1

I Grammar Reference
• nos verbos que terminam em -y precedido de
ENGLISH AROUND THE WORLD consoante, substituímos o y por i e, então,
acrescentamos o -ed.

study studied
Simple Present
Descreve uma ação habitual ou um fato. Existem apenas • se o verbo termina em consoante + vogal +
duas formas para o presente: uma para a terceira pessoa consoante em sílaba acentuada, lembre-se de
do singular (acrescentamos a desinência -s) e outra (sem dobrar a consoante final antes de acrescentar o -ed .
nenhuma alteração) para as demais pessoas do discurso.
clap clapped
read reads
stop stopped
like likes
want wants • não há regra para sabermos se o verbo é regular ou
irregular; temos de conhecer o verbo e a sua forma
• nos verbos que terminam em -y precedido de no passado. Por isso, abaixo há uma lista dos verbos
consoante , substituímos o y por i e, então, irregulares que aparecem nesta unidade com suas
acrescentamos -es para formar a terceira pessoa do formas no passado. Para uma lista mais completa dos
presente simples . verbos irregulares, ver página 362.

study studies begin began go went

bring brought have had
• no caso de verbos que terminam em -o, -sh, -eh, choose chose know knew
-s, ou -z , acrescentamos -es. come carne leave left
go goes drink drank put put
wash washes feel felt run ran
watch watches find found say sai d
pass passes get got / gotten speak spoke
buzz buzzes give gave spread spread

• já as formas negativas e interrogativas são formadas

com o auxílio de do / does e do not / does not
..
As formas negativas e interrogativas são construídas com o auxílio I
(don't / doesn't) , com exceção do verbo to be .

He goes to school: Does he go to school?

de did e did not (didn't) .
He went to school: Did he goto school?
l
He didn 't go to school.
J
He doesn't go to school.
They go to school: Do they go to school?
They don't goto school. Practice
He is a student: Is he a student? 1 Provide the 3rd person simple present of each verb.
He isn't a student. Follow the model:
e.g. I g o - he goes
p<A,tm I
I have - he / she / it has a) I say - he
Note que no inglês britânico é comum o uso da expressão "have /
has got": l've gota car - He's gota car. b) I choose- he
c) I start - he
Simple Past d) I miss- he
Descreve uma ação que ocorreu em um ponto específico e) I have- he
no passado. Pode ser regular ou irregular. f) I play - he
Se o verbo é regular, basta que acrescentemos a g) I study- he
desinência -ed para todas as pessoas .
h) I teach- he
look looked i) l love - he
want wanted j) I finish - he

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Grammar Reference íí

2 What is the past tense of the follow ing verbs? • Negative forms:
a) invade _ _ _ _ _ _ __
I am not / l'm not
b) run _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
You / we / they are not / aren't
c) come
He / she / it is not / isn't
d) is
e) cover 1/ he / she / it was not I wasn't
f) produce You / we / they were not / weren't
g) has 1/ you / he / she / it / we / they will not be / won't be
h) choose
am not I l'm not going to be
i) start
are not I aren 't going to be
j) are
k) admit is not / isn't going to be
1) study
• lnterrogative forms:
m) prefer
n) walk Am l?

o) know Are you / we / they?

p) work Is he I she I it?
q) leave
Was I I he / she I it?
For further INSIGHT into present and past tenses
- - -~ see the Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom . Were you / we / they?

Will 1/ you / he / she / it / we / they be?

Am I going to be ...
ON UNE Are you / we / they going to be ...

Is he I she I it going to be .. .
Verb to be
Veja como é fácil lembrar.. Practice
Para expressar a ideia de presente :
1 Read the telephone conversation between José Paulo
am -is-are and Pat and fill in the blanks w ith the verb to be in the
I am/l'm contracted form, whenever possible.
You / we / they are / you're, we're, they're Pat: Hello.
He / she / it is / he's, she's, it's José Paulo: Oh, hi, Pat. lt José Paulo here.
How you?
Para expressar a ideia de passado :
Pat: Oh, hi. 1 fine, thanks, and you?
was-were
José Paulo: 1 OK. 1 going to the
1/ he / she / it was movies on Saturday. Do you want to come?
You / we / they were Pat: Oh, l'd love to, but Sheila spending the
weekend with us and I taking her to the Monet
Para expressar a ideia de futuro:
exhibition . Why don't you come with us?
going to be will be José Paulo: That a good idea. You see, 1
_ _ _ thinking about that exhibition just the other day
am
and, yes, l'd love togo and see it.
you are
Pat: Cool! 1'11 call you on Friday and we'II arrange to
he I she / it is
going to be will be ('li be) meet somewhere on Saturday afternoon. that
we are OK with you?
you are José Paulo: Great, 1'11 talk to you then.
they are Pat: Bye, then!

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2 Write subject or object pronouns in the gaps.

• ~ILMS & FLAW_S_ _ _ _ __ My name is Al ice and _ _ _ am 17 years old. l live in
a condomini um and everybody knows there.
Personal Pronouns _ _ _ have two brothers. are terrible.

Observe a frase do texto "Movie Mistakes: The Dark _ _ _ hate . My parents are nice but my
Knight" na página 36: mother is really fond of some rather strange th ings.

" ... when he picks him up ... " _ _ _ loves teachers1 can 't see that the
teachers in my school are really boring and that
O pronome he refere-se ao Batman e o pronome him
_ _ _ give us too much homework to do! But my
refere-se ao The Joker.
A referência a substantivos ou ideias é uma função father is really special. love w ith al l
essencial dos pronomes em um texto. my heart, especially when _ _ _ takes _ _ _ to

Subject pronouns Object pronouns work with works in a small café .

me _ _ _ really appreciate going there.

You you
3 The pronoun it, in "Most of the web's content comes
He him from the western world and can be seen as cultural
She her subversion and thus increases mistrust. Several
lt it governm ents try to regulate the Internet, or at least
We us make it work for them", refers to :

You you a) government d) mistrust

They them b) contrai e) web's content
c) Internet
• subject pronouns têm função de suje ito
He picks up The Joker.. . 4 The object pronoun "her", in "One Peruvian lady
• object pronouns têm fu nção de obJeto, direto ou remembers life in the slum when her mother made
indireto clothes for her out of old flour sacks", refers to:
Batman slams him against the wall. a) lady d) mother
• Nas frases com dois objetos, a ordem pode variar. b) life e) clothes
Fran sent me an e-mail. --+ o objeto direto é c) slum
enfatizado.
Fran sent an e-mail to me. --+ o objeto indireto é
enfatizado.

Practice Present Continuous

1 Choose the correct alternative .
Usamos o present continuous para falar de:
a) 1 saw John coming in . Where is he / him?
b) Lucy is sick today. l'm visiting she / her after school. 1. Uma ação que está acontecendo no momento em que
c) 1can't find my glasses . can't
1 se fala.
remember where I left they / them. He is wearing a black jacket and a T-shirt.
d) Bill and Frank left the office two
hours ago . They / Them must be 2. Uma ação que está acontecendo em um espaço de
home by now. tempo maior que o momento em que se fala.

e) My mother is always asking my sister We're studying photography in our art lessons at
school.
and me to do the dishes. We / Us
hate doing it.
3. Uma ação que já foi planejada, mas que vai acontecer
no futuro.
'Where did I leave my glasses?" We're seeing The Dark Knight next weekend.

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1 Here are examples of three different uses of the a) We / have / a party.

present continuous. Look at the list in the box, read
the examples below and write (1 ), (2) or (3) next to
each sentence.
b) My parents / travei.
Nancy is having private Spanish lessons.
The phone is ringing .
They're leaving at 9 o'clock.
e) Our friends / visit / us

2 Read the sentences. Do they refer to the present or

future?
a) Listen! The baby is crying . _ _ _ _ __ d) 1 I stay / home.
b) He's driving me home after the party.

e) Ouiet! You're making a lot of noise . 1 can 't hear the e) Bob / meet / friends .
1V. _ _ _ _ __ _
d) My sister is having her birthday party on Sunday

e) l'm going home right after the show. 5 Fábio and Rodrigo are mem bers of a rock band.
Fábio is waiting for a bus and talking to Rodrig o on
his cell phone. Fill the gaps with the correct form of
3 Choose the appropriate answer: the verb .

a) When's the bus leaving? Fábio: Hey Rodrigo, how are you?
) Usually at 9 . Rodrigo: Fine! You?
) Very soon. Fábio: Yeah great, listen, know l'm late but I
1

b) l'm moving apartment on Wednesday. Can you _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ (stand) at the bus stop now.
help me?
lt _ _ __ _ _ _ _ (rain) really hard, so the bus
Sorry, but l've got to study for my Math test
_ _ _ _ _ ____ (take) a long time to arrive.
today.
Sorry, but Wednesday's a busy day for me. Rodrigo: Ok. Don't worry about it. We
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (start) in about an hour. The
e) Is Wayne living in Miami?
) Yes, 1 think he moved there ten years ago . others have called to say they _ _ __ _ _ _ __

) Yes, 1 think he has a temporary job there. (arrive) late too. Hey listen , Fábio, _ _ _ _ __ __

d) How are you getting home after work? there a blonde girl _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ (stand) next

) Wel l, 1 think l'm walking home today. to you at the bus stop, by any chance?

) 1 usually go home by bus . Fábio: Yeah! She _ _ _ _ _ __ __ (wear) jeans

e) Where are you having lunch? and a T-shirt and _ _ _ _ __ _ __

( I haven't decided yet. (stand) right behind me!

( ) Usually at home . Rodrigo: That's my new girlfriend Raquel!
She (come) over
4 Make sentences in t he present continuous . Add an
too. lntroduce yourself and come over
expression to each sentence.
together. See you laterl
after school next Ju ly next weekend Fábio: Sure. See you later!

next Saturday after work tonight For furtner INSIGHT into present tenses see
h Richmo d Gr mmar Practice CD Rom.

e.g. I / go / horne - l'm going home after school.

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4 Look at these sentences.

HEROES OF OUR TIME lt rains a lot in summer.
He works in a bank.
Simple Present She plays computer games a lot.
lt means nothing to me.
Na página 50 vimos que o simple present é utilizado para
expressar ações rotineiras e habituais, para o dia a dia e He watches the news every evening.
para expressar fatos.
He washes the car on the weekend.
I get up early. She passes the supermarket on her way to college.
She sleeps until 11 o'clock on Saturdays.
She studies medicine at university.
He plays volleyball on the beach .
She flies between London and New York regularly.
We don't get homework on Thursdays.
He tries so much to please his parents.
lt rains a lot in summer.
She does so many good things.
1 Use the following table to make affirmative sentences. He goes to a nightclub at least twice a month.
She has the latest iPod .

You eat I eats O que você pode notar em relação à terminação dos
pizza in the morning.
He go I goes verbos?
to school every day.
She read / reads
the news at weekends.
lt watch /
1V once a month. 5 Complete the rule:
We watches
a doctor twice a year. The present simple is formeci by subJect + verb . lf the
You see I sees
su bject is 1_ _ _ , _ _ _ or __ _ , we add -s to the
They
verb .
lf the verb ends in eh, sh or s, we add _ _ to the verb.
2 Use the following table to make negative sentences. Do, have and go are irregular verbs .

pizza
eat in the morning. Practice
You to the
go in the evening.
He dentist 1 Read the text about Marco's daily routine. Then ,
go every day. complete the text w ith the correct form of the verbs in
She don't to school
read on weekends. parentheses.
lt doesn't the news
We
watch
1V
once a month. I usually ( Uva..:fu,1_.up (wake up) at around 6 .00 a.m .
see twice a year. lt ~. \.,. (be) a little bit early, \r1('( 1 i' , .'v'
1

You a doctor j i,s,c('> :n . really r J r, • {.1

They
buy
clothes
on Saturdays.
(know) . But I
sleep) a lot. [Link]
once 1 1 u~ n, t,•P
.~f u,v "'
wake up).
(go back) to sleep
(not

3 Use the following table to make questions.

1 ~J \!,r (get up) immediately. Sometimes my
~ om V~ ç,·,pJv'°' (prepare) breakfast. ,Othertimes I
ba e' 1 +1J. (have to) do it myself. 1 / ! ~ c1
(like) fruit juice in the morning , with cereal and , maybe, a
you eat pizza in the morning?
yoghurt .
(
he go to school every day?
AftE:r breakfast I t 1t1. , (have) a shower and then
Do she read the news on weekends?
JJt\ ,i í..(leave) home at around 6 .45 9 .m. 1
Does it watch 1V once a month? "&'7;--" (go) to school by bus. lt ~lfVYt~'~J..-·_ __
we see a doctor twice a year? (not be) a very long bus-ride, twenty minutes at the
you buy clothes in the evening? most. So 1 'rrn (be) usually in school just after
seven o'clock. That q,i '.ui!) (give) me time to sort
they
out my books and havi a chat with my friends.

