [·o."m·um] P F vtr. know (stress moves
form) to first syllable with infixation)
oìsss: [o."Isss] LA intj. angry snarl, ’watch it!’ onlor: [on."loR] P F adj. good-smelling (c.w. from
oìsss si: [o."Isss s·i] P F vin. hiss (derived from ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses)
oìsss angry snarl) >
ontsang: ["[Link]] P F n. nose ring (c.w. from
okup: ["[Link]^] P F n. milk ontu nose and tsang piercing)

27
ontu: ["[Link]] JC n. nose ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the senses)
onvä’: [on."væP] P F adj. bad-smelling (c.w. from

P
>
pa’o: ["[Link]] P F n. side parultsyìp: [pa."[Link]^] P F n. term of affection
pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement for children (derived from parul miracle)
palang: ["p·a.l·aN] P F vtr. contact (in a social sen- paskalin: [[Link]."lin] P F n. sweet berry (term of
se), communicate with endearment) (derived from pasuk berry and
palon: ["p·a.l·on] P F vin. burn (a)kalin sweet)
pam: [pam] P F n. sound pasuk: ["[Link]^] P F n. berry
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from pate: ["p·a.t·E] ZS vin. get to a place, arrive
pam sound and rel image) paw: [p·aw] P F vin. grow; germinate and develop
pamrelfya: [pam."[Link]] P F n. spelling (deri- (of a plant)
ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way) pawk: [pawk^] P F n. horn, wind instrument
pamrel si: [pam."REl "s·i] P F vin. write (derived pawm: [p·awm] P F vtr. ask
from pamrel writing) pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
payfya: ["[Link]] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
pamrelsiyu: [pam."[Link]] P F n. writer (deri-
water and fya’o way)
ved from pamrel writing)
payìva: ["[Link]] P F n. drop of water (derived
pamrelvi: [pam."[Link]] P F n. letter (phonetic
from pay water and ìlva drop)
symbol) (derived from pamrel writing)
paynga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. moist, humid, damp
pamrelvul: [pam."[Link]] P F n. pen, pencil, lit.
(derived from pay water and nga’ contain)
’writing stick.’ (c.w. from pamrel writing
payoang: [paj."[Link]] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
and vul branch (of a tree))
water and ioang animal)
pamrelvul ler: [pam."[Link] le."RIn] P F n. pen-
paysena: ["[Link]] P F n. water container (c.w.
cil, lit. ’wooden writing stick.’ (c.w. from
from pay water and sähena container)
pamrelvul pen, pencil and ler wooden, of
paysmung: ["[Link]] P F n. water carrier (c.w.
wood)
from pay water and smung transportation
pam si: [pam s·i] P F vin. make a sound (derived
device)
from pam sound)
> paystan: [paj."stan] P F inter. what men variant
pamtseo: ["[Link].o] P F n. music (c.w. from of aystampe
pam sound and tseo art)
> payste: [paj."stE] P F inter. what women variant
pamtseongopyu: [[Link].o."[Link]] P F n. mu- of aystepe
sic creator, composer (c.w. from pamtseo mu- paysu: [paj."su] P F inter. what people variant of
sic and ngopyu creator) eg. James Horner aysupe
>
pamtseo si: ["[Link].o "s·i] P F vin. play music paytxew: [paj."t’Ew] P F n. shoreline, water’s
(with fa for instrument played) (derived from edge (c.w. from pay water and txew edge)
pamtseo music) pähem: ["p·æ.h·Em] P F vin. arrive
>
pamtseotu: ["[Link]] P F n. musician (de- pängkxo: [p·æN."k’·o] P F vin. chat, converse,
rived from pamtseo music) have a conversation
>
pamtseovi: ["[Link]] P F n. musical piece pängkxoyu: [pæN."k’[Link]] P F n. chatter, conver-
(derived from pamtseo music) ser (derived from pängkxo chat)
pamuvan: ["[Link]] P F n. sound play (c.w. pängkxoyu lekoren: [pæN."k’[Link] [Link]."REn]
from pam sound and uvan game) P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatter
pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third and lekoren lawlike)
parul: [pa."Rul] P F n. miracle pänu: ["pæ.nu] P F n. promise
parulnga’: [pa."[Link]] P F adj. miraculous (de- pänutìng: ["pæ.nu.t·IN] P F vtr. promise (a thing
rived from parul miracle) nfp. to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pänu promise and

28
 tìng give) pepste: [pEp."stE] P F inter. what three women
–pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker variant of pxestepe
pe’ngay: [p·EP."Naj] P F vin. judge, conclude pepsu: [pEp."su] P F inter. what three people va-
(c.w. from pe’un decide and ngay true) riant of pxesupe
pe’ngayyu: [pEP."[Link]] P F n. judge (derived peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where variant of
from pe’ngay judge, conclude) tsengpe
pe’un: ["p·E.P·un] P F vtr. decide peslosnep: [[Link]."snEp^] P F inter. what width,
pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind variant of how wide? (derived from snep narrow) vari-
fnepe ant of slosneppe
pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how variant of fyape pesomwew: [[Link]."wEw] P F inter. what tem-
pefyinep’ang: [[Link]."PaN] P F inter. how perature? (derived from somwew tempera-
complex? (derived from fyinep’ang degree of ture)
complexity) variant of fyinep’angpe pestan: [pE."stan] P F inter. what man variant of
pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) vari- tutampe
ant of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed) peste: [pE."stE] P F inter. what woman variant of
tutepe
pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when variant of krrpe
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who variant of tupe
(c.w. from" krr time)
peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) variant of
pek: [pek^] P F n. fin (of an aquatic animal)
’upe
pekxinum: [pE."k’[Link]] P F inter. how tight,
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck
loose? (derived from ’ekxinum tightness,
pey: [p·Ej] P F vin. wait, wait for
looseness)
piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless
pela’a: [pE."[Link]] P F inter. how near, how far,
skies)
what distance variant of la’ape
piak säpi: [pi."ak sæ."p·i] P F vin. open oneself,
pela’ang: [pE."[Link]] P F inter., intj. wth, what
open by itself, open on its own (c.w. from piak
the hell (derived from –pe+ interrogative
open and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
marker and la’ang pile of stinking, rotting ani-
piak si: [pi."ak^ s·i] P F vin. open (derived from
mal matter)
piak open)
pelì’u: [pE."[Link]] P F inter. what (word,
pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
utterance) variant of lì’upe
pinvul: ["[Link]] P F n. crayon (c.w. from ’opin
pelìmsim: [pE."[Link]] P F inter. how near, how color and vul branch (of a tree)) short for
far (derived from lìm be far and sim be near) ’opinvultsyìp
pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why variant of lumpe pizayu: ["[Link]] P F n. ancestor
pemstan: [pEm."stan] P F inter. what two men pìmtxan: [pIm."t’an] P F inter. how much vari-
variant of mestampe ant of hìmtxampe
pemste: [pEm."stE] P F inter. what two women pìsaw: [pI."saw] P F adj. clumsy, accident-prone
variant of mestepe pìtìk: ["p·I.t·Ik^] P F vtr. scratch non-harmfully, as
pemsu: [pEm."su] P F inter. what two people va- an itch
riant of mesupe pìwopx: [pI."wop’] P F n. cloud
peng: [p·EN] P F vtr. tell >
pìwopxtsyìp: [pI."wop’.tsjIp^] P F n. nebula (de-
penghrr: [p·EN."hr] P F vin. warn (c.w. from rived from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’
"
peng tell and hrrap danger) pllhrr: [p·l."hr] P F vin. warn (c.w. from plltxe
pengimpup: [pE"[Link]^] P F inter. what speak and " hrrap
" danger)
length, how long (of physical extension) vari- pllngay: [p·l."Naj] P F vin. admit (derived from
ant of ngimpuppe plltxe speak" and ngay true)
penunyol: [pE"[Link]] P F inter. what length, plltxe: [p·l."t’·E] P F vtr. speak
how long (of time) variant of nunyolpe "
plltxepam: [pl."t’[Link]] P F n. speech sound;
pepstan: [pEp."stan] P F inter. what three men phoneme (c.w. " from plltxe speak and pam
variant of pxestampe sound)

29
plltxeyu: [pl."t’[Link]] P F n. speaker (derived smoke, trr day and krr time)
from plltxe" speak)
prrnen: ["[Link]] P F n. infant, baby
po: [po] P F pn. he, she "
prrnesyul: ["[Link]] P F n. bud (c.w. from
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) prrsmung: ["[Link]] P F n. baby carrier (c.w.
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use from prrnen" baby and smung transportation
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) device)
pohan: [po."han] P F pn. he (honorific) prrte’: ["[Link]] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
pohe: [po."hE] P F pn. she (honorific)
poho: ["[Link]] P F pn. they (3rd person singular prrwll: ["[Link]] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
honorific) baby and" ’ewll
" plant)
polpxay: [pol."p’aj] P F inter. how many (c.w. pukap: ["[Link]^] P F num. six
from holpxay number and pe how) pum: [pum] P F pn. one (place-holder pronoun
pom: [p·om] P F vtr. kiss referring to a previously mentioned noun
pon: [p·on] P F vtr. balance or pronoun)
pongu: ["[Link]] P F n. a group or party of people pung: [p·uN] P F vtr. hurt, injure
(derived from po he/she) ofp. pup: [pup^] P F adj. short (physical length)
prrku: ["[Link]] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen pupxì: [pu."p’I] P F n. one-sixth (c.w. from
baby and" kelku home) pukap six and hapxì part)
prrkxentrrkrr: ["pr.k’[Link]] Skxawng n. day ti- puve: ["[Link]] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
"
me smoking pleasure, " "
vibrating tongue (Na’vi from pukap six)
idiom) (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxener puwup: [p·u.w·up^] P F vin. bounce

Px

pxan: [p’an] P F adj. worthy pxelo: ["p’[Link]] P F adv. thrice, three times (deri-
pxasìk: ["p’[Link]^] P F intj. screw that!, no way! ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)
(vulgar) pxen: [p’En] P F n. functional clothing (item of)
pxasul: ["p’[Link]] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food pxesrram: [p’[Link]."am] P F adv., n. three days ago
pxaw–: [p’aw] P F adp. around (derived from" trr day)
pxawngip: ["p’[Link]^] P F n. environment (c.w. pxesrray: [p’[Link]."aj] P F adv., n. three days from
from pxaw around and ngip space) now (derived" from trr day)
pxawpa: ["p’[Link]] P F n. perimeter, circumfe- pxestampe: [p’E."[Link]] P F inter. what three
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and men variant of pepstan
pa’o side) pxestepe: [p’E."[Link]] P F inter. what three wo-
pxawpxun: ["p’aw.p’un] P F n. armband (c.w. men variant of pepste
from pxaw around and pxun arm) pxesupe: [p’E."[Link]] P F inter. what three people
pxawtok: ["p’aw.t·ok^] P F vtr. surround (ii) (c.w. variant of pepsu
from pxaw around and tok be at, occupy a pxey: [p’Ej] P F num. three
space) pxeyve: ["p’[Link]] P F adj. third (ordinal) (deri-
pxawtxap: [p’aw."t’·ap^] P F vtr. squeeze (c.w. ved from pxey three)
from pxaw around and txap press) pxi: [p’i] P F adj. sharp (as a point)
pxay: [p’aj] P F adj. many (used with singular pxim: [p’im] P F adj. erect, upright
or plural noun forms) pximaw–: [p’i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w.
pxayopin: ["p’[Link]] P F adj. colorful, multico- from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
lored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and pxiset: [p’i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
’opin color) set now and pxi sharp)
pxek: [p’·Ek^] P F vtr. kick, shove pxisre+: [p’i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from
pxel–: [p’El] P F adp. like, as sre before (time) and pxi sharp)

30
pxiswawam: [p’[Link]."am] P F adv. just a mo- pxoe: ["p’o.E] P F pn. we three, us three (exclusi-
ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and –am ve) (derived from pxe+ trial and oe I)
past) pxoeng: [p’o."EN] P F pn. we three, us three (in-
pxiswaway: [p’[Link]."aj] P F adv. in just a se- clusive) (derived from oe I)
cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and pxor: [p’·oR] P F vin. explode
ay future marker)
pxorpam: ["p’[Link]] P F n. ejective consonant
pxiye’rìn: [p’i."[Link]] P F adv. immediately (not
(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from ye’rìn soon
and pxi sharp) pxul: [p’ul] P F adj. formidable, imposing
pxìm: [p’Im] P F adv. often pxun: [p’un] P F n. arm
pxìmun’i: [p’I.m·un."P·i] P F vtr. divide, cut into pxuntil: ["p’[Link]] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
parts (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut) arm and til joint)

ra’un: ["R·a.P·un] P F vtr. surrender, relinquish, and lì’fya language)

give up räptulì’u: [ræ[Link]."[Link]] P F n. coarse or swear
ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning word (c.w. from räptum coarse, vulgar, and
ralke: ["[Link]] P F adj. meaningless, devoid of lì’u word)
content (derived from ral meaning and ke räptum: [ræp."tum] P F adj. coarse, vulgar, soci-
not) ally unacceptable
ralnga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. meaningful, instructi- re’o: ["[Link]] P F n. head
ve, something from which a lesson can be lear- rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture
ned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’ contain) rel arusikx: ["rEl [Link]."sikx] P F n. movie, film,
ralpeng: [Ral."p·EN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w. video (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
from ral meaning and peng tell) >
reltseo: ["[Link].o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain rel image and tseo art)
> >
ramtsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. hill (derived from reltseotu: ["[Link]] P F n. artist (visual)
ram mountain) (derived from reltseo visual art)
ramunong: [Ra."[Link]] P F n. well relvul: ["[Link]] P F n. pen, pencil, lit. ’writing
ran: [Ran] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, es- stick.’ (short form of pamrelvul)
sence, constititution; basic nature of something rem: [rEm] P F n. fuel
resulting from the totality of its properties; of- reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically) nfp.
ten best translated as personality rengop: ["rE.N·op^] P F vtr. design (finer detail)
rangal: ["R·a.N·al] P F vin. wish (c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create)
raspu’: [Ra."spuP] P F n. leggings (used in war) renten: ["[Link]] P F n. goggles, (made from in-
raw–: [Raw] P F adp. down to sect wings, carved from wood, etc)
rawke: ["[Link]] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defen- renu: ["[Link]] P F n. pattern
se renulke: ["[Link]] P F adj. irregular, random
rawm: [Rawm] P F n. lightning (general term) (derived from renu pattern and luke wit-
rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p’om] P F n. thunder and hout)
lightning (derived from rawm lightning and rewon: ["[Link]] P F n. morning
’rrpxom thunder) rey: [R·Ej] P F vin. live
rawn: [R·awn] P F vtr. replace, substitute rey’eng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (de-
rawng: [rawN] P F n. entrance, doorway rived from rey live)
rä’ä: [Ræ."Pæ] P F part. do not (for negative impe- reyfya: ["[Link]] P F n. way of living, culture (c.w.
ratives, commands only) from rey live and fya’o path, way)
räptulì’fya: [ræ[Link]."[Link]] P F n. coarse, vulgar reykol: [REj."kol] P F vtr. play music, make to sing
language (c.w. from räptum coarse, vulgar, (poetic) (derived from rol sing and «eyk»

31
 causitive infix) rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! I’ve found it!
reym: [REjm] P F n. dry land rong: [RoN] P F n. tunnel
reypay: ["[Link]] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live ronguway: [R·o."[Link]] P F vin. howl (derived
and pay water) from rol sing and nguway howl)
reypaytun: ["[Link]] P F adj. red (“blood ronguwayyu: [Ro."[Link]] P F n. howler (de-
tun") (c.w. from reypay blood and tun red, rived from ronguway howl)
orange) ronsem: ["[Link]] P F n. mind
rikx: [R·ik’] P F vin. move, shift position ronsrel: ["[Link]] P F n. something imagined
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow (c.w. from ronsem mind and rel image)
rimpin: ["[Link]] P F n. yellow (derived from
ronsrelngop: ["[Link].N·op^] P F vtr. imagi-
rim yellow)
ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel
rina’: [Ri."naP] P F n. seed (derived from atoki-
picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation
rina’ seeds of the great tree)
["[Link]^] )
ripx: [R·ip’] P F vtr. pierce
ropx: [Rop’] P F n. hole (going clear through an
rì’ìr: ["[Link]] P F n. reflection
object)
rì’ìr si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. reflect, imitate (deri-
ved from rì’ìr reflection) rou: ["R·o.·u] P F vin. be, or get drunk (example
rìk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf use: rou fa pxir)
rìkean: ["[Link]] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
rìk leaf and ean green) run: [R·un] P F vtr. find, discover
rìkxi: [r·I."k’·i] P F vin. tremble, shake, shiver rurur: [Ru."RuR] P F n. water that is aeriated whi-
rìn: [RIn] P F n. wood le flowing among the rocks of a very gradually
ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative) sloping stream (countable)
ro’a: ["R·o.P·a] P F vin. be impressive, inspire awe rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
or respect thing (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-
rofa–: ["[Link]] P F adp. beside, alongside ticiple infix)
rol: [R·ol] P F vin. sing rutxe: [Ru."t’E] P F intj. please

sa: [s·a] P F vin. rise to a challenge (derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)
sa’ewrang: [sa."[Link]] P F n. mother loom, gi- san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote
ant loom (derived from sa’nok mother and sang: [saN] P F adj. warm
’ewrang loom) sar: [s·aR] P F vtr. use
sa’nok: ["[Link]^] P F n. mother (from sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat)
sa’atenuk C ) satu’li: [sa."[Link]] P F n. heritage (Note: Also
sa’nu: ["[Link]] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona- name of canteen at Disney’s Pandora)
te form of sa’nok mother) sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
>
sa’nutsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. little mommy urgh
(used for young girls) (derived from sa’nu say: [saj] P F adj. loyal
mommy) saylahe: [saj."[Link]] P F adv. ’et cetera’ (derived
sa’sem: ["[Link]] P F n. parent or set of parents from sì alahe and others) (contraction)
(derived from sa’nok mother and sempul sayrìp: ["[Link]^] P F adj. handsome, good looking
father) ofp. (male)
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry sä’anla: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. yearning (derived
saho: [sa."ho] P F n. prayer (derived from aho from ’anla yearn for)
pray) sä’eoio: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] P F n. ceremony, ritual, rite
salew: [s·a."l·Ew] P F vin. proceed, go (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)
salewfya: [sa."[Link]] P F n. direction, course sä’eoio si: [sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] P F vin. take part in

