Capa+FT+Verniz 11/03/21 12:54 Page 1

Composite

CM

MY

CY CMY

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APRESENTAO
My English Grammar constitui um auxiliar de referncia na tua
aprendizagem do ingls de 2. Ciclo.
Tens aqui mais uma oportunidade de aprofundares os teus conhecimentos acerca da gramtica da lngua inglesa, atravs das sistematizaes dos contedos gramaticais de Ciclo, acompanhadas de regras
em portugus, bem como das tradues e exemplos em lngua inglesa.
Acreditamos que a tomada de conscincia de como funciona uma
lngua meio caminho para a sua aprendizagem: em My English
Grammar explicamos-te como funciona a lngua inglesa, para que,
depois, a ponhas em prtica.
importante nesta fase de aprendizagem que adquiras e interiorizes
hbitos de consulta, para que aprendas a estudar sozinho e a procurar
as respostas de que precisas.
Assim, de forma esquemtica, essencial e sintetizada, aqui te apresentamos tudo aquilo que precisas de saber ao nvel da gramtica de
ingls de 2. Ciclo, numa obra que poders, facilmente, consultar de
forma autnoma.
Bom trabalho!
Cludia Monteiro

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NDICE
Table of Contents
Personal pronouns

07

Possessive adjectives

08

Possessive pronouns

09

Demonstrative adjectives/
09
pronouns
Indefinite/Definite article

10

Some/Any/No

11

Plural nouns

13

Question structure

14

Question tags

16

Verb tenses
Present simple

17
17

Frequency adverbs
Past simple
Past continuous
Future: (to) be +

23
24
30

+ going to
Modal verbs
Imperative

32
34
36

Adjectives

37

Relative pronouns

41

Adverbs

42

Prepositions
Time prepositions
Place prepositions

43
43
45

Countable and
uncountable nouns

47

Possessive case

48

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My English Grammar

> Personal pronouns

(Pronomes pessoais)
Subject form
Pronome pessoal que
desempenha a funo de sujeito
numa frase.

Object form
Pronome pessoal que
desempenha a funo de
complemento indireto
numa frase.

Personal Pronouns
(Subject form)
I (eu)

We (ns)

You (tu)

You (vs)

Exemplos:
I am Sam.

He (ele)
She (ela)
It (ele/ela)

They
(eles/elas)

Eu sujeito
She is my friend.
Ela sujeito

Personal Pronouns
(Object form)
Me (a mim/me)

Us (nos/a ns)

You (a ti/te)

You (vos/a vs)

Him (a ele/lhe)
Them
Her (a ela/lhe)
(a eles/a elas/lhes)
It (a ele/a ela/lhe)

Exemplos:
He gives me a present.
-me complemento indireto
I give her a present.
-lhe complemento indireto

ATENO
1. I (1. pessoa do singular) escreve-se sempre com letra
maiscula, mesmo quando est no meio de uma frase.
2. YOU (2. pessoa do singular) usa-se tanto no singular como
no plural (tu/vs).

3. Terceiras pessoas do singular: HE usa-se no masculino (ele)

nos
o
SHE usa-se no feminino (ela) IT usa-se quand
referimos a objetos ou a animais no singular (ele/ela).
4. THEY usa-se para o masculino e feminino e quando nos
referimos a objetos, a pessoas ou animais no plural.

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My English Book 6

> Possessive adjectives

(Determinantes possessivos)

sempre
Usam-se para indicar posse, colocando-se
antes de um nome.

Possessive Adjectives
(Determinantes possessivos)
My

meu(s), minha(s)

Your
His
Her
Its

teu(s), tua(s)

Our

nosso(s), nossa(s)

Your
Their

vosso(s), vossa(s)
seu(s), sua(s) (deles/delas)

seu(s), sua(s) (dele/dela)

Exemplo:
Her name is Susan.

