Comparative

O comparativo é usado somente entre ( dois lugares / duas

pessoas / duas coisas ) nunca com três ou mais elementos da
mesma categoria.

General Rule:

- Para adjetivos com até duas sílabas usamos o ( ER = MAIS ) no

final do adjetivo.

E.g – Long – longo

Longer – mais longo

________________________________________________________

- Para adjetivos com mais de ( duas ) sílabas usamos o

MORE = MAIS ) antes dos adjetivos.

E.g – Beautiful – Bonito

More beautiful – mais bonito

THAN – Do que - é usado para ligarmos o que esta sendo comparado.

E.g – This river is longer than the other river over there

[Link] the list of adjectives below.

- Big – - Slow –

1
 - Busy – - Small –

- Cheap – - Tall -

- Clean – - Thin -

- Cold – - Ugly -

- Cool – - Warm -

- Dark – - Wet -

- Deep – - Young -

- Dirty –

- Dry – - Attractive -

- Easy – - Beautiful -

- Fast – - Boring -

- Friendly – - Crowded -

- Funny – - Dangerous -

- Heavy – - Delicious -

- High – - Difficult -

- Hot – - Exciting -

- Large – - Expensive -

- Light – - Famous -

- Long – - Important –

- New – - Interesting -

- Nice – - Outgoing -

- Old – - Popular -

- Pretty – - Relaxing -

- Quiet – - Stressful -

- Safe – Irregular

- Short – Good – Better / Bad –Worse

Far = Further =Farther-

1. Write the comparative of these adjectives.

2
 A – old - ________________ F – Bad - ___________________

B – Strong - _____________ G – Difficult - ________________

C – Happy - _____________ H – Large - _________________

D – Careful - ______________ I – Far -_____________________

E – Important
Write these - _____________
sentences in English. J – Crowded _________________

Esta cidade é mais bonita do que Aquela cidade.

2. Write the opposite.
____________________________________________________________

Este restaurante é mais cheio do que aquele na esquina

___________________________________________________________.
A –é Younger
Esta roupa _________________
mais atrativa do que aquela outra ali.

B – Colder - _________________
___________________________________________________________

C – Cheaper
Este apartamento - ________________
é maior do que o meu.

___________________________________________________________
D – Better - __________________
A casa daEminha mãe-é__________________
– Nearer mais confortável do que a minha.

___________________________________________________________
F – Easier - ___________________
Esta casa não é tão moderna. Aquela é mais moderna do que esta aqui.

___________________________________________________________

O carro do meu vizinho é mais potente do que o dela.

___________________________________________________________

A idéia do Jill não foi muito boa. A minha idéia é melhor do que a dele.

___________________________________________________________

Hoje não esta quente. Ontem estava mais quente do que hoje.

___________________________________________________________

Esta faca não está afiada. Aquela está mais afiada do que esta.

___________________________________________________________

3
 Subject – Superlative

O superlativo é usado somente com três ou mais elementos da

mesma categoria.

4
 General Rule:

- Para adjetivos com até duas sílabas usamos o (EST = MAIS) no

final do adjetivo.

_________________________________________________________

E.g – Long – longo

The Longest – O mais longo

_________________________________________________________

- Para adjetivos com mais de ( duas ) sílabas usamos o ( MOST =

MAIS ) antes dos adjetivos.

_________________________________________________________

E.g – Beautiful – Bonito

THE Most beautiful – O mais bonito

THE – O – A - O artigo THE é essencial ( antes dos adjetivos com até

duas sílabas ou mais ) para darmos conotação de superlativo, sem o
artigo THE fica impossível usarmos o superlativo

Which – Qual – Para coletividade –

E.g – This river is THE LONGEST river in London.

1. Thisthe
Complete River is THE
sentences – useMOST BEAUTIFUL
the superlative to [Link] in London.

A – This building is very old. It’s the oldest building in this city.

B – It was a very happy day. It was _____________________in my life.

C – It’s a good film. it’s __________________________. I ‘ve ever seen.

D – She´s a very popular singer. She’s ____________________ in our

country.

E – It was a very bad mistake. It was ___________________________

I’ve ever made.

5
 F – It’s a pretty village. It’s ___________________________________
I’ve ever seen.

G – It was a very cold day. – It was

_______________________________ of the year.

H – He´s a very interesting person. He

´s________________________I’ve ever met.

2. Put these sentences in English.

A – A minha rua é a mais bonita do meu bairro.

______________________________________________________________________

B – Este quadro é o mais antigo que eu já vi em minha vida.

______________________________________________________________________

C – Esta casa é a mais moderna em toda a minha cidade.

______________________________________________________________________

D – Este livro é o mais difícil que eu li no semestre passado.

______________________________________________________________________

E – O meu irmão é o mais inteligente da sala dele.

______________________________________________________________________

F – O meu namorado é o mais elegante homem nesta festa.

______________________________________________________________________

G – Minha esposa é a mais atraente mulher aqui. Você não acha?

______________________________________________________________________

H – Este carro é o mais caro nesta feira.

______________________________________________________________________

I – Os hotéis no Nordeste são os mais caros do Brasil.

______________________________________________________________________

J – Esta comida é a mais gostosa entre muitas outras.

______________________________________________________________________

K – Esta loja é a mais barata nesta vizinhança.

6
 ______________________________________________________________________

L - Este bar é o mais cheio da cidade.

______________________________________________________________________

M – Este computador é o mais rápido neste setor.

______________________________________________________________________

3- Write the Superlative of the adjectives below

- Big – - Slow –

- Busy – - Small –

- Cheap – - Tall -

- Clean – - Thin -

- Cold – - Ugly -

- Cool – - Warm -

- Dark – - Wet -

- Deep – - Young -

7
 - Dirty –

- Dry – - Attractive -

- Easy – - Beautiful -

- Fast – - Boring -

- Friendly – - Crowded -

- Funny – - Dangerous -

- Heavy – - Delicious -

- High – - Difficult -

- Hot – - Exciting -

- Large – - Expensive -

- Light –
O present Perfect é usado como o passado- –Famous
onde- a ação no passado não fica
definida.
- Long – - Important –

E.g – -Eu New – para a Europa – Passado não

viajei - Interesting
definido.-
- Nice – - Outgoing -
___________________________________________________________________
- Old – - Popular -
Outra forma de usarmos o present perfect é simplesmente pelo fato de estarmos
vivos,- assim
Pretty – - Relaxing -
podendo fazer aquela ação do passado novamente.
- Quiet – - Stressful -
E.g – Eu viajei para a Europa. No ano que vem vou voltar lá.
- Safe – Irregular adjectives:
Também é possível usar para ações que acabaram de acontecer.
- Short – Good – the best / Bad –the worst
Far= the Furthest = the Farthest
E.g – Eu não vi nada, acabei de chegar.