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• _, ~ (start) at seven thirty sharp and

Lessons ____J_A_:._n__ 5 Which sentence shows incorrect use of the simple
we U .\ \ r.~1 '1 (work) th,rough to about ten thirty. present?
My day at school , 1 k , ! ·,
(finish) at around one a) She hates waking up early.
thirty. My sister and I cG~ (do) our homework \ At this moment we drive to Chester.
together in the evening . She's two years older than me
c) don't know the answer.
so she b r 1 " r
(help) me a lot. 1--+P ~·___ 1

(go) to bed at about half past ten. d) They play football on Saturday.

For further INSIGHT into present tenses see

2 The fol lowing sentences are jumbled. Write them in the Richmond Grammar Pradice CD Rom .

the correct order.

a) watches / in the morning / she / TV / sometimes Wh-questions
~ C' (' 1 ~ J
r Jn a. U' 1' u, "What are your plans for the future?"
~
b) on Sun9ays/ to/ go / we / the beach- never ~· 'r ,.Cpm essa pergunta, o repórter procurou sa~er quais os
1J)o v, oi'~ _1 J t , , r r ~, v· ~ J. ~ ~ J;Ll,c;..ÇDlçinos de Julia para o futuro. Ver texto na pagina 48.
e) E glish classes I have I usually I he~
1 ; , What, which, who, when, where, why, whose e how
'},; 1 • 1> " ,r, ij f,
ÍJAJ\ i' ,P Jllt "l,lsão palavras (wh- words) usadas para fazer perguntas
~ ., - ~ abertas. Como em quase todas as formas 1nterrogat1vas
d) th~ car / wash / we / o~ weekends / al'rays ' eswnglês, temos de fazer a inversão entre o verbo
U, C.. ~ ~uft
1 11 0
;r 1
' ' 1 º, . " , 1
'U,(;OJ\Y 1ar e o sujeito.
e) study / he / medicine / doesn'tr e c.r, Wh- Verbo auxiliar Sujeito Verbo
,
1
~
~ ( ' ( /'y ( ,' / • -À~ e' t
l 1 (
.
1 1 c&'i.,i/ { j
What do you want?
When does the boat leave?
gain more Which do you prefer?
Where do they live?
As ações rotineiras são
geralmente acompanhadas das Who does she !ove?
seguintes expressões: always,
never, usually, sometimes, o~en, Em todas as perguntas acima, a resposta é o objeto da frase .
se/dom, every day I week I month I I prefer the blue T-shirt. "The blue T-shirt" (objeto) é a
year, on weekends, once, twice, three resposta para a pergunta.
times, etc. Agora, se a resposta de uma pergunta for o sujeito de
uma frase, não usamos o verbo auxiliar.
Who prefers the blue T-shirt? Vai does. "Vai" (sujeito) é
a resposta .
3 Complete the gaps w ith the correct form of the verbs
in parentheses.
1 Ask questions using the words in parentheses.
a) The girls _ _ _ (dance) very well.
a) They go to church on Sundays. (Where)
b) Martin _ _ _ _ _ (teach) computing.
e) Marlene JJ r - f (not like) basketball.
b) He goes to work by car. (How)
d) Skip and Jonah - ~ V~s~P_ _ (live) in São Paulo .
..,!...
e) Do you ___..,.
, ~.._,____ (eat) enough fruit and
e) The show starts at 6 :30. (What time)
vegetables?
f) We ___ç,,_
1 _ _ _ usually e::_ t.t (not have)
d) They walk slowly. (How)
classes on Saturdays .

4 The best equivalent in Portuguese to the sentence e) 1 teach English . (What)

She doesn't always come home on Mondays is:
a) Ela não vem para casa às segundas-feiras. f) Bob has classes in the morning . (When)
b) Ela sempre vem para casa às segundas-feiras.
c) Ela nunca vem para casa às segundas-feiras. g) Sally wants to eat "feijoada". (Who)
~ Ela nem sempre vem para casa às segundas-feiras.

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2 Based on the following sentence, ask questions for

Possibilidade (possibility)
the answers below.
Mr and Mrs Jones come to Brazil every year You can / could have problems.
because their daughter lives in Bahia.
Pedido (request)
a)
Mr and Mrs Jones. Can you close the doar, please? / Could you close the
b) doar, please?
They come to Brazil.
c) Capacidade (ability)
ln Bahia. I can drive automatic cars.
d)
Every year. A diferença entre can e could, como pedido, é de grau
e) de formalidade. Could é usado em situações mais
Because their daughter lives in Bahia. formais e can em situações menos formais.
Please, além de carregar a ideia de polidez, em inglês
também desempenha uma outra função muito importante
- é o please que normalmente deixa claro que a frase é
um ped ido e não uma expressão de capacidade.
Can you speak Portuguese? Você sabe falar
português? (abi lity)
Can I Could you speak Portuguese, please? My mom
doesn't understand English. Você pode falar português,
por favor? Minha mãe não entende inglês . (request)
A diferença entre can e could, expressando
possibilidade, é que could expressa uma possibilidade
mais remota .
For further INSIGHT into "wh" questions, see
the Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom.
Practice
1 Match the situation with the appropriate question.
You are talking ..
MAN & NATURE: ECO-FACTS a) to a stranger in the street
b) to your father
Modal Verbs 1- can & could c) to a well -known lecturer
Observe a seguinte frase retirada do texto sobre o Projeto d) to a fellow student
Tamar na página 60 : Ouestion :
" .. .from the dangers they can encounter on Could you repeat that, please?
beaches .. . " Can I borrow the car?
Qual das ideias abaixo você acha que o modal can Can you lend me your notes?
expressa nessa frase? Cou ld you tell me where the post office is?
capacidade
2 Classify the sentences below according to the
pedido
meaning expressed by the modal can / could.
permissão
possibilidade A ability B request C permission D possibility

Permissão (permission) a) Do you think you could change seats so that my

friend can sit next to me? ( )
Dad, can I use the car tonight?
b) Can I just borrow the car for a minute? Come on! 1
May 1... May I use the car!
won't be long! ( )

1328 1
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c) lt's her birthday next week. We could have a party. (

d) AII right, then. You can hand in the assignment on SOMEONE TO LOOK UP TO
Monday afternoon. ( )
e) Can you pick me up at 7 rather than 8? (
Simple Past - Regular and Irregular Verbs
f) They say she can sing beautifully. ( )
Gandhi encouraged people to fight for independence
g) 1think she could be chosen to play Juliet next
and organized many demonstrations, but he never
semester. ( )
used violence.
h) Nobody can play the guitar better than John. (
Thoreau went to live on his own in a cabin [ ... ] he
i) Can I have a glass of water, please? l'm so thirsty! ( wrote Civil Disobedience [ ... ] He was put in prison
j) Excuse me, Professor. Can I take my books with me after refusing to pay the poli tax .
into the exam room? ( )
Em inglês, há dois tipos de verbos para falarmos do
passado : os regulares e os irregulares.

Verbos Regulares
Acrescentamos -ed ao fina l destes verbos.
work - worked
live - lived
return - retumed
arrive - arrived
learn - learned
"Do you think you could possibly change
seats with my friend'2" stay - stayed

Particularidades:
gain_more a) Nos verbos terminados em y precedidos de consoante,
troca-se o -y por -ied.
Can, expressando a ideia de capacidade, é mais
naturalmente entendido em português como study- studied
"saber/ conseguir fazer algo" do que como carry - carried
"poder fazer algo". Em português, "poder fazer worry - worried
algo" é mais imediatamente associado à ideia de
marry - married
permissão ou possibilidade, e não de capacidade.
b) Nos verbos terminados em consoante+ vogal+
I can play tennis: Eu sei jogar tênis ("eu posso
consoante cuja sílaba forte é a última, duplicamos a
jogar tênis": "Foi-me permitido jogar", "Existe a
possibilidade de eu jogar"). consoante e depois acrescentamos -ed .
stop - stopped
plan - planned
3 Check the sentences in w hich p/ease could be used. prefer - preferred
a) His paintings can move some people to tears. regret - regretted
b) Can you tell me what time it is?
c) This could happen to anyone. Verbos Irregulares
d) Could you use the room on the first floor? Não há regra para a sua forma de passado.

be - was / were:
gain more
Barak Obama was a senator for the state of Illinois.
A forma negativa de can pode We were the best students in the class .
ser cannot, can not ou can't.
go-went:
Gandhi went to South Africa.
For further INSIGHT into modal verbs see the
Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom. I went on vacation to Bahia.

329 1
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Form: to be

Affirmative Negative lnterrogative

I was here yesterday. I wasn't here yesterday. Was I here yesterday?

You were here yesterday. You weren't here yesterday. Were you here yesterday?

She I He / lt was here yesterday. She / He / lt wasn't here yesterday. Was she / he / it here yesterday?

We were here yesterday. We weren't here yesterday. Were we here yesterday?

You were here yesterday. You weren't here yesterday. Were you here yesterday?

They were here yesterday. They weren't here yesterday. Were they here yesterday?

Form: other verbs

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I got here yesterday. I didn't get here yesterday. Did I get here yesterday?

You got here yesterday. You didn't get here yesterday. Did you get here yesterday?

She I He / lt got here yesterday. She / He / lt didn't get here yesterday. Did she / he / it get here yesterday?

We got here yesterday. We didn't get here yesterday. Did we get here yesterday?

You got here yesterday. You didn 't get here yesterday. Did you get here yesterday?

They got here yesterday. They didn't get here yesterday. Did they get here yesterday?

Para memorizar os verbos irregulares, tente agrupá- 1 Complete the text w ith the past form of the appropriate
-los de acordo com a fo rma do verbo no passado. verb. Use each verb once.
Veja como o passado dos verbos abaixo tem formas
have get up take be get
semelhantes.
bring - brought
walk cook finish start go
buy - bought
speak - spoke Yesterday Lisa at 7 a.m . and _ _ __
break - broke breakfast. She to work and it _ _ __
sell - sold her half an hour to get there. She work at
tell - told 7.30 a.m. and at 5.30 p.m . She
_ __ _ _ tired when she home in
Uma outra estratégia seria colocar os verbos irregulares
the evening. She dinner and
em um contexto - uma frase que significa algo para você.
_ _ _ __ to bed at about 11 p .m.
Write a sentence using the simple past form of each of
2 Make true sentences about you.
the verbs . Use a dictionary if you need to.
a) Yesterday morning
e.g. bring - brought The waiter brought ourorderto
t hetable. b) Last Saturday
buy - bought _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __
speak-spoke _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ e) Two hours ago
break - broke _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
sell - sold _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ d) Last year
tell - told _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _
leave - left _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
For further INSIGHT into past tenses see
make - made _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ ....___ __,,._ the Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom.

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Possessive Adjectives and Possessive 2 Choose the correct alternative.

Pronouns a) l'm going to order (my / mine) books through the
Internet.
Look at the follow ing examples.
b) Lisa makes (her / hers) own lunch but we don't
Claudia is my mom 's sist er, so she's my aunt. make (our / ours).
We booked our tickets yesterday. e) These students never forget to do (their / theirs)
He didn't pay for t he seat b ut he insisted it was his. homework but you always forget to do (your / yours) .
l've never liked my handwriting but I lave yours . d) Among all the possible answers , l'm sure (our / ours)
l'm sure they care deeply for their children. is the correct one.

Lightning struck the bui lding and destroyed its roof.

3 Supply the correct possessive pronouns.
a) My son always does homework alone.
b) l'm buying these flowers for a friend of _ _ _
e) Everybody watches favorite movies but I
never watch _ __
d) Emily's mother speaks English very well but _ _ _
father doesn't.
e) Nobody wants to open _ __ books before the
teacher asks them to.

The Possessive Case

Complete the rules.
We use possessive _ _ _ _ _ before no uns. 's also ind icates possession :
We use possessive on their own, without a A fanatic, who opposed Ghandi's program of
noun . They substitute the noun . tolerance of ali creeds and religions, shot him.
Possessive Possessive Dr. Martin Luther King's philosophy was to tum the
adjectives pronouns other cheek.
my mine Observe que depois de um substantivo no plural
your yours termi nado em s, acrescentamos apenas um apostrofo(')
à última letra:
her hers
his his The United Stat es' 44th president is Barack Hussein
Obama Jr.
its
our ours Exceto pelo nome de pessoas e animais, podemos usar
your yours 's com o nome de organizações e lugares.
their theirs e.g. The company's success. The city's new mayor.

uain more
1 Explain w hat the pronouns refer to .
a) The children love their presents. Mary and John's house: A casa pertence a Mary e John.
Há apenas UMA casa.
their _ __ _ _ _ __
Mary's and John's houses: Uma casa pertence a Mary e
b) Sue: l'm bringing my boyfriend tonight.
uma outra pertence a John. Há DUAS casas.
Helen : Oh? What's his name?
his _ _ _ _ _ _ __
e) Will Nancy's left her ring on the table. Não existe caso genitivo em português . Usamos "de",
Mary: Are you sure it's hers? "do(s)" ou "da(s)" para indicar posse:
hers _ _ __ _ _ __
Mary's house = a casa de Maria
d) Nobody's received their invitations to the party yet. John's hou se = a casa de João
their _ _ _ _ __ __ a boy's name = nome de menino

Grammar Reference 331 1

 Grammar Reference

1 Unscramble the sentences . Use 's or ' to join the e.g. He's a very good student , besides being a wonderful
nouns. brother and son .
a) the manager / is/ office / downstairs.

b) nice / sisters / John / are.

e) eyes / blue /are/ Sarah.

d) parents / is / Mark / house / beautiful.