32
 a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived from change)
sä’eoio ceremony) sälätxayn: [sæ.læ."t’ajn] P F n. defeat, an instan-
sä’ipu: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. something humorous ce of defeat (derived from lätxayn defeat)
(derived from ’ipu humorous) säleymfe’: [sæ.lEjm."fEP] P F n. complaint (deri-
sä’o: ["sæ.Po] P F n. tool, utensil ved from leymfe’ complain)
säfe’ul: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. worsening (specific in- säleymkem: [sæ.lEjm."kEm] P F n. protest, in-
stance) (derived from fe’ul worsen) stance of protesting (derived from leymkem
säflä: [sæ."flæ] P F n. success (an instance of suc- protest)
ceeding) (derived from flä succeed) sälipx: [sæ."lip’] P F n. drop (of a liquid) (derived
säflel: [sæ."flEl] P F n. trick, hoax, dishonest act or from lipx drop)
scheme (derived from flel trick, fool) sämok: [sæ."mok^] P F n. a suggestion (derived
>
säfleltsyìp: [sæ."[Link]^] P F n. practical joke from mok suggest)
(derived from flel trick, fool) sämunge: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. transportation tool
säfmi: [sæ."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from or device (derived from munge take, bring)
fmi try, attempt) Note: In compounds, the ä and e drop, yi-
säfmong: [sæ."fmoN] P F n. theft (particular in- elding –smung
stance) (derived from fmong steal, rob) sämyam: [sæm."yam] P F n. hug, embrace (deri-
säfngo’: [sæ."fNoP] P F n. requirement, demand ved from meyam hug)
(derived from fngo’ require) sängä’än: [sæ.Næ."Pæn] P F n. bout of suffering;
säfpìl: [sæ."fpIl] P F n. idea (derived from fpìl episode of depression (derived from ngä’än
think) suffer mentally or emotionally)
säfpìlyewn: [sæ."fpIl.y·Ewn] P F vin. communi- sängop: [sæ."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from
cate (ii) (c.w. from säfpìl thought and yewn ngop create)
express, convey)
sänrr: [sæ."nr] P F n. glow, an instance of glowing;
säfrìp: [sæ."fRIp^] P F n. a bite (derived from frìp " lamp (derived from nrr glow)
light source,
bite)
sänui: [sæ."nu.i] P F n. failure (particular instance
säfrrfen: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. visit (derived from
of failure) (derived from nui fail, falter)
frrfen visit) "
sänume: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. teaching, instruction
säftxulì’u: [sæ.ft’u."[Link]] P F n. speech, oration
(derived from nume learn)
(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)
sänume si: [sæ."[Link] s·i] P F vin. teach, in-
säfyep: [sæ."fjEp^] P F n. handle (derived from
struct, give instruction (derived from sänu-
fyep hold in the hand)
me teaching, instruction)
sähe’a: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. a cough, instance of
coughing (derived from he’a cough) sänumvi: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. lesson (derived
sähena: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. container, vessel, car- from sänume teaching)
rier (derived from hena carry) säomum: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. (piece of) informa-
säkahena: [sæ.ka."[Link]] P F n. means of trans- tion (derived from omum know)
port, transportation device, vehicle (derived säpenghrr: [sæ.pEN."hr] P F n. warning (derived
from penghrr warn) "
from kahena transport)
säkanom: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. something acqui- säpllhrr: [sæ.pl."hr] P F n. warning (derived
" "
from pllhrr warn)
red, an acquisition, a possession (derived from
kanom acquire) säplltxe: [sæ.pl."t’E] P F n. statement (derived
säkxange: [sæ."k’[Link]] P F n. yawn (derived from plltxe "speak)
from kxange yawn) säplltxevi: [sæ.pl."t’[Link]] P F n. comment (deri-
ved from säplltxe" statement)
sälang: [sæ."laN] P F n. an exploration or investi-
gation (derived from lang investigate, explo- säpom: [sæ."pom] P F n. kiss (derived from
re) pom kiss)
sälatem: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. change (instance särangal: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. a wish (derived
of), edit, modification (derived from latem from rangal wish)

33
särawn: [sæ."Rawn] P F n. replacement, substitu- prove)
>
te, something that replaces something else (de- sätsawn: [sA."tsawn] P F n. harvest (particular
rived from rawn replace) instance) (derived from tsawn harvest)
>
särengop: [sæ."[Link]^] P F n. design (a par- sätseri: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. observation, something
ticular instance of designing) (derived from noticed (derived from tseri notice)
>
rengop design) sätsìsyì: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. whisper (derived
säro’a: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. feat, accomplishment, from tsìsyì whisper)
>
great deed sätswayon: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. flight (an in-
säro’a si: [sæ."[Link] s·i] P F vin. do great deeds stance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly)
>
(derived from säro’a great deed) sätsyìl: [sæ."tsjIl] P F n. climbing event, a climb
säseyto: [sæ.sEj."to] P F n. butchering tool (deri- (derived from tsyìl climb)
ved from seyto butcher (in the sense of separa- sävll: [sæ."vl] P F n. sign, indication, signal (de-
ting or processing the carcass of a dead animal)) rived from " vll indicate, point at)
säsìlpey: [sæ.sIl."pEj] P F n. hope (particular in- säwäsul: [sæ."wæ.sul] P F n. a competition (deri-
stance) (derived from sìlpey hope) ved from wäsul compete)
>
säspaw: [sæ."spaw] P F n. belief (particular in- säwäsultsyìp: [sæ."wæ.[Link]^] P F n. a con-
stance) (derived from spaw believe) test (derived from säwäsul a competition)
säspxin: [sæ."sp’in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill- säwäte: [sæ.wæ."tE] P F n. point of contention,
ness (derived from spxin sick) source of argument, thing disputed (derived
>
säspxintsyìp: [sæ."sp’[Link]^] P F n. minor ail- from wäte argue)
ment (derived from säspxin illness) säwem: [sæ."wEm] P F n. fight (derived from
säsrätx: [sæ."sRæt’] P F n. annoyance (derived wem fight)
from srätx annoy) säwìngay: [sæ.wI."Naj] P F n. proof (particular
säsrese’a: [sæ.[Link]."Pa] P F n. a prediction (de- instance) (derived from wìngay proof )
rived from srese’a prophetize) säwìntxu: [sæ.wIn."t’u] P F n. a showing, an ex-
säsrìn: [sæ."sRIn] P F n. lent or borrowed thing hibition (derived from wìntxu show)
(derived from srìn temporarily transfer from säyäkx: [sæ."jæk’] P F n. snub (derived from
one to another) yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)
säsrung: [sæ."sruN] P F n. helper (inanimate), so- säzärìp: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein
mething that helps (derived from srung help) (derived from za’ärìp pull)
sästarsìm: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. collection (put se’ayl: [sE."Pajl] P F n. an individual tall, thin wa-
together intentionally by a person) (derived terfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or off
from starsìm gather, collect) of a floating mountain (countable)
säsulìn: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. hobby, pleasure- sekrr: ["[Link]] P F n. present (c.w. from set now
"
and krr time)
yielding activity (derived from sulìn be busy
(positive sense)) semkä: [sEm."kæ] P F n. bridge (derived from
säsyep: [sæ."sjEp^] P F n. trap (derived from emkä cross)
syep trap) sempu: ["[Link]] P F n. daddy (affectionate
sätare: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. connection, relationship form of sempul father)
(derived from tare connect, relate to) sempul: ["[Link]] P F n. father
sätarenga’: [sæ."[Link]] P F adj. relevant, per- set: [sEt^] P F adv. now
tinent (derived from sätare connection, rela- sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty ofp. (female)
tionship) sey: [sEj] P F n. cup or bowl minimally modified
sätarep: [sæ."[Link]^] P F n. rescue, an incidence from naturally occuring resources
of rescuing (derived from tarep save, rescue) seykxel: [sEj."k’El] P F adj. strong (emotionally,
sätaron: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. hunt (derived from spiritually, not physical), confident
taron hunt) seyn: [sEjn] P F n. chair, stool, bench; any tool or
>
sätsan’ul: [sæ."[Link]] P F n. improvement device to facilitate sitting (derived from sä’o
(specific instance) (derived from tsan’ul im- tool and heyn sit)

34
seyri: ["[Link]] JC n. lip släkop: ["slæ.kop^] P F adv. but also (c.w. from
>
seysonìltsan: [[Link]."tsan] P F intj. well do- slä but and kop also)
ne! (derived from hasey soli nìltsan accom- slär: [slæR] P F n. cave
plished well) slele: ["sl·E.l·E] P F vin. swim
seyto: [s·Ej."to] P F vtr. butcher (in the sense of sleyku: [slEj."k·u] P F vtr. produce (derived from
separating or processing the carcass of a dead slu become and «eyk» causative infix)
animal) sloa: ["slo.a] P F adj. wide
si: [s·i] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional non- sloan: [sl·o."·an] P F vtr. pour
bound verb do, make deriving affix slosnep: [slo."snEp^] P F n. width (derived from
sim: [s·im] P F vin. be near snep narrow)
sì: [sI] P F part. and (connects two things, can slosneppe: [slo."[Link]] P F inter. what width,
be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and) how wide? (derived from snep narrow) va-
sìk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote riant of peslosnep
sìlpey: [sIl."p·Ej] P F vin. hope (with tsnì for thing slu: [sl·u] P F vin. become (noun predicate with
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w. ne in ambiguous constructions)
from sìltsan good and pey wait) slukx: [sluk’] P F n. horn of an animal
sìlronsem: [sIl."[Link]] P F adj. clever, smart smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing
(thing) (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsem smaw: [sm·aw] P F vtr. approve of
mind) smon: [sm·on] P F vin. be familiar, be known
> (with dative)
sìltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well
done sna’o: ["[Link]] P F n. set, group, pile, clump,
sìn–: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto stand nfp.
ska’a: [sk·a."P·a] P F vtr. destroy snafpìlfya: [sna."[Link]] P F n. philosophy (c.w.
skepek: ["[Link]^] P F adj. formal from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin-
king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’
skeykx: [skEjk’] P F adj. bored
snanumultxa: [[Link]."t’a] P F n. course (as
skiempa: ["[Link]] P F n. right side (c.w.
a collection of classes) (derived from numul-
from skien right and pa’o side)
txa class (for instruction))
skien: ["[Link]] P F adj. right (not left)
snapamrelvi: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. alphabet
sko+: [sko] P F adp. something as, in the capacity
(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-
of, or in the role of, something else
bol))
skxakep: ["sk’[Link]^] P F adj., adv. probable, pro-
snatanhì: [[Link]."hI] P F n. constellation (c.w.
bably
from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’a
skxawng: [sk’awN] P F n. moron, idiot clump of stars’
skxir: [sk’iR] P F n. wound >
snatanhìtsyìp: [[Link]."[Link]^] P F n. star
skxir si: ["sk’iR "s·i] P F vin. wound (derived cluster (c.w. from sna’o group and tan-
from skxir wound) hì(tsyìp) star)
>
skxirtsyìp: ["sk’[Link]^] P F n. cut, bruise, minor snatxärem: [sna."t’æ.REm] P F n. skeleton (c.w.
wound (derived from skxir wound) from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’set
skxom: [sk’om] P F n. chance, opportunity of bones’
>
sla’tsu: ["sl·[Link]·u] P F vtr. describe snayì: [sna."jI] P F n. staircase, series of step-like
slan: [sl·an] P F vtr. support (emotional, social or levels (derived from yì level, step)
personal support) ofp. snaytu: ["[Link]] P F n. loser (derived from
slantire: [[Link]."RE] P F n. inspiration (c.w. from snaytx lose)
slan support and tirea spirit) snaytx: [sn·ajt’] P F vtr. lose
slantire si: [[Link]."RE s·i] P F vin. inspire (deri- snäm: [sn·æm] P F vin. rot, decay, degrade over
ved from slantire inspiration) time
slayk: [sl·ajk^] P F vtr. brush, comb snep: [snEp^] P F adj. narrow
slä: [slæ] P F conj. but snew: [sn·Ew] P F vtr. constrict, tighten

35
snewsye: ["[Link]] P F adj. weird, spooky (c.w. snumìna: ["[Link]] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers
from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre- to a ’dim’ person)
ath) so’ha: ["s·oP.h·a] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about,
sneyä: ["snE.jæ] P F pn. his own, her own, its own show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note:
(derived from sno his self, her self, its self ) Being enthusiastic is always transitive in
sngap: [sN·ap^] P F vtr. sting Na’vi -PF)
sngä’i: ["sN·æ.P·i] P F vim. begin, start so’yu: ["[Link]] P F n. colloquial form of txan-
sngä’ikrr: ["sNæ.[Link]] P F n. beginning, starting so’hayu (fan, enthusiast)
"
time (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr time) soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive
> form soaiä)
sngä’itseng: ["sNæ.[Link]] P F n. beginning,
starting position, initial location (c.w. from sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent
sngä’i start and tseng place) som: [som] P F adj. hot
sngä’iyu: ["sNæ.[Link]] P F n. beginner (derived somwew: [som."wEw] P F n. temperature (deri-
from sngä’i begin) ved from som hot and wew cold)
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish somwewpe: [som."[Link]] P F inter. what tem-
> perature? (more common) (derived from
sngeltseng: ["[Link]] P F n. rubbish place, gar-
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and somwew temperature)
tseng place) sop: [s·op^] P F vin. travel
sngum: [sNum] P F n. worry sopyu: ["[Link]] P F n. traveller (derived from
sngum si: [sNum s·i] P F vin. worry (derived sop travel)
from sngum worry) sosul: [so."sul] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby
> running water, rain, moist vegetation
sngumtsim: ["[Link]] P F n. worrisome mat-
ter, source of worry (c.w. from sngum worry spakat: ["sp·a.k·at^] P F vin. drown
and tsim source) spaw: [sp·aw] P F vtr. believe
sngunga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. worrisome, spä: [sp·æ] P F vin. jump
troubling (derived from sngum worry) späpeng: [spæ."p·EN] P F vin. restore oneself (me-
sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reflex- taphorically) (derived from speng restore)
ive, genitive form sneyä) spe’e: [sp·E."P·E] P F vtr. capture
snokfyan: ["[Link]] P F n. personal belongings spe’etu: [spE."[Link]] P F n. captive (derived
rack (c.w. from sno his self, her self, its self from spe’e capture)
and kurfyan hamper or suspended rack) speng: [sp·EN] P F vtr. restore
snolup: ["[Link]^] P F n. personal style or aest- spono: ["[Link]] P F n. island
hetic, presence (c.w. from sno self and lupra spule: ["sp·u.l·E] P F vtr. propel
style) spulmokri: [spul."[Link]] P F n. telephone (deri-
snomo: ["[Link]] P F n. private space that one can ved from spule propel and mokri voice)
retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self and spulyaney: [[Link]."nEj] P F n. canoe paddle
mo space) (c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe)
snonivi: ["[Link]] P F n. single-person ham- spuwin: ["[Link]] P F adj. old, former nfp.
mock (c.w. from sno his/her self and nivi slee- spxam: [sp’am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
ping hammock) spxin: [sp’in] P F adj. sick
snonrra: [sno."nr.a] P F n. self-pride (negative srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
"
connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self and or no questions
nrra pride) sran: [sRan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial)
snotipx: [sno."tip’] P F n. self-control (c.w. from srane: ["[Link]] P F part., intj. yes
sno self and tìhipx control) srankehe: [sRan."[Link]] P F part., intj. more or
>
Snrrtsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. Alpha Centauri C less, somewhat, yes and no, kind of (c.w. from
aka Proxima" Centauri (Colloquial) (derived srane yes and kehe no)
from Tawsnrrtsyìp Alpha Centauri C) sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful

36
 >
srä: [sRæ] P F n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a stawmtswo: ["[Link]] P F n. (sense of) hea-
loom ring (derived from stawm hear)
srätx: [sR·æt’] P F vtr. annoy, bother stä’nì: ["st·æP.n·I] P F vtr. catch
sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time) stä’nìpam: ["stæ[Link]] P F n. recording (c.w.
sre’: [sREP] P F n. tooth from stä’nì catch and pam sound)
srefey: [sRE."f·Ej] P F vtr. expect (c.w. from sre+ stä’nìpam si: ["stæ[Link] s·i] P F vin. to record
before and pey wait) (derived from stä’nìpam recording)
srefpìl: [sRE."fp·Il] P F vtr. assume (derived from steftxaw: [st·E."ft’·aw] P F vtr. examine, check
sre+ before and fpìl think) steng: [stEN] P F adj. similar
srefwa: ["[Link]] P F conj. before (derived from steyki: [stEj."k·i] P F vtr. anger, make someone an-
sre+ before and fwa that) gry (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»
srekamtrr: [sRE."[Link]] P F n. the time before causative infix)
noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr mid- sti: [st·i] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry
day) stiwi: ["[Link]] P F n. mischief
srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t’on] P F n. before mid- stiwinga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. mischievous (c.w.
night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain)
midnight) stiwi si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. be naughty, do mis-
srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of chief (derived from stiwi mischief )
"
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time) stiwisiyu: ["[Link]] P F n. mischief-maker
srer: [sR·ER] P F vin. appear, materialize, come into (derived from stiwi mischief )
view sto: [st·o] P F vtrm. refuse (to do something)
srese’a: [sRE.s·E."P·a] P F vtr. prophetize, prophe- stum: [stum] P F adv. almost
size, prophesy, predict (c.w. from sre+ before stxeli: ["st’[Link]] P F n. gift
and tse’a see) stxenu: ["st’[Link]] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli
sresrr’ong: [[Link]."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w. gift and lonu release)
from sre before" and trr’ong dawn) stxenutìng: ["st’[Link].t·IN] P F vtr. offer (derived
sreton’ong: [[Link]."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening from stxenu offer, n.)
before sunset (c.w. from sre before and txon- stxong: [st’oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk-
’ong night-fall) nown
srew: [sR·Ew] P F vin. dance sulìn: ["s·u.l·In] P F vin. be busy (positive sense),
srey: [sREj] P F n. version be engrossed in something one finds especially
srìn: [sR·In] P F vtr. transfer from one to another pleasant and energizing (derived from ’ìn be
(rarely used without prefix) busy)
srok: [sRok^] P F n. bead (decorative) sum: [sum] P F n. shell (from the ocean)
sru’: [sR·uP] P F vtr. crush, trample sumsey: ["[Link]] P F n. drinking vessel made
srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance of shell (c.w. from sum shell and sey cup or
srunga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. helpful (derived bowl minimally modified from naturally occur-
from srung help) nfp. ring resources)
srung si: ["sRuN "s·i] P F vin. help (derived from sung: [s·uN] P F vtr. add
srung help) sunkesun: ["[Link]] P F adv. like it or not
srungsiyu: ["[Link]] P F n. assistant, helper (derived from sunu be likeable and ke not)
(derived from srung help) sunu: ["s·u.n·u] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable,
>
srungtsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. helpful hint, tip bring enjoyment
(derived from srung help) sur: [suR] P F n. taste, flavor
starlì’u: ["[Link]] P F n. adposition (c.w. from susyang: [su."sjaN] P F adj. fragile, delicate
sätare connection, relationship and lì’u word) sutx: [s·ut’] P F vtr. track, follow
starsìm: ["st·aR.s·Im] P F vtr. gather, collect swapxì: [swa."p’I] P F n. family member (c.w.
stawm: [st·awm] P F vtr. hear from soaia family and hapxì part)

37
swaran: ["[Link]] P F adj. humble, modest, self- syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
effacing syayvi: ["[Link]] P F n. luck, chance (derived
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment from syay fate)
>
swawtsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. little moment, syä’ä: ["sjæ.Pæ] P F adj. bitter
second (derived from swaw moment) sye’otxang: ["[Link].t’aN] P F n. wind instrument
swaynivi: ["[Link]] P F n. family hammock (c.w. from syeha breath and ’otxang musical
(c.w. from soaia family and nivi sleeping instrument)
hammock) Note: soaia contracts to sway syeha: ["[Link]] P F n. breath
swek: [swEk^] P F n. bar, rod, pole syeha si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. breathe (derived
swey: [swEj] P F adj. best from syeha breath)
sweylu: ["swEj.l·u] P F vin. should (derived syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
from swey best and lu is) syep: [sj·Ep^] P F vtr. trap
sweyn: [sw·Ejn] P F vtr. keep, preserve, leave alo- syeprel: [sjEp."REl] P F n. camera (c.w. from syep
ne, not disturb trap and rel image)
swirä: [swi."Ræ] P F n. creature
syewe: ["[Link]] P F n. fat (substance in meat)
swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
syewenga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. fatty (c.w.
swizawsena: [swi."[Link]] P F n. quiver (at-
from syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’
tached to ikran’s saddle) (c.w. from swizaw
contain)
arrow and sähena carrier)
syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight),
swoa: ["swo.a] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or
lightweight
“spirits”
syokup: [sjo."kup^] P F n. weight (physical) (de-
swoasey: ["[Link]] P F n. kava bowl (construc-
rived from syo light and ku’up heavy)
ted from seed pods, used for drinking intoxica-
ting beverages), hand-sized (c.w. from swoa syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, charac-
intoxicating beverage or “sprits" and sey cup teristic, point, aspect, facet, property
or bowl minimally modified from naturally oc- syonlì’u: ["[Link]] P F n. adjective (c.w. from
curring resources) syon feature, trait, characteristic and lì’u
swoasey ayll: ["[Link] a."jl] P F n. large soci- word)
al kava bowl (c.w. from swoasey" kava bowl syor: [sj·oR] P F vin. relax, chill out
(constructed from seed pods, used for drinking syulang: ["[Link]] P F n. flower
intoxicating beverages) and yll communal) syura: [sju."Ra] P F n. energy (physical or spiritu-
swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred al)
swotu: ["[Link]] P F n. sacred place syuratan: [sju."[Link]] JC,P F n. bioluminescence
syam: [sj·am] P F vtr. to smell (intentionally) (c.w. from syura energy and atan light)
syanan: ["[Link]] P F n. a single drop or series of syusmung: ["[Link]] P F n. food tray (c.w.
smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along from syuve food and smung transportation
a stream or series of pools (countable) device)
syar: [sj·aR] P F vin. stick, stick to, adhere syuve: ["[Link]] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
syaw: [sj·aw] P F vin. call not be pluralised)
syawm: [S·awm] P F vtr. know (RN dialect) syuvekel: ["[Link]] P F n. famine (derived
syawn: [sjawn] P F n. blessing from syuve food)

38
T

ta–: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
sense with other time words) from lam seem)
ta’em: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above taw: [taw] P F n. sky
ta’leng: ["[Link]] P F n. skin taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based
ta’lengean: ["[Link]] P F adj. skin blue on the cause
(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue) tawng: [t·awN] P F vin. duck, dive
tafkip–: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w. tawrrpa: [ta."[Link]] P F adj. external (c.w. from
"
ta from and wrrpa outside)
from ta from and fkip– up among) >
tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that Tawsnrrtsyìp: [taw."[Link]^] P F n. Alpha
Centauri C aka Proxima " Centauri (derived
takip–: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
ta from and kip– among) from taw sky and sänrr light source)
takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) vari- tawsyuratan: [[Link]."[Link]] P F,LN n. au-
" (c.w. from krr time and ta from)
ant of akrrta rora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan
taksyokx: [t·ak."sjok’] P F vin. clap hands (deri- (bio)luminescence)
ved from takuk strike and tsyokx hand) tawtute: ["[Link]] P F n. sky-person, human
(c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
takuk: ["t·a.k·uk^] P F vtr. strike, beat, slap
tawtxew: ["taw.t’Ew] P F n. horizon, skyline (c.w.
talun–: [ta."lun] P F adp. because of, due to
from taw sky and txew edge)
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the
tayng: [tajN] P F n. thistle-like plant (generic
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)
term)
tam: [t·am] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that
täftxu: [t·æ."ft’·u] P F vtr. weave
will do, OK
täftxuyu: [tæ."ft’[Link]] P F n. weaver (derived
tamìfa: [ta."[Link]] P F adj. internal (c.w. from ta from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)
from and mìfa inside)
tätxaw: [t·æ."t’·aw] P F vin. return
tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content, te: [tE] JC part. used in full names
there there tekre: ["[Link]] P F n. skull
tangek: ["[Link]^] P F n. trunk (of a tree) tel: [t·El] P F vtr. receive
tanhì: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord
tanleng: ["[Link]] P F n. bark (of a tree) (deri- telisi: [[Link]."si] P F n. whirlwind
ved from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’leng tem: [t·Em] P F vin. shoot
skin) temrey: [tEm."REj] P F n. survival (derived from
tare: ["t·a.R·E] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a re- emrey survive)
lationship with teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal
tarep: ["t·a.R·Ep^] P F vtr. save, rescue (from a tengfya: ["[Link]] P F conj. as, same way as (situ-
dangerous or distressing situation) ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal
tareptu: ["[Link]] P F n. rescuee, someone who and fya’o path)
has been rescued or saved (derived from tarep tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as
save, rescue) (c.w. from teng " same, equal and krr time)
tarnioang: ["[Link]] P F n. predator animal teri–: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning
(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal) terkup: ["t·ER.k·up^] P F vin. die
taron: ["t·a.R·on] JC,P F vtr. hunt teswotìng: [tE."swo.t·IN] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w.
taronyu: ["[Link]] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from from tìng give)
taron hunt and –yu agent suffix) tete: ["[Link]] P F adj. dull (as a blade)
>
taronyutsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. little hun- tewng: [tEwN] P F n. loincloth
ter (derived from taronyu hunter) tewti: ["[Link]] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
tatep: ["t·a.t·Ep^] P F vtr. lose track, lose aware- se and pleasure
ness of something teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full

39
teya si: [tE."ja "s·i] P F vin. fill (with dative of tì’eyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (deri-
thing filled) (derived from teya full) ved from ’eyng answer)
teylupil: ["[Link]] P F n. teylu-face (vulgar) tì’i’a: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. ending, conclusion (deri-
(c.w. from teylu beetle larva and pil facial ved from ’i’a end)
stripe) tì’i’avay: [tI."[Link]] P F adv. until the end
teynga: ["tEjN.a] P F n. that answer (contraction (c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)
of tì’eyng a) tì’iluke: [tIP."[Link]] P F adj. endless, never-
teyngla: ["[Link]] P F n. that answer (agentive) ending (in a temporal sense) (c.w. from tì’i’a
(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a) ending, conclusion and luke without)
teyngta: ["[Link]] P F n. that answer (patientive) tì’ipu: [tI."[Link]] P F n. humor (derived from
(contraction of tì’eyng–it a) ’ipu humorous)
teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white tì’o’: [tI."PoP] P F n. fun, excitement (derived
teyrpin: ["[Link]] P F n. white (derived from from ’o’ exciting)
teyr white) tì’ong: [tI."PoN] P F n. blooming, unfolding (deri-
ti’a: ["[Link]] P F adv. surprisingly (for unexpected- ved from ’ong bloom)
ly positive outcomes) tì’ongokx: [tI."[Link]’^] P F n. birth (derived
tiam: ["t·i.·am] P F vtr. count from ’ongokx be born)
til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge tì’ul: [tI."Pul] P F n. increase
tilì’u: ["[Link]] P F n. conjunction (c.w. from til tìaho: [tI.a."ho] P F n. prayer (in general, abstract
joint, hinge and lì’u word) idea) (derived from aho pray)
tinan: ["[Link]] P F n. reading (derived from in-
tìeyktan: [tI."[Link]] JC,P F n. leadership (deri-
an read)
ved from eyktan leader)
tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit
tìfe’ul: [tI."[Link]] P F n. worsening (in the general
tireafya’o: [ti."RE.a.­[Link]] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
or abstract sense) (derived from fe’ul worsen)
from tirea spirit and fya’o path)
tìfkeytok: [tI."[Link]^] P F n. state, condition,
tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.­[Link]] P F n. spirit animal
situation (derived from fkeytok exist)
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
tìfkeytongay: [[Link]."Naj] P F n. reality (c.w.
tireapängkxo: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.­k’·o] P F vin. com-
from tìfkeytok situation and ngay true)
mune (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo
chat) tìflä: [tI."flæ] P F n. success (in general) (derived
from flä succeed)
tiretu: [ti."[Link]] P F n. shaman (derived from ti-
rea spirit and tute person) tìflänga’: [tI."flæ.NaP] P F adj. successful (c.w.
tì’al: [tI.".Pal] P F n. wastefulness (derived from from tìflä success and nga’ contain)
’al waste) tìflel: [tI."flEl] P F n. trickery (abstract concept)
tì’awm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived (derived from flel trick, fool)
from ’awm camp) tìflrr: [tI."flr] P F n. gentleness, tenderness (deri-
ved from " flrr gentle)
tì’awm si: [tI."Pawm "s·i] P F vin. camp (derived
from ’awm camp) tìfmetok: [tI."[Link]^] P F n. test (derived from
tì’awpo: [tI."[Link]] P F n. individuality (nega- fmetok test)
tive connotation), selfishness (derived from tìfmi: [tI."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from fmi
’awpo one individual) attempt)
tì’älek: [tI."Pæ.lEk^] P F n. determination (deri- tìfmong: [tI."fmoN] P F n. theft (derived from
ved from ’älek determined) fmong steal, rob)
tì’efu: [tI."[Link]] P F n. feeling (derived from tìfnawe’: [[Link]."wEP] P F n. cowardice (derived
’efu feel) from fnawe’ cowardly)
tì’em: [tI."PEm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived tìfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from
from ’em cook) fnu quiet)
tì’eylan: [tI."[Link]] P F n. friendship (derived tìfnunga’: [tI."[Link]] P F adj. quiet (derived
from ’eylan friend) from fnu quiet) nfp.

40
tìfpxamo: [tI."fp’[Link]] P F n. horror (derived tìkahena: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. transportation (ab-
from fpxamo horrible) stract concept) (derived from kahena trans-
tìftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop port)
(derived from ftang stop) tìkakmokri: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. muteness
tìftanglen: [[Link]."lEn] P F n. prevention (deri- (derived from kakmokri mute)
ved from ftanglen prevent) tìkakpam: [[Link]."pam] P F n. deafness (deri-
tìftang si: [tI."ftaN s·i] P F vin. stop (someone or ved from kakpam deaf )
something) (derived from tìftang stopping) tìkakrel: [[Link]."REl] P F n. blindness (derived
tìftia: [[Link]."a] P F n. study (derived from ftia from kakrel blind)
study) tìkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
tìftia kifkeyä: [[Link]."a ki."fkE.jæ] P F n. science, (derived from kan aim)
the study of the physical world (c.w. from tìf- tìkangkem: [tI."[Link]] P F n. work (derived
tia study and kifkey world) from kem action, deed)
tìftiatu: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. researcher (derived tìkangkem si: [tI."[Link] "s·i] P F vin. work
from tìftia study) (derived from tìkangkem work)
tìftiatu kifkeyä: [[Link]".[Link] ki."fkEj.æ] P F n. tìkangkemvi: [tI."[Link]] P F n. project, pie-
scientist (c.w. from tìftiatu researcher and ce of work (derived from tìkangkem work)
kifkey world) tìkankxan: [[Link]."k’an] P F n. barrier to one’s
tìftxavang: [tI."ft’[Link]] P F n. passion (derived goals, source of frustration (c.w. from tìkan
from ftxavang passionate) goal and ekxan barrier)
tìftxey: [tI."ft’Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftx- tìkankxanga’: [[Link]."k’[Link]] P F adj. frustra-
ey choose) ting (derived from tìkankxan source of fru-
tìftxulì’u: [[Link]’u."[Link]] P F n. speech-making, stration)
public speaking (derived from ftxulì’u orate, tìkanu: [tI."[Link]] P F n. intelligence (derived
give speech) from kanu smart)
tìfyawìntxu: [[Link]."t’u] P F n. guidance tìkara: [[Link]."ra] P F n. resistance (derived from
(derived from fyawìntxu guide) kara resist)
tìfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full tìkatìng: [tI."[Link]] P F n. distribution (derived
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) from katìng distribute)
tìhan: [tI."han] P F n. loss (derived from han lo- tìkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from
se) kawng bad)
tìhangham: [tI."[Link]] P F n. laughter (deri- tìkeftxo: [[Link]."ft’o] P F n. sadness (derived
ved from hangham laugh) from keftxo unhappy)
tìhawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (deri- tìkeftxonga’: [[Link]."ft’[Link]] P F adj. sad (deri-
ved from hawl prepare) ved from keftxo unhappy) nfp.
tìhawnu: [tI."[Link]] P F n. protection (derived tìkelu: [tI."[Link]] P F n. lack (derived from ke
from hawnu protect, shelter) not and lu be)
tìhawnu si: [tI."[Link] "s·i] P F vin. protect (de- tìkemwiä: [[Link]."wi.æ] P F n. unfairness, in-
rived from tìhawnu protection) justice (derived from kemwiä improper, un-
tìhipx: [tI."hip’] P F n. control (derived from fair, wrong, unjustified)
hipx control) tìkenong: [tI."[Link]] P F n. example (derived
tìhìpey: [ti."[Link]] P F n. hesitation (derived from kenong model)
from hìpey hesitate) tìketeng: [tI."[Link]] P F n. difference (c.w. from
tìhona: [tI."[Link]] P F n. cuteness, adorableness ke not and teng same)
(derived from hona endearing) tìkezin: [tI."[Link]] P F n. something in an un-
tìk: [tIk^] P F adv., conj. immediately, without de- tangled state, untanglement solution (derived
lay from kezin untangled)
tìk’ìn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of bu- tìkezin si: [tI."[Link] s·i] P F vin. untangle, sol-
siness (derived from ’ìn be busy) ve (derived from tìkezin untanglement solu-

