Now I am asking questions about gujarat technological university (gtu) computer

engineering semester 6 microprocessor and interface. I'm requesting you please

Give the answers in very simple language and easy to understandable.

Got it 👍— I’ll keep everything very simple, exam-oriented, and easy to

understand (GTU style).

I’ll focus on:

 ✔ Short & clear definitions

 ✔ Easy explanations
 ✔ Diagrams (in text form if needed)
 ✔ Examples for better understanding
 ✔ Important exam points
You can ask any topic from MPI (Microprocessor & Interfacing – Sem 6 GTU)
like:

 8085 / 8086

 Instruction set

 Interfacing

 Interrupts

 Timing diagrams

 Memory & I/O

Just send your question 👇

I’ll answer it in simple language + exam-ready format 💯

Detail the process by which a microprocessor communicates with memory and

I/O devices, including the significance of bus organization.
Here’s a simple, exam-ready explanation 👇

📌 Communication of Microprocessor with

Memory & I/O Devices
A microprocessor communicates with memory and I/O devices using a system
called Bus Organization.

🔷 1. What is Bus Organization?

A bus is a group of wires used to transfer data between:

 Microprocessor

 Memory

 Input/Output devices

👉 It is very important because all communication happens through buses.

🔷 2. Types of Buses
There are 3 main buses:

1️⃣ Address Bus

 Carries address (location) of memory or I/O

 It is unidirectional (only from microprocessor → devices)

 Example: “Where to read/write?”

2️⃣ Data Bus

 Carries actual data
  It is bidirectional

 Example: “What data is transferred?”

3️⃣ Control Bus

 Carries control signals

 Signals like:

o RD (Read)

o WR (Write)

o IO/M (I/O or Memory selection)

👉 It controls the operation type

🔷 3. Communication with Memory (Step-by-

Step)
🟢 Memory Read Operation
1. Microprocessor puts address on Address Bus

2. Sets IO/M = 0 (means memory)

3. Activates RD = 0

4. Memory sends data on Data Bus

5. Microprocessor reads data

🟢 Memory Write Operation

1. Microprocessor sends address

2. Sets IO/M = 0

3. Activates WR = 0
 4. Sends data on Data Bus

5. Memory stores data

🔷 4. Communication with I/O Devices

🟡 I/O Read
1. Microprocessor sends I/O address

2. Sets IO/M = 1

3. Activates RD = 0

4. I/O device sends data

🟡 I/O Write
1. Microprocessor sends I/O address

2. Sets IO/M = 1

3. Activates WR = 0

4. Sends data to I/O device

🔷 5. Role of Control Signals

Signal Meaning
RD Read data
WR Write data
IO/M Select Memory or I/O
ALE Address latch enable

👉 These signals decide what operation is performed

🔷 6. Significance of Bus Organization ⭐
(Important for Exam)
Bus organization is important because:

1. ✔ Enables communication between all components

2. ✔ Reduces complexity (fewer wires, organized system)

3. ✔ Increases speed of data transfer

4. ✔ Allows expansion (adding memory or devices)

5. ✔ Makes system design simple and efficient

🔷 7. Simple Diagram (Text Form)

+------------------+
| Microprocessor |
+------------------+
| | |
| | |
Address| Data| Control
| | |
------------------------
| | |
Memory I/O Device Other Devices

✅ Final Short Conclusion (Write in Exam)

👉 Microprocessor communicates with memory and I/O devices using address
bus, data bus, and control bus.
👉 Control signals decide whether it is read/write and memory/I/O operation.
👉 Bus organization is important for fast, simple, and efficient communication.
If you want, I can also give:
✅ Timing diagram
✅ 8085 specific signals explanation
✅ Short 5-mark answer version

Just tell 👍

Draw the architectural diagram of 8085 microprocessors and list out the
following: 1. General Purpose Registers 2. Special Purpose registers with their
functions 3. Flags in the flag register with required explanation

Here is a simple, exam-ready answer for GTU 👍

📌 Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor

🔷 Block Diagram (Text Form)
+----------------------+
| Accumulator (A) |
+----------------------+
|
v
+----------------------+
| ALU |
+----------------------+
|
-----------------------------------------
| | | | | | |
B C D E H L Temp Reg

-----------------------------------------
|
+----------------------+
| Flag Register |
+----------------------+

+----------------------+
 | Program Counter (PC) |
+----------------------+

+----------------------+
| Stack Pointer (SP) |
+----------------------+

+----------------------+
| Instruction Register |
| & Decoder |
+----------------------+

+----------------------+
| Timing & Control Unit|
+----------------------+

+----------------------+
| Address & Data Bus |
+----------------------+

🔷 1. General Purpose Registers

👉 8085 has 6 general purpose registers:
 B, C, D, E, H, L

✔ Features:
 Each is 8-bit

 Can be used individually or as pairs

✔ Register Pairs:
 BC

 DE

 HL

👉 HL pair is often used as memory pointer

🔷 2. Special Purpose Registers (with functions)
1️⃣ Accumulator (A)
 Stores result of operations

 Used by ALU

2️⃣ Program Counter (PC)

 Stores address of next instruction

 Automatically increments

3️⃣ Stack Pointer (SP)

 Points to top of stack

 Used in PUSH/POP operations

4️⃣ Flag Register

 Stores status of result

 Contains 5 flags

5️⃣ Instruction Register

 Holds current instruction

6️⃣ Temporary Register

 Used internally by ALU

 Not accessible to user

🔷 3. Flags in Flag Register
There are 5 flags:

1️⃣ Sign Flag (S)

 Set = 1 → Result is negative

 Reset = 0 → Result is positive

2️⃣ Zero Flag (Z)

 Set = 1 → Result is zero

 Reset = 0 → Result is not zero

3️⃣ Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC)

 Set when carry from lower nibble (D3 to D4)

 Used in BCD operations

4️⃣ Parity Flag (P)

 Set = 1 → Even parity (even number of 1s)

 Reset = 0 → Odd parity

5️⃣ Carry Flag (CY)

 Set = 1 → Carry/borrow generated

 Reset = 0 → No carry
🔷 Flag Register Format
| S | Z | - | AC | - | P | - | CY |

(- = unused bits)

✅ Final Short Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 8085 consists of ALU, registers, control unit, and buses.
👉 It has 6 general purpose registers and several special purpose registers like
accumulator, PC, SP.
👉 Flag register contains 5 flags which indicate the status of operations.
If you want, I can also give:
✅ Neat handwritten diagram (for exam drawing)
✅ Short 5-mark answer
✅ Important viva questions from this topic

Just tell 👍

List three control signals generated by the 8085 microprocessor and their
purposes.