General rule :

Usamos o Verbo HAVE / HAS como auxiliares. Assim como os auxiliares DO –

DOES- DID e WILL não são traduzidos, não devemos também traduzir o HAVE / HAS
como ( ter ) , mas simSubject – Present
simplesmente Perfect.
enxerga - lo como auxiliar que dá suporte ao
tempo.
Conceito:
Verbo :

No present perfect o verbo a ser usado, é o verbo na terceira coluna da lista de

O present
verbos, que são osPerfect
verbos é usado como o passado – onde a ação no passado não fica
no particípio.
definida.
Se você vir uma sentença assim : I have worked a lot
E.g – Eu viajei para a Europa – Passado não definido.
Você não pode traduzir : Eu tenho trabalhado muito. ( ERRADO )
______________________________________________________________________
O certo é : Eu trabalhei muito.
Outra forma de usarmos o present perfect é simplesmente pelo fato de estarmos
vivos, assim podendo fazer aquela ação do passado novamente.

8
 E.g – Eu viajei para a Europa. No ano que vem vou voltar lá.

______________________________________________________________________
Também é possível usar para ações que acabaram de acontecer.

E.g – Eu não vi nada, acabei de chegar.

General rule :

Usamos o Verbo HAVE / HAS como auxiliares. Assim como os auxiliares DO – DOES- DID e WILL
não são traduzidos, não devemos também traduzir o HAVE / HAS como ( ter ) , mas sim
simplesmente enxerga - lo como auxiliar que dá suporte ao tempo.

Verbo :

No present perfect o verbo a ser usado, é o verbo na terceira coluna da lista de verbos, que são os
verbos no particípio.

Se você vir uma sentença assim : I have worked a lot

Você não pode traduzir : Eu tenho trabalhado muito. ( ERRADO )

O certo é : Eu trabalhei muito.

Interrogative form:
Em português essa sentença ficará num passado normal, mas em Inglês usa se
Have / Has + verbo no particípio, que não deve ser traduzido ao pé da letra , mas
simGeneral
traduzido num passado não definido, enxergando O HAVE e HAS somente
Have Rule : You worked ?
como Auxiliares sem traduzi-lo ao pé da letra , mas sim traduzido num passado
nãoHas
definido, enxergando
She O HAVE e HAS somente workedcomo Auxiliares Em
? português
essa sentença ficará num passado

Negative form:

I Have not – haven’t worked

She Has not – hasn’t worked

Affirmative Form

I have worked.

She has worked.

9
 Pay attention:

E. G

Int .Have
O Present Perfect you worked
é usado hard?
como qualquer outro auxiliar numa situação de
perguntas e respostas, sendo primeiro abreviado seguido de um complemento
________________________________________________________
que não pode ser redundante à pergunta.
Neg. No, I haven’t. I have studied for my English test.

( short answer ) ( complement )

________________________________________________________

Af. Yes, I have. I have worked in this new project.

( short answer ) ( complement )

Int .Has she worked hard?

________________________________________________________

Neg. No, she hasn’t. She has studied for her English test.

( short answer ) ( complement )

________________________________________________________

Af. Yes, she has. She has worked in this new project.

( short answer ) ( complement )

10
 O ever – já – é usado na pergunta

O already – já – é usado na resposta.

O never – nunca – e usado para negativa

O yet – já , ainda- e usado na negativa e perguntas

O just e usado para respostas afirmativas

Ever for question ( em algum momento- já)

Ex: Have you ever been to Egypt?

Have you ever been to London?

Have you ever worked abroad ?

Never (nunca ocorreu) para negativar

Ex: I have never been to London.

Already answer positive sentence (sometimes informal questions )

Algo já ocorreu surprise. You already bought the ticket.

I have already been to Egypt What already?

Yet perguntas e frazes negativas (já) curto espaço de tempo.

Question: Have you bought the ticket yet?

Negative: I haven’t bought the ticket yet.

Final de frases.

Just for short time ago situation positive.

I have just arrived at king cross-station.

11
I have just told him to call me back later.

Exemplo dialogo

Have you ever been to England?

Yes I have. I have already been to England and Egypt.

No I haven’t. I have never been a broad before.

Have you bought the ticket yet?

Yes I have just bought the ticket

No I haven’t had time ye

1. Put these sentences in English and answer them

( first short answer and after one complement ).

A – Você comprou um novo apartamento?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

B – Ele enviou o e-mail para todos os funcionários?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

C – Ela preparou a festa sozinha?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

D – Eles encomendaram os aperitivos para a festa?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

12
 E – Você já visitou o Louvre em Paris?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

F – Ele já terminou os exames na faculdade?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

G – Ela já escreveu sobre isto?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

1. Write these sentences in Portuguese.

A – Have you ever been in Australia before?

______________________________________________________________________

B – She has never eaten oysters in this restaurant?

______________________________________________________________________

C – They have already been camping twice.

______________________________________________________________________

D – I have already played bowling before with some friends.

______________________________________________________________________

E – Has he ever danced Tango before?

______________________________________________________________________

F – Have you ever planted a tree in your life?

______________________________________________________________________

G – I have already cooked for 20 people.

______________________________________________________________________

13
 H – She has done many different kinds of works.

______________________________________________________________________

Extra exercises with the teacher, ask him.

Elmer: Hello, mom? Is that you?

Mrs. colt: Oh, Elmer, yes. How are you?

Where are you now?

Elmer: I’m fine. ____________________in Prague, Mon.

Mrs. Colt: ___________________us any postcards yet.

Elmer: Yes, I have. ___________________one from every city.

Mrs. Colt: ______________________to Paris yet, Elmer?

Elmer: Yes, I have.

Mrs. Colt: _______________________to Vienna yet?

14
Elmer: no, I haven’t. We’re going to Vienna tomorrow.

Mrs. Colt: Elmer! Are you still there?

Elmer: Yes, Mom.

Mrs. Colt: How many countries ________________________now?

Elmer: Well, this is the eighth day, so ___________________________eight

countries.

Mrs. Colt: __________________________much money?

Elmer: Well, uh, yes, Mom. _________________________a lot of souvenirs,

and I want to buy some more. Can you send me a thousand dollars?

Mrs. Colt: All right, Elmer.