O seu nome (nome dela)

Determinante + Nome

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My English Grammar

> Possessive pronouns

(Pronomes possessivos)
Tal como acontece em portugus, em ingl
s
os pronomes possessivos usam-se para indic
ar
posse, substituindo o nome:
The CD is yours. = It is your CD.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
(Pronomes possessivos)
Mine

o meu, a minha, os meus, as minhas

Yours
His
Her
Its

o teu, a tua, os teus, as tuas

Ours

o nosso, a nossa, os nossos, as nossas

Yours
Theirs

o vosso, a vossa, os vossos, as vossas

o seu, a sua, os seus, as suas (deles/delas)

Os determ
inantes
e os pron
om
demonstra es
tivos
usam-se p
ara indica
r
a proximid
ade ou
distncias
da
de que est s coisas
amos fala
r.

o seu, a sua, os seus, as suas (dele/dela)

> Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns

(Determinantes/Pronomes demonstrativos)
Perto
Singular
Plural

This
These

Longe

este, esta, isto

That

aquele, aquela, aquilo

estes, estas, isto

Those

aqueles, aquelas, aquilo

ATENO
This/These so usados para fazer referncia a objet
os,
pessoas ou animais que se encontram perto.
This is my book (Este o meu livro); These are my
brothers
(Estes so os meus irmos.)
That/Those so usados para fazer referncia a
objetos,
pessoas ou animais que se encontram longe de
ns.
That question is easy. (Essa pergunta fcil.)
Those answers are wrong. (Essas respostas esto
erradas.)

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My English Book 6

> Indefinite article

(Artigo indefinido)
A/An, traduzidos para portugus, significam exatamente a
mesma coisa um, uma.

A car

A house

An apple

An egg

Um carro

Uma casa

Uma ma

Um ovo

Usa-se antes de um
som consonntico.

Usa-se antes de um
som de vogal.

A/An no se utilizam no plural.

She is a student.

singular

They are students.

plural

> Definite article

(Artigo definido)
Em ingls, s h um artigo definido the (o, a, os, as). Assim
,
the no admite qualquer flexo em gnero e em nmero.

The boy

o rapaz

The girl

a rapariga

The boys

os rapazes

The girls

as raparigas

}
}

formas no singular

formas no plural

The no se usa com nomes prprios de pessoas:

The Jason is a ten-year-old boy.
mas
The Hudson river is a 315 mile river.

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My English Grammar

Deves ter cuidado na utilizao do artigo the. Presta

ateno aos seguintes exemplos.

France is a very large country.

Geralmente, no se usa
the + pases:

The

MAS

Portugal is in Europe.
The USA; The UK; The Netherlands

Geralmente, no se usa
the + nomes de ruas,
praas ().

Martha lives in Newton Street.

The

Geralmente, no se usa
the + nomes prprios/
desportos/jogos/lnguas/
disciplinas escolares ().

Times Square is in New York.

My favourite sport is tennis.

The

Do you like English?

Are you Mark?

> Some/Any/No
(Quantificadores)
Some

Usa-se em frases afirmativas com o sentido

de algum, alguns; alguma, algumas.
Ive got some apples.
Usa-se em frases negativas com o sentido de
nenhum, nenhuns; nenhuma, nenhumas.

Any

I havent got any apples.

Usa-se em frases interrogativas com o
sentido de algum, alguns; alguma, algumas.
Have you got any apples?

No

Usa-se nas frases negativas com o verbo na

afirmativa adquirindo, assim, o sentido de
nenhum, nenhuma; nenhuns, nenhumas.
There is no water.
There are no trees in the garden.