Here is a simple and exam-ready answer 👍

📌 Three Control Signals of 8085 and Their

Purpose
1️⃣ RD (Read) Signal
 Purpose: Used to read data
  When RD = 0 (active low):

o Memory or I/O device sends data to microprocessor

👉 Example: Reading data from memory

2️⃣ WR (Write) Signal
 Purpose: Used to write data

 When WR = 0:

o Microprocessor sends data to memory or I/O device

👉 Example: Storing data in memory

3️⃣ IO/M (Input/Output or Memory)
 Purpose: Selects whether operation is Memory or I/O

IO/M Operation
0 Memory
1 I/O

👉 Helps microprocessor know where to perform operation

✅ Final Short Answer (Write in Exam)

👉 The three control signals are RD, WR, and IO/M.
 RD is used to read data

 WR is used to write data

 IO/M selects memory or I/O operation

If you want, I can give:

✔ 5-mark detailed answer
✔ All control & status signals list
✔ Timing diagram explanation
Just tell 👍

Detailed answer

Here is a detailed, easy-to-understand, exam-ready answer 👍

📌 Control Signals of 8085 Microprocessor

Control signals are generated by the control unit of 8085 to manage
communication between:

 Microprocessor

 Memory

 Input/Output devices

👉 These signals decide what operation to perform (read/write) and where

(memory/I/O).

🔷 1. RD (Read) Signal
✔ Definition:
 RD is an active low signal (works when RD = 0)

✔ Purpose:
 It tells memory or I/O device to send data to microprocessor

✔ Working:
1. Microprocessor places address on address bus
 2. Sets RD = 0

3. Selected device puts data on data bus

4. Microprocessor reads data

✔ Use:
 Memory Read

 I/O Read

🔷 2. WR (Write) Signal
✔ Definition:
 WR is also an active low signal (works when WR = 0)

✔ Purpose:
 It tells memory or I/O device to accept data from microprocessor

✔ Working:
1. Microprocessor places address on address bus

2. Sends data on data bus

3. Sets WR = 0

4. Device stores the data

✔ Use:
 Memory Write

 I/O Write

🔷 3. IO/M (I/O or Memory Select)

✔ Definition:
 It is a status signal used to differentiate operations
✔ Purpose:
 It tells whether operation is for:

o Memory or

o Input/Output device

✔ Working:
IO/M Value Operation Type
0 Memory
1 I/O

👉 Works together with RD and WR

🔷 Combined Operation (Important for Exam

⭐)
IO/M RD WR Operation
0 0 1 Memory Read
0 1 0 Memory Write
1 0 1 I/O Read
1 1 0 I/O Write

🔷 Important Points
 RD and WR are active low signals

 IO/M helps in selecting device type

 These signals are essential for data transfer operations

 Used in every instruction execution cycle

🔷 Simple Diagram (Concept)
Microprocessor
|
-----------------------
| | |
RD WR IO/M
| | |
Memory / I/O Devices

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 8085 generates control signals like RD, WR, and IO/M to control data transfer.
👉 RD is used to read data, WR is used to write data, and IO/M selects memory or
I/O operation.
👉 These signals ensure proper communication between microprocessor and
external devices.

If you want next:

✅ All control + status signals (ALE, S0, S1 etc.)
✅ Timing diagram (very important for GTU)
✅ Short notes for revision

Just tell 👍

List and explain the interrupt available in microprocessor 8085.

Here is a simple, detailed, exam-ready answer 👍

📌 Interrupts in 8085 Microprocessor
🔷 What is an Interrupt?
👉 An interrupt is a signal that temporarily stops the current program and
makes the microprocessor execute another important task (called ISR – Interrupt
Service Routine).

👉 After completing it, the microprocessor returns to the main program.

🔷 Types of Interrupts in 8085

There are 5 hardware interrupts in 8085:

1. TRAP

2. RST 7.5

3. RST 6.5

4. RST 5.5

5. INTR

🔷 1. TRAP (Highest Priority)

✔ Features:
 Non-maskable (cannot be disabled)

 Highest priority

 Edge + Level triggered

✔ Purpose:
 Used for emergency situations (like power failure)
🔷 2. RST 7.5
✔ Features:
 Maskable

 Second highest priority

 Edge triggered

✔ Purpose:
 Used for high priority interrupts

🔷 3. RST 6.5
✔ Features:
 Maskable

 Level triggered

✔ Purpose:
 Medium priority interrupt

🔷 4. RST 5.5
✔ Features:
 Maskable

 Level triggered

 Lowest priority among RST interrupts

🔷 5. INTR (Lowest Priority)
✔ Features:
 Maskable

 Lowest priority

 Level triggered

 Not vectored (address not fixed)

✔ Special Signals:
 Requires INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge) signal

🔷 Priority Order (Very Important ⭐)

TRAP > RST 7.5 > RST 6.5 > RST 5.5 > INTR

🔷 Vectored vs Non-Vectored
✔ Vectored Interrupts:
 Fixed memory address

 TRAP, RST 7.5, 6.5, 5.5

✔ Non-Vectored:
 Address provided externally

 INTR

🔷 Interrupt Vector Addresses

Interrupt Address
TRAP 0024H
 Interrupt Address
RST 7.5 003CH
RST 6.5 0034H
RST 5.5 002CH

🔷 Masking of Interrupts
 Possible using SIM instruction

 Used to disable interrupts when not needed

🔷 Simple Diagram (Concept)

Interrupt Signals
|
-------------------------
| | | | |
TRAP RST7.5 RST6.5 RST5.5 INTR
↓
Microprocessor

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 8085 has 5 hardware interrupts: TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR.
👉 TRAP has highest priority, while INTR has lowest priority.
👉 Some interrupts are maskable, while TRAP is non-maskable.
👉 Interrupts help in handling urgent tasks efficiently.
If you want, I can give:
✅ 5-mark short answer
✅ Differences (TRAP vs INTR)
✅ Timing diagram of interrupts
✅ Previous GTU repeated questions
Just tell 👍

List and explain the interrupt available in microprocessor 8085.