41
 tion) tìmal: [tI."mal] P F n. trustworthiness (derived
tìkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin from mal trustworthy)
need) tìme’em: [tI."[Link]] P F n. harmony (general
> sense) (derived from me’em harmonious)
tìktseri: [tIk."[Link]] P F n. unawareness, lack of
notice (derived from tseri note, notice) tìmeyp: [tI."mEjp^] P F n. weakness (derived
tìkusar: [[Link]."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (de- from meyp weak)
rived from kar teach) tìmll’an: [[Link]."Pan] P F n. acceptance (derived
tìkxey: [tI."k’Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness from mll’an" accept)
(derived from kxeyey mistake) tìmok: [tI."mok^] P F n. abstract idea of a sugges-
tìkxey si: [tI."k’Ej "s·i] P F vin. mess up, foul, do tion (derived from mok suggest)
wrong (derived from tìkxey incorrectness) tìmu’ni: [tI."[Link]] P F n. achievement, accom-
tìkxìm: [tI."k’Im] P F n. commanding, ordering, plishment (derived from mu’ni accomplish,
assigning tasks (derived from kxìm com- achieve)
mand, order, assign tasks) tìmungwrr: [[Link]."wr] P F n. exception (deri-
tìkxìm si: [tI."k’Im s·i] P F vin. be above someo- ved from mungwrr "except)
ne in a heirarchy, be someone’s superior (deri- tìmungwrr si: [[Link]."wr s·i] P F vin. make an
exception (derived from " tìmungwrr excep-
ved from tìkxìm commanding, ordering, as-
signing tasks) tion)
tìkxuke: [tI."k’[Link]] P F n. safety (derived from tìmuntxa: [[Link]."t’a] P F n. mating, marriage
kxuke safe) (derived from muntxa mated)
tìmweypey: [tIm."[Link]] P F n. patience (deri-
tìla’um: [tI."[Link]] P F n. pretence (derived
ved from maweypey be patient)
from la’um pretend)
tìmwiä: [tIm."wi.æ] P F n. fairness, justice (deri-
tìlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from
ved from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)
lam seem)
tìmyì: ["[Link]] P F n. low level (c.w. from tìm low
tìlang: [tI."laN] P F n. exploration (derived from
and yì level)
lang investigate, explore)
tìn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (deri-
tìlapx: [tI."lap’] P F n. regret (derived from lapx
ved from ’ìn be busy)
regret)
tìnatxu: [[Link]."t’u] P F n. disapproval (derived
tìlatem: [tI."[Link]] P F n. change (abstract con-
from natxu disapprove of )
cept) (derived from latem change)
tìnawri: [tI."[Link]] P F n. talent (derived from
tìlayl: [tI."lajl] P F n. innocence (derived from nawri talented)
layl innocent) tìnew: [tI."nEw] P F n. desire (derived from new
tìlayro: [tI."[Link]] P F n. freedom (derived from want)
layro free) tìng: [t·IN] P F vtr. give
tìlen: [tI."lEn] P rr n. event, happening (derived tìnga’lini: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. pregnancy (for
from len happen) animals) (derived from nga’lini be pregnant
tìleym: [tI."lEjm] P F n. call (derived from leym (for animals))
call, cry out, exclaim) tìnga’prrnen: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. pregnan-
tìleymfe’: [[Link]."fEP] P F n. complaining (deri- cy (for people) (derived " from nga’prrnen be
ved from leymfe’ complain) pregnant (for people))
tìleymkem: [[Link]."kEm] P F n. protesting, pro- tìngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay
test (abstract concept) (derived from leym- true)
kem protest) tìngäzìk: [tI."Næ.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem
tìloho: [tI."[Link]] P F n. surprise (derived from (derived from ngäzìk difficult)
loho be surprising) tìng ftxì: [t·IN ft’I] P F vin. taste (derived from
tìlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor tìng give and ftxi tongue)
beautiful) tìng lawr: [t·IN lawR] P F vin. sing wordlessly, gi-
tìm: [tIm] P F adj. low ve out a tune or melody (derived from tìng

42
 give and lawr melody) tìpe’ngay: [[Link]."Naj] P F n. conclusion (deri-
tìng mikyun: ["t·IN "[Link]] P F vin. listen (de- ved from pe’ngay judge, conclude)
rived from tìng give and mikyun ear) tìpe’ngayt wrrzärìp: [[Link]."Najt wr."z·æ.R·Ip^]
tìng nari: ["t·IN "[Link]] P F vin. look (derived "
P F ph. infer (c.w. from tìpe’ngay conclusion
from tìng give and nari eye) and wrrzärìp pull out, extract)
tìngong: [tI."NoN] P F n. lethargy, laziness (deri- tìpe’ngayt wrrzeykärìp: [[Link]."Najt
ved from ngong lazy) wr."zEy.k·æ.R·Ip^] P F ph. imply (c.w. from
tìng ontu: [t·IN "[Link]] JC,P F vin. smell (deri- "
tìpe’ngay conclusion and wrrzärìp pull out,
ved from tìng give and ontu nose) extract)
tìngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. abstract idea of a creation tìpe’un: [tI."[Link]] P F n. decision (derived
(derived from ngop create) from pe’un decide)
tìng syawn: [t·IN sjawn] P F vin. bless (derived tìprrte’: [tI."[Link]] P F n. pleasure (derived
from syawn blessing)
> from prrte’"pleasurable)
tìng tseng: ["t·IN "tsEN] P F vin. back down, gi- tìpsaw: [tIp."saw] P F n. clumsiness (derived
ve ground (derived from tìng give and tseng from pìsaw clumsy, accident-prone)
ground) tìpxul: [tI."p’ul] P F n. formidableness, imposing-
tìng zekwä: ["t·IN "zEk.wæ] P F vin. touch (inten- ness (derived from pxul formidable, impo-
tionally) (derived from tìng give and zekwä sing)
finger) tìra’un: [tI."[Link]] P F n. surrender, relinquish-
tìno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to de- ment (derived from ra’un surrender, re-
tail linquish)
tìnomum: [tI."[Link]] P F n. curiosity (derived tìralpeng: [[Link]."pEN] P F n. translation, inter-
from newomum be curious) pretation (derived from ral meaning and
tìnui: [tI."nu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept) peng tell)
(derived from nui fail, falter)
tìran: [t·I."R·an] P F vin. walk
tìnvi: ["[Link]] P F n. task, errand, step (in an in-
tìranpam: [tI."[Link]] P F n. footstep (sound)
struction)
(c.w. from tìran walk and pam sound)
tìnvi si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. perform a task, run
tìrawn: [tI."Rawn] P F n. replacement, the act of
an errand (derived from tìnvi task, errand)
replacing (derived from rawn replace)
tìoeyktìng: [tI."[Link]] P F n. explanation (de-
tìrengop: [tI."[Link]^] P F n. design (the act or art
rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced
of designing (derived from rengop design)
[tI."[Link]] in casual speech)
tìohakx: [tI.o."hak’] P F n. hunger (derived from tìrey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
ohakx hungry) tìrol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from
tìomum: [tI."[Link]] P F n. knowledge (derived rol sing)
from omum know) tìronsrel: [tI."[Link]] P F n. imagination (deri-
tìpalang: [tI."p·a.l·aN] P F n. (social) contact ved from ronsrel something imagined)
(derived from palang contact, communicate tìsay: [tI."saj] P F n. loyalty (derived from say
with) loyal)
tìpaw: [tI."paw] P F n. growth tìsäfpìlyewn: [tI.sæ."[Link]] P F n. communi-
tìpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived cation (derived from säfpìlyewn communi-
>
from pawm ask) cate) (colloquial [tsæ."[Link]])
tìpähem: [tI."pæ.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived tìska’a: [[Link]."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
from pähem arrive) from ska’a destroy)
>
tìpängkxo: [tI.pæN."k’o] P F n. conversation, di- tìsla’tsu: [tI."[Link]] P F n. description (derived
scussion (derived from pängkxo chat) from sla’tsu describe)
>
tìpängkxotsyìp: [tI.pæN."k’[Link]^] P F n. little tìslan: [tI."slan] P F n. support (emotional, social
conversation (derived from tìpängkxo con- or personal support) (derived from slan sup-
versation) port) ofp.

43
 >
tìsmaw: [tI."maw] P F n. approval (derived from tìtseri: [tI."[Link]] P F n. awareness, notice (deri-
smaw approve of ) ved from tseri note, notice)
>
tìsnaytx: [tI."snajt’] P F n. loss (derived from tìtslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelli-
snaytx lose) gence (derived from tslam understand)
tìso’ha: [tI."[Link]] P F n. enthusiasm, having a >
tìtstew: [tI."tstEw] P F n. courage, bravery
good attitude (derived from so’ha be enthusi- >
tìtstewnga’: [tI."[Link]] P F adj. courageous,
astic about) brave (derived from tìtstew courage, brave-
tìsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)
hot) >
tìtstunwi: [tI."[Link]] P F n. kindness (derived
tìsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop from tstunwi kind)
travel) >
tìtstunwinga’: [tI."[Link]] P F adj. kind
tìspaw: [tI."spaw] P F n. belief (abstract concept) (c.w. from tìtstunwi kindness and nga’ con-
(derived from spaw believe) tain) nfp.
tìspe’e: [[Link]."PE] P F n. capture (derived from >
tìtsukanom: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. availability
spe’e capture) (derived from tsukanom available)
tìspxin: [tI."sp’in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick- >
tìtsunslu: [tI."[Link]] P F n. possibility (deri-
ness (derived from spxin sick) ved from tsunslu may, be possible)
tìsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw >
tìtsyär: [tI."tsjæR] P F n. rejection (derived from
painful) tsyär reject)
tìsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."k·i] P F vtr. hurt (so- >
tìtsyul: [tI."tsjul] P F n. beginning, start (derived
meone or something) (c.w. from tìsraw pain from tsyul begin, start)
and s«eyk»i make (causative))
tìtunu: [tI."[Link]] P F n. romance (derived from
tìsraw si: [tI."sRaw "s·i] P F vin. hurt, be painful
tunu romantic)
(derived from tìsraw pain)
tìtusaron: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. hunting (derived
tìsrese’a: [tI."[Link]] P F n. prophecy (derived
from taron hunt)
from srese’a prophetize)
tìtxanew: [tI."t’[Link]] P F n. greed (derived
tìsteftxaw: [[Link]."ft’aw] P F n. examination (de-
from txanew greedy)
rived from steftxaw examine) >
tìtxantslusam: [tI."t’[Link]] P F n. wisdom
tìsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be
(seldom used) (derived from txantslusam
angry)
wise)
tìsung: [tI."suN] LN n. addition, post script (deri-
ved from sung add) tìtxap: [tI."t’ap^] P F n. pressure (physical) (deri-
tìswaran: [tI."[Link]] P F n. humility, humble- ved from txap press)
ness (derived from swaran humble, modest) tìtxaw: [tI."t’aw] P F n. punishment (derived
tìsyor: [tI."sjor] P F n. relaxation (derived from from txaw punish)
syor relax) tìtxen: [tI."t’En] P F n. awakeness, the state of wa-
> king (derived from txen awake)
tìsyortsyìp: [tI."[Link]^] P F n. break, small
rest or relaxation (derived from syor relax, tìtxen si: [tI."t’En s·i] P F vin. to wake, to waken,
chill out) wake up (derived from tìtxen awakeness)
tìtaron: [tI."[Link]] P F n. hunting (derived from tìtxukxefu: [tI.t’u."k’[Link]] P F n. care, concern
taron hunt) (derived from txukxefu care)
tìterkup: [tI."[Link]^] P F n. death (in abstract tìtxula: [tI."t’[Link]] P F n. construction, construc-
sense) (derived from terkup die)“Death is in- ted thing (derived from txula build)
evitable." tìtxur: [tI."t’uR] P F n. strength, power (derived
tìtokat: [tI."[Link]^] P F n. guilt (derived from from txur strong)
tokat guilty) tìtxurnga’: [tI."t’uR. NaP] P F adj. powerful (deri-
> ved from tìtxur strength, power) nfp.
tìtsan’ul: [tI."[Link]] P F n. improvement (in
the general or abstract sense) (derived from tìvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived
tsan’ul improve) from vawm dark)

44
tìväng: [tI."væN] P F n. thirst (derived from tompa: ["[Link]] P F n. rain
väng thirsty) tompakel: ["[Link]] P F n. drought (derived
tìve’kì: [[Link]."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from from tompa rain)
ve’kì hate) tompameyp: [[Link]."mEjp^] P F n. drizzle (de-
tìvirä: [[Link]."Ræ] P F n. spread, proliferation (de- rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)
rived from virä spread, proliferate) tomperwì: ["[Link]] P F n. sleet (derived
tìwan: [tI."wan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (de- from tompa rain and herwì snow)
rived from wan hide) tompìva: ["[Link]] P F n. raindrop (derived
tìwäsul: [tI."wæ.sul] P F n. competition (derived from tompa rain and ìlva drop)
from wäsul compete) tong: [t·oN] P F vtr. put out, quench
tìwäte: [tI.wæ."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (de- tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
rived from wäte argue) from toruk last shadow)
tìwew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived toruk makto: ["[Link]^ "[Link]] JC n. toruk ri-
from wew cold) der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
tìwìngay: [[Link]."Naj] P F n. proof, proving (ab- ride)
stract) (derived from wìngay prove) >
to tìtseri: [to tI."[Link]] P F ph. than is apparent,
tìwusem: [[Link]."sEm] P F n. fighting (derived than you are aware of
from wem fight) trr: [tr] P F n. day
tìyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from "
trr’awve: [tr."[Link]] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
yawne beloved) " ’awve first)
trr day and
tìyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived
trr’ong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
from eyawr correct) "
trr day and ’ong unfold)
tìyäkx: [tI."jæk’] P F n. lack of notice, snubbing
trr’ongmaw: [tr."[Link]] P F n. dawn after
(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub) "
sunrise (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and maw af-
tìyewn: [tI."jEwn] P F n. expression (derived
ter)
from yewn express, convey)
trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
tìyo’: [tI."joP^] P F n. perfection (derived from
trr day" and ham previous)
yo’ be perfect)
trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
tìyora’: [[Link]."RaP] P F n. victory, a win (derived " and hay next)
trr day
from yora’ win)
tìyusom: [[Link]."som] P F n. eating (the act) (de- trrkive: [tr."[Link]] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
rived from yom eat) day and" kive seventh)
tìzevakx: [tI."[Link]’] P F n. cruelty (derived trrmrrve: [tr."[Link]] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
trr day and" mrrve
" fifth)
from zevakx cruel)
tìzevakxnga’: [tI."[Link]’.NaP] P F adj. cruel (de- trrmuve: [tr."[Link]] P F n. Monday (c.w. from
trr day and" muve second)
rived from tìzevakx cruelty) nfp.
tìzin: [tI."zin] P F n. a tangle(ment), mass of so- trrpeve: [tr."[Link]] P F inter. which day (derived
mething twisted together (derived from zin from trr" day and –pe interrogative marker
tangled) and –ve ordinal number marker)
tìzin si: [tI."zin s·i] P F vin. tangle, tangle up (de- trrpuve: [tr."[Link]] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr
rived from tìzin tangle(ment)) day and "puve sixth)
to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be- trrpxeyve: [tr."p’[Link]] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from
haves like an adp.) trr day and" pxeyve third)
>
tok: [t·ok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space trrtsìve: [tr."[Link]] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from
" tsìve fourth)
trr day and
tokat: ["[Link]^] P F adj. guilty
tokx: [tok’] P F n. body trrtxon: [tr.t’on] P F n. the day and night cycle of
tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un- Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
derstand! (synonym: tslolam) tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear
toltem: [t·ol."t·Em] P F vtr. shoot tul: [t·ul] P F vin. run

45
tumpin: ["[Link]] P F n. red, orange (c.w. from tutampe: [tu."[Link]] P F inter. what man vari-
tun red, orange and ’opin color) ant of pestan
tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived
tung: [t·uN] P F vtr. allow from tute person)
tungzup: [t·uN."z·up^] P F vtr. drop (c.w. from tute: ["[Link]] P F n. person
tung allow and zup fall) tuteo: ["[Link].o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
tunu: ["[Link]] P F adj. romantic rived from tute person)
tunutu: ["[Link]] P F n. object of desire, crush tutepe: [tu."[Link]] P F inter. what woman variant
(derived from tunu romantic) of peste
tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than tutsena: ["[Link]] P F n. stretcher (c.w. from
tupe: ["[Link]] P F inter. who variant of pesu tute person and sähena carrier)
tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker tuvom: [tu."vom] P F adj. greatest of all, excee-
tuté: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from dingly great
tute person) tuvon: ["t·u.v·on] P F vin. lean

Ts
>
tsa’u: ["[Link]] P F n. that (thing) (c.w. from tsa from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)
>
that and ’u thing) tsan’ul: ["tsan.P·ul] P F vin. improve, get better
>
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. (c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase)
>
from tsa- that and fya’o way) tsang: [tsaN] P F n. a piercing
> >
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning tsankum: ["[Link]] P F n. advantage, benefit,
or frustration, ’crap!’, ’ah, hell!’ upside, gain (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, get
>
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "s·i] P F vin. bond with, better and kum result)
>
establish a neural connection (derived from tsankumnga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. advanta-
tsaheylu bond) geous (derived from tsankum advantage, be-
>
tsaheylu: [tsa."[Link]] JC,P F n. bond (neural con- nefit, upside, gain)
>
nection) tsantu: ["[Link]] P F n. good person, “good guy”
> >
tsakem: ["[Link]] or [tsa."kEm] P F n. that (ac- (derived from sìltsan good)
>
tion) (derived from tsa- that and kem action) tsantxäl: [tsan."t’æl] P F n. invitation (derived
>
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F adv. then, at that time, that from sìltsan good and ätxäle request)
" from tsa- that and krr time) >
time (derived tsantxäl si: [tsan."t’æl s·i] P F vin. invite (deri-
>
tsakrrvay: [tsa."[Link]] P F adv. until then, in the ved from tsantxäl invitation)
>
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up tsap’alute: [tsap."[Link]] P F n. apology
to) >
tsap’alute si: [tsap."[Link] "s·i] P F vin. apologi-
>
tsaktap: ["[Link]^] P F n. violence se (apologize) (derived from tsap’alute apolo-
>
tsaktap si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. be violent, use gy)
>
violence (derived from tsaktap violence) tsapo: ["[Link]] P F pn. that one (for people only)
>
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject) (c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)
> >
tsalsungay: [[Link]."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless, tsar: [tsaR] P F pn. that, it (as dative indirect ob-
even so ject) (derived from tsaw that)
> >
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war tsari: ["[Link]] P F pn. that, it (as topical) (derived
>
tsamopin: ["[Link]] P F n. warpaint (c.w. from tsaw that)
>
from tsam war and ’opin color) tsaria: ["[Link].a] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u-ri
>
tsampongu: ["[Link]] P F n. war party (c.w. that (topical) and a subordinator)
>
from tsam war and pongu party) tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object)
> >
tsamsä’o: ["tsam.sæ.Po] P F n. weapon of war tsata: ["[Link]] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u-t
(c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool) that (patientive) and a subordinator)
> > > > >
tsamsiyu: ["[Link]] P F n. warrior (derived tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["[Link]] P F n. there,