Mrs. Colt: Elmer, are you listening to me?

Elmer: Sure, Mom

Mrs. Colt: ___________________________many pictures, Elmer?

Elmer: Yes, ________________________a lot. I’ve used three rolls of film!

Mrs. Colt: ________________________any nice Girls yet?

Elmer: Oh, ye, Mom. There’s a girl from Texas on the tour.
______________________everything together.

Mrs. Colt: Elmer! Elmer! Are you still there.

I’ve already seen Have you taken You haven’t sent I’ve sent
Have you met

I’ve just arrived Have you been have you spent We’ve done

Have you been have you seen I’ve bought I’ve Taken

For duration of certain activities, we use PRESENT PERFECT

with FOR/ SINCE
Peter and Janeth are married. They’ve been married for 10 years.

How long have they been married?

15
I know Mary very well. How long have I’ve known Mary since I was I child.

You known Mary?

My father has a new car. How long has he He’s had it since April.

Had this car?

1- Ask question using How long and the present perfect

A- Peter is on vacation in Bahamas

_______________________________________________________

B- I know Amy very well.

_______________________________________________________

A- My best friend lives in Canada.

_______________________________________________________

B- Mark is married to Susan

_______________________________________________________

C- I ‘m a teacher

________________________________________________________

16
 1. Make sentences based on the picture, Use your imagination. Follow
the Exemple:

I like to read Biographies.

I’ve read 10 different biographies since January

I am married.

A-______________________________________________________

I am at the Eiffel tower in Paris

B-_____________________________________________________

I Am a workaholic

C-______________________________________________________

17
 I have a long beard

D-_______________________________________________________

HERBERT BURKE, JAMES BRODY, GINA ROSSI, AND CHARLES PHILLIPS

ALL WENT TO THE SAME SCHOOL.

THEY FINISHED ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN 1978

AND HIGH SCHOOL IN 1984.

__________________VERY DIFFERENT CARREERS.

HERBIE BURKE BECAME A POLITICIAN FOUR YEARS AGO.

HE’S VERY SUCCESSFUL.

HE BOUGHT A COUNTRY HOUSE THREE YEARS AGO

AND BOUGHT A JAGUAR AT THE SAME TIME.

________________A CONGRESSMAN FOR FOUR YEARS.

JOMMY BRODY WAS VERY LUCKY.

HE WON A LOTERY IN 1991 AND MOVED TO PACIFIC ISLAND.

HE BOUGHT A LUXURY YEACHT THE NEXT YEAR.

HE’S STILL ON THE ISLAND.

18
_______________THERE SINCE 1991.

________________HIS YACHT 1992.

GINA ROSSI AND CHARLIE PHILLIPS FELL IN LOVE AT SCHOOL.

HE GAVE HER A RING WHEN THEY FINISHED HIGHT SCHOOL.

SHE WEARS IT EVERY DAY,

AND ___________________IT OFF.

THEY GOT MARRIED IN 1988,

AND THEY’RE STILL IN LOVE.

THEY MOVED TO ARIZONA IN 1993.

HE’S BEEN HE’S HAD THEY’VE HAD HE’S BEEN SHE’S NEVER
TAKEN

Now, answer the question based on the information you listened

to. Answer using the present perfect.

a- What does Herbie do?

___________________________________________________________________

b- Where does Jimmy Brody live?

___________________________________________________________________

19
 c- Are Gina and Charlie Married?

___________________________________________________________________

ARE YOU A READER?

Researchers says that the most you read, the more chances you
have to get better opportunities. We’ll never know which of these
opportunities are really true. But, one thing is for sure: reading
exercises your brain, your logical thinking and also the way you
express yourself.

Sure we have to agree that the news have been too hard on some
things: “man has killed wife “ or Thieves have stolen bank in a
small town. Three people have died.

This kind of news makes your reading boring, at least in my

opinion.

I agree we must know what’s going on around us, but honestly, it’s
not the kind of headline or news that will make my day better. It will
make it worse.

1- Based on the opinion above, write your won opinion about the
reading.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

20
 ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Reading and comprehension

1- It is everywhere. More than half a billion people use it, and the number of
people who are online increases by 100 million every year. In 1994 there were
only a few hundred web pages. Today thereare billions.

It has revolutionized the way we live and work. But we are still in the early days.
Soon there will be more and more interactivity between the user and the web
site, and we will be able to give instructions using speech.

2- In 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped out of his space capsule onto the surface of
the moon and made his famous statement: "That's one small step for a man,
one giant leap for mankind." Since then, there have been space probes to
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and even the sun. A space observatory will someday
study how the first stars and galaxies began.

So far, it seems that we are alone in the universe. There are no signs yet that
there is intelligent life outside our own solar system. But who knows what the
future holds?

21
3 -Surely nothing has done more for the comfort and happiness of the human
race than the advances in health care! How many millions of people have
benefited from the humble aspirin? How many lives has penicillin saved?
Average life expectancy worldwide has risen dramatically over the past 100
years, from about 47 years in 1900 to about 77 years today.

4-We are a world on the move. Airlines carry more than 1.5 billion people to
their destinations every year. It is estimated that at any one time these days
there are more people in airplanes than the total number of people who
travelled abroad in the whole of the nineteenth century (but I have no idea how
they figured this out!).

22
5-It is true that they are now commercialized, and there is greed and drug
abuse. However, it is a competition in which every country in the world takes
part. Every four years, for a brief moment, we see these countries come
together in peace and friendship. We feel hope again for the future of mankind.

6- In 1855, an American senator named Edward Everett said, "Drop a grain of

California gold into the ground, and there it will lie unchanged until the end of
time. Drop a grain of wheat into the ground and—lo!—a mystery."

Farming has played an important role in the economies of the United States
and Canada. Nowadays, we can't eat all the food we produce. If only politicians
could find a way to share it with those parts of the world where there is famine.

We are still here!

The last wonder of the modern world is simply that we are still here.

We have had nuclear weapons for over 50 years that could destroy the
world, but we haven't used them to do it. This is surely the greatest
wonder of all.

23
 Vocabulary

Space travel Solar sistem Competition

Wheat Medical Science Airline

1- What has changed because of the internet? What will happen with the
internet?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2- What has happened in space exploration since 1969?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- What is the most noticeable result of better health care?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4- What is the number of people who travelled abroad in nineteenth century?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

24
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- What are the good and bad thing about the Olympics?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6- What was senator Everett trying to say about planting wheat?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7- We are still here. Why is this a wonder?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Review grammar.