Here is a clear, detailed, exam-oriented answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Interrupts in 8085 Microprocessor

🔷 What is an Interrupt?
👉 An interrupt is a signal that stops the current program temporarily and
transfers control to a special routine called ISR (Interrupt Service Routine).
👉 After execution, control returns back to the main program.

🔷 Types of Interrupts in 8085

8085 has 5 hardware interrupts:

1. TRAP

2. RST 7.5

3. RST 6.5

4. RST 5.5

5. INTR

🔷 Explanation of Each Interrupt

1️⃣ TRAP (Highest Priority)
 ✔ Non-maskable (cannot be disabled)
  ✔ Highest priority
 ✔ Edge + Level triggered
👉 Use: Emergency conditions (e.g., power failure)
👉 Vector Address: 0024H
2️⃣ RST 7.5
 ✔ Maskable interrupt
 ✔ Edge triggered
 ✔ Second highest priority
👉 Use: High priority external devices
👉 Vector Address: 003CH
3️⃣ RST 6.5
 ✔ Maskable
 ✔ Level triggered
👉 Use: Medium priority tasks
👉 Vector Address: 0034H
4️⃣ RST 5.5
 ✔ Maskable
 ✔ Level triggered
 ✔ Lowest priority among RST interrupts
👉 Vector Address: 002CH
5️⃣ INTR (Lowest Priority)
 ✔ Maskable
 ✔ Level triggered
 ✔ Non-vectored interrupt (no fixed address)
👉 Requires INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge) signal
👉 Use: General purpose interrupt

🔷 Priority Order ⭐ (Important)

TRAP > RST 7.5 > RST 6.5 > RST 5.5 > INTR

🔷 Vectored vs Non-Vectored Interrupts

✔ Vectored Interrupts
 Have fixed memory address

 TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5

✔ Non-Vectored Interrupt
 Address is given externally

 INTR

🔷 Masking of Interrupts
 Maskable interrupts (RST 7.5, 6.5, 5.5, INTR) can be disabled

 Done using SIM instruction

 TRAP cannot be masked

🔷 Summary Table
Trigger
Interrupt Priority Maskable Address
Type
TRAP Highest No Edge + 0024H
Level
RST 7.5 High Yes Edge 003CH
RST 6.5 Medium Yes Level 0034H
RST 5.5 Low Yes Level 002CH
INTR Lowest Yes Level No fixed

✅ Final Conclusion (Write in Exam)

👉 8085 provides 5 hardware interrupts with different priorities.
👉 TRAP is highest and non-maskable, while INTR is lowest and non-vectored.
👉 Interrupts help the microprocessor handle important tasks efficiently.
If you want next:
✅ Timing diagram of interrupts
✅ Difference between maskable & non-maskable
✅ Short 5-mark answer

Just tell 👍

What are the advantages of an assembly language in comparison with high level
languages?

Here is a simple, clear, exam-ready answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Advantages of Assembly Language over High-
Level Languages
Assembly language is closer to hardware, so it gives better control compared to
high-level languages (like C, Java).

🔷 Advantages
1️⃣ Faster Execution
 Assembly language runs faster

 Because it is directly converted to machine code

👉 No need of complex translation like high-level languages

2️⃣ Efficient Memory Usage
 Uses less memory

 Programmer can control each instruction

👉 Very useful in microprocessors (like 8085)

3️⃣ Direct Hardware Control
 Can directly access:

o Registers

o Memory

o I/O devices

👉 High-level languages cannot do this easily

4️⃣ Better Optimization
 Programmer can write optimized code

 Control over:

o CPU cycles

o Instruction execution

👉 Leads to high efficiency

5️⃣ Useful for System Programming
 Used in:

o Operating systems

o Device drivers

o Embedded systems

👉 Because it interacts closely with hardware

6️⃣ Precise Control of Operations
 Each instruction is clearly defined

 No hidden operations like in high-level languages

🔷 Short Comparison
Feature Assembly Language High-Level Language
Speed High Moderate
Memory Usage Low More
Hardware Control Direct Indirect
Ease of Use Difficult Easy
✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)
👉 Assembly language is faster, memory-efficient, and provides direct
hardware control compared to high-level languages.
👉 It is mainly used where speed and efficiency are important.
If you want, I can give:
✅ Disadvantages also (important for theory)
✅ Short 3-mark answer
✅ Difference table for exam

Just tell 👍

Define the term "interfacing" in the context of microprocessors.

Here is a simple, exam-ready definition 👍

📌 Interfacing in Microprocessors
🔷 Definition:
👉 Interfacing is the process of connecting a microprocessor with external
devices like memory and input/output devices so that they can communicate
and work together properly.

🔷 Simple Explanation
 Microprocessor cannot work alone

 It needs devices like:

o Keyboard (input)
 o Display (output)

o Memory

👉 Interfacing provides a link between microprocessor and these devices

🔷 Key Points
 Ensures proper data transfer

 Uses address, data, and control signals

 Helps in communication between CPU and peripherals

🔷 Example
👉 Connecting 8085 microprocessor with a keyboard or LED display is called
interfacing.

✅ Final Answer (Write in Exam)

👉 Interfacing is the technique of connecting a microprocessor with memory
and I/O devices to enable communication and proper operation.

If you want, I can give:

✅ Types of interfacing (memory & I/O)
✅ Diagram-based explanation
✅ 5-mark detailed answer

Just tell 👍

Describe in detail the instruction cycle, including machine cycles and T-states, of
the 8085 microprocessor.
Here is a detailed, simple, exam-ready explanation (GTU style) 👍

📌 Instruction Cycle of 8085 Microprocessor

🔷 What is Instruction Cycle?
👉 The instruction cycle is the complete process of executing one instruction
by the microprocessor.