1 Complete the letter w ith the expressions below.

2 Write a new sentence beg inning w ith the words in
italics . not only .. . but also both / and

a) The party yesterday was fantastic .

also and on top of that

b) The movie theater in the city closed down yesterday. Dear Si r,

I am writing to your newspaper to express my disgust at
the recently published article "The Beautiful Sex".
I guess it's time we stopped being seen as the weaker
CAREER - CHANGING WORK, sex started being treated with some
CHANGING LIVES respect. We have fought our w ay to equality. However, it
seems to me that some people are still not convinced of
our achievements .
Sentence Connectors - Addition
Many women now occupy high positions in ali types of
Dependendo do conectivo que você decid ir usar, talvez businesses, but we are still plagued by lhe chauvin istic
haja necessidade de mudança na estrutu ra das orações views of some husbands who will do nothing to help us
e/ ou pontuação. with the housework. According to the author of the
Por exemplo : article, it's a woman 's choice to work ín
and é um dos conectivos mais comuns e informais e, _ __ _ _ out of the house. He _ _ _ __
geralmente, não requer pontuação especial. claims that we are to biame for suffering from stress and
heart problems, wh ich used to be more common
e.g. S he's tall and pretty.
among men. , he seems to find in th is a
also é colocado geralmente após o verbo to be, mas reason to treat us as inferior!
antes dos outros verbos. ln my opinion, men should stop being so narrow-minded
and understand that equality has to exist _ __ __
e.g. S he's tal l. She's also pretty.
in the work place at home.
The bag also comes in gray and black.
Yours faithfully,
furthermore e moreover são mais formais e geralmente Lou ise Parker
conectam duas orações independentes. Eles devem ser
precedidos de ponto e vírgu la e seguidos de vírgu la ou 2 Complete these sentences w ith your own ideas.
devem iniciar uma nova oração. A good hotel should be both and
e.g. The police have fo und plenty of evidence; furthermore,
a s uspect has been held ín custody. My ideal partner must be _ _ __ _ as well as
The police have fo und plenty of evídence. Furthermore,
a suspect has been held ín custody. Oogs are not only - -- - , but also_ __ _
Besides being , cats are also _ _ __
besides pode ser seguido de substantivos ou verbos.
Quando seguido de um verbo, este deve vir no 3 Compare your sentences to a c lassmate's. Oid you
gerúnd io. have sim ilar ideas?

1332 Grammar Reference

 Grammar Reference

The Future a) planos, intenções

Podemos expressar a ideia de futuro de várias maneiras b) decisão não planeJada

em inglês . Vamos estudá-las uma a uma. e) previsões
d) escalas , horários
Will
e) ações organizadas previamente
Futurity Our teacher will be absent
Simples expressão de futuro next week. f) promessa

Prediction 1'1 1get it!

We'// probably have to
Previsão (do tipo I think, lt's going to rain.
wait for the next bus.
I expect, 1believe, etc.)
1' 11 build more schoolsl
Decision "The phone's ringing. I'// l'm going to travei to Vitória on business .
Decisão repentina get it." You'II marry a rich woman.
Fantastic! l'm traveling to Madrid .
Promise Don 't worry. I'// help you
Promessa revise for the test. Your plane leaves at 1O o'clock tomorrow morning .

Request Wi/1 you open the window,

please?
2 John and Sarah are talking on the phone. Complete
Pedido
the dialog with the verbs in parentheses.
Refusal
I won 't be able to go to John: Hey, Sarah! 1 (go) to Rio
Na negativa, para expressar
the party on Saturday. de Janeiro on the weekend. Do you want to come?
uma recusa
Sarah: Maybe. What (you I
afirmação: 1w/// do) there?
negação: 1won't John: 1_ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ (visit) a car fair.
interrogação: Will you? Sarah: Hmm ... interesting . When _ _ _ __ _ __
(you / come) back?
Going to
John: 1think 1_ _ _ _ __ __ (return) on
Plans, intentions l'm going to buy a new Sunday even ing .
Planos e intenções computer.
Sarah: Nice . Well, perhaps l _ _ _ _ (go) with you.
Prediction based on evidence That driver has lost John: Cool. 1 (pic k up / you) at
Previsão baseada em contrai of the car! He's 8 a.m. on Saturday.
evidências ou fatos going to crash!
3 Complete the gaps w ith the verbs in parentheses
afirmação : 1am / He is/ You are going to
using the correct future form.
negação : l'm not / She isn't / You aren't going to
a) 1th ink eventually 1 (stop)
interrogação: Am 1/ Are you / Is he going to?
moving around and settle down somewhere.
b) (return) to London after I
Present Continuous
grad uate.
Arrangements: Para falarmos de ações que já foram e) My plane _ _ _ __ _ _ __ (leave) in two
organizadas , "combinadas", reservadas, etc . hours . l'd better get going .
l've booked a table at Mario's. We're eating out d) 1promise 1_ _ __ __ _ __ (buy) you some
tonight. c hocolate.
e) _ _ _ __ _ __ _ (visit) my parents this
Simple Present weekend.
Timetables, schedules: Para falarmos de horário, f) Perhaps she _ __ _ _ __ __ (change) her
escalas, etc . mind and agree to the proposal.
Hurry up. The film starts in 20 minutes. g) 1guess 1_ _ __ _ _ _ __ (cook) chicken
tonight.
Practice h) 1- - - - - -- ~ (meet) Tony at 6
1 Relacione as situações com as ideias de futuro a o'clock . We _ __ _ _ _ _ _ (go) to the
seguir. Uma ideia será usada duas vezes. theater at 7 .
 Grammar Reference

4 Look at the pictures and make predictions. b)

1. A: Do you want a lift?
B: No thanks, but I th ink l'm going by train.

11. A: Try to get to school on time.

B: Don 't worry. 1won't be late .

Ili. A: Why haven't you made the cake yet?

B: lt 's too early. l'm going to make it this afternoon .

IV. A: 1must go and get the washing in .

B: No , don't worry. 1'11do it for you

Options I and li are incorrect.

Options 1, li and Ili are incorrect.
Options li, Ili and IV are correct.
Options 1, li, Ili and IV are correct.
Options Ili and IV are incorrect.

6 ln the sentence "I don't know about you, but I guess 1'11
pack up and go", w hat idea is being expressed by will?
a) prediction based on evidence
b) decision at the moment of speaki ng
c) promise
d) arrangements
e) request

For furtfier INSIGHT into ways of ta/king about the

future see The Richmond Grammar Pradice CD Rom.

·>:·· THE ENVIRONMENT - TOO MUCH,

TOO SOON

Countable and Uncountable Nouns; Too &

Enough
Em inglês, assim como em português, os substantivos
podem ser classificados de formas diversas . Uma dessas
5 Choose the option that contains the correct
classificações é CONTÁVEIS/ INCONTÁVEIS. Em inglês,
alternative.
isso define quais substantivos podem ser usados no
a)
plural ou não . Substantivos que dão nome a substâncias
1. The bus arrives in 20 minutes. são geralmente usados apenas no singular.
li. His grades were extremely low. He'II fail . We need to buy milk and bread.
Ili. Look at those dark clouds ! lt will rain .
Neste exemplo, estamos pensando nas "substâncias"
IV. We're setting off early tomorrow. We have to take leite e pão .
the fi rst train . Compare:
Options 1, li and Il i are incorrect.
We need two liters of milk and four loaves of bread .
Options 1, li and IV are correct.
Neste exemplo, expressamos claramente A QUANTIDADE
Options I and Ili are correct.
de leite e pão de que precisamos, mas a ideia de
Options Ili and IV are incorrect quantidade é indicada por litros ou bisnagas. Em português,
Options I and IV are correct. poderíamos dizer "quatro pães", mas não em inglês.

1334 Grammar Ref er'ence

 Grammar Reference

Às vezes substantivos incontáveis podem ser usados no Complete with many, much, any ora /ot of.
plural com uma mudança no significado : a) Josh doesn't make money - only about
$700 a month.
The statue is made of glass.
b) There weren't ____ buses I could take home . The
(a "substância" vidro)
drivers have gone on strike.

DQ, He needs to wear glasses. (ócu los)

c) Are there churches in Ouro Preto? l've seen
pictures of three or four, 1 guess .
d) She visited places in the short time she
Are you going to have tea or ~~ ~ spent in Europe. She told me she's seen at least a
coffee? ~ ~ dozen capital cities.

~ 2 Two coffees, please.

Note que frequentemente usamos o termo amount em
relação a uncountable nouns e number em relação a
countable nouns .
Por outro lado, substantivos podem aparecer no singular,
The amount of beer drunk in bars is not equivalent to
mas concordar com o verbo no plural:
the amount of food eaten.
The police are trying to catch the criminal. The number of trucks driving through the city will be
The people were in a hurry and left most of their reduced by the new anti-pollution laws.
belongings behind.
Circle the correct option.
Ou podem vir no plural , mas concordar com o verbo no
a) The amount / The quantity of dirt that is cleaned off the
singu lar:
streets everyday is astonishing .
The news is absolutely amazing! b) You would be surprised at the amount / the number of
people you see in the city center.
Podemos quantificar certos substantivos incontáveis
usando unidades de medida (litros, quilos, etc.) ou e) Judging by the amount / the number of cars parked
usando a palavra piece . outside the theater, the show is definitely going to be
a hit!
Can I have two kilos of flour?
d) The amount / The number of smoke thrown into the
He said he would give me three pieces of advice.
atmosphere by factories should be strictly controlled.
We have some valuable pieces of information for you.
Note, ainda, que enough precede os substantivos, mas
Quantifying Nouns vem depois dos adjetivos.
lt rained so hard, there was enough water to fill up a pool!
Many, much e any são geralmente usados em frases
negativas e interrogativas, enquanto a lot of ou lots of são The accident was serious but she remained calm
usados em frases afirmativas . enough to help the other passengers out of the car.

How many are there? How much is there?

There are a lot oi I There is a lot oi I

lots oi plastic bags. lots oi water.

There are some plastic bags. There is some water.

There are a lew plastic bags. There is a little water.

There aren't many plastic bags. There is enough water.

There are lew plastic bags. There is little water.

There are too lew plastic bags. There is too little water.

There aren 't any plastic bags. There isn't any water.