In group, discuss these questions

What do you think?

A- What are your favorite web site.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B- When did you last take a plane trip? Where were you going?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

C- Are there any stories about health care in the news right now?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

D- What sporting events are taking place now or in the near future?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25
 Active voice

The active voice is when the subject of a sentence performs an action on an

object. In other words, the subject does the action, and the object receives
the action.

The active voice is easy to identify in writing because it follows a simple form,
which is the basis of English grammar:

The dog ate my homework.

In this example, "the dog" is the subject, "ate" is the verb, and "my homework" is
the object. Here’s a diagram to better show this connection:

Subject Verb Object

The dog ate my homework

The passive voice is basically the opposite of the active voice: it’s when the
subject is acted upon by the object. In other words, the subject receives the
action, and the object does the action.

Passive voice

Here are some scenarios in which you might want (or need) to use the
passive voice:

 When you want to emphasize the recipient of the action

 When you want to emphasize the action itself
 When you don’t know who or what is performing the action
 When the doer of the action is irrelevant or unimportant

The ice cream was bought by the little girl.

In this example, "the ice cream" is the subject, "bought" is the verb, and "the
little girl" is the object. Here’s a diagram to help you understand this grammar
pattern better:

26
Subject Verb to be+ Past participle Object

The ice cream was bought by the little girl

Change these active sentences to passive. Choose if you need the

agent or not.

1) The Government is planning a new road near my house.

________________________________________________________

2) My grandfather built this house in 1943.

________________________________________________________

3) Picasso was painting Guernica at that time.

27
 ________________________________________________________

4) The cleaner has cleaned the office.

________________________________________________________

5) He had written three books before 1867.

________________________________________________________

6) John will tell you later.

_______________________________________________________

7) By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal.

________________________________________________________

8) Somebody should do the work.

________________________________________________________

9) The traffic might have delayed Jimmy

________________________________________________________

10) People speak Portuguese in Brazil.

________________________________________________________

28
 11) Every body leves Mr Brown.

________________________________________________________

12) They are building a new stadium near the station.

_______________________________________________________

13) The wolf ate the princess.

_______________________________________________________

14) At six o'clock someone was telling a story.

_______________________________________________________

15) Somebody has drunk all the milk!

_______________________________________________________
16) I had cleaned all the windows before the storm.

_______________________________________________________

17) A workman will repair the computer tomorrow.

________________________________________________________

18) By next year the students will have studied the passive.

________________________________________________________

19) James might cook dinner.

________________________________________________________

29
 20) Somebody must have taken my wallet.

________________________________________________________

O present Perfect continuous é usado para conectar o presente com o passado

_ Started in past / Continuing in present

E.g – I have cooked dinner. Present perfect focus on result

I have been cooking dinner. Present perfect continuous focus on process

___________________________________________________________________

Outras formas de usarmos o present perfect continuous

STARTED CONTINUES: We have been working on this project for six month.

Subject – Present Sea

Perfect
levelscontinuous
have been rising.

STARTEDConceito:
FINISHED: I’ve been calling you for hours.

We have been waiting you.

COMMON EXPRESSIONS:

I’ve been studying for three hours

I’ve been studying since 5:00 am

It has been raining all day

General rule :

Usamos o Verbo HAVE / HAS como auxiliares + Been Assim como os auxiliares DO
– DOES- DID e WILL não são traduzidos, não devemos também traduzir o HAVE /
HAS como ( ter ) , mas sim simplesmente enxerga - lo como auxiliar que dá suporte
ao tempo.

Verbo :

No present perfect contínuos tense we use Only dynamics verbs or (action verbo)
never with stative verb.

30
Stative verbs

I have been knowing john for two years

I have know John for two years

He has been liking this book a lot

He has liked this book a lot

Stative verbs: love, think, believe etc..

Action verbs: Word, travel , eat etc…

31
Stative (or State) Verb List

like know belong

love realise fit
hate suppose contain
want mean consist
need understand seem
prefer believe depend
agree remember matter
mind recognise see

32
own appear look (=seem)
sound taste smell
hear astonish deny
disagree please impress
satisfy promise surprise
doubt think (=have opinion) feel (=have an opinion)
wish imagine concern
dislike be have
deserve involve include
lack measure (=have length etc)
owe weigh (=have weight)
A verb which isn't stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.

Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:

Be
be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means 'behaving' or
'acting'
 you are stupid = it's part of your personality

 you are being stupid = only now, not usually

Think
 think (stative) = have an opinion
I think that coffee is great

 think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head

what are you thinking about? I'm thinking about my next holiday
Have
 have (stative) = own
I have a car

 have (dynamic) = part of an expression

I'm having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break
See
 see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean
I see her now, she's just coming along the road

33
  see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with
I've been seeing my boyfriend for three years
I'm seeing Robert tomorrow
Taste
 taste (stative) = has a certain taste
This soup tastes great
The coffee tastes really bitter

 taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting

The chef is tasting the soup

('taste' is the same as other similar verbs such as 'smell')

Stative Verbs 1
Choose the present simple or present continuous. This exercise includes the
verbs see, think, have, be, and taste, which are sometimes stative.

1) My husband ______________(always/taste) the food while I'm cooking! It's very

annoying.

2) She ___________________(have) a bath every evening.

3) Luke __________________(see) the doctor now.

4) He _________________(have) a party next weekend.

5) This coffee ________________(not/taste) right.

6) We ___________________(see) John and Susie next month.

7) What ___________________(you/think) about the war?

8) She ___________________(have) a headache.

9) It _____________________(be) cold today.

10) They ___________________(not/have) a car.

11) I _______________________(not/see) anything, I can't work the telescope?

12) The waiter____________________ (taste) the wine now.

13) She____________________ (not/be) a doctor.

34
 14) ________________________(want) a sandwich?

15) I ___________________(have) fun today.

16) I_______________________ (think) too much about my ex-boyfriend.

17) They often ________________________(see) a film on Fridays.

18) This cake_________________________ (taste) funny.

19) ___________________(have) a good time at the moment?

20) The chef always ___________________(taste) the food before he serves it.

Interrogative form:

Aux + pron + been + verb + ing + vocabulary

Have you been working … ?

Has She been working … ?

Negative form:

Pron + aux neg+ been+ verb + ing + vocabulary

I haven’t been working…

She hasn’t been working…

AffirmativePay
Form
attention:

Pron + aux + been + verb + ing+ vocabulary

I have been working …

She has been working …

O Present Perfect continuous é usado como qualquer outro auxiliar numa

situação de perguntas e respostas, sendo primeiro abreviado seguido de um
complemento que não pode ser redundante à pergunta.