👉 It consists of:
 Fetching instruction

 Decoding

 Executing

🔷 Steps of Instruction Cycle

1️⃣ Fetch Cycle
 Microprocessor fetches instruction from memory

 Address is given by Program Counter (PC)

2️⃣ Decode Cycle

 Instruction is decoded by instruction decoder

 Microprocessor understands what operation to perform

3️⃣ Execute Cycle

 Microprocessor executes the instruction

 May involve:
 o Arithmetic operation

o Data transfer

o Memory access

🔷 Machine Cycle
✔ Definition:
👉 A machine cycle is the basic operation performed by the microprocessor.
👉 One instruction cycle consists of one or more machine cycles
🔷 Types of Machine Cycles in 8085
1. Opcode Fetch Cycle

2. Memory Read Cycle

3. Memory Write Cycle

4. I/O Read Cycle

5. I/O Write Cycle

🔷 Example
👉 Instruction: LDA 2050H (3-byte instruction)

Machine cycles:

1. Opcode Fetch

2. Memory Read (low address)

3. Memory Read (high address)

4. Memory Read (data)

🔷 T-State (Timing State)
✔ Definition:
👉 A T-state is the smallest unit of time in microprocessor operation.
👉 It is one clock cycle
🔷 Key Points
 Each machine cycle consists of multiple T-states

 Example:

o Opcode fetch → 4 to 6 T-states

o Memory read/write → 3 T-states

🔷 Relationship
Instruction Cycle
↓
Multiple Machine Cycles
↓
Each Machine Cycle = Multiple T-States

🔷 Example Breakdown (Important ⭐)

👉 Opcode Fetch Cycle:
T-State Operation
T1 Address placed on bus
T2 RD signal activated
T3 Instruction received
T4 Decode instruction
🔷 Simple Diagram
Instruction Cycle
|
------------------------
| | | |
Fetch Decode Execute
|
Machine Cycles
|
T-States

🔷 Important Points
 Instruction cycle = complete instruction execution

 Machine cycle = basic operation

 T-state = clock cycle

 All operations depend on clock signal

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 The instruction cycle consists of fetch, decode, and execute phases.
👉 It is divided into machine cycles, and each machine cycle consists of T-states.
👉 This hierarchy helps the microprocessor perform operations in a systematic
and timed manner.

If you want next:

✅ Timing diagram (very important for GTU exams)
✅ Numerical problems on T-states
✅ Short 5-mark version

Just tell 👍
 Explain the process of demultiplexing buses in the 8085 microprocessor.

Here is a simple, clear, exam-ready answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Demultiplexing of Buses in 8085

Microprocessor
🔷 What is Demultiplexing?
👉 In 8085, the lower 8 lines AD0–AD7 are multiplexed (used for both address
and data).

👉 Demultiplexing means separating address and data signals from these

same lines.

🔷 Why Demultiplexing is Needed?

 8085 uses same lines for two purposes:

o Address (A0–A7)

o Data (D0–D7)

👉 To avoid confusion, we must separate them properly

🔷 How Demultiplexing is Done?

👉 It is done using:
 Latch (like 74LS373)

 ALE (Address Latch Enable) signal

🔷 Working Process (Step-by-Step)
1️⃣ Address Phase
 Microprocessor puts lower address (A0–A7) on AD0–AD7

 ALE = 1 (High)

 Latch stores the address

2️⃣ Latching
 The latch (74LS373) captures the address

 This address is held stable at output

3️⃣ Data Phase

 Now ALE = 0 (Low)

 AD0–AD7 lines are used for data transfer

 Data moves through data bus

🔷 Important Components
✔ ALE (Address Latch Enable)
 Indicates address is available

 Used to control latch

✔ Latch (74LS373)
 Stores lower address temporarily

 Separates address from data

🔷 Simple Diagram (Concept)
8085 Microprocessor
AD0–AD7 (Multiplexed)
|
+--------+
ALE ------> | Latch | ----> A0–A7 (Address)
+--------+
|
Data Bus (D0–D7)

🔷 Key Points
 AD0–AD7 are multiplexed lines

 ALE helps to identify address phase

 Latch is used to separate address

 After demultiplexing:

o Address → stored in latch

o Data → transferred on bus

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 In 8085, demultiplexing is the process of separating address and data
signals from multiplexed lines AD0–AD7 using a latch and ALE signal.
👉 This ensures proper communication between microprocessor and
memory/I/O devices.

If you want next:

✅ Proper neat diagram for exam drawing
✅ Timing diagram of ALE
✅ Short 3-mark answer
Just tell 👍

Describe the entire process of executing an instruction by the 8085

microprocessor, including the roles of the ALU, registers, and control unit.

Here is a clear, detailed, exam-ready explanation (very easy language) 👍

📌 Execution of an Instruction in 8085

Microprocessor
👉 The execution of an instruction is called the instruction cycle.
👉 It involves Control Unit, Registers, and ALU working together.

🔷 Main Steps of Execution

1️⃣ Fetch Operation
✔ What happens?
 The Program Counter (PC) holds the address of next instruction

 Address is sent to memory

 Instruction is fetched and stored in Instruction Register (IR)

✔ Role of Components:
 PC → gives address

 Control Unit → activates RD signal

 Memory → sends instruction

2️⃣ Decode Operation
✔ What happens?
 The instruction is decoded to understand what operation to perform

✔ Role:
 Control Unit decodes instruction

 Generates required control signals

3️⃣ Execute Operation

✔ What happens?
 The actual operation is performed

👉 Depends on instruction type:

 Arithmetic

 Data transfer

 Logical operation

🔷 Role of Each Component

🔶 1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
👉 Performs operations like:
 Addition

 Subtraction

 AND, OR, NOT

👉 Result is stored in Accumulator

🔶 2. Registers
✔ Types and Roles:
 Accumulator (A) → stores result

 General Registers (B, C, D, E, H, L) → store data

 PC → holds next instruction address

 SP → stack operations

 Flag Register → shows result status

🔶 3. Control Unit
👉 It is the brain of operation control
✔ Functions:
 Fetches instruction

 Decodes instruction

 Sends control signals

 Controls data flow

🔷 Example (Easy Understanding)

👉 Instruction: ADD B

Steps:
1. Instruction is fetched

2. Decoded → “Add register B to Accumulator”

3. ALU performs addition

4. Result stored in Accumulator

5. Flags updated
🔷 Flow Diagram
Program Counter → Memory → Instruction Register
↓
Control Unit

↔ ↔
↓
Registers ALU Accumulator
↓
Result Stored

🔷 Important Points ⭐
 Execution involves fetch → decode → execute

 ALU performs operations

 Registers store data and results

 Control Unit controls entire process

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 The execution of an instruction in 8085 involves fetching, decoding, and
executing.
👉 The Control Unit manages operations, Registers store data, and the ALU
performs calculations.
👉 All components work together to complete instruction execution efficiently.
If you want next:
✅ Timing diagram of instruction cycle
✅ Numerical examples (T-states)
✅ Short 5-mark answer

Just tell 👍
 Describe in detail the instruction cycle, including machine cycles and T-states, of
the 8085 microprocessor.