Grammar Reference 1335 1

 1

Grammar Reference

Wh ich sentence shows incorrect use of enough? e) The teacher's assigned homework
a) Why did he have to shout at her? lt is bad enough to tell for one single weekend . 1know I won't be able to
lies t do it a111

b) l'm not sure I have enough money to buy both the book f) There were people in lhe gym and
and the OVO. that caused lhe tragedy.
e) The soup was enough warm, there was no need to g) There were police officers to control
reheat it. such a big crowd . That was the problem!
d) Once you believe you've raised enough funds , come
talk to us about the prüject.
ETHICS - IN SCIENCE AND IN
HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Practice
1 Say whether the fol lowing nouns are primari ly
cou ntable (C) or uncountable (U) . Auxiliary Verbs
( ) information ( ) lung Some organizations are using animais in scientific
student ( gas experimentation.
homework ( snow However, some have banned such use.
help layer
Do you agree with any of the propositions?
foam sewage
1 Os verbos be, have e do podem ser usados como
furniture manufacturer
auxiliares . Complete as frases usando um verbo
sandwich advice auxiliar. Lembre-se de utilizar o tempo verbal correto .
a) f ___ waiting for an important phone call.
2 Use a lot of, many, much , some, any, little or few.
b) Mr. Fields _ _ _ been working here for a long time
a) lf you're driving , you mustn't drink _ _ __
now Heis going to retire soon.
alcohol.
e) 1 _ __ going home when I met an old school
b) After jogging for so long, they certainly need
_ ___ water. friend.
d) Ph ilip told his mom he had a headache, but she
e) When we got there, there was snow on
_ _ _ believe him .
the ground. lt was hard to believe, that the next day,
another 30 cm fell . e) What _ __ you doing yesterday at nine? 1 _ __

watching lhe news.

d) Not students have done their homework
this week . Actually, very have attended f) We _ __ lived in the sarne city for eight years
school at ali! now.
e) They've returned _ __ _ of the money we lent g) Where _ __ you go last night?
them, but not ali of it.
f) That' II certainly cost you _ _ _ _ money! lt won't Modal Auxiliary Verbs
be cheap.
Observe estas frases do texto na página 102 .
g) 1didn't say _ _ __ at the meeting ; decided to
1

remain quiet. Some people think that ali animal experimentation

should end. (ação apropriada/ certa)
3 Use too many, too few , too much, too little or enough.
a) 1think I had to eat at lunch. My [ ... ] by the benefits animal research may bring to
stomach hurts. human kind. (possibi lidade)

b) ln the end we had help from them; [ ... ] there might be a common ground between these
we simply couldn't finish the task . two extremes. (poss ibilidade)
e) There are far desks in room 1 O.
Please remove at least 5 . Not all of my students are Computer simulation [ ... ] can sharply reduce the
in class this morning . number of animais used. (habilidade)

d) l'm afraid there isn't food to go The law states that animais must be treated
around. 1will have to ring for pizzas . humanely. (obrigação)

1 336 1 Grammar Reference

 Grammar Reference

2 Os verbos auxiliares adicionam um significado especial Question Tags

ao verbo principal . Por exemplo, na frase "Eventually ai!
As question tags são formadas pelo verbo auxiliar e pelo
animal experimentation wi/1 disappear" , o interlocutor
sujeito da frase e servem para confirmar uma informação
está fazendo previsões para o futuro . Leia as frases
ou perguntar algo. Atenção: se as frases estiverem na
abaixo e explique os sentidos do verbo auxiliar.
forma afirmativa, a question tag será negativa. Se, por
a) Experiments on animais must be strictly controlled . outro lado, as frases forem negativas, a question tag será
afirmativa. Observe os exemplos abaixo :
b) An imal experimentation should be prohibited. lt's
Almost everyone studies English these days, don't they?
cruel. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Christine didn't pass the vestibular, did she?
c) An imal experimentation might / may disappear in the
future. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Practice
d) Scientists can use other alternatives nowadays .
1 Add tag questions to complete the sentences.
a) You live in a house, ?
Practice b) She's never been to Paris, ?
1 Choose the correct alternative. c) Julia handed in her essay, ?
1. When Mr Black was younger, he _ _ _ __ d) There are more people in this room, ?
work in the garden for hours, but now he has to stop e) We should call your father, ?
at regular intervals because heis very ill.
f) Monkeys can't swim, ?
a) has got to c) could
g) These glasses aren't yours, ?
b) can
h) l'm right, ?
li. " _ _ _ _ _ you hand me that book, please?" i) Let's go home early, ?
"Certainly."
j) Peter will be there, ?
a) May c) Should
b) Wil l

Ili. Colin hasn't eaten anything since yesterday QUESTION TAGS

afternoon. He be really hungry!
Para frases afirmativas com to be no present simple
a) might c) must iniciadas com /, usa-se o question tag aren't I?
b) w ill ex: l'm good at this, aren't I?
VI. "l left a glass of Coke on the table, but now it's gone. Para frases iniciadas com Let's, usa-se o question
What happened?" tag shall we?
"l'm not sure, but I think Susie it." ex: Let's go to the beach on Sunday, shall we?
a) may have drunk
b) could drink
2 Complete this conversation between two ladies at a
c) had to drink bus stop.
V "What does Mrs Blair do for a living?" Ann: Hello, Joan.
"Nothing . She's very rich. She _ __ _ _ work Joan: Hello, Ann . The 701 hasn't gone yet, _ _ __ ?
for a living." Ann: don't think so.
1

a) must not Joan: don't know why I hurry. These buses are never on
1

b) doesn't have to time, ? Lovely weather, ?

c) shouldn't Ann: Beautiful. We've had some fine weather recently,
_ _ _ _ _?
Joan: Hmm. lt's getting cold again though, ?
lt changes very quickly, ?
Ann: There's a long line now, ?
Joan: Hmm . We have been waiting a long time now,
_ __ _ _ ?

Grammar Reference 337 1

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3 Paul's mother doesn't like his girlfriend. Match his l'm the only one that can afford the trip.
statements with the question tags. The necklace and the bracelet that you found belong
a) You don't like her, to Ms Nielsen.
b) You won 't let me bring her home,
c) You never wanted me to see her, Defining and Non-defining Relative
d) You think 1'11 get tired of her soon, Clauses
e) You can't stop me going out with her, Compare:
( ) did you? a) The car iNhich was parked outside your house has
( ) can you? been stolen.

do you? b) Jason's car, which was very fast, has been stolen .
(
( will you? Em qual das frases acima a oração destacada é essencial
(defining) para o significado da frase?
( don't you?
Quando a oração não é essencial, ela vem entre vírgulas .
For further INSIGHT into question tags see th e
Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom . O pronome that não pode ser usado nesse caso. Non-
defining relative clauses acrescentam informação extra
ao substantivo, mas podem ser retiradas do texto sem

li ! EENAGE Ll~ESTYLE_ _ _ __
danos para sua compreensão .

1 Arrange the fol lowing information into three sentences

like those in examples a) and b):
Relative Pronouns Sheila talked to the artist. The artist was from Uruguay.

who / that para se referir a pessoas

where para se referir a lugares
which / that para se referir a objetos e animais
whose cujo(s) / a(s) , de quem ou do qual
whom: Em situações form ais , podemos usar whom
quando o objeto é uma pessoa diferente do sujeito. No
entanto, whom é omitido em situações informais.
The couple whom I spoke to ended up buying my
apartment.
The couple to whom I spoke ended up buying my
apartment.
The couple I spoke to ended up buying my
apartment.
Ainda em situações informais, quando who, which e that
são objetos, podemos omiti -los .
I like the house which you've bought. or I like the
house you've bought.
The man who I was talking to is my boss. or The man 2 Cross out the pronouns that can be omitted.
I was talking to is my boss. a) Joss is the girl that sang at the party. v
She's the woman that you gave the job to. or She's b) Joss is the girl ~t I saw at the party.
the woman you gave the job to.
c) The cat 'h'hicti you brought home had been /
._/

Somente that pode ser usado quando segue superlativos abandoned .

ou palavras como any, some, no , everything, nothing, d) The cat which carne home had been abandoned . G
much, little , ali e only. Também é usado quando é
e) The singer wheQl I was talking about died last year.<
preced ido por um sujeito composto.
f) The singer who was talking about his health
She's the best lawyer that I know. problems died last year.

1338
 /
1 '11J Grammar Reference

3 Write the commas in the following sentences. e) Emily called the plumber
a) Rome, which is a very old city, has been voted the d) I couldn't find the book
most romantic destination in Europe. e) That's the dog
b) The maestr9 whose arm was broken/ eceived a f) I don't like the belt
standing ovation.
g) The parents and children
e) My sister, who has been living abroad for 5 yearsf is
h) Jack is the lucky man
finally com ing home .
( ) whose father has died.
d) Mark whose parents divorced last month,won an
awar~ for best poem at school. ( ) that you bought me. lt's too small!

e) The glass,which had been bought in Romania 11ay ( ) that bit my sister.
shattered on the floor. ( ) where I used to live.
that showed up for the meeting have left.
4 Wh ich of the following sentences is incorrect? who's traveling to Hawaii tomorrow.
a) The doctors who saved the baby girl are on the front
who fixed the pipes in our house.
page of all new~papers
? ) The boys, that had been inside the house, carne
') ( .1) you recommended.

runn ing at the sound of the ice cream van . 3 Defin ing or non-defining relative clauses? Put commas
e) The books which were sold yesterday had been where necessary.
donated by the library. a) The house that Karen bought is quite big .
J d) The man whose daughter was crying ran to her b) Alan whose brother is a lavvyer has been arrested for
rescue . forgery.
e) The town where I spent my childhood has been c) My mom yvho's a nurse studied at PUC.
flooded.
d) Kelly saw the actor who's going to be in the new
soap-opera.
Practice
e) Larry married Paula who was his neighbor.
1 Complete the gaps w ith a relative pronoun . When it f) Carmen phoned the man whose wallet was stolen .
can be omitted , write an X.
Xa) ~ 'o ?i ~

rm
The recipe you gave me is delicious.
b) The doctor ' · is taking care of my
mother is Swedish. HISTORY: FACTS ANO FEATS
e) We already know _ _ _ _ _ team will win the ../
match.
The Past Continuous and the Simple Past
d) l'm sure he's the sarne person stole
my purse last week. Past Continuous Simple Past
e) People nJ-, go to the gym generally have Verbo to be (passado
better health. - was / were) + verbo Regular Irregular
f) The dog · owner died has been given principal + -ing
to my niece . I was singing. walk - walked sing - sang
g) The food - ~ -- - you bought isn't enough. e Peter was dancing. love - loved leave - left
h) lt was the best film ~ \r o \ l've ever seen. We were studying. study - studied put - put
i) Our English teacher, ) 0,J,}. is Australian, is a ( / have - had
lot of fun.
j) I only buy products _ _ _ _ _,don't harm the e Notas:
environment. Se o verbo termina em e mudo (take), o e é omitido ao
k) A widow is a woman _ _ _ _ husband has died. adicionarmos o sufixo -ing (taking); se o e é pronunciado
(be) , deve permanecer (being).
2 Match the columns. Se o verbo termina em y precedido de consoante, deve-
a) That is the house -se trocar o y por i e ad icionar o sufixo -ed ; por exemplo:
b) Josh is the student study - studied worry - worried carry - carried

Grammar Reference 339 1

 Grammar Reference

Isso não ocorre se o verbo terminar em y precedido de 2 Supply either the simple past or the past continuous
vogal; por exemplo: of the verbs in parentheses.
play - played a) He (meet) her at a posh
restaurant when he (live) in Paris.
Se o verbo termina em sílaba tônica, constituída de
b) When they (be) in London , they
"consoante+ vogal + consoante" (stop), dobra-se a
frequently (drive) to the
consoante final antes do acréscimo de -ed; por exemplo:
countryside .
stop - stopped, prefer - preferred.
Se a sílaba não for tôn ica, não ap licamos essa regra. e) He (plan) his escape when the
Observe : police (catch) him .
d) While the robbers (run) away, one
open - opened
of the bank clerks (manage) to
listen - listened push the alarm button.
Note que o simple past é usado tanto para expressar e) The teacher (wipe) the board
ações que acontece ram num ponto definido do passado when two students (start) a fight.
quanto para descrever ações habituais no passado . f) The band (play) my favorite song
Observe: when suddenly there (be) a
power cut.
The soldiers left the horse's belly in the middle of the
night. g) The politician (give) a speech
when his cel l phone (start) to ring .
When he was a little boy, John always played w ith his
toys in the garden . h) Mydad (do) the gardening and
mymom (watch) TV in the
Cuidado com estes verbos die - dying e fie - /ying. lounge .

For further INS IGHT into present and past tenses

Practice see the Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom .

1 Fill in the blanks with the simple past of the verbs in

parentheses.
a) Larry
weeks ago.
b) Bob
(come) back from Africa two

(see) Troy, the film starring Brad

m A CLICK ON BRAZIL

Pitt, in New York last month. Comparatives and Superlatives

e) Mary (say) that Charles _ _ __
O comparativo e o superlativo de superioridade de
(be) not at home.
adjetivos com uma ou duas sílabas são formados com as
d) Suddenly she (open) the door and terminações er (+ than) e (the +) est, respectivamente .
_ __ _ (sit) down without saying a word.
São Paulo is larger than Rio de Janeiro.
e) Nick and Helen (buy) the most beautiful
Brazil is the largest country in South America.
apartment in Los Angeles last year.
f) They (do) absolutely nothing to prevent Quando o adjetivo tem mais de duas sílabas, usamos
the forest from burning. more ... than e the most .
g) A gang of robbers (steal) $2 million
Paris is more beautiful than Bru ssels.
from that bank yesterday.
Brasília is the most modem city in Brazil.

Há exceções. Veja o quadro

good better than the best

bad worse than the worst
old older / elder than the oldest / eldest
far farther / further the farthest / furthest
than

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Há mudanças na fo rm a dos adJetivos. a) young - Nancy is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phil.

big - bigger than - the biggest b) big / family - Nancy's fam ily is _ _ _ __ Phi l's.

easy - easier than - the easiest c) heavy - Phi l is _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __

d) tall - Phil is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
O comparativo e o superlativo de inferioridade são
e) good - _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
formados com less than e the least .
Pará is /ess populous than Goiás. 3 Choose the correct alternative.
Some people believe that Curitiba is the least a) My aunt is (less / the least) fluent in German than my
dangerous city in Brazil. uncle.
O comparativo de igualdade é formado com as ... as e b) Which is (the more easy / the easiest) subJect at
not so / as ... as ... school?
c) Maths is (less / the least) difficult subject for me.
History is as interesting as Geography.
d) January is (hotter than / more hot than) April.
General ly, men are not so romantic as women .
e) The more I eat, the (more fatter / fatter) 1 get.
Há algumas construções especiais que podem ser feitas
f) My sister cooks (the worse / the worst) food in the
com os comparativos. Observe:
world .
Small cities are getting more and more v iolent. g) My car is (the most economical / more economical
São Paulo is getting bigger and bigger. than) yours
The sooner, the better.
4 Fill in the gaps with one word on ly.
The more you eat sweets, the fatter you get.
a) A Mercedes is not fast as a Ferrari.

