(2) in revealing the secret i writ Rd sone Wenttewnrs aad cosken- (iii) in weather forecasting through int {ix) in checking the purity of chemi Saar : ity of chemicals and in the study STAI) To measure the temperature IN Be eracalasiun aovaree ciks unre CAT oa MPTtsd 0 this reason, now the doctors bssapetrdin eet ce a)! P ws f am Beitace'the Veaspersiure of Herat pyroelectric thermometer 4, Visible light ‘tis the narrow region of electromagnetic spectrum, whic = \. which is detected by the hums isrging from 4 ioe Hiz to 8x 10!* Hi. Its produced duet atomic CTL — vine light emitted or reflected from objects around us provides the information about the world USES Visible light is used {p tose the beautiful wold around us a it excites ou sense of vision Gi) in photography to take the picture of objects (Gi in astronomy to track the movement of heavenly bodies {in optical microscopy which involves the study of minute objects. 5, Ultraviolet rays The ultraviolet rays were discovered by Ritter in 1801. The frequency range of ultraviolet rays is 8x 10!4 Hz to 3 x 10!7 Hz, The ‘ultraviolet rays are produced by sun, special lamps and very hot bodies. ast ofthe ultraviolet rays coming from sun ae absorbed by the ovo layer in the earth's atmosphere. The vimavielet rays in lage quantity produce harmful effect on human <¥es USES Ultraviolet rays are used (9 for checking the mineral samples through ii) in the study of molecualr structure and arran ~~ s spectra. x ‘bacteria and for sterilizing the surgical instruments, iv) im burglar of ultraviolet rays causing flourescence. the property: shell through ultraviolet ygement of electrons in the external ) stuff. | Lasik eye surgery 4 germs in water purifier. ex duce by Gomunpycn Rogen Te eee ME Fa Geman psc ore npg suey oo» mea of NP‘electromagnetic spectrum is visible 10 human eye ‘on the retina of the eye. This part of the spectrum ‘wavelengths in the visible part of the spectrum maf is given in the following table, electromagnet lassified into follo spectrum has been broadly cl eto afro creasing fees % s Fuse ar the electromagnetic waves of frequency range ftom 5 x 10° Hz 103 10” Hz. These wy ae produce by osilaing electric circuits having an inductor and capacitor. a ‘The various frequency ranges are used for different types of wireless communication system gy mentioned below: (i) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range from 530 kHz to 1710 kHz form amplitude modulateg (AM) band. It is used in ground wave propagation. (i) Theelectromagnetic waves of frequency range 1710 kHz to 54 MHz are used for short wave AM band, It is used in sky wave propagation. (iii) The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 54 MHz to 890 MHz are used in television waves, (Gs) The electromagitetic waves of frequency range 88 MHz to 108 MHz form frequency modulated (FM) radio band. It is used for commercial FM radio, () The electromagnetic waves of frequency range 300 MHz to 3000 MHz form ultra high frequency (UBF) band. It is used, in cellular phones communication. 2. Microwaves Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves of frequency range 3 x 10° Hz to 3 x 10!" Hz. They are ‘produced by special vacuum tubes, namely ; Klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes etc. USES (® Microwaves are used in Radar systems for air craft navigation, (i) A radar using microwave can help in detecting the speed of tennis bal, cricket ball, automobile while in motion, (iii) Microwave ovens are used for cooking purposes. G) Microwaves are used for observing the movement of trains on rails while sitting in microwave operated ‘control rooms. 