35
 5
E. G

Int .Have you been working hard?

________________________________________________________

Neg. No, I haven’t. I have been studying for my English test.

( short answer ) ( complement )

________________________________________________________

Af. Yes, I have. I’ve been working in this new project.

( short answer ) ( complement )

Int .Has she been working hard?

________________________________________________________

Neg. No, she hasn’t. She’s been studying for her English test.

( short answer ) ( complement )

________________________________________________________

Af. Yes, she has. She has been working in this new project.

( short answer ) ( complement )

Make the present perfect continuous positive or negative:

36
 1. (she / work here for five years)

_____________________________________________________________

2. (I / study all day)

__________________________________________________________

3. (you / eat a lot recently)

_____________________________________________________________

4. (we / live in London for six months)

_____________________________________________________________

5. (he / play football so he’s tired)

_____________________________________________________________

6. (they / learn English for two years)

_____________________________________________________________

7. (I / cook so I’m really hot)

_____________________________________________________________

8. (she / go to the cinema every weekend for years)

_____________________________________________________________

9. (it / rain, the pavement is wet)

_____________________________________________________________

10. (you / sleep for twelve hours)

_____________________________________________________________

11. (I / not / work today)

_____________________________________________________________

12. (you / not / eat well recently)

_____________________________________________________________

37
Make the present perfect continuous ‘yes / no’ questions:

And answer them.

1. (she / run much recently?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. (it / rain?)

__________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. (he / work today?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

4. (I / talk a lot?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

5. (we / eat too much?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

6. (they / live here for a long time?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

7. (Julie / work in this company for more that five years?)

38
__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

8. (you / study English for a long time?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

9. (I / do too much recently?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

10. (we / go out with each other for three years already?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Make the present perfect continuous ‘wh’ questions: and answer them.

11. (how long / you / study Japanese?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

12. (where / she work?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

13. (how long / she / play tennis?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

39
14. (what / they / drink?)
__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

15. (how long / you / live here?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

16. (what / the child / eat?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

17. (how long / he / work in the bank?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

18. (where / she / buy food?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

19. (how long / we / wait for the bus?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

20. (what / you / do all day?)

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

40
Steve: Hi amber. Is the boss in?

Amber: Yes, Steve. MS. Arnold’s in her office, and she’s waiting for you.

Steve: Oh. Has ______________________________________?

Amber: Yes, she has. She got in at twenty to ten.

Steve: Twenty to ten! So __________________________________for twenty minutes.

Wow!! I am in trouble.

Amber: Well, she isn’t very happy.

Alice: Well, vera Parker. Hello! Are you waiting to see Doctor Lightfoot?

Vera: Hi, Alice. Yes, I am.

Alice: How long _____________________________?

Vera: Well, let’s see. ______________________________since nine o’clock.

Alice: So _____________________________________.It’s only ten after nine.

41
Vera: Right, I haven’t. _____________________________________this magazine.
There’s an interesting article here about operations

Alice: You Shouldn’t read that, Vera. You’ll be worried.

Vera: No, I won’t. I enjoy medical articles, you know. __________________________

About heart surgery. There are some great pictures!

Look! Alice… Alice… are you ok?

Sally: Dan, call the waiter again!

Dan: ___________________________ to call him, Sally.

Sally: But Dan , _______________________________here for twenty minutes, and

I’m not going to wait any longer.

Dan: I’m sorry, Sally, but he’s talking to that woman.

Sally: Yes, I see. ______________________________to her since we came in.

Excuse me! Waiter!

Waiter: Yes, Ma’am. Do you want your check?

Sally: The Check! We haven’t seen the menu yet!

42
43
UNIT 1 PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT IS A TENSE IN ENGLISH THAT WE USE TO TALK ABOUT

TWO ACTION THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST AND WE WANT TO
DETERMINATE WHICH ACTION HAPENNED FIRST.

AUX VERB: HAD

ALL: PRONOUN

AFIRMATIVE:

PRON + AUX + PAST PARTICIPLE+ VOCABULARY

INTERROGATIVE:

AUX+ PRON+ PAST PARTICIPLE+ VOCABULARY

NEGATIVE:

PRON+ AUX HADN’T+ PAST PARTICIPLE+ VOCABULARY

1- PASSADO DO PSSADO
MIKE ARRIVED AT THE MOVIE THEATER AT 8:15 PM no horario

WHEN MIKE ARRIVED AT THE MOVIE THEATER THE MOVIE HAD

STARTED

 OQUE ACONTECEU PRIMEIRO

WHEN MIKE ARRIVED AT THE MOVIE

_____I________I______I_____________ tinha começado,

havia começado.

PAST 8PM 8:15 NOW

44
Quando temos duas ações no passado, uma acontecendo após a outra,
usamos o past perfect na primeira ação.

Oque aconteceu primeiro leva o past perfect.

WHEN HE GOT THE THEATER, THE MOVIE STARTED.

____________________I_____________________

8:15

AO MESMO TEMPO

WHEN HE HAD GOT TO THE THEATER, THE MOVIE STARTED

_________I 8:00______________I 8:15___________

THE WOMAN SITTING NEXT TO ME ON THE PLANE WAS VERY

NERVOUS, SHE HADN’T FLOWN BEFORE

BY THE TIME I GOT TO THE AIRPORT, THE PLANE HAD ALREADY LEFT.

SHE TOLD ME SHE HAD STUDIED A LOT BEFORE THE EXAM.

DISCURSO INDIRETO

I HAVE BEEN TO LONDON 4 TIMES

MIKE SAID HE HAD BEEN TO LONDON 4 TIMES.

PAST IMAGINARY

I WOULD HAVE MADE MILLION IF I HAD BOUGHT THAT COMPANY.

I WISH I HADN’T GONE TO THAT PARTY não ter ido hipotese, irreal

45
Past Perfect Tense - Questions

We learned in the previous lessons that the past perfect tense is used in the
following ways.
1. To emphasize what action or event happened first.
2. To show that something happened before a specific time.
3. For reported speech
4. With the word "wish" to show that we are unhappy or dissatisfied.

In this lesson, we will see how to make yes/no questions with the past perfect
tense.

It is the same as the present perfect tense except that the present tense verbs
"have/has" change to their past tense form "had".

Here is the question pattern.

Had + subject + past participle...?

 Had she left when you got there?
 Had it stopped raining when you went out?