46
 >
that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) tseotu: ["[Link]] P F n. artist (generic term) (de-
>
tsatu: ["[Link]] P F n. that person (c.w. from tsa rived from tseo art)
>
that and tute person) tseri: ["ts·E.R·i] P F vtr. note, notice
> >
tsaw: [tsaw] P F pn. that, it (as intransitive sub- tsewtx: [tsEwt’] P F adj. dirty
ject) >
tsim: [tsim] P F n. source
> >
tsawa: ["[Link]] P F sbd. that (c.w. from tsa’u tsin: [tsin] P F n. nail, claw
that (subjective) and a subordinator) >
> tsìk: [tsIk^] P F adv. suddenly, without warning
Tsawke: ["[Link]] P F n. sun; Alpha Centauri A >
> tsìlpey: [tsIl."pEj] P F n. hope (abstract concept)
Tsawkenay: [[Link]."naj] P F n. Alpha Centau- (derived from sìlpey hope)
ri B (derived from Tsawke sun) > >
> tsìltsan: [tsIl."tsan] P F n. good (abstract concept),
tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp. goodness (derived from sìltsan good)
> >
tsawlapx: ["[Link].p’] P F n. unidelta tree vari- tsìng: [tsIN] P F num. four
ant of tsawlapxangrr >
> tsìpxì: [tsI."p’I] P F n. one-fourth (c.w. from tsìng
tsawlhì’: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl four and hapxì part)
big (in size) and hì’i small (in size)) >
> tsìsyì: ["ts·[Link]·I] P F vin. whisper
tsawl slu: ["tsawl "sl·u] P F vin. grow (c.w. from >
tsìve: ["[Link]] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived
tsawl big and slu become) from tsìng four)
>
tsawlultxa: [[Link]."t’a] P F n. large gathering, >
tskalep: ["[Link]^] P F n. crossbow
conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa me- >
tskawr: [tsk·awR] P F vin. limp
eting) >
> tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon)
tsawn: [ts·awn] P F vtr. gather growing food from >
tsko swizaw: [tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and ar-
the forest; pick; harvest (in agriculture)
> row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)
tsawng: [ts·awN] P F vin. shatter, break into pie- > >
tskxaytsyìp: ["tsk’[Link]^] P F n. hail (derived
ces
> from tskxepay ice)
tsawsngem: [tsaw."sNEm] P F adj. muscular (de- >
rived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle) tskxe: [tsk’E] P F n. rock, stone
> > >
tsawtsray: ["[Link]] P F n. small or medium- tskxekeng: ["tsk’[Link]] P F n. training, exercise
>
sized city (c.w. from tsawl large and tsray vil- tskxekeng si: ["tsk’[Link] "s·i] P F vin. exercise,
lage) train (derived from tskxekeng training)
> >
tsä’: [ts·æP] P F vin. squirt tskxepay: ["tsk’[Link]] P F n. ice (derived from
> tskxe stone and pay water)
tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter) >
> tskxevi: ["tsk’[Link]] P F n. pebble, small stone po-
tse’a: [ts·E."P·a] P F vtr. see (physical sense)
> > lished smooth by natural forces (derived from
tse’atswo: [tsE."[Link]] P F n. (sense of) sight,
vision (derived from tse’a see) tskxe rock, stone)
> >
tsefta: ["[Link]] P F n. vengeance, revenge tslam: [tsl·am] P F vtr. understand
> >
tseftanga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. vengeful (deri- tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false
>
ved from tsefta revenge) tslikx: [tslik’] P F vin. crawl
> >
tsefta si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. take revenge (deri- tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand
ved from tsefta revenge) (derived from tslam understand and «ol»
> > perfective aspect infix)
tseltsul: ["[Link]] P F n. whitewater rapids
>
(countable, but only rarely) tsmi: [tsmi] P F n. nectar
> >
tsenga: ["[Link]] P F conj. where, place where (de- tsmisnrr: ["[Link]] P F n. bladder lantern, nec-
rived from tseng place) tar lantern (c.w." from tsmi nectar and nrr
> glow)
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place
> >
tsengo: ["[Link]] P F pn. somewhere (derived tsmìm: [tsmIm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or
from tseng place) person)
> >
tsengpe: ["[Link]] P F inter. where variant of tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling
>
peseng tsmukan: ["[Link]] P F n. brother (derived
>
tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art from tsmuk sibling)

47
 > >
tsmuke: ["[Link]] P F n. sister (derived from tstu säpi: ["tstu sæ."p·i] P F vin. close oneself, clo-
tsmuk sibling) se by itself, close on its own (c.w. from tstu
>
tsmuktu: ["[Link]] P F n. sibling (derived closed and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
>
from tsmuk sibling) tstu si: ["tstu "s·i] P F vin. close (derived from
>
tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup tstu closed)
> >
tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat tstxo: [tst’o] P F n. name
> >
tsngawpay: ["[Link]] P F n. tears (c.w. from tstxolì’u: ["tst’[Link]] P F n. noun (c.w. from
tsngawvìk cry and pay water) tstxo name and lì’u word)
> >
tsngawpayvi: ["[Link]] P F n. teardrop tstxolì’ukìngvi: [tst’o."lIP.u.kı̀[Link]] P F n. noun
(c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water, phrase (phrase whose pivotal or central word is
with partitive marker) a noun) (c.w. from tstxolì’u noun and kìng
>
tsngawvìk: ["tsN·aw.v·Ik^] P F vin. cry, weep thread)
> >
tsngem: [tsNEm] P F n. muscle tsu’o: ["[Link]] P F n. ability
> >
tsnì: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with tsukanom: [tsu."[Link]] P F adj. available, ob-
subjunctive verb in dependant clause) tainable (derived from kanom acquire, get)
> >
tson: [tson] P F n. obligation, duty, imposed requi- tsukmong: [tsuk."moN] P F adj. reliable, depen-
rement dable (derived from mong rely on)
> >
tsong: [tsoN] P F n. valley tsuksìm: ["[Link]] P F n. chin
> > >
tsongropx: ["[Link]’] P F n. hole, cavity, exca- tsuktswa’: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. forgettable (de-
vation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w. rived from tswa’ forget)
>
from tsong valley and ropx hole) tsukx: [ts·uk’] P F vtr. stab
> > >
tsongtsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. dimple (derived tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived
from tsong valley) from yom eat)
> >
tsonta: ["[Link]] P F conj. to (with kxìm) (deri- tsulfä: [tsul."fæ] P F n. mastery
>
ved from tson obligation, duty, imposed requi- tsulfä si: [tsul."fæ "s·i] P F vin. master (derived
rement) (contraction of tsonit a) from tsulfä mastery)
> >
tsopì: ["[Link]] P F n. lung tsulfätu: [tsul."fæ.tu] P F n. master of an art,
>
tspang: [tsp·aN] P F vtr. kill craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulfä
>
tsranten: ["tsR·an.t·En] P F vin. matter, be of im- mastery)
>
portance tsulfätunay: [tsul.fæ.tu."naj] P F n. near-master
>
tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village (derived from tsulfätu master)
> >
tsre’i: ["tsR·E.P·i] P F vtr. throw tsun: [ts·un] P F vim. can, be able
> >
tsrul: [tsRul] P F n. nest; protected area serving as tsun: [tsun] P F n. heel
>
the home of Pandoran fauna tsunslu: ["ts·[Link]·u] P F vin. may, be possible
>
tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)
> >
tstalsena: ["[Link]] P F n. knife sheath (c.w. tsupx: [ts·up’] P F vtr. scratch harmfully, as with
from tstal knife and sähena carrier) a claw
> >
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave ofp. tsurokx: [ts·u."R·ok’] P F vin. rest
> >
tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for tswa’: [tsw·aP] P F vtr. forget
>
cloudy skies) tswal: [tswal] P F n. power
> >
tstunkem: ["[Link]] P F n. favor, act of kind- tswalnga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. powerful (deri-
ness (c.w. from tstunwi kind and kem ac- ved from tswal power) nfp.
>
tion) tswayon: ["tsw·aj.·on] P F vin. fly
> >
tstunkem si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. do a favor tswesya: ["[Link]] P F n. current
>
(derived from tstunkem favor) tswesya si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. flow (derived
> >
tstunkemtsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. little from tswesya current)
>
favor (derived from tstunkem favor) tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid
> > >
tstunwi: ["[Link]] P F adj. kind, thoughtful, tswintsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. little queue (de-
considerate rived from tswin queue)

48
 >
tswìk: [tsw·Ik^] P F vtr. suck and of great value
> > >
tswìk kxenerit: [tsw·Ik^ "k’[Link]] P F,D vin. tsyeytsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. tiny bite (deri-
smoke (lit. to suck smoke) (c.w. from tswìk ved from tsyey snack, light meal)
suck and kxener smoke) >
> tsyìl: [tsj·Il] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire
tsyafe: ["[Link]] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfor- body up)
table >
> tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing >
> tsyokx: [tsjok’] P F n. hand
tsyang: [tsjaN] P F n. swarm >
> tsyosyu: ["[Link]] P F n. food made from flour
tsyär: [tsj·æR] P F vtr. reject
> (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)
tsyey: [tsjEj] P F n. snack, light meal
> >
tsyeym: [tsjEjm] P F n. treasure; something rare tsyul: [tsj·ul] P F vtr. begin, start

Tx

txa’: [t’aP] P F adj. hard te person)

txakrrfpìl: [t’a."[Link]·Il] P F vtr. consider, ponder txansngum: [t’an."sNum] P F n. desperation; fee-
"
(ii) (c.w. from txankrr for a long time and fpìl ling of great worry (c.w. from txan much and
think) sngum worry)
txal: [t’al] P F n. back (of the body) txansngum si: [t’an."sNum s·i] P F vin. feel de-
txampay: [t’am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from sperate (derived from txansngum despera-
txan much and pay water) tion)
txampxì: [t’am."p’I] P F n. majority, most, large txanso’hayu: [t’an."[Link]] P F n. fan, ent-
part (derived from txan much) husiast (c.w. from txan much and so’ha be
txan: [t’an] P F adj. much enthusiastic about)
txanatan: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w. txantompa: [t’an."[Link]] P F n. rainstorm, he-
from txan much and atan light) avy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa
txanew: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from tx- rain)
>
an much and new want) txantsan: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. excellent
>
txanfwerwì: [t’an."[Link]] P F n. blizzard (de- txantsawl: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. giant, huge (c.w.
rived from txan much and hufwe+herwì from txan much and tsawl big)
> >
wind+snow) txantsawtsray: [t’an."[Link]] P F n. large ci-
txanfwìngtu: [t’an."[Link]] P F n. bastard, lo- ty, metropolis (c.w. from txan much and
ser (vulgar) (derived from txan much and tsawl large and tsray village)
>
fwìng humiliation) txantslusam: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. wise (c.w.
txankeltrrtrr: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. extraordi- from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)
" " much and keltrrtrr >
nary (derived from txan txantstew: ["t’[Link]] P F n. hero (c.w. from
unusual) txan much and tstew brave)
txankrr: [t’aN."kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w. txantur: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from
from txan much " and krr time) txan much and txur strong) ofp.
txanlal: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. ancient, very old (c.w. txantxew: [t’an."t’Ew] P F n. maximum (c.w.
from txan much and lal old) from txan much and txew limit, border, end)
txanlokxe: [t’[Link]."k’E] P F n. clan or tribal do- txantxewm: ["t’an.t’Ewm] P F adj. terrifying
main, country (c.w. from txan; olo’ great; tri- (c.w. from txan much and txewm scary,
be, clan and atxkxe land) frightening)
txanro’a: [t’an."R·o.P·a] P F vin. be famous (c.w. txantxewvay: [t’an."t’[Link]] P F adv. maximal-
from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re- ly (derived from txantxew maximum)
spect) txanwawe: [t’[Link]."wE] P F adj. personally me-
txanro’tu: [t’an."[Link]] P F n. famous person, ce- aningful, significant (c.w. from txan much
lebrity (c.w. from txanro’a be famous and tu- and wawe significance)

49
 >
txanwetseng: [t’an."[Link]] P F n. personally txewk: [t’Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon)
significant or beloved place, heimat (ger.) (deri- txewluke: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. endless, bound-
ved from txanwawe(a) personally meaning- less, without limit (c.w. from txew limit, bor-
ful, significant and tseng place) der and luke without)
txap: [t’·ap^] P F vtr. press, press on, apply (phy- txewm: [t’Ewm] P F adj. scary, frightening
sical) pressure to txewnga’: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. having a limit, not
txasom: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. very hot (derived without bounds, finite (c.w. from txew limit
from txan much and som hot) and nga’ contain)
txasunu: [t’a."s·u.n·u] P F vin. love greatly, enjoy txey: [t’·Ej] P F vin. halt
tremendously (derived from txan much and txi: [t’i] P F n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzy
sunu be likeable) nfp. txim: [t’im] P F n. spike, thorn of a plant
txatx: [t’at’] P F n. bubble txin: [t’in] P F adj. main, primary
txavä’: [t’a."væP] P F adj. disgusting (derived txinfpìl: ["t’[Link]] P F n. main point (c.w. from
from txan much and vä’ unpleasant to the txin main and fpìl think)
senses)
txintìn: ["t’[Link]] P F n. occupation, primary role
txaw: [t’·aw] P F vtr. punish
in society (c.w. from txin main and tìn activi-
txawew: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. very cold (derived ty that keeps one busy)
from txan much and wew cold) >
txintseng: ["t’[Link]] P F n. base of operations
txawnulsrung: [t’aw."[Link]] P F n. machine
(c.w. from txin main, primary and tseng pla-
txay: [t’·aj] P F vin. be horizontal, lie flat
ce)
txayo: ["t’[Link]] P F n. field, open terrain, plain
txìm: [t’Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass
txärem: ["t’æ.REm] P F n. bone
txìng: [t’·IN] P F vtr. leave, abandon
txe’lan: [t’EP."lan] P F n. heart
txo: [t’o] P F conj. if
txe’lankong: [t’EP."[Link]] P F n. heartbeat
txoa: ["t’o.a] P F n. forgiveness
(c.w. from txe’lan heart and ’ekong beat)
txe’lanti wrrzärìp: [t’EP."[Link] wr."zæ.RIp^] P F txokefyaw: ["t’[Link]] P F conj. if not, or else,
" to pull out
ph. to greatly move emotionally (lit.: otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’aw if not
the heart) (c.w. from txe’lan heart and wr- one path)
rzärìp pull out, extract) txon: [t’on] P F n. night
txekxumpay: [t’E."k’[Link]] P F n. magma, la- txon’ong: [t’on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sun-
va (derived from txep fire and kxumpay set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and
viscous liquid) ’ong unfold)
txele: ["t’[Link]] P F n. matter (subject) txon’ongmaw: [t’on."[Link]] P F n. twilight,
txen: [t’En] P F adj. awake the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx-
txep: [t’Ep^] P F n. fire on’ong sunset and maw after)
txepìva: ["t’[Link]] P F n. ash, cinder (derived txonam: [t’o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived
from txep fire and ìlva flake) from txon night and ham previous)
txepram: [t’Ep."Ram] P F n. volcano (c.w. from txonay: [t’o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (deri-
txep fire and ram mountain) ved from txon night and hay next)
> txonkrr: ["t’[Link]] P F adv. at night (c.w. from
txeptseng: ["t’[Link]] P F n. place where a fire
is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fire txon night and" krr time)
and tseng place) txopu: ["t’[Link]] P F n. fear
>
txeptsyìp: ["t’[Link]^] P F n. flame (derived txopunil: ["t’[Link]] P F n. nightmare (c.w.
from txep fire) from txopu fear and unil dream)
txeptun: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. orange (“fire tun") txopu si: ["t’[Link] "s·i] P F vin. be afraid (derived
(c.w. from txep fire and tun red, orange) from txopu fear)
txepvi: ["t’[Link]] P F n. spark (derived from txep txopu sleyku: ["t’[Link] slEj."k·u] P F vtr. frighten
fire) (derived from txopu fear and sleyku
txew: [t’Ew] P F n. edge, brink, limit, border, end produce)

50
 >
txotsafya: ["t’[Link]] P F adv. if that’s the case, txung: [t’·uN] P F vtr. disturb, disrupt, bother, af-
if that’s so (c.w. from txo if and tsafya that fect negatively
way) txur: [t’uR] P F adj. strong (physically)
txukx: [t’uk’] P F adj. deep (physically) txurtel: ["t’[Link]] P F n. rope (c.w. from txur
txukxefu: [t’u."k’·E.f·u] P F vin. care, be concer- strong and telem cord)
>
ned about, have deep feelings for (c.w. from tx- txurtseng: ["t’[Link]] P F n. fortification, fort-
ukx deep and ’efu feel) ress, bulwark (c.w. from txur strong (physical-
txula: ["t’·u.l·a] P F vtr. build, construct ly) and tseng place)
txum: [t’um] P F n. poison txurtu: ["t’[Link]] P F n. strongman/woman,
txumnga’: ["t’[Link]] P F adj. poisonous (deri- brawny person (derived from txur strong
ved from txum poison and nga’ contain) (physically))

ue’: [·u."·EP] P F vtr. vomit, vomit up tìrantokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’
uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last clan)
shadow) uniltìranyu: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. dreamwalker
ukxo: [u."k’o] P F adj. dry (c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu walker)
ukyom: ["[Link]] P F n. eclipse (c.w. from uk >
uniltsa: ["[Link]·a] P F vtr. dream of, dream
shadow and yom eat) about (derived from unil dream and tse’a
ukyom si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. eclipse (derived see)
from ukyom eclipse) unyor: [un."joR] P F adj. sweetly aromatic (a flo-
ulte: ["[Link]] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction) wery or aromatic woody sort of smell; may also
ultxa: [ul."t’a] P F n. meeting refer to some spices used in Na’vi cooking)
ultxarun: [ul."t’a.R·un] P F vtr. encounter, meet uo–: ["u.o] P F adp. behind
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and uolì’uvi: ["[Link]] P F n. suffix (derived
run find) from uo– behind and li’u word)
ultxa si: [ul."t’a "s·i] P F vin. meet with someone
uran: ["[Link]] P F n. boat
intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul-
utral: ["[Link]] P F n. tree
txa meeting) >
utraltsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. bush (derived
ultxatu: [ul."t’[Link]] P F n. meeting participant
from utral tree)
(derived from ultxa meeting)
um: [um] P F adj. loose utu: ["[Link]] P F n. forest canopy
um’a: ["[Link]] P F adv. surprisingly (for unex- utumauti: ["[Link]] P F n. banana fruit
pectedly negative outcomes) (c.w. from utu canopy and mauti fruit) (lit.
unil: ["[Link]] JC n. dream canopy fruit)
unil si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. dream (derived from uturu: [u."[Link]] P F n. sanctuary, place of refuge
unil dream) uvan: [u."van] P F n. game
uniltìrantokx: [[Link]."[Link]’] JC,P F n. ava- uvan letokx: [u."van lE."tok’] P F n. physical or
tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltìranyu athletic game, sport (c.w. from uvan game
dreamwalker and tokx body) and letokx physical)
uniltìrantokxolo’: [[Link]."[Link]’.[Link]] P F uvan si: [u."van "s·i] P F vin. play (a game) (deri-
n. clan, or group of avatars (c.w. from unil- ved from uvan game)