Practice b) Driving is easy as riding a bike.

c) Golf is not exciting as volleyball.
1 Write the missing forms.
d) A pair of Jeans is so expensive as a pair of
a) healthier the healthiest
sneakers.
b) clever the cleverest
c) fat fatter than 5 Are you good at geography? Answer the following
d) intelligent more intelligent questions about the world .

e) good the best a) The world's second smallest continent is:

( ) South America ( ) Antarctica
2 Compare Nancy and Phil. Write comparative ( ) Central America ( ) Europe
sentences, using the adjective given.
b) The world's second largest continent is
Nancy ) Asia ) North America
l'm 14. ( ) Africa ) South America
l've got two brothers and a sister. c) The highest mountains are found in:
I weigh 50 kilos. ( ) Asia ) Central America
l'm 1 meter 59. ( ) Africa ( ) South America
l'm very good at soccer. d) The world's second longest river is:
) The Nile ) The Mississippi
Phil
( ) The Amazon ) The Congo
l'm 15.
e) The second largest city in Brazil is
l've got one sister but no brothers.
Brasília Rio de Janeiro
I weigh 79 kilos .
( ) Salvador ( ) São Paulo
l'm 1 meter 65.
l'm not very good at soccer.

Grammar Reference
 i
i
I Grammar Reference
1

- LITERATURE - POEMS d) 1 borrowed ~ pen from your penei! case.

IB ANO SHORT STORIES e) One of ~ children said, "~

late today''.
teacher is very

f) Henry likes to play--=---- handball .

Definite and lndefinite Articles g) 1 bought gh._ umbrella togo out in 1he rain .
Usos do artigo definido the h) My cousin is leaming to play lheL_ guitar at her,;
Pessoas, objetos ou The water we drink contains school . "
sentimentos específicos a lot of fluoride. i) Please give me ~ cake that is on ~ table.

Coisas únicas the sun , the moon j) 1stayed on --=--- Oxford Street when I first went to
London.
in the morning, in the
Períodos do dia
afternoon, in the evening
k) Washington OC is ~ capital of ~ United
States .
Posição geográfi ca ou the south of Brazil, the
lugar student in the middle 1) My wife's family speaks _-
_ _ French .

the United States, the m) .11.e,_ ink in my pen has run out.
Nomes de países no
Netherlands, the United n) My sister has -&--- cat and __a__ dog .
"plural"
Kingdom
Nomes de rios, oceanos, the Amazon River, the 2 Complete the gaps w ith the correct article. lf no artic le
grupos de montanhas e Atlantic, the Andes, the is necessary, write X.
grupos de ilhas Phili ppines ln ~ early part of last century, _t;____ most people
-.j.
Nomes de cinemas, the Copacabana Palace in _ _ Britain used to go to _ X._ church regularly.
hotéis e outros edifícios** Hotel , the Municipal Theatre
~ religion was ----0-L- important part of people's
** Observe: lives . lt was common to see _'f-_ _ whole famil ies,
the não é usado antes de nomes de igrejas , castelos, wearing their finest clothes, on ~ way to i,-..::,-
palácios , praças, ruas : St Patrick's Cathedral, Windsor local church, which would be packed full for ~
1
1 \ - li
Castle, Buckingham Palace , 42nd Street, Times Square. moming service . Going to _
)
_ church was 4--+-'-L---
No caso específico de school, church, university e most important activity on Sundays. No shops were
outras instituições, há duas possibi lidades Quando nos
open, no sport took place and certainly no pubs
operated . ~ entertainment that existed took place
referimos a algum desses prédios em particular, o artigo
definido será usado (the church on Brighton Road, a
show at the university). No entanto, quando nos referimos at _
X.__ home. Famil ies would read _ , _ books, or
à instituição, e não ao edifício, não usamos o artigo . Por someone wou ld play '_ _ piano and other members
exemplo; She went to church on Sunday; After /unch, would sing. However, since ~ 1950s, there has
she's going to school. been 4-- steady decline in _____.\__J\,1,_ importance of
Usos do artigo indefinido a / an ~ religion . This Cijl.C1 be attributed to _ L lot of
factors, but perhaps _ L television is ~ \ _.._, most
Substantivos no singular an egg (= one egg)
significant one .
a + sons consonantais, a car, a European country,
semivogais a university 3 Which articles would complete the following sentences?
an apple, an hour, an X-ray He's ~ . flight attendant.
an + sons vocálicos
machine She's . university student.
a + números oupalavras He lives in 1
house with his parents .
a hundred people .
que expressam quantidade
You just have to wal k down 4"- road and you'II see the
store.
1
Practice Bye! l'm off to' .. school now.

t1 Fill in the blanks w ith a / an or the, or leave the space a) the, an, the, a, the
blank if no article is necessary. b) a, an, a, the, a
a) 1 want 3;L__ orange from that basket. e) a, the, an, the, X
b) ~ school on _.::!k__ comer is modem . a a, a, a, the , X
e) Miss Lin speaks _ .,,.
_ _ English . e) a, an, a, the, X

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4 Which sentence shows an incorrect use of articles? 2. Must e have to (ou have got to) expressam obrigação
a) She went to bed at 8: 30. e dedução.
b) They're the worst players. a) Obrigação: imposta pelo falante
~ He'II goto the prison if he pleads guilty. You must return the book tomorrow.
a) The first to arrive was Paul . You have (got) to return the book tomorrow.
e) They had lunch in a nice restaurant. b) Dedução: conclusão lógica
He must be at the office. Uá que ele não está
5 Which alternative requires the definite article? em casa ... )
a) kindness of strangers is sometimes welcome. He has (got) to be at the office.
b) silver is a valuable metal. Nota: Must é diferente de have to: a obrigação em
c) Mike is an honest man. must é imposta pelo falante; em have to, a autoridade
~ kindness is one of his main characteristics . do falante não está em jogo, ou seja, a obrigação
existe, mas por outro motivo. No primeiro exemplo do
e) birds migrate in winter.
item a, o falante é quem está mandando devolver o
livro; no segundo exemplo, a devolução está sendo
exigida por outra pessoa - a bibliotecária, talvez.

3. Should e ought to: conselho .

Should e ought to são usados mais ou menos com os
mesmos sentidos que must (have to) nas situações
apresentadas nos exemplos acima.
You should (ought to) return the book tomorrow.
For urther INSIGHT into articles see the He should (ought to) be at the office.
' - -.../-'-'-'""
ich""
m.!.S<
o= n d Grammar P actice CD Rom .
Nota: A diferença é que should e ought to deixam
uma incerteza no ar. Quando uso must no item 2a, sei
que o livro será devolvido porque tenho a autoridade
de exigir tal coisa; quando uso should (ought to) no
Health and Fitness
item 3, não tenho tanta certeza; assim, torna-se um
conselho. O mesmo aplica-se ao item 2b, dedução:
quando uso must tenho mais certeza da conclusão a
Modais - may, might, must, have to,
que cheguei (as evidências são mais claras) do que
should, ought to, had better quando uso should (ought to) .
Observe o trecho do texto "ln Shape" na página 170.
4. Had better também é usado para aconselhar ou avisar
"Although we are perfectly aware that we ought to alguém.
resist that extra sandwich or chocolate mousse, as You had better ('d better) return the book
soon as we come face to face with such delicious tomorrow.
attractions, we immediately start making up all sorts You had better ('d better) not go!
of excuses to ourselves in order to feel less guilty."

Qual das ideias abaixo você acha que o modal ought to

expressa nessa frase? Practice
conclusão 1 Choose the most appropriate modal for each situation
dedução below.
obri gação must might have to may
possibilidade
a) Cathy is talking to her math teacher after class.
1. May e might expressam possibilidade (ver unidade 8). Cathy: Excuse me, Ms Jones. 1 was wondering if I
Look at those clouds; it may rain this afternoon. could hand in the term paper next week rather than
this week?
Look at those clouds; it might rain this afternoon.
Teacher: Well, sorry but l'm afraid you
Nota: A possibilidade expressa por might é mais
_ __ _ _ _ hand it in this week because the
remota do que por may.
school will be closed after this coming Saturday.
 Grammar Reference

might must should ought to

b) Mary is talking to Jane.

Mary: Have you seen Peter?
Present Perfect
Jane: Well, he _ _ __ _ _ be here
somewhere . Look! That's his coat on the back of his O present perfect é usado para expressar:
chair. a) ações que aconteceram num tempo indefinido no
passado .
might have to must had better Sandy Pollony has dived in caverns throughout the
world.
c) Two friends are discussing their plans for the
weekend . She has gone rafting down many rivers.
Sheila: Are you planning to come to the movies with b) ações que aconteceram no passado e continuam até o
us on Sunday? presente .
Miranda: Well, 1 be able togo , but She has lived as a true adventurer.
it depends whether I find a babysitter and you know
how difficult that is these days! c) ações que aconteceram no passado cujos resultados
no presente são importantes.

may had better might must She has /ost her sight. She is blind.

d) Your teacher is talking to you about your grade Formação • have / has + particípio passado do verbo
situation. principal

Teacher: You _ _ __ __ do this last Afirmação: They have been deaf since birth.
assignment very carefully. You know, it's your last Negação: She hasn't been able to see since she was a
chance. lf you fail, there's nothing else I can do. child.
Interrogação: Has she been skydiving?
might may must should Observe o uso do present perfect com as palavras
abaixo.
e) You are talking to a friend about his relationship.
I have studied English since April.
Vou: Well, 1think you stop seeing since
her; she has done nothing but hurt your feelings. (Estudo ... desde abril)
I have studied English for two years.
for
2 Choose the best alternative: (Estudo ... há dois anos)
a) When we say that "People may also become They have just arrived from London.
infected with HIV by inJecting drugs" (line 14, just
(Acabaram de chegar de Londres)
page 166), we mean that:
They have already arrived .
( ) We are absolutely sure that they will become already
infected. (Já chegaram)

We are not sure at ali that they will become They haven 't arrived yet.
infected. (Ainda não chegaram)
yet
lt is possible that they will become infected. Have they arrived yet?
b) " . .we should try and involve young people in the (Já chegaram?)
development and implementation of prevention Have you ever been to Miami?
programs" (line 22, page 166) means that: ever
0/ocê já esteve em Miami?)
There is a remate possibility that young people I have never been to Miami.
will be involved. never
(Nunca estive em Miami)
lt's strongly recommended to try to involve
young people.
1 Quem estuda inglês atualmente?
Young people will definitely be involved.
a) Lucia has studied English for six months.
For further INSIGHT into modal verbs see
the Richmond Grammar Pra ice e R m. b) Carla studied English for six months .

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2 Paul e W illiam foram para o Japão, mas um deles 4 Find and correct the mistakes.
ainda está lá. Quem? a) We have just met Helen yesterday.
a) Paul has been to Japan.
b) William has gone to Japan . b) They have gone to the beach at 1O o'c lock.

e) We did never goto that restaurant, and l'd love to go.

d) Lucy has gone to Europe twice already.

5 lt's nine o'clock in the morning. Look at the table and

say what Marcella has or hasn't done. Use already
and yet.

Practice have breakfast 6:30

1 You are watching the news on TV Complete the
have a shower X
sentences with the present perfect. Use these verbs:
híre , kí/1, offer, promíse. drive her children to school + ./
a) Seeking more votes, the Working Party
call her secretary 8: 15 ./
- - - - - - - ~ a cut in taxes.
b) The government a pay rise wash dishes + ./
to teachers .
read the newspaper X
e) US companies few workers
lately.
She has had breakfast
d) A bomb blast 4 people in the
She hasn't had a shower yet
Middle East
She has already cal led her secretary
2 Since or for?
a) 1999
b) two years
e) I was ten
d) many months
e) last week
f) September
g) a long time li) SCIENCE - PROGRESS AND

3 Supply the símple past or the present perfect.

11:J ACHIEVEMENTS
a) She (study) Engl ish for many
years now. Present Perfect and Simple Past
b) (have) a big breakfast when I Estas frases foram retiradas do texto na pág ina 188.
got up this morning . Observe os tem pos verbais destacados.
e) 1can't remember exactly when, but 1 _ _ _ _ __
... no study has demonstrated that [ ...] benefits can
(see) that film al ready.
be ...
d) You _ __ ____ (have) plenty of time to fini sh
your homework. So I don't want any excuses now. Never before in history has science p/ayed such a
dominant role in so many areas.
e) They (send) the check in the
post yesterday. [ ... ] than for those who líved three or four centuries ago.
f) She (work) for that company The USDA [ ... ] íntroduced the Food Guide Pyramid in
since August, and really enjoys the job. 1992.