 Had he finished before 5 o'clock?

The sentences with "wish" will look like this.

Do/Does + subject + wish + (that) + subject + had + past participle...?

 Do you wish you had studied harder when you were younger?
 Does he wish that he had moved to another city last year?

Example Questions and Answers

A) Had you finished all your homework before you started watching TV?
B) Yes, mom. I finished all my homework before I started watching TV.

A) Had she worked here before 2013?

B) I don't think so. I think she joined the company in 2015.

A) Had it stopped snowing when you came in?

B) Nope. It was still snowing when I came in.

A) Had he established his own law firm before he got married?

B) Yes, he got married the year after he established his law firm.

A) Had they met each other before the party?

B) I don't know, but it seems like they had met each other before.

46
We can also ask questions with question words.

Question word + had + subject + participle...?

 Why had you eaten all of the food before I came?
 What had he done for a living before he joined this company?

Or we can ask the question part in past tense and put the past perfect in the
second part.
 What did you do before we had met?
 Why did you leave before we had finished?

Example Questions and Answers

A) Why had you studied if you didn't have a test?

B) I had just wanted to learn something new.

A) What had happened before I came?

B) Bill and Angie started arguing because of money.

A) Why had you left before I got there?

B) You were 4 hours late!

A) What do you wish you had done when you were young?
B) I wish I had had more fun.

Note: "had had" is not wrong. This is possible with the past perfect

Finish the questions. This simple practice will help you remember this
English grammar point well and help you improve your English speaking
skills.

Tip: Say the questions aloud. This will help you practice speaking

a- Had you _______________ before ___________________________?

_______________________________________________________________

b- Had he _______________ since _____________________________?

_______________________________________________________________

c- Had she ________________________________________ before 2010?

_______________________________________________________________

d- What do you wish you had ___________________________________?

e- What does she wish she had _______________ when she was in university?

_______________________________________________________________

47
 1. _______________________ (you / go) there before we went
together?

_______________________________________________________________

2. _______________________ (she / see) the film already?

______________________________________________________________

3. Why _______________________ (he / forgot) about the meeting?

_______________________________________________________________

4. _______________________ (it / be) cold all week?

_______________________________________________________________

5. _______________________ (I / read) the book before the class?

_______________________________________________________________

6. When she arrived, _______________________ (we / eat)

already?
_______________________________________________________________

7. Where _______________________ (you / be) when I saw you?

_______________________________________________________________

8. _______________________ (they / travel) by bullet train before?

_______________________________________________________________

9. _______________________ (John / meet) Lucy before they went

on holiday together?
_______________________________________________________________

10. _______________________ (you / do) your homework before I

saw you?
_______________________________________________________________

11. Where _______________________ (she / work )?

_______________________________________________________________

48
 12. _______________________ (I / pay) the bill before we left?

_______________________________________________________________

13. _______________________ (we / visit) my parents already that

winter?
_______________________________________________________________

14. When you called, _______________________ (they / eat) dinner?

_______________________________________________________________

15. How _______________________ (he / manage) to fix the

cooker?

_______________________________________________________________

16. _______________________ (my sister / be) sick for a long time?

_______________________________________________________________

17. How much _______________________ (she / study) before the

exam?
_______________________________________________________________

18. What _______________________ (you / cook) for dinner that

night?
_______________________________________________________________

19. When _______________________ (they / arrive)?

_______________________________________________________________

20. How many coffees _______________________ (she / drink)

before the interview?

_________________________________________________________

49
Telling tales: The Tale of Gluskap and the
Baby
Gluskap the warrior was very pleased with himself because he
________________________. He boasted to a woman: 'Nobody can beat me!'

'Really?' said the woman. 'I know someone who can beat you. His name is Wasis.'
Gluskap _________________. He inmediately wanted to meet him and fight
him. So he was taken to the woman's village. The woman pointed to a baby
who_____________________ on the floor of a teepee.

'There,' she said. 'That is Wasis. He is little, but he is very strong.' Gluskap laughed
and went up to the baby. 'I am Gluskap. Fight me!' he shouted. Little Wasis looked
at him for a moment, then he opened his mouth. 'Waaah! Waaah!' he yelled .
Gluskap ________________________. He danced a war dance and sang some
war songs. Wasis screamed louder. 'Waaah! Waaah! Waaah!' Gluskap covered his
ears and ran out of the teepee. After he ___________________, he stopped and
listened. The baby was _________________. Gluskap the fearless was terrified.
He ran on and was never seen again in the woman's village.

The phrases are taken from the story. Where do they fit?

a- Had run a few miles.

b- Had fought and won so many battles.
c- Was still yelling.
d- Had never heard such a terrible noise.
e- Was sitting and sucking a piece of sugar.
f- Had never heard of Wasis.

Translate

50
 OPERATOR 366.

I’VE JUST SEEN TWO CARS CRASH INTO AN

__________________________________________________________

ARMORED TRUCK.

__________________________________________________________

I THINK IT’S A ROBBERY.

__________________________________________________________

WHERE?

__________________________________________________________

JUST OUTSIDE THE FACTORY GATES.

__________________________________________________________

WHAT FACTORY.

__________________________________________________________

MCMANUS FORGE COMPANY ON OLD

__________________________________________________________

SELMA ROAD.

__________________________________________________________

The first police car got to the factory three minutes

_________________________________________________________

later, but it was too late.

_________________________________________________________

The robbers had gone.

_________________________________________________________

They had knocked out one of the security guards

__________________________________________________________

and shot the other.

51
 __________________________________________________________

Both guards were lying on the ground near the armored truck.

__________________________________________________________

The thieves had taken the payroll for the factory.

__________________________________________________________

The police called an ambulance for the guards and

__________________________________________________________

questioned three people who had seen the robbery.

__________________________________________________________

Trasnlate

OPERATOR 217.

_______________________________________________________________

I WANT TO REPORT A FIRE.

_______________________________________________________________

WHERE IS IT?

______________________________________________________________

THE PEXICO SERVICE STATION ON HUDSON STREET.

______________________________________________________________

COME QUICKLY!

______________________________________________________________

YES. A FIRE ENGINE WILL BE THERE IN A FEW MINUTES.

______________________________________________________________

The fire engine got to the service station just in time

52
_______________________________________________________________

the convenience store in the station was burning.

_______________________________________________________________

Fortunately the fire hadn’t reached the gas pumps

_______________________________________________________________

and hadn’t spread to the neighbouring building.

_______________________________________________________________

The fire fighters were able to put it out quickly.