Here is a detailed, simple, and exam-ready explanation (GTU style) 👍

📌 Instruction Cycle of 8085 Microprocessor

🔷 What is Instruction Cycle?
👉 The instruction cycle is the complete process of executing one instruction
by the 8085.

👉 It has 3 main steps:

1. Fetch

2. Decode

3. Execute

🔷 1. Fetch Cycle
✔ What happens?
 The Program Counter (PC) gives address of instruction

 Address is sent to memory

 Instruction is fetched and stored in Instruction Register (IR)

✔ Important:
 PC automatically increments to next address
🔷 2. Decode Cycle
✔ What happens?
 The instruction is decoded by the control unit

 Microprocessor understands what operation to perform

🔷 3. Execute Cycle
✔ What happens?
 Actual operation is performed:

o Arithmetic

o Logical

o Data transfer

 Result is stored in register or memory

🔷 Machine Cycle
✔ Definition:
👉 A machine cycle is a basic operation like:
 Reading from memory

 Writing to memory

 Fetching opcode

👉 One instruction cycle consists of one or more machine cycles

🔷 Types of Machine Cycles in 8085
1. Opcode Fetch Cycle (always present)
 2. Memory Read Cycle

3. Memory Write Cycle

4. I/O Read Cycle

5. I/O Write Cycle

🔷 Example
👉 Instruction: MVI A, 32H (2-byte instruction)

Machine cycles:

1. Opcode Fetch

2. Memory Read (data byte)

🔷 T-State (Timing State)

✔ Definition:
👉 A T-state is the smallest time unit, equal to one clock pulse
🔷 Key Points
 Each machine cycle contains multiple T-states

 Timing depends on instruction

✔ Typical Values:
 Opcode Fetch → 4 to 6 T-states

 Memory Read → 3 T-states

 Memory Write → 3 T-states

🔷 Opcode Fetch Cycle (Very Important ⭐)
T-State Operation
T1 Address placed on address bus
T2 RD signal activated
T3 Opcode read from memory
T4 Instruction decoded

🔷 Relationship (Hierarchy)
Instruction Cycle
↓
Multiple Machine Cycles
↓
Each Machine Cycle = Multiple T-States

🔷 Simple Diagram
Instruction Cycle
|
----------------------
| | | |
Fetch Decode Execute
|
Machine Cycles
|
T-States (Clock pulses)

🔷 Important Points for Exam ⭐

 Instruction cycle = complete execution of instruction

 Machine cycle = basic operation step

 T-state = single clock cycle

  All operations depend on clock signal

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 The instruction cycle of 8085 includes fetch, decode, and execute phases.
👉 Each instruction is divided into machine cycles, and each machine cycle
consists of T-states (clock cycles).
👉 This structure ensures proper and timed execution of instructions.
If you want:
✅ Timing diagrams (very important for GTU)
✅ Practice numericals on T-states
✅ Short 5-mark version

Just tell 👍

Identify the machine cycles in the following instructions 1. SUB B 2. ADI 47H 3.
STA 2050H 4. PUSH B

Here is a very clear, exam-oriented answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Machine Cycles in Given 8085 Instructions

🔷 1. SUB B
👉 Type: 1-byte instruction (Register operation)
✔ Machine Cycles:
1. Opcode Fetch

👉 Total = 1 Machine Cycle

✔ Explanation:
 Data is already in register B

 No memory access needed

🔷 2. ADI 47H
👉 Type: 2-byte instruction (Immediate data)
✔ Machine Cycles:
1. Opcode Fetch

2. Memory Read (for 47H data)

👉 Total = 2 Machine Cycles

🔷 3. STA 2050H
👉 Type: 3-byte instruction (Direct addressing)
✔ Machine Cycles:
1. Opcode Fetch

2. Memory Read (Low address byte: 50H)

3. Memory Read (High address byte: 20H)

4. Memory Write (store accumulator data at 2050H)

👉 Total = 4 Machine Cycles

🔷 4. PUSH B
👉 Type: 1-byte instruction (Stack operation)
✔ Machine Cycles:
1. Opcode Fetch

2. Memory Write (store register B)

 3. Memory Write (store register C)

👉 Total = 3 Machine Cycles

🔷 Final Summary Table ⭐

Instruction Machine Cycles
SUB B 1 (Opcode Fetch)
ADI 47H 2 (Opcode Fetch + Memory
Read)
STA 2050H 4 (OF + MR + MR + MW)
PUSH B 3 (OF + MW + MW)

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 Each instruction in 8085 consists of different machine cycles depending on
its type.
👉 Simple register instructions need only opcode fetch, while memory and stack
operations require additional read/write cycles.

If you want next:

✅ T-states calculation for each (very important)
✅ More practice questions from GTU papers
✅ Trick to solve quickly in exam

Just tell 👍

Give for mov a b

Here is the exam-ready answer 👍

📌 Machine Cycles for MOV A, B
👉 Instruction: MOV A, B
👉 Type: 1-byte instruction (Register to Register transfer)

🔷 Machine Cycles
✔ Only 1 Machine Cycle:
1. Opcode Fetch

👉 Total = 1 Machine Cycle

🔷 Explanation
 Data is transferred from register B to register A

 Both registers are inside the microprocessor

 ❌ No memory access required

👉 So, only Opcode Fetch cycle is needed

🔷 T-States
 Opcode Fetch cycle takes 4 T-states

🔷 Final Answer (Write in Exam)

👉 The instruction MOV A, B requires only one machine cycle, which is the
Opcode Fetch cycle, because it is a register-to-register operation and does not
involve memory access.
If you want:
✅ More such quick questions
✅ Full list of machine cycles for all instructions
✅ Short tricks for exam

Just tell 👍

Explain the timing diagram of the instruction MOV C,A (4FH ) stored in location
2005H is being fetched.