Grammar Reference r3451

 Grammar Reference

Nas duas primeiras frases, vemos exemplos do present 2 Correct the sentences that have mistakes.
perfect e, nas duas últimas, exemp los do simple past. a) Tom has broken his leg yesterday.
Quando usamos esses tempos verbais?
b) They arrived about twenty minutes ago.
Usamos o simple past para falar de ações que
e) She's my best friend and I know her for years .
aconteceram em algum momento específico do passado .
Mary was in Seattle in 2008. d) l've never written a love poem .
Gary opened the store at 8 o'clock yesterday e) We lived here since we were bom and we love it
morning.

Usamos o present perfect quando estamos mais f) What time has my brother phoned?
interessados nos resultados presentes da ação e não g) Have you ever worked in a restaurant?
quando ela aconteceu. Ele pode expressar, ainda,
h) I don't play football since I was eleven.
uma ação que ocorreu no passado, mas não sabemos
quando :
3 This is Laurie . Ask her questions.
Mike has been to England. (a data não é importante) a) When / bom
l 've lost my wallet. (a carteira ainda não foi encontrada)

Quando o foco é o período de tem po que a ação dura, b) When / become a teacher
usamos o simple past para ações que já term inaram, e o
present perfect quando o período começa no passado, e) Where / meet your husband
mas ainda continua :
l lived in São Paulo for three years. (1 don't live in São d) How long / married
Pau lo any more)
I have lived in Curitiba for two years. (1 still live in
e) How long / know your best friend
Curitiba)

PRESENT PERFECT

Em português não há um tempo verbal que expresse a

mesma ideia que o present perfect.
Geralmente, usamos o simple past ou o simple present
nessas ocasiões.

Practice Laurie answered like this:

1 Complete the gaps using the correct tense of the verb
I was born in 1972.
in parentheses.
I became a teacher in 1994.
a) Greg (win) a lot of medals when he
was a young man. I met him ata party 15 years ago.

b) Renata (tell) that story so many times! l've been married for 14 years.
I know it by heart already! l've known her since we were kids.
e) Valerie (speak) to her sister on the Outros advérbios de tempo associados ao present
phone yesterday. perfect:
d) 1 (be) so tired 1 (decide)
ever - alguma vez em sua vida
to sleep over at Mom's last night.
Have you ever climbed a mountain?
e) He's sad because he - - - -~ (lose) his dog in
the park. never - nunca
She has never eaten roast lamb.
f) Although l live in Rio, 1 (be) to Sugar
Loaf Mountain just once in my entire life. yet - já, em frases interrogativas
g) Diana (go) to Florida last summer. Have you finished your homework yet?

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yet - ainda, em frases negativas

We haven't seen the Brad Pitt movie yet. li) BEHAVIOR AND RELATIONSHIPS
already - já, em frases afirmativas
l've already completed most of my assignment.
Present Perfect Simple -
Just - indica uma ação recém-concluída Present Perfect Continuous
They've just arrived.
Observe :
still - ainda
He has cleaned his flat.
I still haven't found what l'm looking for.
O foco é no resultado que vemos no presente : o
recent/y - recentemente apartamento está limpo.
The students have recently been to Brasilia.
He has been cleaning his apartment this morning.

4 Choose the correct alternative. O foco é na ação em si: ele ainda não terminou de limpá-lo.

a) school in 2002 . She's always worked as a teacher.

) left ) have left Ela trabalha como professora há bastante tempo .

b) What after that? He's been working as a nurse for two weeks now.
did you do ( ) have you done Ele trabalha como enfermeiro há pouco tempo .
e) ~~~- university two months later. O foco é no tempo que a ação dura e no fato de que ela
começou no passado e ainda não terminou .
started ) have started
O present perfect continuous é normalmente usado em
5 Most of the sentences below have mistakes. Find and três situações distintas:
correct them.
a) Have you yet had a flat ti re? 1. l 've been dancing for two hours.
(l'm still dancing and might continue dancing .)
b) We haven't finished it still . Quando se quer expressar uma ação que começou
no passado, continua no presente momento e pode
e) 1haven't made up my mind yet estender-se no futuro. Nesse sentido, também
podemos usar o present perfect simple, mas o
fazemos normalmente em relação a ações que
d) They have been never to Pernambuco. perduram por muito tempo .
She has studied in the sarne school for a long time.
e) We recently have seen the new James Bond film . They have always worked with computers.
We loved itl
2. l 've been trying to contact you ali day.
f) Has she ever eaten lobster? (1have tried several times but I haven't succeeded .)
Usamos o present perfect continuous para descrever
g) Santos Dumont has invented the aeroplane many, ações que se repetem várias vezes durante um longo
many years ago. período.
,, l=-1 ....

Usamos o present perfect simple quando expressamos

com exatidão quantas vezes algo foi feito, ou quantas
h) 1have lived in Goiás since 13 years. coisas foram feitas.

l 've tried to buy a ticket four times.

i) She's gone already shopping. He has written lots of letters to her.

j) 1haven't had holidays since I started working. 3. Somebody has been smoking in this roam.
Can you smell it?
For further INSIGHT into verb tenses see the
(They aren't smoking anymore.)
Richmond Gramma Practice CD Rom.

Grarnrnar Reference 71
34
 Grammar Reference

Paula: Hi, Peter. Good to see you . How are you?

Peter: Oh, hello, Paula. l'm fine, thanks, and how are you?
Paula: Great! What (you - do)
lately? 1 (not see) you around
campus these days.
Peter: Oh, 1 (be) so busy, you
know, studying for my final exams. 1hardly have time to
breathe!
Paula: 1know what you mean! l'm so glad I
_ __ _ __ _ _ (finish) al l my exams. l' m ready
for a holiday now.
Peter: Lucky you ! 1still have a long way to go.
Paula: Well hang on in there! Look, l'm really sorry, but
Usamos a forma contínua para descrever uma ação que l'm in a bit of hurry. 1 (try) to get
começou num passado relativamente recente e que tickets for the show on campus next week, but the line
continuou durante algum tempo. Ela deixou de acontecer is always so long that I keep giving up and coming back
um pouco antes de se falar dela, mas deixou evidências the next day. 1 think 1'11 give it a try one more time . See
no momento presente (o cheiro do cigarro, no caso do you around.
exemplo acima) . Peter: Yeah , see you . Cheers !
Este é um sentido que só o present perfect continuous
é capaz de expressar. A forma simples Somebody has
smoked in this roam não passa a ideia de que eles
acabaram de fumar - eles poderiam ter fumado bem
antes de entrarmos na sala . To be in a hurry = ter pressa

"Cheers!" can mean "Saúde!" (num brinde),

Practice but in informal British English, it can also mean
1 Choose the appropriate form of the present perfect - "goodbye" or "thank you".

simple or continuous - for each sentence.

a) They have taken / have been taking that test several
times . 3 Choose the correct answer.
b) Sheila has sunbathed I has been sunbathing on the 1. l'm very hungry. 1 . . all day.
beach since breakfast. a) didn't eat
e) No one has had / has been having the courage to b) haven't ate
tell him yet. e) haven't eaten
d) You can tell the children have played / have been d) have been eating
playing in this room, and not long ago. Look at all
li. Their new bedroom looks fantastic . They ...
this messi
completely ... it.
e) Mr. Shorter has always worked / has always been
a) have been - redecorating
working for the Phone Company in Chicago.
b) have - redecorated
f) Oh, look! There's no more ice cream left. Nick has
eaten / has been eating it all! e) already - redecorated

g) "You look exhausted !" - "I have studied / have been d) didn't - redecorate
studying all day. " Ili . How's your Dad? 1... him for months now.
h) 1have cleaned I have been cleaning the computer. lt a) had seen
looks new again now? b) haven't seen
e) haven't been seeing
2 Read the situation below and fill in the blanks w ith
d) didn't see
either the present perfect simple or the present perfect
continuous. IV. You're covered in paint! What ... you ... ?

Peter and Paula meet on campus. They haven't seen a) have - done
each other for a while. b) were - doing

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 Grammar Reference

e) did - do [ .. .] even if someone tells you a very good joke.

d) have - been doing And if you want to give anyone a present, hold it with
V. 1have to write an essay. 1. . . about half of it so far. both hands.

a) have written Determiners Use Examples

b) have been writing Frases afirmativas. There 's
someone
e) wrote Frases someone in the
somebody interrogativas que roam.
d) have to write
something expressam pedidos, Can someone
VI. Where have you been? 1... fo r ages.
oferecimentos, help me,
somewhere
a) have waited sugestões. p/ease?
b) waited Frases Is there anyone
e) was waiti ng anyone interrogativas e in the kitchen?
anybody There isn't
d) have been waiting negativas.
anyone in the
anything Quando queremos bedroom.
4 Match the two columns to make a correct sentence. anywhere dizer "não importa You can
a) She has been waiting him for hours. quem, o que ou
sit down
for onde" . anywhere.
her about that issue.
b) How many kilometers no one Nobodywent
a new dog yet?
have you nobody Frases com o verbo home early
to all this time?
e) Who has she been nothing na forma afirmativa. There's nothing
doing it for years .
talking nowhere in mybag.
to Japan?
d) What have you done
w ith my driven this week?
has been crying .
gain
e) l've never spoken to
f) He looks terrible I last saw you? Com os some / any / no compounds, o verbo
because he glasses? 1can't find será usado no singular. Entretanto, os pronomes
them. usados para nos referirmos a essas palavras
g) Have you ever been
serão they / them / their. Observe: lf anybody
h) What have you been wants to go home early, they can.
doing since
i) Have they bought
j) l've been thinking about Choose the most appropriate determiner.
a) 1need something / anything to eat. l'm starving.
For further INSIGHT into present perfect tenses
see the Richmond Grammar Pradice CD Rom .
b) The room was empty There was nobody / anybody to
talk to.

m GLOBAL DIVERSITY
e) Hasn't no-one I anyone seen my wallet? 1know I left it
here last night.
d) She didn't buy something / anything / nothing for her
brother's birthday.
Determiners: Some / Any / No compounds e) For my vacation, 1can go anywhere / somewhere. 1
really don 't mind. 1just need to get away from here.
Usamos some / any / no e suas respectivas formas
compostas quando nos referimos a uma quantidade
indefinida de algo ou à ausência de alguém ou de alguma
coisa .
Observe estes trechos do texto na página 226 .
[ ...] some attitudes that would be considered
appropriate in your country may make other people
feel very angry ...
lf you travei to Japan, there are some things you
should never do. "I know I left my wal let here last nig ht!"

Grammar Reference 349 1

 : Grammar Reference

Negative Adverbiais
gain
ln the United States, never push people when you're
walking in the streets. O verbo stop poderá ser seguido pelo gerúndio ou
I hard/y ever travei abroad. l'm scared of flying. pelo infinitivo, mas o sentido da frase será diferente.
They rarely go on vacation together these days. Veja os exemplos:
She stopped smoking ten years ago.
Alguns advérbios são negativos . Ou seja, expressam
(Ela não fuma mais - ela parou de fumar.)
uma ideia negativa e, por isso, a frase na qual estão
inseridos funcionará como uma frase negativa . She stopped the class to smoke a cigarette.
(Ela parou a aula para fumar um cigarro.)
Veja o quadro:

never
A utilização do gerúndio depois do verbo go é comum .
rarely Em geral, temos uma expressão que descreve uma
seldom atividade . Veja os exemplos:
hardly ever My sister goes swimming in the morning.
scarcely I go shopping in the afternoon.
barely
gain

go shopping means "ir às compras".

-ing Forms
do the shopping means "fazer as compras".
Observe estes trechos do texto The Polite Traveler's
"ir ao shopping" means go to the shopping mal/.
Guide na página 226 .

When you're traveling abroad, it's useful to know ...

Putting your hands in your pockets is considered Practice
offensive ...
1 Find the incorrect sentences and correct them.
As duas frases usam a forma do verbo + ing . a) l'm thirsty. Can I have something to drink, please?
O gerúndio é quase sem pre chamado em inglês de " -ing
form" e pode funcionar como um substantivo, um verbo
ou um adjetivo . VeJa os exemplos:
b) 1 don't want nothing for my birthday
Eating out is my favorite pastime. (substantivo)
I love eating out. (verbo)
Chile was one of the most interesting places l've ever
been to. (adjetivo) e) Nobody said nothing at the meeting.

Alguns verbos são frequentemente seguidos pelo

gerúndio . Veja o quadro:
d) Joe disagrees with anything I say.
stop involve
admit finish
mind imagine e) 1 want to go anywhere interesting tomorrow. lt's
miss avoid Saturday.
deny give up
risk love
practice enjoy f) She can't talk to no-one. Her cell phone's broken.
suggest hate

We've finished eating lunch: g) You must tell somebody what you saw.
Some politicians avoid talking to the press.
He suggested going to the Northeast for the weekend.