51
V

vakx: [vak’] P F n. snake vingkap: ["v·iN.k·ap^] P F vtr. occur to one, pop

val: [val] P F adv. diligently, hard, with effort (RN into one’s mind
dialect) virä: [v·i."R·æ] P F vin. spread, proliferate
var: [v·aR] P F vim. to persist in a state, to conti- vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul
nue to perform an action vll: [v·l] P F vtr. indicate, point at
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark "
voìk: ["[Link]^] P F n. behavior, how one conducts
vawmpin: ["[Link]] P F n. dark color (deri- oneself
ved from vawm dark) voìk si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. behave (derived from
vawt: [vawt^] P F adj. solid, not hollow voìk behavior)
vay–: [vaj] P F adp. up to vol: [vol] P F num. eight
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay– volve: ["[Link]] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
up to and krr " time) from vol eight)
vä’: [væP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso- vonvä’: [von."væP] P F n. butthole, asshole, dick-
me head (vulgar) (c.w. from vitra soul and onvä’
väng: [væN] P F adj. thirsty bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)
väpam: ["væ.pam] P F n. noise. ugly or unplea- vopxì: [vo."p’I] P F n. one-eighth (c.w. from vol
sant sound, screech (derived from vä unplea- eight and hapxì part)
sant to the senses and pam sound) vospxey: [vo."sp’Ej] P F n. March (c.w. from
ve’kì: [v·EP."k·I] P F vtr. hate vospxì month and pxey three)
ve’o: ["[Link]] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder vospxì: [vo."sp’I] P F n. month (derived from
or chaos), organization vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)
vefya: ["[Link]] P F n. system, process, procedure, vospxì’aw: [[Link]’I."Paw] P F n. January (c.w.
approach (c.w. from ve’o order, organization from vospxì month and ’aw one)
and fya’o way, manner) vospxìam: [[Link]’I."am] P F n. last month (deri-
velek: ["v·E.l·Ek^] P F vin. give up, surrender, con- ved from vospxì month)
cede defeat vospxìay: [[Link]’I."aj] P F n. next month (deri-
velke: ["[Link]] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disorgani- ved from vospxì month)
zed, in shambles (c.w. from ve’o order, organi- vospxìkin: [[Link]’I."kin] P F n. July (c.w. from
zation and luke without) vospxì month and kinä seven)
venga’: ["[Link]] P F adj. organized, “on top of vospxìmrr: [[Link]’I."mr] P F n. May (c.w. from
things” (c.w. from ve’o order, organization vospxì month and mrr " five)
and nga’ contain) vospxìmun: [[Link]’I."mun] P F n. February (c.w.
ventil: ["[Link]] P F n. ankle (c.w. from venu foot from vospxì month and mune two)
and til joint) vospxìpuk: [[Link]’I."puk^] P F n. June (c.w. from
venu: ["[Link]] P F n. foot vospxì month and pukap six)
>
venzek: ["[Link]^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu vospxìtsìng: [[Link]’I."tsIN] P F n. April (c.w.
foot and zekwä finger) from vospxì month and tsìng four)
vewng: [v·EwN] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be vospxìvol: [[Link]’I."vol] P F n. August (c.w.
responsible for from vospxì month and vol eight)
vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin, vospxìvolaw: [[Link]’[Link]."law] P F n. September
flesh (c.w. from vospxì month and volaw nine)
vezeyko: [[Link]."ko] P F vtr. put in order, orga- vospxìvomun: [[Link]’[Link]."mun] P F n. October
nize (derived from vezo be in order) (c.w. from vospxì month and vomun ten)
vezo: [vE."z·o] P F vin. be in order, be organized vospxìvopey: [[Link]’[Link]."pEj] P F n. November
(c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it should (c.w. from vospxì month and vopey eleven)
be) vospxìvosìng: [[Link]’[Link]."sIN] P F n. December
vin: [v·in] P F vtr. request, ask for (c.w. from vospxì month and vosìng twelve)

52
vrrìn: ["v·r.·In] P F vin. be busy (negative sense): vul branch (of a tree))
be tired" out and overwhelmed by an activity vun: [v·un] P F vtr. provide
that’s keeping one busy (derived from ’ìn be vur: [vuR] P F n. story
busy) vurvi: ["[Link]] P F n. summary, synopsis (deri-
vrrtep: ["[Link]^] P F n. demon ved from vur story)
vul: [vul] P" F n. branch (of a tree) vurway: ["[Link]] P F n. story poem, narrative
>
vultsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. stick (derived from poem (c.w. from vur story and way song)

walak: ["[Link]^] P F adj. energetic, active wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold

walew: [w·a."l·Ew] P F vin. get over, accept some weyn: [w·Ejn] P F vtr. draw, illustrate
fact, reconcile oneself, move on win: [win] P F adj. fast
wan: [w·an] P F vtr. hide win säpi: ["win sæ."p·i] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from
wapx: [w·ap’] P F vin. sink win fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))
wawe: [wa."wE] P F n. meaning, importance, sig- win si: ["win "s·i] P F vin. rush something, make
nificance something fast (derived from win fast)
way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial) wion: ["[Link]] P F n. reef
way a plltxe: [waj a pl.t’E] P F ph. spoken poem wip: [wip^] P F adj. salty
(as a melodic recital) "(derived from way sing wiya: ["[Link]] ZS intj. expression of warning or
(ceremonial register)) frustration, ’damn!’
way a rol: [waj a Rol] P F ph. sung poem (deri- wìngay: [w·I."Naj] P F vtr. prove (derived from
ved from way sing (ceremonial register)) wìntxu show and ngay true)
wayä aylì’u: [waj.æ [Link]] P F ph. words of a
wìntxu: [w·In."t’·u] P F vtr. show
poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way
wo: [w·o] P F vtr. reach for
sing (ceremonial register))
wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
way si: ["waj "s·i] P F vin. sing (derived from
wokau: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. pendulum drum
way song)
(c.w. from wok loud and au drum)
waytelem: ["[Link]] P F n. song cord (c.w.
from way song and telem cord) wotx: [wot’] P F n. totality, whole
wä+: [wæ] P F adp. against (as in: fight against) wrrkä: [wr."k·æ] P F vin. go out, go outside (c.w.
"
from wrrpa outside and kä go)
wäsul: ["wæ.s·ul] P F vin. compete
wäte: [wæ."t·E] P F vtr. argue, dispute wrrpa: ["[Link]] P F adv., n. outside
"
wätu: ["wæ.tu] P F n. opponent (derived from wrrza’u: [wr."z·[Link]] P F vin. come out, emerge
wä- against) (derived "from wrrpa outside and za’u come)
wätx: [w·æt’] P F vtr. be bad at wrrzärìp: [wr."z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull out, extract
we’ay: ["[Link]] P F adj. sour (c.w. from" wrrpa outside and zärìp pull)
wem: [w·Em] P F vin. fight wum: [wum] P F adv. approximately, roughly
wempongu: ["[Link]] P F n. squad, milita- wur: [wuR] P F adj. cool, chilly
>
ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and wutso: ["[Link]] P F n. dinner, served meal
pongu group) wuwuk: ["[Link]^] P F n. lizard, any of a variety
weopx: [wE."op’] P F n. wave (of water) of lizard-like creatures

53
Y

ya: [ja] P F n. air yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] P F vin. dip into
yafkeyk: ["[Link]^] P F n. weather (derived liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping)
from fkeytok exist) yemstokx: ["j·[Link]’] P F vtr. put on (clot-
yak: [jak^] P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence hing), don (c.w. from yem sìn put on and to-
yak si: [j·ak^ s·i] P F vin. diverge, change direc- kx body)
tion, go astray (derived from yak point of di- yengwal: [jEN."wal] P F n. sorrow
vergence) yeväng: ["jE.væN] P F adj. satisfied from thirst by
yaney: [ja."nEj] P F n. canoe drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from
yapay: ["[Link]] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from ye satisfied and väng thirsty)
ya air and pay water) yewla: ["[Link]] P F n. disappointment, emotional
yawne: ["[Link]] P F adj. beloved let-down, failed expectation
yawnetu: ["[Link]] P F n. loved one (derived yewla si: ["[Link] s·i] P F vin. disappoint (deri-
from yawne beloved) ved from yewla disappointment)
yawntu: ["[Link]] P F n. loved one (derived yewn: [j·Ewn] P F vtr. express, convey (a thought
from yawne beloved) or feeling)
>
yawntutsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. darling, yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
little loved one (derived from yawntu loved yeyfya: ["[Link]] P F n. straight line (derived
one) from yey straight and fya’o path)
yawnyewla: [jawn."[Link]] P F n. broken heart, yì: [jI] P F n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can al-
broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved so be used metaphorically to refer to the le-
and yewla disappointment) vel of anything scalable - anything that can
yawo: [ja."w·o] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w. have levels or degrees, highs and lows, wa-
from ya air and wo reach for) ter level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.)
yawr: [yawr] P F n. feather yìm: [j·Im] P F vtr. bind
yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion yìmkxa: ["jIm.k’a] P F n. banshee catcher, mouth-
yayayrnga’: [ja."[Link]] P F adj. confusing (de- binder (c.w. from yìm bind and kxa mouth)
rived from yayayr confusion) yll: [jl] P F adj. communal
> "
yayayrtsim: [ja."[Link]] P F n. something con- ylltxep: ["jl.t’Ep^] P F n. communal fire or fire pit
(c.w. from" yll communal and txep fire)
fusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr
confusion and tsim source) yo: [jo] P F n. surface
yaymak: ["[Link]^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant yo’: [j·oP] P F vin. be perfect, flawless
yayo: ["[Link]] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and yo’ko: ["[Link]] P F n. circle (derived from yo’
ioang animal) perfect and ko’on ring)
>
yayotsrul: ["[Link]] P F n. bird’s nest (c.w. yo’kofya: ["[Link]] P F n. cycle (c.w. from
from yayo bird and tsrul nest) yo’ko circle and fya’o path, way)
yäkx: [j·æk’] P F vtr. not notice, ignore, snub yoa–: ["jo.a] P F adp. in exchange for
yän: [j·æn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down yokx: [jok’] P F n. shield
ye: [jE] P F adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
ye’krr: ["[Link]] P F adv. early (derived from yom: [j·om] P F vtr. eat
ye’rìn soon "and krr time) yomtìng: ["jom.t·IN] P F vin. feed (with dative ob-
ye’rìn: ["[Link]] P F adv. soon ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tìng give)
yehakx: ["[Link]’] P F adj. satisfied from hunger, yomvey: [j·om."vEj] P F vin. dine on flesh, be
full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry) caniverous (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and vey
yem: [j·Em] P F vtr. put, place flesh)
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion yomyo: ["[Link]] P F n. plate, (for food) (c.w.
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa- from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-
ter) rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))

54
yomyo lerìk: ["[Link] lE."rIk^] P F n. leaf plate original, unmodified, untampered-with natural
(c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerìk state)
leafy) yrrap: ["[Link]^] P F n. storm (derived from ya air
yomzeswa: [j·om."[Link]] P F vin. graze (ii) "
and hrrap danger)
(c.w. from yom eat and zeswa grass)
yuey: ["[Link]] PF adj. beautiful (inner beauty)
yora’: [j·o."R·aP] P F vtr. win
ofp.
yora’tu: [jo."[Link]] P F n. winner (derived from
yora’ win) yune: ["j·u.n·E] P F vtr. listen to (intentionally)
yrr: [jr] P F adj. wild, natural (something in its yur: [j·uR] P F vtr. wash
"
Z

za’ärìp: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull (derived zet: [z·Et^] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an
from ’ärìp move) attitude towards
za’u: ["z·a.P·u] P F vin. come zevakx: ["[Link]’] P F adj. cruel ofp.
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four zey: [zEj] P F adj. special, distinct
zam mì zam: ["zam mI "zam] P F adv. comple- zeyko: [zEj."k·o] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from
tely, one hundred percent (derived from zam zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)
sixty-four and mì in, on) zeykoyu: [zEj."[Link]] P F n. healer (derived from
zamunge: [za."m·u.N·E] P F vtr. bring (derived zeyko heal)
from munge bring) zin: [zin] P F adj. tangled
zapxì: [za."p’I] P F n. front (part or section) (deri- zir: [ziR] P F n. touch, feel, texture
ved from hapxì part) zìm: [z·Im] P F vtr. feel (not intentionally)
zare’: [za."REP] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from zìma’uyu: [zI."[Link]] P F n. newcomer, some-
zapxì front and re’o head) one who has just arrived on the scene
zasrìn: [za."sR·In] P F vtr. borrow (derived from >
zìmtswo: ["[Link]] P F n. (sense of) touch (de-
srìn temporarily transfer from one to another) rived from zìm touch)
zawng: [z·awN] P F vin. scream zìsìkrr: ["[Link]] P F n. season (derived from
zawprrte’: [z·aw."[Link]] P F vin. be enjoyable zìsìt year and" krr time)
(derived from za’u " come and prrte’ pleasu-
zìsìt: ["[Link]^] P F n. year
rable) zìsìtay: ["[Link]] P F n. next year (derived from
zawr: [zawr] P F n. animal call zìsìt year)
zawsena: ["[Link]] P F n. quiver (attached to zìsìtnun: [[Link]."nun] P F n. leap year (c.w. from
the ikran’s saddle) variant of swizawsena zìsìt year and nun long (of time))
zäfi: ["zæ.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no zìsìtnuntrr: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. leap year day
longer in a natural state (c.w. from zìsìtnun leap " year and trr day)
zärìp: ["z·æ.R·Ip^] P F vtr. pull variant of za’ärìp zìsìtsaltrr: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. (yearly) anniver-
zekwä: ["zEk.wæ] P F n. finger sary (c.w. from zìsìt" year, salew go and trr
zel: [zEl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use) day)
zene: ["z·E.n·E] P F vim. must zìskrrmipaw: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. spring
zeng: [zeN] P F n. crest on the head of a bird or (c.w. from zìsìkrr" season and mipa tìpaw
animal new growth)
zenke: ["z·[Link]] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w. zìskrrsom: [[Link]."som] P F n. summer (c.w.
from zene must and ke not) from zìsìkrr season " and som hot)
zerok: ["z·E.R·ok^] P F vtr. remember >
zìskrrtsawn: [[Link]."tsawn] P F n. autumn, fall
zeswa: ["[Link]] P F n. grass (c.w. from zìsìkrr " season and tsawn harvest)
zeswavi: ["[Link]] P F n. blade of grass (deri- zìskrrwew: [[Link]."wEw] P F n. winter (c.w.
ved from zeswa grass) from zìsìkrr season " and wew cold)

55
 >
zìtsaltrr: [zI."[Link]] P F n. colloquial form of ed (ii) (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
zìsìtsaltrr (yearly" anniversary)
zum: [zum] P F n. object, thing (physical or tan-
zo: [z·o] P F vin. be well, be intact, be as it should gible)
be, work correctly or as nature intended zun: [zun] P F conj. if (counterfactual use)
zong: [z·oN] P F vtr. save, defend
> zung: [z·uN] P F vin. crouch
zongtseng: ["[Link]] P F n. safe place, refuge
(c.w. from zong save and tseng place) zup: [z·up^] P F vin. fall
zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult zusawkrr: [zu."[Link]] P F n. future (c.w. from
zoslu: ["[Link]·u] P F vin. heal, become well, get fix- z«us»a’u coming and " krr time)

äie: [æ."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual) without force or compulsion (c.w. from äzan
äo–: ["æ.o] P F adp. under, below force, compulsion and luke without)
ätxäle: [æ."t’æ.lE] P F n. request
äzan si: [æ."zan s·i] P F vin. force, compel (deri-
ätxäle si: [æ."t’æ.lE "s·i] P F vin. request (with
ved from äzan force, compulsion)
tsnì clause for object) (derived from ätxäle
request) äzantu: [æ."[Link]] P F n. domineering person;
äzan: [æ."zan] P F n. force, compulsion one who is bossy, authoritarian, or dictatorial
äzanluke: [æ."[Link]] P F adv. voluntarily, (derived from äzan force, compulsion)

ìì: [I:] P F intj. um, er ìley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry

ìlä+: ["I.læ] or [I."læ] PF adp. by, via, following, ìlva: ["[Link]] P F n. flake, drop, chip
according to ìpxa: [I."p’a] RL,P F n. fern

56
A The Number System
The following are charts of Na’vi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like ’awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Na’vi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a
grammatical rule, called “the Koren Holpxayä”, or “the Number Principle”, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence “You
two are teachers.” in Na’vi would be “Menga lu karyu.” and the sentence “They are teachers.”
would be “Fo lu karyu.”.