Here is a simple, clear, exam-ready explanation of timing diagram (GTU

style) 👍

📌 Timing Diagram of Instruction Fetch

👉 Instruction: MOV C, A (4FH) stored at 2005H
🔷 Basic Information
 Instruction = MOV C, A

 Opcode = 4FH

 Address = 2005H

 Type = 1-byte instruction

👉 Only Opcode Fetch Cycle is required

🔷 Machine Cycle Involved
👉 Only 1 Machine Cycle: Opcode Fetch
👉 It consists of 4 T-states (T1 to T4)

🔷 Step-by-Step Timing Explanation

🟢 T1 State
 Address 2005H is placed on address bus

 A15–A8 → 20H

 AD7–AD0 → 05H

 ALE = 1 (Address Latch Enable active)

🟢 T2 State
 ALE = 0

 RD = 0 (Read signal activated)

 Memory is enabled

🟢 T3 State
 Memory sends opcode (4FH) on data bus

 Microprocessor reads instruction

🟢 T4 State
 Instruction is decoded internally

 RD = 1 (inactive)

 Ready for execution

🔷 Signal Summary Table
T-State ALE RD Operation
T1 1 1 Address placed
T2 0 0 Memory read
enabled
T3 0 0 Opcode
received
T4 0 1 Decode
instruction

🔷 Simple Timing Diagram (Concept)

T-State: T1 T2 T3 T4
-------------------------------------
Address: 2005H ----------- Stable
ALE: 1 0 0 0
RD: 1 0 0 1
Data: ---- 4FH ----

🔷 Important Points ⭐
 Only Opcode Fetch cycle is used

 Total 4 T-states

 ALE is active only in T1

 RD is active during T2 and T3

 Opcode 4FH is fetched from memory

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)
👉 The instruction MOV C, A (4FH) stored at address 2005H is fetched using a
single Opcode Fetch cycle consisting of 4 T-states.
👉 During this cycle, the address is placed on the bus, memory is read using RD
signal, and the opcode is fetched and decoded.

If you want:
✅ Proper labeled diagram for drawing in exam
✅ More timing diagrams (LDA, STA, etc.)
✅ Shortcut to remember signals

Just tell 👍

Explain function of following 8085 pins (1) READY (2) HLDA (3) X1 & X2

Here is a simple, clear, exam-ready explanation (GTU style) 👍

📌 Functions of 8085 Pins

🔷 1️⃣ READY Pin
✔ Function:
👉 The READY pin is used to control the speed of data transfer between
microprocessor and devices.

✔ Working:
 READY = 1 → Device is ready → Normal operation

 READY = 0 → Device is slow → Microprocessor waits

👉 It inserts wait states until device becomes ready
✔ Use:
 Used with slow memory or I/O devices

🔷 2️⃣ HLDA (Hold Acknowledge)

✔ Function:
👉 HLDA is used to acknowledge HOLD request
✔ Working:
1. External device sends HOLD signal

2. Microprocessor completes current operation

3. Sends HLDA = 1

4. Releases buses (Address, Data, Control)

👉 Now external device can use buses (DMA operation)

🔷 3️⃣ X1 and X2 Pins

✔ Function:
👉 These pins are used to connect crystal oscillator for clock generation
✔ Working:
 A crystal is connected between X1 and X2

 It generates clock signal for microprocessor

👉 This clock controls:

 Timing

 Execution speed
🔷 Summary Table ⭐
Pin Function
READY Controls wait states (slow
devices)
HLDA Acknowledges HOLD, releases
buses
X1 & X2 Generate clock signal

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 READY is used to synchronize slow devices, HLDA is used in DMA
operations to acknowledge HOLD, and X1 & X2 are used for clock generation
in the 8085 microprocessor.

If you want:
✅ Full pin diagram explanation
✅ All control/status pins list
✅ Viva questions from pins

Just tell 👍

What is the ending address of a 2K-bytes memory whose starting address is

3000H.?

Here is a simple, step-by-step exam solution 👍

📌 Given:
 Starting Address = 3000H
  Memory Size = 2 KB

👉 1 KB = 1024 bytes
👉 2 KB = 2048 bytes = 800H

🔷 Formula:
👉 Ending Address = Starting Address + Size – 1

🔷 Calculation:
 Starting Address = 3000H

 Size = 800H

👉 Ending Address =
= 3000H + 800H – 1
= 3000H + 7FFH
= 37FFH

✅ Final Answer:
👉 The ending address = 37FFH

🧠 Easy Trick (for exam)

👉 Just add (size – 1) to starting address
If you want:
✅ More memory address problems
✅ Shortcut tricks for fast solving
✅ Practice questions from GTU papers
Just tell 👍

Define (1) Microprocessor (2) System Bus (3) Instruction Cycle

Here is a simple, clear, exam-ready definitions (GTU style) 👍

📌 1️⃣ Microprocessor
👉 A microprocessor is an electronic device (CPU on a single chip) that
performs operations like:

 Arithmetic calculations

 Logical operations

 Control functions

👉 It acts as the brain of the computer system

📌 2️⃣ System Bus

👉 A system bus is a group of wires used to transfer data and signals between:
 Microprocessor

 Memory

 I/O devices

👉 It consists of:
 Address Bus → carries address

 Data Bus → carries data

 Control Bus → carries control signals

📌 3️⃣ Instruction Cycle
👉 An instruction cycle is the complete process of executing one instruction
by the microprocessor.

👉 It includes:
1. Fetch (get instruction)

2. Decode (understand instruction)

3. Execute (perform operation)

✅ Final Short Answer (Exam Writing)

👉 Microprocessor is the CPU on a chip, system bus is used for communication
between components, and instruction cycle is the process of executing an
instruction in steps: fetch, decode, and execute.

If you want:
✅ 2-mark short answers list
✅ Viva questions
✅ More definitions from syllabus

Just tell 👍

List the Software and Hardware interrupts of 8085?