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2 Choose the correct word . 5 Complete each sentence w ith one of these verbs. One
a) I hardly ever go anywhere / somewhere by bus. of them w ill not be used .

b) My father never eats something / anything between o pen try go make

meals .
c) Children se/dom eat nothing / anything in the wash live listen eat
morning.
d) Sheila scarce/y ever meets anyone / someone after a) Could you stop so much noise?
work b) Have you finished up?
e) Paul and Wil l are brothers but they rarely do anything / c) I don 't enjoy seafood .
something together. d) Would you mind the window?
e) We can't go on in th is apartment.
3 Nou n, verb or adjective?
f) My friends suggested to the
a) Doctors say that swimming is the best exercise.
movies.
g) Phil gave up to find a Job in big
b) Jane has been exercising for hours now. cities.

c) Let sleeping dogs lie.

gain

d) My last physics lesson was really boring . Se você tentar traduzir as frases, verá que o
gerúndio transforma-se em infinitivo em português.
Por exemplo, ao traduzirmos para o português o
e) Writing makes me relax. item (a) do exercício anterior, temos: "Você poderia
parar de fazer tanto barulho?"

4 Unscramble the sentences . Use the -ing form.

For furtfier INSIGHT into some/ any / no compoun sana
a) watch / my brother / horror movies / loves ~ing forms, see the Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom.

b) go / people / walk / in the morning / often

Ili FILM AND TELEVISION

c) streets / good / cycle / are / quiet / for Past Perfect Simple - Past Perfect
Continuous
O past perfect simple e o past perfect continuous são
d) mind / you / would / me / help? usados para expressar o passado antes do passado, o
que tinha acontecido antes de outra coisa acontecer.
Estude este exemplo :
e) lessons / has / on Mondays / Claire / drive Robert had cooked d inner before I got home.

1 Qual dessas ações aconteceu primeiro?

2 Qual tempo verbal é usado para expressar a segu nda

ação?

Usamos o past perfect continuous para enfatizar a

continuidade da ação. Estude este exemplo :

The phone had been ringing for about 1O minutes

before he decided to answer it.

Grammar Reference
 Grammar Reference

O past perfect continuous expressa a ação que e) (hope) to speak to

aconteceu primei ro {had been ringing) , enquanto a you about my work but it's OK, we can do it
segunda ação é expressa pe lo simple past (decided) . tomorrow.
Em português, a frase seria traduzida como : "O telefone d) Harry (work) so hard
tocou (ou estava tocando) há 1O minutos quando ele that his boss made him take a few days off.
resolveu atender" . e) you (watch)
Formação: lV before I arrived?
Past Perfect f) When I spoke to her teacher, 1 found out she
had + past participle do verbo principal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (come) to class.
Past Perfect Continuous
3 Complete the sentences with the past perfect, the
had been + -ing form do verbo principal
past perfect continuous or the simple past.
a) Gloria (live) in Recife
Past Perfect Past Perfect for 3 years before she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Sim pie Continuous (decide) to move to Olinda.
b) After he (eat) all the
They had seen She had been
afirmativo pizza, he (fali) asleep.
the film. studying.
c) They (save) money
They hadn't She hadn 't been before they (realize)
negativo they would never have enough to buy the apartment
seen the film. studying.
of their dreams.
Had they seen Had she been d) Louie _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (wait) for long ,
interrogativo
the film? studying? before they (call) his name.
e) He (be) surprised when he
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ (find out) she
1 Complete the gaps with the past perfect using the _ _ __ _ __ _ (be) to ltaly before.
verbs in brackets. f) Grace _ __ __ __ _ (tell) him she
a) No one wanted to go to the movie theater last night. _ __ _ _ _ _ _ (see) him before.
Carol already _ _ _ _ __
(see) the movie, Gary _ _ _ _ _ _ (read) the 4 Which sentence shows incorrect use of the past
book and Louise (go) to visit her perfect?
mom. a) She had gone to the movies but she didn't say
b) you (study) English anything about the film.
before you moved to Canada? b) Alter he had met her at the office, he decided to ask
e) By the time we arrived at the party, James _ __ _ her out.
already (leave). c) Not only had she written him an e-mail, but she had
d) Before Kate arrived , she _ _ __ _ _ (arrange) also phoned him .
for a place to live, but she _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ d) When they had arrived the movie had finished .
(not buy) any furnitu re yet.
e) Alter they had had lunch, they took a nap.
e) 1was a little shocked at the class reun ion; my old
classmates (change) so much! 5 lndicate the alternative that cannot complete the
Sam (put on) a lot of weight, Carl following sentence, "The plane had been flying for 45
_ _ _ __ _ (lose) most of his hair and Jocelyn minutes, ... "
_ _ _ _ _ _ (dye) her hair red .
a) when the passengers started screaming .
b) before the problem happened.
2 Complete the gaps with the past perfect continuous
using the verbs in brackets. c) before the storm picked up.
a) Jen looked ti red because she d) when one of the engines failed .
- - - -- - - -Uog) . e) when the fl ight attendants had served the meal.
b) We (wait) for an hour
when I finally complained to the receptionist.

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Practice
THE HUMAN PSYCHE
-------- 1 Supply either the gerund or the infinitive form of the
verbs in brackets. There are cases in which both
forms are possible.
Gerund - lnfinitive
a) 1think l'd like _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at least some
Como vimos na unidade 17, há alguns verbos em inglês time with them. (spend)
que são seguidos de gerúndio (-ing form). Por outro lado,
b) They used in the gard en
há também verbos que são seguidos do infinitivo de um
every morning when they were kids. (play)
verbo . Mas também existem verbos que são seguidos de
gerúndio ou de infinitivo . e) 1hate this. (do)
d) They cannot afford _ _ _ _ __ ___ a new
Usamos o gerúndio quando o verbo é precedido de
car this year. (buy)
preposição .
e) 1need _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ much harder if I
want to pass the exam . (study)
Alguns verbos Alguns verbos
f) After ali that commotion, she couldn't help
normalmente seguidos normalmente seguidos _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , poor thing ! (cry)
de gerúndio de infinitivo
g) Stop _ __ __ _ __ please! lt's getting on
afford (ter meios my nerves. (shout)
admit to / admit (admitir)
financeiros para) h) She says she doesn't mind _ _ _ __ _ _ __
in the back of the car. (ride)
feel like (ter vontade) want (querer)
i) Keep _ _ _ __ _ 1 l'm sure you can do it. (try)
j) 1hope all my assignments
mind (importar-se) appear (aparecer) in about an hour. (finish)
k) 1love _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ in the evenings.
keep (manter, continuar) wish (desejar) (work)
1) Oh, l'd love - - - - -- --· (go)
recai! (lembrar-se) attempt - try (tentar) m) You must stop ! You can't
go on li ke that forever. (breathe)
look forward to (esperar
hope (ter esperança) n) lf you stop - - -- - - - ~, you die. (breath)
com ansiedade)
can't help (não poder
need (precisar)
evitar)

enjoy (desfrutar) agree (concordar)

Alguns verbos segu idos de gerúndio ou infinitivo

begin
hate
like
start
love
stop
prefer

Cuidado! O sentido pode mudar!

I stopped smoking. Eu parei de fumar.

I stopped to smoke. Eu parei (o que estava fazendo)
para fumar.
I would like to study. Gostaria de estudar. Quero estudar.
I like studying (ou I like to study). Gosto de estudar. "lt's getting on my nerves!"

Grammar Reference 353 1

 Grammar Reference

Used to - Be used to Sublinhe os verbos das frases que estão no quadro .

Complete a regra:
Como você diria em português:
active voice : subject + verb
a) Generally, people are used to receiving positive
passive voice : subject + + -------
feedback, but are not used to receiving negative
feedback. A voz passiva é usada:

b) 1used to get really good reports from my teachers at

1. Quando não sabemos quem praticou a ação ou
school .
quando essa informação não é importante.
Qual é a diferença no significado das duas frases?
My car was stolen on the weekend . (não sei quem
roubou o carro)
Observe a diferença na fórmula gramatical das duas
Se queremos dizer quem praticou a ação, usamos by.
expressões .
My car was stolen on the weekend by two men on
be used to + -ing a motorbike.
used to + infinitive
2. Quando queremos destacar o acontecimento, ou
Complete the rule: quem/ o que sofre a ação. Em notícias e manchetes
_ _ _ __ _ _ __ = estar acostumado a de jornais, placas com avisos, textos técnicos e
científicos, a voz passiva é, então, comumente
- - -- - - -- - = refere -se a um hábito I fato
utilizada.
passa d o que não prevalece no presente
English is spoken. (aviso na porta de uma loja)

Practice John was hurt in the accident.

A new teacher will be sent to the school.
1 Use either used to orbe used to. Don 't forget to
change the form of the main verb accordingly.
3. Alguns verbos podem ter dois objetos. Qualquer um
a) Mary to a private school dos dois pode tornar-se o sujeito da passiva.
when she was living in Rio . (go)
They gave me a present.
b) Charles ali night long; I was given a present.
a couple of hours standing up means nothing to
A present was given to me.
him . (party)
c) They out every evening after
work but now ali they want to do is watch 1V (go)
1 Write these sentences in the passive voice beginning
d) When I was young, 1_ _ _ _ _ __ _ that
w ith the words given:
tree over there to pick mangos . (climb)
a) They will close the freeway for three days.
e) They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a uniform and
The freeway _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
don't seem to mind it at ali. (wear)

For further INSIGHT into infinitive and ing forms

see the Richmond Grammar Pract1ce CD Rom. b) Careless driving causes many accidents.
Many accidents _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _

mi THE WORLD OF MUSIC

c) People who watch birds in Britain have seen ali of
these species.
The Passive Voice Ali of these species _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __

Active voice Passive voice d) They are checking in passengers to Boston .

Passengers to Boston _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __
People use instruments
lnstruments are used in
in almost ali kinds of
almost ali kinds of music.
music. e) My director signed that letter before his trip.
Music is played in many The letter _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __
People play music in
therapy sessions.
many therapy sessions.

1354 Grammar Reference

 Grammar Reference .

2 Write sentences about these people. Função idiomática: o pronome reflexivo pode vir precedido
e.g. Walt Disney / 1901: WaltDisneywas born in 1901. pela preposição by e quer dizer "sozinho" ou "sem ajuda".
She herself baked the cake. / She baked the cake by
a) Martin Luther King/ 1929. herself. sem ajuda
He lives by himself in a huge flat. sozinho
b) Elvis Presley / 1935.
gain
e) And you?
Alguns verbos são reflexivos em português,
mas não em inglês.

3 Write these sentences in the passive.

=
Eu me sinto bem. 1feel good.
Ele se levantou às l 4h00. = He got up at 2 pm.
a) Gisele's students gave her silver earrings when she
Nós nos sentamos atrás. = We sat in the back.
retired .

1 Possessive adjective or reflexive pronoun? Choose the

correct alternative .
b) Someone offered Sandy a job in that company.
a) Tom cut his / himself while he was shaving.
b) Tom cut his / himself finger while using the knife.
e) Karen was talking to her / herself when I saw her.
e) They will pay me five dollars.
d) Karen was talking to her / herself neighbors when I
saw her.
d) The teacher didn't give my class a test.
e) They blamed their / themselves son-in-law for the
accident.
e) They lent everyone skis for the day. f) They blamed their / themselves for the accident.

For further INSIGHT into the passive voice see

2 Complete the sentences below with the pronouns.
the Richmond Grammar Practlce CD Rom.
by ourselves itself by herself himself

themselves by myself by themselves

CARING ANO SHARING
yourself ourselves myself herself

Reflexive Pronouns a) You _ _ _ _ __ _ _ prepared the report, but

the report was requested by
Os pronomes reflexivos podem ter uma função reflexiva,
Peter.
enfática ou idiomática.
b) lt was my uncle who killed the
Função reflexiva: quando o sujeito e o objeto do verbo são
snake.
a mesma pessoa e a ação é direcionada ao agente da ação.
e) She lived in a small ftat _ _ __ __ _
She hurt herself while skiing .
d) Our parents allowed us to fty to Berlin
sujeito objeto
She e herself se referem à mesma pessoa.
e) 1'11 call the police _ _ _ __ __
Função enfática: quando o pronome reflexivo é usado f) They didn't like the picture of _ _ __ __ _
para enfatizar o sujeito (colocado logo após o sujeito ou no g) We always behave _ _ __ ____ in class.
final da frase) ou o objeto (colocado logo após o objeto).
h) She blamed _ _ _ __ _ _ for the delay.
They themselves talked to the judge. (eles mesmos, i) 1 decided togo to the movies _ __ _ __ _
ênfase no sujeito)
j) James and Carol went to Recife
They talked to the judge themselves. (eles mesmos,
_ __ __ ___ ; no brothers or sisters to
ênfase no sujeito)
disturb their peace.
They talked to the judge himself. (com o próprio,
ênfase no objeto)
---- For further INSIGHT into pronouns, see
the Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom .

Grammar Reference 355 1

 Grammar Reference

m POVERTY ANO BASIC RIGHTS

2 What would you do if ... ?
win the lottery - buy a huge house in the mountains
lf I won the lottery, 1 would buy a huge house in
the rilountains.
Conditional Sentences
a) have US$1,000,000 - go on a journey around the
CONDITIONAL world
TYPE MEANING FORM
SENTENCE
lf [ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _
o lf you don't wear Condicional present
b) be on holiday now - be lying on a tropical sandy
moisturizing zero: simple +
beach
lotion, your skin expressa um present
lf [ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _
gets dry. fato ou uma simple
lf you want instrução. or c) be a celebrity - start a campaign against poverty
coffee without present lf I _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __
sugar, press this simple + d) see a UFO (unidentified flying object) - run as fast as
button. imperative I could
1st lf I want to Primeira if + present lf I _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __
become a model , condicional: simple, / wi/1 e) lose my ID card - report it to the police
I will have to eat expressa + verb
lf ! _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
less fattening uma
foods. situação
(maybe I wi/1, hipotética 3 Rewrite the sentences in the third conditional using
maybe I won 't) possível no the word in bold .
futuro. a) We couldn't go to the show because the tickets
2nd lf there was I Segunda if + past were sold out.
were electricity, condicional: simple , / able
my son would expressa conditional
be able to read uma would +
we would have gone to the show.
more. situação verb
hipotética e b) You went to bed late and overslept.
(but there isn 't)
impossível earlier
no presente.
3rd lf I had gone to Terceira if + past you wouldn't have overslept.
school , 1 would condicional: perfect, / c) 1fell off my bicycle but I wasn't hurt. 1 had my
have learned to expressa conditional helmet on .
read and write. uma perfect
hadn't
(but I didn 't) situação would have
hipotética e + past
impossível participle I would have been hurt.
no passado. d) We missed the plane because we didn't leave on
Outras formas do condicional são: time.
the present continuous , + w ill / going to + verb missed

e.g. lfyou are lying to me, 1'11 be very angry. lf we had left on time, _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __

e também:
The present simple + modal (can, may, might, etc.)+ verb . e) 1 studied a lot for the test, so I wasn't worried.

e.g. lfthe weather is good, we can / may / might goto worried

the beach tomorrow. lf I hadn't studied so much for the test, _ _ _ __

1 What happens if ... ? Match the clauses.

a) lf plants aren't watered it boils. f) 1 didn't goto the party or I would have given you a lift.

b) lf you don't like it they die. party

c) lf you leave ice in the sun don't buy it.

d) lf you heat water up it melts. I would have given you a lift.

1356 Grammar Referenco

 Grammar Reference

WISH e) Paul is very unhappy; he fai led the final exam

because he didn't study as hard as he should.
Wish Meaning Form Paul: "I wish
1. wish they
1 But now it's too late; l've fai led the test!"
would clean "lf I
up the river. the final
(The river Essa frase exam."
is polluted expressa uma
wish + would + d) Charles is very annoyed and wants to complain
and I want reclamação e um
infinitive about the loud noise coming from his neighbor's
the situation desejo de que
party. He can hardly hear the televisionl
to change algo mude.
- maybe it Charles: "I wish
will, maybe it I can hardly hear the television."
won't) "lf you '1
hear the
2. 1 wish he Essa frase
television."
were more expressa um
interested in desejo de que e) Jamie, a ten -year-old, would like to be older; he
wish + past wants to go to a rock concert.
tennis . (but he algo fosse
sim pie
isn't) diferente. É uma Jamie : "I wish I
impossibilidade They won't let me in! "
no presente.
"lf I , they
3. 1 wish the trees Essa frase
hadn 't been expressa um
cut down. (but arrependimento. wish + past
they were) É uma perfect
impossibilidade
no passado.

4 Complete the sentences on the basis of the situations.

Look at the example.
Situation: Michael didn't listen to the weather forecast.
lt's raining heavily but he doesn't have his umbrella with
him and is soaking wet.
Michael: "I wish I had brought my umbrel/a / had
listened to the weather forecast."
"lf I had brought my umbrella, I wou/dn't be soaking wet ."
a) John went partying last night. He missed a job
interview.
John "I wish _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
I missed a job interview."
"lf _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ last night,
_ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ the job
f) You are sitting among many smokers in a party.
interview."
Someone blows cigarette smoke in your face. You
b) Mary is studying; her younger sister is playing nearby leave earlier.
and making a lot of noise and she's not able to
You "I wish _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _
concentrate on her stud ies.
cigarette smoke in my face ."
Mary wants to complain .
"lf you _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
Mary: "I wish _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
cigarette smoke in my face, 1
I must concentrate on my stud ies." _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ earlier."
"lf you _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
I ______________ on my For further INSIGHT into conditional sentences and
studies." wish, see the Richmond Grammar Practice CD Rom.

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 Grammar Reference

m DILEMMAS OF ADOLESCENCE
c) they / married / were going to / announced / Paul
and Sue / that / get
í1 8,- <; Qbb0 J kJlfc, J' - l~-Rv ,1 " vC jocv: '1tc
. O..d ·
1

"'t' '' (d
d) to / William / me / go to the movies / invited / with
J

Direct and lndirect Speech him

Observe essas frases da Sue (do texto na página 300) w:u,~l'h 1 ',, e r +(' ~li'! -o 1~ \h('v f(
v\J 1 1V'\ 'v,, VV1
"l live with my mom in a smali house." e) Ann / that / 1 should / suggested / a holiday / take ,
"I study ali day and only come home in the evening."
~Y'i'O s u ~o,es te. 1 J b.l - 1- 0 1,.-f o ·,,..r'.
(

"Mom works ali day." f) told / Paul / 1 / loved / that / him / 1 '
1
"Last week, she called my friend to ask what I was
f +o ld Pc1 , 1 ib ~ ] 'o\, r ,\ Ir \J\

doing."
2 Supply the correct form of the verb .
São exemp los de direct speech . São as palavras a) My boss asked me: "Have you finished your work?"
'util izadas por Sue.
My boss asked me if I ha C, !1·v:: · ~, .R e! my
E se quisermos relatar o que a Sue falou? work.
Observe:
b) 1 asked him, "Oid you write your composition?"
Sue said (that) she lived with her mother in a smali I asked him if he - ~ r vi his
house. composition.
She said (that) she studied ali day and only carne c) Bob asked her, "Do you know the name of this
home in the evening. school?"
She said (that) her mom worked ali day. Bob asked her if she (/- l ""- 1.1, the
Sue said (that) last week, her mother had calied her name of that school.
friend to ask what she was doing. d) George asked Joice, "Will you help me?"
(Ver tabela na página 303) George asked Joice if she , -,,1 G 1
\
1
r
É comum omitir a palavra that. him .
r e) Frank asked the girl: "How do you goto work?"
Quando relatamos uma pergunta, a ordem das palavras
na frase será alterada. A frase interrogativa será
Frank asked the girl how she Jv -Í:,\ +
to work.
transformada em uma frase afirmativa. Observe:
f) Bob asked his mom, "What are you having for
"Are you going home now?" she asked me.
dinner?" \
She asked me if I was going home then . Bob asked his mom what she \N n'::J rê\ v , f r.
"Where did you go yesterday?" she asked me. for dinner.
She asked me where I had gone the day before. g) Peter asked me, "Why didn't you goto the party?"
(Ver também unidade 24: Embedded Ouestions) Peter asked me why 1 '- to the
party.
Lembre-se de que quando relatamos o que alguém
disse , algumas vezes basta apenas mudar o tempo
verbal, mas outras é preciso mudar também os
pronomes e advérbios de tempo e de lugar.
"Were you here yesterday?" Scott asked Sarah.
He asked her if she had been there the day before.
m CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

Embedded Questions
Practice No texto das páginas 312 e 313, encontramos as
1 Unscramble the sentences. seguintes perguntas:
a) me / that / Jane / told / was / she / sick What exactly is shopaholism?
-l(}\ \ "' ( '.! t r - r - c.1 I', ' ., e. Why would people spend so much that they often fal i
b) advised / her / the teacher / study / to / more into debt?
l'Õ \, 1 ' \_ 1 r
\1 ~ .1-V, ( 'e ôQIJ iloCObl t r ( S,1 Cj tyl{q, How can we control and treat compulsive shoppers?

1 358 Grammar Reference

 Grammar Reference

Em inglês, quanto mais indireta for a pergunta, mais 2 Rewrite the questions in the correct order.
ed ucada ela soará. a) could / is / me / next / tell / the / time / bus / what /
Compare : you?
(''
Could you tell me what exactly shopaholism is?
Can you tell me why people would spend so much b) post office / do / is / know / nearest / the / where /
money, that they often fali into debt? you?
I j

Do you know how we can control and treat - ~ ~------'-----~~ ~c_- 'Hlc-----'-~'- --x~~· ~·'- -~ ~ olf t
compuls ive shoppers? e) time / do / banks / what / open / you / know / the?
\;c, C' ','.,, 11 e, v , ,_f;,.· - ,,..(__ - ' f'N,
Essas perguntas "mais indiretas" também são c hamadas
de embedded questions ou false questions . Repare que d) train / could / tel l / you / goes / me / this / where?
nas embedded questions somente a primeira parte da '-, ' •
0
cc. \>, ~'.\{ ,c ·---'r "r Ci ( _':i

frase segue a ord em de palavras das frases interrogativas e) me / .why / invited /to/ Mary/ party / can / the / _ygu
em inglês . A segunda parte segue a ordem de uma / -tell-/ they?
afi rmativa.
Could you tell us why females are easy prey . r \ Y - .e -. 1· ..t f; ··,- . .
to this disorder? 3 Ask the fo llow,ng quest1ons 1n a more pol1te way (1.e.,
inversão: não há inversão: less directly).
estrutura interrogativa estrutura afirmativa a) What's Helen going to do about the accident?

Também podemos formar embedded questions com

b) Where can we go after the movies?
I don't know. .. , /'d like to know ... , I wonder . .. , etc .
Can you tell me - ~ ~ - - 'D_ _w
~~---~- -
I don 't know
c) Which seat may I take?
= l'd like to know where my neighbors are from.
Could you tell me ,_y :· Í (\ ·0 r -
-í
r f

I wonder
d) How long have they been working?
(not I don't know where are my neighbors from .)
Can you tell me
e) Why does he wake up so early?

Practice Could you tell me

f) When did she return from Holland?
1 Correct the mistakes in the following embedded
questions. Doyou know

a) Do you know when starts the next lesson? 7

b) l'd like to know how much eests a round trip to New

York. ("

c) Can you tell me what time starts the movie? 7 1 -

'
d) 1 wonder what will the weather be like tomorrow?

e) She doesn't know how can she get to the bus

station on time .
For further INSIGHT mto embeclded questions.
see the Richmond Grammar Pradice CD Rom .
Irregular Verbs List

lnfinitive Pasttense Past participle lnfinitive Past tense Past participle

arise aro se arisen leave left left
awake awoke awoken lend lent lent
beat beat beaten let let let
become became become lie lay lain
begin began begun light lit lit
bend bent bent lose lost lost
bet bet bet make made made
bit e bit bitten mean meant meant
bleed bled bled meet met met
blow blew blow n pay pai d pai d
break broke broken put put put
bring brought brought quit quit quit
build built built read read read
burn burnt burnt rid rid rid
buy bought bought ride rode ridden
catch caught caught ring rang rung
choose chose chosen rise rose risen
come carne come run ran run
cut cut cut say sai d sai d
deai dealt dealt see saw seen
dig dug dug sell sol d sol d
draw drew drawn send sent sent
drink drank drunk set set set
drive drove driven shake shook shaken
eat ate eaten shine shone shone
fali fell fallen shoot shot shot
feed fed fed shut shut shut
feel felt felt sing sang sung
fight fought fought sink sank sunk
find found found sit sat sat
fly flew flown sleep slept slept
forbid forbade forbidden slide slid slid
forget forgot forgotten speak spoke spoken
forgive forgave forgiven spend spent spent
freeze froze frozen spread spread spread
get got got stand stood stood
give gave given steal stole stolen
go went gone swear swore sworn
grow grew grown sweep swept swept
hang hung hung swim swam swum
hear heard heard take 1:ook taken
hide hid hidden teach taught taught
hit hit hit tell told told
hold hei d held think thought thought
hurt hurt hurt throw threw thrown
keep kept kept understand understood understood
know knew known wake woke woken
lay laid laid wear wore worn
lead led led write wrote written