_______________________________________________________________

The fire had started in the office.

_______________________________________________________________

Someone had thrown lit cigarette into a wasterpaper basket.

_______________________________________________________________

Trasnlate.

OPERATOR 577.

_______________________________________________________________

THERE’S A BOY IN THE RIVER.

_______________________________________________________________

I DON’T THINK HE CAN SWIM.

_______________________________________________________________

I CAN SEE HIM FROM MY WINDOW.

_______________________________________________________________

IN THE RIVER? WHERE?

_______________________________________________________________

53
OH, I’M SORRY. NEAR KEY BRIDGE.

_______________________________________________________________

THE WASHINGTON END OF THE BRIDGE.

_______________________________________________________________

I’LL SEND A PARAMEDIC AMBULANCE RIGHT AWAY.

_______________________________________________________________

When the paramedic ambulance got there,

______________________________________________________________

the boy was lying on the ground.

_______________________________________________________________

A police officer had seen the boy in the river and

______________________________________________________________

had dived in and rescued him

_______________________________________________________________

The boy was all right.

_______________________________________________________________

The police officer had given him artificial respiration.

_______________________________________________________________

The ambulance took the boy and police officer to the hospital.

_______________________________________________________________

Where were they? What happened? What had they done?

Last night, Dane and Emily danced in a competition, They danced a salsa
dance. They had practiced for 6 months before they danced in the competition.
They were very good.

54
Dane and Emily’s friends were in the audience. Before that night, they had
never seen Dane and Emily dance. In fact, Dane and Emily had never danced
in front of anyone before the competition.

After everyone had danced, the judges announced the winners. Dane and
Emily won! They were the best dancers in the competition. Emily said she had
never practiced so hard before! She was glad they had practiced a lot.

1- How long had Dane and Emily practiced before the competition?
_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

2- Before that night, who had seen Dane and Emily dance?
_______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3- What happened after everyone had danced?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

4- Rewrite the following sentences as positive or negative sentences,

yes/no question , WH-question.

Exemplo: For the sentence Nik had finished before noon.

Negative: Nik hadn’t finished before noon.

Yes/no question: Had Nick finished before noon.

WH- Question: Who had finished before noon?

A- They had practiced for 6 months.

Negative:__________________________________________________

Yes/No
question:___________________________________________________

55
 WH-
Question:__________________________________________________

B- Before that night, they had never seen Dane and Emily dance.
Positive:___________________________________________________

Yes/no
question:___________________________________________________

Wh
question:___________________________________________________

C- They had practiced a lot.

Negative:__________________________________________________

Yes/no
question:___________________________________________________

Wh-
question___________________________________________________

5-Turn the following sentences into Past perfect.

A- They finish the game before it rained.

__________________________________________________________

B- She save her money for 2 years before she bought the car.

__________________________________________________________

C- I meet him before he was my boss.

__________________________________________________________

D- Tina said she find my purse in her car.

__________________________________________________________

E- She woke up early because she take a new job.

56
 __________________________________________________________

E.G
 23rd - twenty-third
 135th - a/one hundred thirty-fifth
 1.234th - a/one thousand two hundred thirty-four

Ordinal numbers

 The numbers which give us the exact position of an object are called
ordinal numbers. Ordinal numbers tell the position of an object rather
than their quantity. 
 For instance:
 Example 1- The given picture shows different floors in a building. We can
use ordinal numbers to define their position.
 The numbers 1st(First), 2nd(Second), 3rd(Third), 4th(Fourth), 5th(Fifth),
6th(Sixth), 7th(Seventh), 8th(Eighth), 9th(Ninth) and 10th(Tenth) tell the
position of different floors in the building. Hence, all of them are ordinal
numbers.


 Example 2-The given picture shows some athletes competing in a 400 m
race. We can use ordinal numbers to define their position.

57
 
 The numbers 1st(First), 2nd(Second), 3rd(Third), 4th(Fourth), 5th(Fifth),
6th(Sixth), 7th(Seventh), 8th(Eighth), 9th(Ninth) and 10th(Tenth) tell the
position of different athletes in the race. Hence, all of them are ordinal
numbers.

Número Abreviação Escrito por extenso

1 1st first

2 2nd second

3 3rd third

4 4th fourth

5 5th fifth

6 6th sixth

7 7th seventh

8 8th eighth

9 9th ninth

10 10th tenth

11 11th eleventh

12 12th twelfth

13 13th thirteenth

14 14th fourteenth

15 15th fifteenth

16 16th sixteenth

17 17th seventeenth

58
Número Abreviação Escrito por extenso

18 18th eighteenth

19 19th nineteenth

20 20th twentieth

21 21st twenty-first

22 22nd twenty-second

23 23rd twenty-third

24 24th twenty-fourth

25 25th twenty-fifth

26 26th twenty-sixth

27 27th twenty-seventh

28 28th twenty-eighth

29 29th twenty-ninth

30 30th thirtieth

40 40th fortieth

50 50th fiftieth

60 60th sixtieth

70 70th seventieth

80 80th eightieth

90 90th ninetieth

100 100th one hundredth

1000 1000th one thousandth

59
 1- Read these numbers aloud.

15 50 406 72 128

90 19 850 1,520 36

2- Read these numbers aloud

Money

$400 50C $47.99 Y5.000 £100

Fractions listen

_________ __________ __________ _________ __________

Decimal and percentages

_________ ___________ ___________ ___________

_____________

Dates

__________ __________ ___________ ____________

___________

Phone numbers

( ) - ( ) - ( )

60
 3- Listen and write the numbers you hear.

1- Fifteenth, twenty- fourth

2- _____________________________

3- _____________________________

4- _____________________________

5- _____________________________

Rules Adjective of Manners

Ly Y= ILY Ful = ly Le= Y

Clearly Angrily Beautifully Simply

Politely Easily Carefully Terribly

Slowly how verb

Here Where adverb

Always How often adverb

today When adjective

completely How much phrases

ex: He drives (Careful or Carfully) How

We teach English (Here) Where

She (always) eat fast food How often

We are having class today When

He was completely exhausted How much

1. What is an adverb?

61
An adverb is defined as a word or group of words that serves to modify a whole
sentence, a verb, another adverb, or an adjective. For example, "probably,"
"easily," "very," and "happily"

2. What do adverbs modify?

Adverbs can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or an entire clause or

sentence. They never modify nouns (that's an adjective's job).

Examples of adverbs in sentences

I walked quickly to my next class. ["Quickly" is an adverb modifying the verb
"walked."]