Here is a simple, exam-ready answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Interrupts in 8085
Interrupts in 8085 are of two types:

1. Hardware Interrupts

2. Software Interrupts

🔷 1️⃣ Hardware Interrupts

👉 These are generated by external devices (hardware signals)
✔ List of Hardware Interrupts:
1. TRAP

2. RST 7.5

3. RST 6.5

4. RST 5.5

5. INTR

👉 These interrupts come through pins of the microprocessor

🔷 2️⃣ Software Interrupts

👉 These are generated by instructions in program
✔ List of Software Interrupts:
 RST 0

 RST 1

 RST 2

 RST 3

 RST 4
  RST 5

 RST 6

 RST 7

👉 These are also called restart instructions

🔷 Important Point ⭐
 Hardware interrupts → external signals

 Software interrupts → internal instructions

🔷 Summary Table
Type Interrupts
Hardware TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5,
INTR
Software RST 0 to RST 7

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 8085 supports hardware interrupts (TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, INTR)
and software interrupts (RST 0 to RST 7).
👉 Hardware interrupts are generated externally, while software interrupts are
generated by program instructions.

If you want:
✅ Difference between hardware & software interrupts
✅ Vector addresses table
✅ Important GTU questions

Just tell 👍
 How many interrupts are there in 8085? Name them. Explain the characteristics
in terms of maskability, vectoring and priority.

Here is a complete, simple, exam-ready answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Interrupts in 8085
🔷 How many interrupts are there?
👉 8085 has 5 hardware interrupts:
1. TRAP

2. RST 7.5

3. RST 6.5

4. RST 5.5

5. INTR

🔷 Characteristics of Interrupts
We explain them based on:

 Maskability

 Vectoring

 Priority
🔷 1. Maskability
👉 Maskable → Can be disabled
👉 Non-maskable → Cannot be disabled
Interrupt Maskable / Non-maskable
TRAP Non-maskable
RST 7.5 Maskable
RST 6.5 Maskable
RST 5.5 Maskable
INTR Maskable

🔷 2. Vectoring
👉 Vectored interrupt → Fixed memory address
👉 Non-vectored → Address not fixed
Interrupt Type
TRAP Vectored
RST 7.5 Vectored
RST 6.5 Vectored
RST 5.5 Vectored
INTR Non-vectored

🔷 3. Priority (Very Important ⭐)

👉 Highest to Lowest:
TRAP > RST 7.5 > RST 6.5 > RST 5.5 > INTR
🔷 Combined Table (Best for Exam)
Interrupt Maskable Vectored Priority
TRAP No Yes Highest
RST 7.5 Yes Yes 2nd
RST 6.5 Yes Yes 3rd
RST 5.5 Yes Yes 4th
INTR Yes No Lowest

🔷 Important Points ⭐
 TRAP is non-maskable and highest priority

 INTR is non-vectored and lowest priority

 RST interrupts are vectored and maskable

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 8085 has 5 hardware interrupts: TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR.
👉 They differ in maskability, vectoring, and priority, with TRAP being
highest and non-maskable, and INTR being lowest and non-vectored.

If you want:
✅ Short 5-mark answer
✅ Trick to remember priority
✅ Previous GTU questions

Just tell 👍
 How many memory locations can be addressed by microprocessor with 14
address lines? Also specify how many address lines are required for 2KB
memory

Here is a simple, step-by-step exam answer 👍

📌 1️⃣ Memory locations with 14 address lines

✔ Formula:
👉 Number of memory locations = 2ⁿ
(where n = number of address lines)

✔ Calculation:
👉 n = 14
👉 Memory locations =
= 2¹⁴ = 16384 locations

👉 In KB:
= 16384 bytes = 16 KB

📌 2️⃣ Address lines required for 2 KB memory

✔ Given:
👉 2 KB = 2 × 1024 = 2048 bytes
✔ Formula:
👉 Number of address lines = log₂ (memory size)
✔ Calculation:
👉 2048 = 2¹¹
👉 So, 11 address lines required

✅ Final Answer (Write in Exam)

 A microprocessor with 14 address lines can address 2¹⁴ = 16384 (16 KB)
memory locations.

 For 2 KB memory, 11 address lines are required.

🧠 Easy Trick
 1 KB = 2¹⁰

2 KB = 2¹¹
👉 👍

So just check power of 2

If you want:
✅ More numericals like this
✅ Shortcut tricks for fast solving
✅ GTU repeated questions

Just tell 👍

Explain interfacing of 4KB EPROM with 8085 using decoder and gates as required.
Assume starting address as 0000H.

Here is a simple, detailed, exam-ready answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Interfacing of 4KB EPROM with 8085 (Starting
Address: 0000H)

🔷 1. Basic Idea
👉 We want to connect a 4KB EPROM with 8085
👉 EPROM stores program/data permanently
👉 4KB = 4096 bytes = 2¹²
👉 So, 12 address lines required

🔷 2. Address Line Connection

8085 has 16 address lines (A0–A15)

✔ For 4KB EPROM:

 Connect:

o A0 – A11 → EPROM address pins

 Remaining:

o A12 – A15 → used for decoding

🔷 3. Address Range
👉 Starting address = 0000H
👉 Size = 4KB = 1000H
👉 Ending address =
= 0000H + 1000H – 1
= 0FFFH
🔷 4. Chip Selection using Decoder
👉 Use 3-to-8 decoder (like 74LS138)
✔ Inputs:
 A12, A13, A14 → Decoder inputs

✔ Enable Condition:
 For address 0000H–0FFFH, higher bits are:

o A15 = 0

o A14 = 0

o A13 = 0

o A12 = 0

👉 So decoder output Y0 becomes active

🔷 5. Control Signal Connections

 RD → OE (Output Enable) of EPROM

 WR → not used (EPROM is read-only)

🔷 6. Block Diagram (Concept)

8085 Microprocessor
---------------------
A0–A11 -----------> EPROM (Address)
A12–A14 ---------> Decoder (74LS138)
A15 --------------> Enable Logic (Gate)

Decoder Output (Y0) ---> Chip Select (CS)

RD ------------------> OE (EPROM)
🔷 7. Working
1. Microprocessor sends address

2. If address is between 0000H – 0FFFH

3. Decoder activates Chip Select (CS)

4. RD signal enables EPROM

5. EPROM sends data to microprocessor

🔷 8. Important Points ⭐
 4KB memory requires 12 address lines

 Remaining lines used for address decoding

 Decoder + gates used for chip select

 EPROM uses only read operation

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 A 4KB EPROM is interfaced with 8085 by connecting A0–A11 for addressing
and using higher address lines with a decoder (74LS138) to generate chip select
signal.
👉 The address range is 0000H to 0FFFH, and RD signal is used to read data from
EPROM.