Na’vi Numbers: 0 – 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsìvol
1 ’aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsìvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsìvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsìvopey
4 tsìng vosìng mevosìng pxevosìng tsìvosìng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsìvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsìvofu
7 kinä vohin mevohin pxevohin tsìvohin

Na’vi Numbers: 40 – 63 Ordinal Numbers

5 6 7 Number + -ve
0 mrrvol puvol kivol 0 – 8 volve
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw 1 ’awve 9 volawve
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun 2 muve 10 vomuve
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey 3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 mrrvosìng puvosìng kivosìng 4 tsìve 12 vosìve
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr 5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu 6 puve 14 vofuve
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin 7 kive 15 vohive

More Na’vi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 ’aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsìng -sìng tsìvol tsìzam tsìvozam tsìzazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kinä -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

57
 Example Number
zamtsìvosìng zam + tsìvo + sìng 64 + 4∗8 + 4 100

Non-Na’vi Numbers
8 ’eyt 9 nayn

B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon
trr’ong dawn
trr’ongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trr’awve
ha’ngir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sreton’ong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsìve
txon’ong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txon’ongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrr’ong before dawn
trr’ong dawn

C Na’vi Loan Words

’Ìnglìsì: ["[Link]] P F n. English language (loa- kunsìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. gunship (loaned from
ned from Eng. English) Eng. gunship)
’Rrta: ["[Link]] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned lì’upuk: ["[Link]^] P F n. dictionary (loaned
" Earth)
from Eng. from Na’vi / Eng. word book)
>
Europa: [E.u."[Link]] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned LosÄntsyelesì: [lo."sæ[Link]] P F prop.n.
from Greek Europe) Los Angeles (loaned from Eng. Los Angeles)
>
ewro: ["[Link]] P F n. euro (loaned from Eng. eu- matsa: [[Link]] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned
ro) from Hebrew matsa)
>
hametsì: [[Link]] P F n. leavened bread (loa- nìFranse: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. French (loaned
ned from Hebrew chametz) from French Français)
>
Jakesully: [ZEjk’."su:.li] M n. moron, toruk mak- nìToitsye: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. German (loa-
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- ned from German Deutsche)
mally allowable under Na’vi phonotactic >
nìTsyungwen: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. Chine-
rules) se language (loaned from Mandarin Chinese
Kelnì: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. Köln, Cologne Zhōngwén)

58
Nìyu Yorkì: [nI.­ju "[Link]] P F prop.n. New York tìreyn: [tI."REjn] P F n. train (loaned from Eng.
Pari: [[Link]] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from train)
French Paris) >
Toitslan: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. Germany (loa-
paynäpll: ["paj.næ.pl] P F n. pineapple (loaned ned from German Deutschland)
from Eng. pineapple) " >
Toitsye: ["[Link]] P F adj. German (language)
päsketpol: [pæ.[Link]] P F n. basketball (loa- (loaned from German Deutsch)
ned from Eng. basketball) toktor: ["[Link]] P F n. doctor (loaned from
>
pätsì: ["pæ.tsI] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng. Eng. doctor)
badge) >
tsyänel: ["tsjæ.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
pensìl: ["[Link]] P F n. pencil (loaned from Eng. from Eng. channel)
pencil) >
tsyìräfì: [tsjI.Ræ.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
pìlok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng.
Eng. giraffe)
blog) >
tsyoklìt: ["[Link]^] P F n. chocolate (loaned
postì: ["[Link]] P F n. (forum/blog) post (loaned
from Eng. chocolate)
from Eng. post)
txolar: ["t’[Link]] P F n. dollar (loaned from Eng.
Poston: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. Boston
dollar)
puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book)
> wep: [wEp^] LN n. web (as in world wide web,
puktsyìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. pamphlet, booklet
(derived from puk book) www) (loaned from Eng. web)
>
pxir: [p’iR] P F n. beer (loaned from German bi- weptseng: ["[Link]] LN n. website (loaned
er) from Eng. / Na’vi web place)
skxaypxe: ["sk’aj.p’E] P F n. Skype (loaned from wou: ["w·o.·u] P F vin. be amazing, fascinating
English Skype) (slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
Sweriye: [swERijE] P F prop.n. Sweden (loaned Yeysu: [[Link]] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
from Swedish Sverige) Italian Jesu)
tawsìp: ["[Link]^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from Yuesey: [[Link]] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned
Eng. ship) from Eng. U.S.A.)

59
D Na’vi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Na’vi Mo’ara: [mo."[Link]] P F prop.n. a valley on Pan-
Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Na’vi dora (Note: Also the name of the Disney
Anurai: ["[Link].i] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Pandora location)
Aonung: [[Link]] P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the Mo’at: ["[Link]^] JC prop.n. tsahìk of the Oma-
Metkayina Clan tikaya (also pronounced Moat)
> Mo’at’ite: [[Link]] JC prop.n. daughter of
Artsut: [[Link]^] C prop.n. male Na’vi name
Ateyitan: [[Link]] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo Mo’at (derived from Mo’at a woman and ’ite
(derived from Ateyo male name and ’itan daughter)
son) Na’vi: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. the People, indige-
Ateyo: [a."[Link]] JC prop.n. male Na’vi nous Pandoran sentient race
ayRam aLusìng: [aj."Ram [Link]."sIN] P F prop.n. Naranawm: [naR.a."nawm] JC,P F prop.n. Poly-
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram phemus (derived from nari eye and anawm
mountain and lìng hover) great; lit. great eye)
ayVitrayä Ramunong: [[Link]."Ra.jæ Ra."[Link]] Nawmtoruktek: [nawm."[Link]^] P F,CdS
prop.n. Toruk Makto Totem (c.w. from nawm
JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul
and ramunong well) Toruk great Toruk and tekre skull)
Neteyam: [nE."[Link]] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and
Änsìt: ["æ[Link]^] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Neytiri’s first born son
Entu: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Eytukan: ["[Link]] JC prop.n. male leader of
Neytiri: [[Link]] JC prop.n. female Na’vi of the
the Omatikaya
Omatikaya Clan
Eywa: ["[Link]] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de-
Ninat: [[Link]^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL
Omatikaya Clan
Eywa’eveng: [­[Link]."[Link]] JC,P F prop.n.
Omatikaya: [[Link]."[Link]] JC prop.n. Blue
Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."[Link]])
Flute Clan (Note: common misspelling as
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and ’eveng child)
Omaticaya, sourced by the ASG)
Eyweveng: [Ej."[Link]] P F prop.n. Pandora va- Otranyu: [ot."[Link]] JC prop.n. male Na’vi
riant of Eywa’eveng Payakan: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. name of a ro-
Iknimaya: ["[Link]."[Link]] JC prop.n. Stairway to gue tulkun
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Na’vi Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female Na’vi of the
Ìstaw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Na’vi Omatikaya Clan
Kamun: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. male Na’vi (affec- Pongu Pongu: ["[Link] "[Link]] D prop.n. party
tionate form Kamtsyìp) party (irregular use) (derived from pongu a
Kekunan: ["[Link]] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan na- group or party of people) (Note: Name of bar
me at Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar)
Kelutral: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w. Ralu: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
from kelku home and utral tree) Rini: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Kiri: ["[Link]] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s ad- Ronal: ["[Link]] JC,P F prop.n. Female Na’vi of
opted daughter the Metkayina Clan
Li’ona: [[Link]] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name Rongloa: ["[Link].a] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
Lo’ak: ["[Link]^] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and Neytiri’s Rotxo: ["ro.t’o] P F prop.n. male Na’vi of the Met-
second born son kayina Clan
Lo’akur: [[Link]."kuR] P F,CdS prop.n. Toruk Mak- Satu’li: [sa"[Link]] P F,D prop.n. Canteen in the
to Amulet (c.w. from lo’a totem and kur Valley of Mo’ara (Note: From Disney’s Pan-
hang) dora - The World of Avatar)
Metkayina: [[Link]."[Link]] JC,P F prop.n. Reef Seze: ["[Link]] ZS prop.n. Neytiri’s banshee
People Clan Silwanin: [[Link]] JC prop.n. Neytiri’s sister

60
 >
Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Na’vi Tsumongwi: [[Link]] JC prop.n. original
Swotulu: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. sacred river name for the Omatikaya
(derived from swotu sacred place) Tuke: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Swotu Wayä: ["[Link] "waJ.æ] P F,D prop.n. Tuktirey: [tuk."[Link]] JC,P F prop.n. Jake and
sacred place of song (Note: From Disney’s Neytiri’s daughter
Pandora - The World of Avatar) Txärpawk: ["t’æ[Link]^] P F,CdS prop.n. Palu-
Tawkami: [taw."[Link]] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan na- lukan Bone Horn (c.w. from txärem bone and
me (c.w. from taw sky and kame see) pawk horn, wind instrument)
Tipani: ["[Link]] G prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
Txewì: ["t’[Link]] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Tonowari: [[Link]."[Link]] JC,P F prop.n. male
Txilte: ["t’[Link]] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
Na’vi of the Metkayina Clan
> Uniltaron: [­[Link]."[Link]] P F prop.n. Dream
Tsahìk: ["[Link]^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high
priestess, interpreter Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
> Utral Aymokriyä: ["[Link] aj."[Link].jæ] JC,P F
Tsenu: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. female Na’vi
> prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
Tsireya: [tsi."rEj.a] P F prop.n. female of the Met-
kayina Clan and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri)
> Va’ru: ["[Link]] P F prop.n. male Na’vi
Tskaha: ["[Link]] JC prop.n. Na’vi Clan name
>
Tsu’tey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma- Vitrautral: [vit."[Link]] P F prop.n. Tree of
tikaya Clan Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

61
E Flora and Fauna
Flora

’ampirikx: ["[Link]’] P F n. leaf pitcher plant pa’liwll: ["[Link]] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant
(c.w. from ’ampi touch and rikx move) (c.w. from pa’li" direhorse and ’ewll plant)
>
’ä’o: ["Pæ.Po] P F n. pitcher plant pamtseowll: ["[Link]] P F n. cat ear, mu-
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo" music and ’ewll
’ele’wll: ["[Link]] P F n. thorny paw, cactus
(derived from ’ewll " plant) plant)
anìheyu: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral paymaut: ["[Link]^] G,P F n. fountain tree
plant (c.w. from ean blue and ’ìheyu spiral) paysyul: ["[Link]] P F n. water lily (c.w. from
apxangrr: [a."p’[Link]] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from pay water and syulang flower)
apxa large and ngrr " root) paywll: ["[Link]] P F n. water plant, dapophet
(c.w. from pay " water and ’ewll plant)
atokirina’: [[Link]."[Link]] JC n. seeds of the gre-
at tree penghrrap: [pEN."[Link]^] P F n. binary sunshine,
awaiei: [[Link].i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap
eanean: ["[Link]."[Link]] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous danger)
plant (c.w. from ean blue) pxayzekwä: [p’aj."zEk.wæ] P F n. spiny whips
eanfwopx: ["[Link]’] G,P F n. mist bloom (c.w. from pxay many and zekwä finger)
eyaye: [E."[Link]] P F n. warbonnet pxiut: ["p’[Link]^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.
fkxakewll: ["fk’[Link]] P F n. itch plant (c.w. from pxi sharp and utral tree)
from fkxake itch and " ’ewll plant) pxiwll: ["p’[Link]] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
from pxi sharp" and ’ewll plant)
flefle: ["[Link]] P F n. Sol’s delight, magnetotrophic
plant pxorna’: ["p’[Link]] P F n. episoth, exploding seed
fngapsutxwll: ["[Link]’.wl] P F n. metal- (c.w. from pxor explode and rina’ seed)
following plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and pxorna’lor: ["p’[Link]."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful
sutx follow) exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna’ ex-
fwäkìwll: ["fwæ.[Link]] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w. ploding seed and lor beautiful)
from fwäkì mantis" and ’ewll plant) rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp
fyìpmaut: ["[Link]^] P F n. squid fruit tree rumaut: ["[Link]^] P F n. cannonball fruit tree
(c.w. from fyìp tentacle and mauti fruit) (c.w. from rum ball and mauti fruit)
hiupwopx: ["[Link]’] G,P F n. cloud spitter rumut: ["[Link]^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
hìrumwll: [hI."[Link]] P F n. puffer plant ball and utral tree)
" seze: ["[Link]] P F,ZS n. blue flower
kllpxiwll: [kl."p’[Link]] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from
kllte ground " and" pxiwll sharp plant) smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
ko’onspul: ["[Link]] G,P F n. sunflower gi- ned plant
gantus sngukx: [sNuk’] P F n. grub plant
koaktutral: [ko."[Link]] P F n. goblin thistle somtìlor: ["[Link]] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty
(c.w. from koaktu old person and utral tree) (c.w. from som hot and tìlor beauty)
kxaylte: ["k’[Link]] P F n. cillaphant (derived syep’an: ["[Link]] G,P F n. lift vine, trap vine
from kxayl high) syeptute: ["[Link]] P F n. hyneman, person
>
kxetsikran: [k’E."[Link]] G,P F n. banshee’s tail trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)
loreyu: [lo."[Link]] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful tarsyu: ["[Link]] G,P F n. tarsyu
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and ’ìheyu spi- tautral: ["[Link]] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
ral) sky and utral tree)
>
mìnyu: ["[Link]] P F n. turner, twisted lily (deri- tawtsngal: ["[Link]] P F n. panopyra, sky cup
ved from mìn turn) (c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
mulpxar: [mul."p’aR] P F n. roosterhead plant tìhawnuwll: [tI."[Link]] P F n. spartan, pro-
naritxim: ["[Link].t’im] G,P F n. eyethorn tection plant (c.w. from" tìhawnu protection

62
 and ’ewll plant) txumpaywll: ["t’[Link]] P F n. scorpion
thistle, poison water plant" (c.w. from txum
tompatayng: ["[Link]] G,P F n. rain thistle
tompawll: ["[Link]] P F n. geode, rain plant poison and paywll water plant)
" and ’ewll plant) >
(c.w. from tompa rain txumtsä’wll: [t’um."tsæ[Link]] P F n. Baja tickler,
" from tsä’ squirt
poison-squirting plant (c.w.
torukspxam: ["[Link]’am] P F n. octoshroom,
great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk and ’ewll plant)
great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom) väfewll: ["væ.[Link]] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell
> plant (c.w. from" vä’ unpleasant and fahew
tsawksyul: ["[Link]] P F n. sun lily (c.w.
smell)
from tsawke sun and syulang flower)
> värumut: ["væ.[Link]^] P F n. vein pod (c.w.
tsawlapxangrr: ["[Link].p’[Link]] P F n. unidelta
from vä’ unpleasant and rum ball)
tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big
vozampasukut: ["[Link]^] P F n.
and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)
> grinch tree, thousand berry tree (c.w. from vo-
tstxa’a: ["tst’[Link]] P F n. canalyd zam 512, equivalent in use to 1,000 and pa-
>
tsyorina’wll: [[Link]."[Link]] P F n. cycad, flour suk ut(ral) berry tree)
seed plant (c.w. from rina’ " seed and ’ewll
yawrwll: ["[Link]] G,P F n. feather blade
plant) "
yìspul: ["[Link]] G,P F n. mermaid tail
tumpasuk: ["tum.­[Link]^] P F n. celia fruit tree yomhì’ang: [jom."[Link]] P F n. small ani-
(c.w. from tun red-orange and pasuk berry) mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
txepvispxam: ["t’[Link]’am] G,P F n. sparkle and hì’ang insect)
pod yomioang: [jom.i."[Link]] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
txll’u: ["t’[Link]] P F n. hookagourd from yom eat and ioang animal)
"
Fauna
> >
’angtsìk: ["[Link]^] P F n. hammerhead nantangtsyìp: ["[Link]^] JC,P F n. dog
eltungawng: ["[Link]] P F n. brainworm (earth animal); lit. little nantang (derived
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm) from nantang viperwolf )
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron nawkx: [nawk’] G,P F n. bone helm rhino
>
flrrtsawl: ["flrtsawl] G,P F n. sailfin goliath pa’li: ["[Link]] P F n. direhorse
"
fpxafaw: ["fp’[Link]] P F n. medusa palulukan: [­[Link]."[Link]] JC n. thanator (col-
fwampop: ["[Link]^] P F n. tapirus loquial [pa."[Link]])
>
fwäkì: ["fwæ.kI] P F n. mantis palulukantsyìp: [­[Link]."[Link]^] JC,P F n.
fyuatx: [fju."at’] P F n. anemonoid cat (earth animal); lit. little palulukan (deri-
ikran: ["[Link]] JC n. banshee ved from palulukan thanator) (colloquial
>
ikranay: [[Link]."naj] JC,P F n. forest banshee [pa."[Link]^])
ilu: ["[Link]] P F,D n. large plesiosaur-like sea crea- pxazang: ["p’[Link]] P F n. akula
>
ture (from Disney’s Pandora Guide to the reyptswìk: ["[Link]^] G,P F n. wolf tick
Flora and Fauna of the Valley of Mo’ara) riti: ["[Link]] JC n. stingbat
kali’weya: [[Link]] ASG n. species of poiso- skuka: ["[Link]] P F n. sagittaria
>
nous arachnid slotsyal: ["[Link]] G,P F n. stormglider
kenten: ["[Link]] P F n. fan lizard srakat: ["[Link]^] P F n. dinicthoid
kinglor: ["[Link]] G,P F n. kinglor syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris
lanay’ka: [la."[Link]] P F,ASG n. slinger talioang: ["tal.i.­[Link]] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
mawup: ["[Link]^] P F,CdS n. turtapede from ioang animal)
>
nalutsa: [na."[Link]] P F n. large armored whale- teylu: ["[Link]] JC n. beetle larva
like sea creature toruk: ["[Link]^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
nantang: ["[Link]] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer- dow
>
ratus costatus, striped armored wolf tsiki: ["[Link]] P F n. reef tick

63
 >
tslikxyu latopin: ["tslik’.ju "[Link]] G,P F n. sus
>
chamelion crawler txeptsyal: ["t’[Link]] G,P F n. coronis
> >
tslikxyu tsawlak: ["tslik’.ju "[Link]^] G,P F n. vekreng: ["[Link]] G,P F n. cloaked panther
scarab crawler winzaw: ["[Link]] G,P F n. arrow deer
>
tspìng: [tspIN] P F,CdS n. austrapede yerik: ["[Link]^] P F n. hexapede
>
tsurak: ["[Link]^] P F n. skimwing yoten: ["[Link]] G,P F n. yoten
tulkun: ["[Link]] P F n. tulkun zakru: ["[Link]] G,P F n. zakru
txampam: ["t’[Link]] G,P F n. soundblast colos- zize’: [zi."zEP] P F n. hellfire wasp

64
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-
mes are probably invariable. We’ve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommer’s blog at [Link]. They’ve been included in no specific conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.