3. Infrared waves Infrared waves were discovered by Herschell. These are the electromagnetic waves of frequency range 3 x 10!! Hz to 4 x 10!4 Hz. Infrared waves sometimes are called as heat waves because their absorption causes the heating effect in the bodies and surroundings. ptr waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules, These waves detected by human eye but snakes can detect them. USES t «gases such as carbon dioxide and pe are ss pr wed Water vapour is known as green in physical therapy, i.c., to treat muscular strain, house effect.The orderly dis distribution of EE yy cistrbution of electromagnetic radiations according io their wavelength “Ey pase te? i ‘The electror : 6 x 10? m. The Fite spectrum has much wider range with wavelength variation = 10" m to Rifo ceseat oe ee B srefied into different parts and subparts in Erirctinereing wavelength sects tore et "There is overlapping in certain pars iia nnyeyacace tht the corresponding reins crs ‘be produced by two methods. It may be ee ae fue decided by their wavelengths and not by the ‘A table given below shows the various parts of the electromagnetic speciram with abproximale ‘of production and detections. wavelength range, frequency range, their sources [Oscillating circuit or | Receivers acrials Rapid acceleration and retardation of electrons in serials Kiystron valve or | Point contact diodes magnetron valve Vibrations of atoms | Thermopile, Bolo meter, Infrared photographic films [Excitation of valency | Human eye, photo! cells, photographic 3x 10°03 10"" 01 mtol mm 3x 10"! to 4% 1084 1 mm to 700 nm 4x 10!4 8 x 10! 700 nm to 400 nm. 400 nm to | am 8x 104163 x 107 X-ray “tubes 3.x 10"7 0 3x 10” f inner | Geiger tubes 1 nm to 10% nm 3x 101 to 5 x 10" -< 103 nm wa te10. in 12. 100 Maths 93/400. @/¥yay) State Henry's law an Difference betwe: id give its application, en ideal and Non-ideal solution, ( (1) State Kohtrausch’s law and its application, 1D (ii)State ist taw of electrolysis 2. Ey (i) Write the functions of salt bridge aCe i) Explain the working of Cu-z cel My Difference between order and molecularity of reaction, (Gi () What are the unit of rate constant for zero, Ist and lind [a Wr order of reaction? | cha {ti) Write two factors affecting rate of reaction, /5 Whi What are transition elements? Why Zn, ca and Hg are notl6. Deri Categorized as transition element? expa Difference between lanthanoids and actinoids, {7 Follo {) What are heteroleptic complexecr Ti \ (ii) Define ambidentate ligand with an example, identi Describe the all types of structural isomers, | (i) mo: Which isomer of CsHy, oBiVES a single Monochloro compound CJH4CI (fi) a st bright suntight? | (iii) con Write the IUPAC names of the following : (WIUAY 55, Behind Hotel Hive, Opp. 8, College, | 6.1. Road, Ps'@ Reversible lee.) ince and conductivity? Hual ty of solution vary with concentration? dchemical cell is represented by cell notation? a cells: Lead storage cell, Mercury cell, Fuel cell and Dry cell. 2: ed in hearing aids? s used in Apollo space programme? used in automobiles and inverters? loes not have long life? tions occur at cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous solution of silver chloride: = +0.80V Ht +¢°> 12H, ; E°=0.00V ir standard reduction electrode potential (E) values, which reaction is feasible at the cathode n of KCl at 298K is 0.025Sem", Calculate its molar conductivity. in terms of Faraday is required to produce 20gm. of Ca from molten‘CaCh. city in terms of Faraday is required to produce 40gm. of Al from molten Al03. ing at cathode and anode in case of lead storage cell. .£ 0.20M solutio£ est @way to determine 2°,, value of water: @ the reaction occurring at cathode and anode in case of Leclanche cell. Bithe reaction occurring at cathode and anode in case of fuel cell. id standard Gibb’s free energy (AG’) for reaction. gn + Cu EB%cen = 1.10V Be corrosion. Write chemical formula of rust. in ie equivalent & molar conductivity. ne primary and secondary cells. Questions ‘ernst equation and cali ( Cu?*o.o001m | CU _(0.001M) II retest cell at 298K gee ea llowing cell at 298K: oa otal (Given: E'wg 36V 3 Ecu seu culate emf of fo oevy & 4p UIVIUCU Dy / oe ae (b) 3 (d) 6 of n is the determinant ap). cil 0, ae) 1,5) C(i2,n) ee) (b) 5 (d) 7 7 ngle, then what is the value of