If you want:
✅ Proper neat diagram (for drawing in exam)
✅ Numerical decoding problems
✅ More interfacing questions from GTU

Just tell 👍
 Differentiate vectored and non-vectored interrupts.

Here is a simple, clear, exam-ready answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Difference between Vectored and Non-

Vectored Interrupts

🔷 Basic Definition
✔ Vectored Interrupt
👉 The address of ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) is fixed and known in
advance.

✔ Non-Vectored Interrupt
👉 The address of ISR is not fixed and must be provided externally.

🔷 Differences (Important Table ⭐)

Non-Vectored
Feature Vectored Interrupt
Interrupt
ISR Address Fixed (predefined) Not fixed
Address Source Stored in system Provided externally
Speed Faster Slower
Hardware Simple More complex
Complexity
 Non-Vectored
Feature Vectored Interrupt
Interrupt
Example in 8085 TRAP, RST 7.5, 6.5, INTR
5.5

🔷 Explanation
✔ Vectored:
 Microprocessor automatically knows where to jump

 No need to supply address separately

✔ Non-Vectored:
 Microprocessor needs external device to give address

 Uses INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge) signal

🔷 Key Point ⭐
👉 In 8085:
 TRAP and RST interrupts → Vectored

 INTR → Non-vectored

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 Vectored interrupts have fixed ISR addresses, making them faster and
simpler, while non-vectored interrupts require external address supply, making
them slower. In 8085, INTR is non-vectored, while others are vectored.
If you want:
✅ Short 3-mark answer
✅ Diagram explanation
✅ More interrupt questions

Just tell 👍

Differentiate maskable and non-maskable interrupts in 8085 Microprocessor

Here is a simple, clear, exam-ready answer (GTU style) 👍

📌 Difference between Maskable and Non-

Maskable Interrupts

🔷 Basic Definition
✔ Maskable Interrupt
👉 An interrupt that can be disabled (masked) by the microprocessor using
instructions.

✔ Non-Maskable Interrupt
👉 An interrupt that cannot be disabled and is always recognized by the
microprocessor.
🔷 Differences (Important Table ⭐)
Non-Maskable
Feature Maskable Interrupt
Interrupt
Control Can be disabled Cannot be disabled
Priority Lower Highest
Flexibility Can be ignored if Must be executed
needed
Use Normal operations Emergency
situations
Example (8085) RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST TRAP
5.5, INTR

🔷 Explanation
✔ Maskable Interrupts:
 Controlled using EI (Enable Interrupt) and DI (Disable Interrupt)

 Used when interruption is optional

✔ Non-Maskable Interrupt:
 Cannot be disabled by any instruction

 Always executed immediately

 Used for critical conditions (e.g., power failure)

🔷 Key Points ⭐
 TRAP → only non-maskable interrupt in 8085

 All others are maskable interrupts

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)
👉 Maskable interrupts can be enabled or disabled by the programmer, while
non-maskable interrupts cannot be disabled and have highest priority.
👉 In 8085, TRAP is non-maskable, while other interrupts are maskable.
If you want:
✅ Combined table (maskable + vectored + priority)
✅ Short 2-mark answer
✅ More GTU repeated questions

Just tell 👍

Explain interfacing of 4KB EPROM with 8085 using decoder and gates as required.
Assume starting address as 0000H.

Here is a detailed, neat, exam-ready explanation (GTU style) 👍

📌 Interfacing of 4KB EPROM with 8085 (Starting

Address = 0000H)

🔷 1. Basic Information
Memory size = 4 KB = 4096 bytes = 2¹²
👉

So, 12 address lines required

 8085 has 16 address lines (A0–A15)

🔷 2. Address Line Connection
✔ Connect:
 A0 – A11 → EPROM address pins (for 4KB locations)

✔ Remaining lines:
 A12 – A15 → used for decoding

🔷 3. Address Range Calculation

👉 Starting address = 0000H
👉 Size = 1000H (4KB)
👉 Ending address =
= 0000H + 1000H – 1
= 0FFFH

🔷 4. Chip Select Logic using Decoder

👉 Use 3-to-8 decoder (74LS138)
✔ Inputs to Decoder:
 A12 → C

 A13 → B

 A14 → A

✔ Enable Conditions:
 For address range 0000H–0FFFH:

o A15 = 0

o A14 = 0

o A13 = 0

o A12 = 0
👉 So decoder output Y0 = 0 (active low)

🔷 5. Using Gates (Important ⭐)

👉 A15 is used with logic gate (NOT gate) to enable decoder
 If A15 = 0, decoder is enabled

 If A15 = 1, EPROM is not selected

👉 Output of decoder (Y0) is connected to CS (Chip Select) of EPROM

🔷 6. Control Signal Connection

 RD → OE (Output Enable) of EPROM

 WR → not used (EPROM is read-only memory)

🔷 7. Block Diagram (for Exam Drawing)

8085 Microprocessor
-----------------------
A0–A11 ------------> EPROM (Address)
A12–A14 -----------> 74LS138 Decoder
A15 -----> NOT ----> Enable

Decoder Output (Y0) ----> CS (EPROM)

RD --------------------> OE (EPROM)

Data Bus <------------> EPROM Data Lines

🔷 8. Working
1. Microprocessor sends 16-bit address
 2. If address is between 0000H–0FFFH:

o A15–A12 = 0000

3. Decoder activates Y0 output

4. EPROM gets Chip Select (CS)

5. RD signal enables output

6. EPROM sends data to microprocessor

🔷 9. Important Points ⭐
 4KB requires 12 address lines

 Address range = 0000H–0FFFH

 Decoder + gate used for chip selection

 EPROM works only with read operation

✅ Final Conclusion (Exam Writing)

👉 A 4KB EPROM is interfaced with 8085 by connecting A0–A11 directly, while
higher address lines are used with a decoder (74LS138) and logic gates to
generate the chip select signal.
👉 The memory is mapped from 0000H to 0FFFH, and data is read using the RD
signal.

If you want:
✅ Neat handwritten diagram (perfect for exam)
✅ Address decoding numericals
✅ More interfacing questions

Just tell 👍