She looked very pretty in her new dress. ["Very" is an adverb modifying the

adjective "pretty."]

The doctor told us that grandpa's blood pressure was very steadily rising.

["Very" is an adverb modifying the adverb "steadily."]

Unfortunately, we can't make it to your party. ["Unfortunately" is an adverb

modifying the rest of the sentence.]

3. Conjunctive Adverbs

A conjunctive adverb connects two sentences and provides adverbial emphasis,

as "therefore" in "This intersection is dangerous; therefore, motorists should
approach it slowly." Here is a list of some common conjunctive adverbs:

 again
 anyway
 besides
 certainly
 consequently
 elsewhere
 finally
 furthermore
 however
 in fact
 instead
 likewise

62
  meanwhile
 nevertheless
 nonetheless
 otherwise
 rather
 similarly
 subsequently
 still
 then
 therefore
 thus

Examples of conjunctive adverbs in a sentence

My sister is a surgeon; meanwhile, I get nauseous when we dissect things in
Bio class!

You better pass this test, otherwise you're not going to the party.

If he drives my car, then he better put gas in it!

We really want to go to the concert; however, there's a family dinner the same

night.

They got caught in a major traffic jam; thus, they were late to movie.

4. Adverbs that don’t end in -ly

It's easy to assume that all adverbs end in -ly, since so many do, but that isn't
always the case. Here is a list of adverbs that don’t end in -ly:

Translate

 afterward
 already
 almost
 back
 better
 best
 even

63
  far
 fast
 hard
 here
 how
 late
 long
 low
 more
 near
 never
 next
 now
 often
 quick
 rather
 slow
 so
 soon
 still
 then
 today
 tomorrow
 too
 very
 well
 where
 yesterday

64
Choose the best response.

1. Megan is a very ____________ athlete. She loves sports.

A.   ?    seriously

B. ? serious

2. Angelina is a ____________ student. She is kind and

pleasant.

A. ?   lovely

B.   ?    love

3. My teacher said that Warren works ____________ in our

class.

A.   ?    hardly

B.   ?    the hardest

C.   ?    harder than

4. Do you think you speak English ____________? Yes, of

course!

A.   ?    goodly

B.   ?    well

C.   ?    good

5. When he was a child, Tony spoke very ____________ and his

friends couldn't understand him.

A.   ?    quiet

B.   ?    quietly

C.   ?    quieter

6. The group found their hotel ____________ after they bought

the map of the city.

A.   ?    easily

B.   ?    easy

65
 C.   ?    easly

7. I wish that I could explain things ____________ my teacher. I

always understand what he says in class.

A.   ?    clearly

B.   ?    clear

C.   ?    as clearly as

8. Do you think men drive ____________ women in your

country?

A.   ?    dangerously

B.   ?    more dangerously than

C.   ?    more dangerously

9. Barbara swims ____________ than Anna because she has

stronger arms.

A.   ?    fast

B.   ?    faster

C.   ?    fastlier

[Link] they heard the bad news, they were very

____________.

A.   ?    sadder

B.   ?    sad

C.   ?    sadly

11.I want my children to behave ____________ to every person

that they meet.

A.   ?    nicely

B.   ?    nicily

C.   ?    nice

[Link] girls had to finish their work ____________ because the

teacher told them to stop.

66
 A.   ?    quick

B.   ?    quickly

A very long list of adverbs, which end in -ly

A list of adverbs, plus definitions and examples of how to
use different types of adverbs in a sentence.

Translate:
Crossly
Crisply
Urgently
Curiously
Cheerfully
Cleanly
Clearly
Compassionately
Commonly
Cleverly
Coaxingly
Conspicuously
Closely
Usually
Reassuringly
Brightly
Briskly
Calmly
Carefully
Regretfully
Scarcely
Searchingly
Highly
Increasingly
Sedately
Seemingly
Separately
Selfishly
Seriously
Incredibly
Sharply
Sheepishly
Truthfully
Certainly
Understandably
Understandingly
Unfortunately
Unfairly
Cheaply

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 Unhappily
Unwillingly
Correctly
Continually
Coolly
Mockingly
Utterly
Distinctly
Mostly
Disgustingly
Determinedly
Mysteriously
Diligently
Dreamily
Nearly
Naturally
Partially
Enticingly
Passionately
Impulsively
Inadvertently
Patiently
Perfectly
Perpetually
Playfully
Pleasantly
Pleasingly
Politely
Sleepily
Slowly
Slyly
Quickly
Quietly
Softly
Solidly
Totally
Tremendously
Triumphantly
Truly
Reluctantly
Reproachfully
Restfully
Righteously
Quintessentially
Rightfully
Rigidly
Rapidly
Rapturously
Rudely
Ravenously

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 Sadly
Safely
Tenderly
Terribly
Readily
Thankfully
Thoroughly
Thoughtfully
Tightly
Abruptly
Absently
Boldly
Accusingly
Bravely
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Openly
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Wholly
Wildly
Willfully
Outwardly
Wisely
Foolishly
Wonderfully
Fortunately
Frankly
Frantically
Freely
Frenetically
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Guiltily
Happily
Worriedly
Speedily
Harshly
Hatefully
Fully
Heavily
Hungrily
Heartily
Furiously
Helpfully
Helplessly

69
 Innocently
Generally
Instantly
Gratefully
Intensely
Intently
Generously
Jokingly
Gently
Poorly
Gleefully
Potentially
Inwardly
Greatly
Doggedly
Greedily
Kindly
Hopelessly
Knowingly
Powerfully
Professionally
Lawfully
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Proudly
Mindfully
Mentally
Messily
Quaveringly
Queerly
Immediately
Excitedly
Exclusively
Expertly
Extremely
Faithfully
Famously
Fairly
Fearlessly
Ferociously
Sternly
Stingily
Strictly
Stubbornly
Successfully
Superstitiously
Surprisingly
Suspiciously
Sympathetically
Actually
Adversely

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 Affectionately
Amazingly
Angrily
Dangerously

Anxiously
Arrogantly
Clumsily
Beautifully
Darkly
Miserably
ImportantlyCarelessly
Energetically
Dearly
Delightfully
Desperately
Delicately
Deceivingly
Enormously
Lightly
Likely
Vastly
Longingly
Loudly
Entirely
Madly
Marvelously
Enviously
Meaningfully
Especially
Mechanically
Neatly
Meekly
Evenly
Negatively
Nervously
Nicely
Occasionally
Oddly
Venomously
Exactly
Obviously
Viciously
Violently
Fervently

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