’awa swawtsyìp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit

’efu ohakx: ["P·E.f·u o."hak’] P F ph. be hungry
’ivong nìk’ong: [] P F ph. slow is fine
’ìn nga fyape nìfkrr: [] P F ph. what’s been keeping you busy lately?
aytele a ngeyä hapxìmì kifkeyä lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world?
ätxäle pa(lu)lukanur: [æ."t’æ.lE pa."[Link]] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: Ätxäle si palulukanur tsnì
smarit livonu; “Ask a thanator to release its prey”, it’s a foregone conclusion
eltut heykahaw: ["[Link]^ hej."[Link]] P F ph. be boring (derived from eltu brain and hahaw sleep)
etrìpa syayvi: ["[Link] "[Link]] P F ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["[Link] "[Link]] JC,P F ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fìpor syaw fko Ìstaw: [] P F ph. this is Ìstaw
fnu, ma ’evi. Sa’nur leru hawtsyìp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.
ftia oel lì’fyati leNa’vi nì’o’ nìwotx: [] P F ph. studying Na’vi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft’Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: To aim is not enough;
one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; it’s action that counts.
fwäkì ke fwefwi: ["fwæ.kI kE "fw·[Link]·i] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “a mantis doesn’t whistle”, it’s against
someone’s or something’s nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["[Link] fko sj·aw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."[Link] ta "o.E ("[Link])] P F ph. next time from me
irayo: [i."[Link]] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltxì: [kal."t’I] P F intj. hello (casual)
kaltxì sivi, ma Ìstaw: [] P F ph. say hello, Ìstaw
ka wotx: [ka wot’] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)
kea tìkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isn’t that so? right? no?
ke...kaw’it: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kaw’it at all)
kem amuiä, kum afe’: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when
something that should have turned out well didn’t)
kenten mì kumpay: ["[Link] mI "k’[Link]] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a fan lizard in gel”, a
sense of being in an environment where you’re prevented from acting naturally or doing what you
want to do
ke pxan: [kE p’an] P F ph. I’m not worthy
ke tare: [kE "t·a.R·E] P F ph. It’s irrelevant; It doesn’t matter
ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didn’t get that, I didn’t understand
ke zene win säpivi: [] P F ph. take your time, don’t rush
kìyevame: [[Link]."va.m·E] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion
kunsìpìri txana " tìmeyp
" lu tsyal a mìn.: [] P F ph. The gunship’s main weakness is the rotor system.

65
 >
kxetse sì mikyun kop plltxe: ["k’[Link] sI "[Link] kop^ pl."t’E] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase:
the tail and ears also speak; body language is important "
loreyu ’awnampi: [lo."[Link] Pawn."ampi] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “(like) a touched helicoradian”, ex-
treme shyness
ma frapo, ayngaru oeyä tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
maitan: [ma."[Link]] P F ph. my son (form of address)
maite: [ma."[Link]] P F ph. my daughter (form of address)
makto zong: ["[Link] zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely
ne kllte: ["nE "[Link]] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
"
nga läpivawk nì’it nì’ul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga läpivawk nìno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu käteng nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zìsìt: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
ngari txe’lan mawey livu: ["[Link] t’EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. don’t worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["[Link] lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintìn nìtrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oeyä lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
>
ngaru tsulfä: ["[Link] tsul."fæ] P F ph. to you the mastery
ngaru tut: ["[Link] tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "[Link] lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga zola’u ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where did you come from?
ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you?
>
ngeyä kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj.æ "k’[Link] l·u "[Link]] JC,P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “your tail is mine!”,
you’re going down!
nìlun ayioi a’eoio ayeyktanä lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautiful
nìprrte’: [nI."[Link]] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
" sray a txampayìri sim, slä set kelku si mì Helutral: []
oe ’olongokx mì P F ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o s·i "[Link]] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "[Link] "[Link].i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zìsìt apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["[Link] mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor
oeru syaw (fko) Txewì: [] P F ph. my name is Txewì
oeru teya si: ["[Link] tE."ja s·i] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["[Link] "t’o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si säsulìnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oeyä txintìn lu fwa stä’nì fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish
pefya nga fpìl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)
plltxe räptum: [p·l."t’·E ræp."tum] P F ph. to speak vulgarly, use vulgar language, swear (idiom)
"
(derived from plltxe speak and räptum coarse, vulgar,)
pum ngeyä: [pum "NE.jæ] P F ph. yours, I should thank you
renu ngampamä: ["[Link] "[Link].mæ] P F n. rhyme scheme (derived from renu pattern and ng-
ampam rhyme)
rutxe läpivawk nì’it: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivìng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone!

66
Sasya!: [sa."sJa] P F ph. I’ll rise to the challenge! I can do it!
säfpìl asteng tìkan ateng: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “Great minds think alike!”
seykxel sì nitram: [sEj."k’El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
Siva ko!: [si."va ko] P F ph. Rise to the Challenge! Courage! You can do it!
sivako: [si."[Link]] P F intj. Rise to the challenge! Courage! You can do it!
smon nìprrte’: [smon nI."[Link]^] P F ph. nice to know you
"
Soleia!: [[Link].i."a] P F ph. Congratulations! Nice going! You met the challenge! You did it!
srake fnan ngal lì’fyati leNa’vi: [] P F ph. are you good at Na’vi?
srake smon ngar oeyä meylan alu Entu sì Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
srefereiey nìprrte’: [] P F ph. looking forward to it
srefwa sngap zize’: [] P F ph. as quickly as possible (Na’vi idiom: before the hellwasp stings)
stum ke: [stum kE] P F ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.)
taronyut yom smarìl: ["[Link] j·om [Link]] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: “the prey eats the hunter”, a
totally botched situation, chaos
tì’efumì oeyä: [tI."[Link] "wE.jæ] P F ph. in my opinion
tì’i’avay krrä: [tI."[Link] "kr.æ] P F ph. forever, until the end of time
"
tì’o’ìri peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?
tìk’ìnìri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time?
tìkangkemìri varmrrìn oe nìwotx: [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work
tìkxey ngaru: [tI."k’Ej "[Link]] P F ph. you’re wrong
tìomummì oeyä: [tI."[Link] wE.jæ] P F ph. to my knowledge
tìyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "[Link]] P F ph. you’re right
tokx eo tokx: ["tok’ "E.o "tok’] P F ph. face to face, in person
tolätxaw nìprrte’: [tol."æ.t’aw nI"prtEP] P F ph. welcome back
tsalì’uri alu X, ral lu ’upe: [] P F ph. " what does X mean?
>
tstunwi: ["[Link]] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
tsun miväkxu hìkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment?
tsun nga law sivi nì’it srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that
further?
>
Tsun pehem?: [tsun [Link]] P F ph. Na’vi idiom: What can one do?
>
txawnulsrung a tswayon: [t’aw."[Link] a "[Link]] P F ph. airplane (derived from txawnuls-
rung machine and tswayon fly)
txawnulsrung a yur: [t’aw."[Link] a jur] P F ph. washing machine (derived from txawnulsrung
machine and yur wash)
txìm a’aw ke tsun hiveyn mì tal mefa’liyä.: [] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: One butt cannot
sit on the backs of two direhorses.; You can’t take two positions or sit on the fence; you need to
decide.
>
txo ke nìyo’ tsakrr nìyol: [t’o kE nI."yoP tsa."kr nI."yol] P F ph. Na’vi proverbial phrase: “If you
can’t be flawless, at least be brief" "
txon lefpom: [t’on lE."fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night
X-(ì)ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
X nìNa’vi (slu) pelì’u: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Na’vi?
Yewla!: ["[Link]] P F conv. Bummer! That’s a shame! What a shame!
za’u nì’eng: ["[Link] nI."PEN] P F ph. share an interest in common
zola’u nìprrte’: [zol."a.P·u nI."[Link]] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome
"

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G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Na’vi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language—20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
“pseudo-vowels” (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet
’ tìFtang k KeK s Sä
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll ’Ll ts Tsä
ä Ä m MeM u U
e E n NeN v Vä
ew EW ng NgeNg w Wä
ey EY o O y Yä
f Fä p PeP z Zä
h Hä px PxePx
i I r ReR
ì Ì rr ’Rr

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H Inflections
Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsng«alm»awvìk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe h«aly»angham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tsw«am»ayon. I flew.
arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsng«arm»awvìk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe h«ary»angham. I will be laughing.
asy: [[Link]] P F future tense with intention or determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«asy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.
>
ats: [[Link]] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR .): Oel tsp«ats»ang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe t«awn»aron-a túte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense (predictive) verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ay»aron. I
will hunt the yerik.
äng: [æ.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe sr«äng»ew. I dance (ugh!).
Optionally, when «äng» occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,
giving «eng». For example, Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute s«eng»i oe.
äp: [æ.p] P F reflexive verbal infix in position 0 (REFL .): Oe st«äp»eftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sr«ei»ew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe t«er»ìran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix in position 0 (CAUS .): Oel t«eyk»erkup pot. I caused him to
die.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tsl«ilv»am. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oeyä swizaw nìngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tsl«irv»am. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe w«iv»em. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
iyev: [[Link].v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«iyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ìlm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + ol: Oe t«ìlm»ätxaw. I just now returned.
ìly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), deri-
ved from ìy + ol: Oe h«ìly»ahaw. I will have slept soon.
ìm: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tsw«ìm»ayon. I just flew.
ìrm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from ìm + er: Oe t«ìrm»ätxaw. I was just now returning.
ìry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from ìy + er: Oe h«ìry»ahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

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ìsy: [[Link]] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tsp«ìsy»ang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
ìy: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit t«ìy»aron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
ìyev: [[Link].v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel k«ìyev»ame ngati.
I will see you.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe t«ol»ìran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe t«us»aron-a túte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Na’viyä,
l«uy»u hapxì. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

–ä: [æ] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of yä)
(GEN .): Oel yom ikranä yerikit. I eat the ikran’s yerik.
–it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (va-
riant of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–ìl: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(variant of l) (ERG .): Ikranìl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
–ìri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of ri) (TOP.): Fìskxawngìri tsap’alute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
–l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
–r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ru) (DAT.): eltur tìtxen si
intriguing
–ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
–ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of –ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet ngaru
tìng. I give food to you.
–t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (variant of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat kame.
I see you.
–ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukìl. The toruk hunts you.
–ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (variant
of –ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oeyä. To my friends.
–y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sìltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
–ya: [ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Na’viya. Calm, you Na’vi.
–yä: [jæ] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, ä, e, i and ì (variant of ä) (GEN .): Oel yeiom
Neytiriyä yerikit. I happily eat Neytiri’s yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may
look like –eyä)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Na’vi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of
the meaning. Not all Na’vi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,
where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they
can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech
that aren’t specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

70
–a–: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
–am: [am] P F (pro.) previous (for time words only) for nouns (PREVIOUS): Poe nìsìlpey zimva’u
trram. I wish she had come yesterday.
–an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan täftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
–ay: [aj] P F (pro.) next (for time words only) for nouns (NEXT): Poe nìsìlpey zìyeva’u trray. I
hope she’ll come tomorrow.
ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen flä. The rules succeed.
–e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
fì–: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fìnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
–fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape fìtrr?
What’s the condition of the river today?
fne–: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsa’u lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra–: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
fray+: [fRaj] P F (pro.) all of these plural for nouns (ALL OF THESE): Frayhelutral lor lu. All of
these houses are beautiful.
kaw–: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kamä. I never went.
–kel: [kEl] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that indicates a lack of the original noun: Tompakeltalun
zene tute Kälìforniayä payit sivar nìnän. Because of the drought, Californians have to use less
water.
–lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix for ’aw, mune, pxey: ’Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
munsna–: [[Link]] P F (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes
–nay: [naj] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down
in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . .
–o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzìsìto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsrame’i? What knives did you throw?
–pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [p’E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
sna–: [sna] P F prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.
otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups
or sets. Use sästarsìm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person.
>
tsa–: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tse’a tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
>
tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
>
–tsyìp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Za’u fìtseng, ma ’itetsyìp.
Come here, little daughter.
–ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren a’awve tìruseyä ’awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.
–vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume mì numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here don’t just change the meaning - they change

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the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like tì–. Others are productive for certain subsets, like –yu, which can go on any verb.
>
ketsuk–: [[Link]^] P F (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamu
ketsuktswa’ The moment was unforgettable
le–: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
–nga’: [NaP^] P F adjective deriving affix ’Akra apaynga’ lu. It is moist soil.
nì–: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nìNa’vi plltxe. I speak na’vi-ly. (Like a Na’vi.) (Pro. for
adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nìfya’o with appropriate
adjective or relative clause)
sä–: [sæ] P F instrumental noun deriving affix Sänumeri oe nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [s·i] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralmì. I live in Hometree. (lit. I
home make in Hometree.)
tì–: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tìngay sìltsan lu. The truth is good.
tì– –us–: [tI us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tìkusar eltur tìtxen si. Teaching
is interesting.
>
tsuk–: [tsuk^] P F (pro.) able to (do the verb prefixed); widely productive, can be attached to vir-
tually any transitive verb, although also useful on intransitive verbs; deriving affix Fìioang
lu tsukyom. This animal is edible / can be eaten.
>
–tswo: [tswo] P F (pro.) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform
the action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur rolo’a nìtxan. His ability to fight greatly
impressed all the warriors.
–tu: [tu] P F person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.
–yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea ska’ayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

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I The Changelog
Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

• 15.8 - Added all new vocabulary from [Link], April 4, 2024 and added the word
renu ngampamä. Also small corrections of some words.

• 15.7 - Added all new vocabulary from [Link], March 3, 2024 and updated the word
nga’prrnen.

• 15.6.1 - Adding nga’prrnen

• 15.6 - Added all new vocabulary from [Link], January 6, 2024 and pxoeng as well
as some proper names.

• 15.5.4 - Added olo’tu, lì’fyaolo’tu and a small fix for hapxìtu

• 15.5.3 - Added all new vocabulary from [Link], September 30, 2023

• 15.5.2 - Added -ay and -am suffix as they are productive with time words. Thanks to Tan
Jala!

• 15.5.1 - Fixed a few wrong letters. Thanks Blue Elf

• 15.5 - Added all new vocabulary from [Link], February 28, 2022 to May 5, 2023

• 15.4.3 - Add Txopunil

• 15.4.2 - Fix IPA for talioang

• 15.4.1 - Updated kenong

• 15.4 - Added all new vocabulary from [Link], December 31, 2021

• 15.3 - Updated part of speech for all verbs that did not previously have transitivity defi-
ned

• 15.2 - Fixed part of speech for kekem

• 15.1 - Fixed the IPA of several entries

• 15.0 - Added all new vocabulary from [Link] after April 2020, fixed IPA and/or part
of speech for various words

• 14.4 - Added new words from [Link] from October 27, 2019 to April 21, 2020

• 4.3 - Added new words from [Link], July 31, 2019 and September 30, 2019

• 14.2 - Added new words from [Link], August 31, 2019

• 14.1 - Removed Non-Frommerian Illegal words section

• 14.0 - Added 40 new words from [Link], June 6, 2019 and several minor fixes (up-
date by Tirea Aean)

• 13.9 - Many small fixes; Added all new vocabulary from language-updates forum, navi-
[Link] August 31, 2018 and October 30, 2018

73
• 13.8 - Added vocabulary from [Link], July 31, 2018, lesar si from 2012, fixed tons of
IPA (thanks Wllìm!)
• 13.71 - Added uolì’uvi from forever ago (thanks Tirea!)
• 13.7 - Vocabulary added from [Link], March 31, 2018 and April 30, 2018
• 13.63 - Added kxì from [Link], February 28, 20187
• 13.62 - Vocabulary added from [Link], December 31, 2017
• 13.61 - Added Kate Winslet’s character Ronal to the proper nouns section
• 13.6 - Added new vocabulary from the October [Link] posts, new character names,
linguistic terms
• 13.51 - Added Swota Wayä to proper nouns, from Disney
• 13.5 - Added new vocabulary used in Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar
• 13.421 - Corrected inconsistencies in the source field.
• 13.42 - Minor typo corrections and fixed IPA for LosÄntsyelesì. Also added tìng ontu
and tìng ftxi since they didn’t make it into the dictionary the first time, for some bizarre
reason.
• 13.41 - Added mo’ara from Disney’s Pandora - The World of Avatar
• 13.4 - Added new Avatar lead character name and clan, Tomowari and Metkayina
• 13.332 - Disambiguated the definition of takuk. Also changed fmetok to vtr. Getting more
precise all the time!
• 13.331 - Disambiguated the definition of pongu.
• 13.33 - Vocabulary added from [Link], February 28, 2017.
• 13.32 - Moved Na’vi clan names to Proper Nouns block.
• 13.31 - Fixed silly typos for pllhrr and säpllhrr. Thanks elf!
• 13.301 - Typo/format corrections for several words. No visible changes to the .pdf
• 13.3 - Vocabulary added from [Link], December 31, 2016 and January 2, 2017.
• 13.294 - Corrected stress for nìolo’
• 13.293 - Corrected infix IPA for ue’
• 13.292 - zong changed to vtr. Thanks, Plumps!
• 13.291 - Various minor corrections suggested by Plumps and eejmensenikbenhet.
• 13.29 - Vocabulary added from [Link], June 30, 2016. Some important new words in
this one.
• 13.284 - Corrected accent for lefpomtxok and kelfpomtokx Plumps. Wou!
• 13.283 - Corrected IPA for säplltxe and säplltxevi. Plumps again. ;)
• 13.282 - Added derivatives of nguway

74