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My English Book 6

Presta ateno, agora, combinao

destas trs palavras!

some

any

no

+ thing (coisa)

something

(+ one) + body (pessoa)

someone, somebody

+ where (lugar)

somewhere

+ thing (coisa)

anything

(+ one) + body (pessoa)

anyone, anybody

+ where (lugar)

anywhere

+ thing (coisa)

nothing

(+ one) + body (pessoa)

no one, nobody

+ where (lugar)

nowhere
Exemplos:
There is someone in the kitchen.
Est algum na cozinha.
Is there anyone in the kitchen?
Est algum na cozinha?
There isnt anyone in the kitchen.
No est ningum na cozinha.

There is no one in the kitchen.

No est ningum na cozinha.

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My English Grammar

> Plural nouns

(Plural dos nomes)
Em ingls, para flexionar no plural, maior parte dos nomes,
acrescenta-se um -s sua forma do singular.
Exemplo: Dog - Dogs

H algumas excees a estas regras

que vais ter de aprender.
Se o nome terminar em -ch, -sh,
-s, -ss, -z, -o ou -x, acrescenta-se
-es no plural.
a peach
a bush
a bus
a dress
a quiz
a potato
a box

peaches
bushes
buses
dresses
quizzes
potatoes
boxes

Mas: palavras que terminam

em -o, e que fazem o plural de
forma regular acrescenta-se
um -s ao singular.
a kilo
kilos

Se o nome terminar em -y
precedido de uma consoante,
acrescenta-se -ies no plural.
a family

families

a baby

babies

Se o nome terminar em
-f(e), no plural, -f passa
a -v e acrescenta-se -es.
a life

lives

a wolf

wolves

a piano

pianos

a knife

knives

a zoo

zoos

a wife

wives

H nomes que
formam o seu plural
de forma irregular.

a man (homem) men (homens)

a foot (p) feet (ps)
a tooth (dente) teeth (dentes)
a child (criana) children (crianas)
a mouse (rato) mice (ratos)

13

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My English Book 6

> Question structure

(Estrutura das perguntas)
Nas perguntas em ingls, as palavras no surgem pela ordem a
que estamos habituados em portugus.
Estrutura das perguntas

Yes/No questions
(respostas fechadas:
de sim/no)

verbo auxiliar +
sujeito + verbo no infinitivo

Does he like ice cream?

Yes, he does.

No, he doesnt.

WH questions
(respostas
abertas)

question word +
verbo auxiliar + sujeito + verbo inf.

What does he like?

He likes ice cream.

H algumas question words que obrigam a que se

altere ligeiramente esta estrutura.
How much
How many

+ nome + verbo auxiliar + sujeito + verbo

How many pens do you have?

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My English Grammar

Verbos como (TO) BE, THERE + (TO) BE,

(TO) HAVE GOT fazem com que
as perguntas tenham uma estrutura
um pouco diferente.

Mas, como
sabes, h
verbos que
no
precisam de
auxiliar.
Assim, obse
rva com
ateno:

Estrutura das perguntas

Yes/No questions

WH questions

question word + verbo + sujeito

verbo + sujeito
Is he your brother?

Yes, he is.
Yes, he is my
brother.

Who is he?

No, he isnt.
No, he isnt my
brother.

He is my brother.

Question words
WH

How

Who? (Quem?)
What? (O qu? / Qual?)
What time? ((A) Que horas?)
What colour? ((De) Que cor?)
When? (Quando?)
Whose? (De quem?)
Why? (Porqu?)
Where? (Onde?)

How? (Como?)
How old? (Que idade?)
How often...? (Com que frequncia?)
How long? (Quanto tempo?)
How many? (Quantos? nomes
contveis)

How much...? (Quantos? nomes no

contveis)

ATENO
WHO usa-se para fazer perguntas sobre
pessoas, mas nunca sobre objetos ou animais.

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My English Book 6

> Question Tags

Perguntas curtas que tm como principal objetivo
enfatizar o sentido da frase anterior.

Frase principal
na afirmativa

Question tag
na negativa

He is a doctor, isnt he?

Afirmativa

Negativa

He works here, doesnt he?

Afirmativa

A questio
n tag
segue a e
strutura d
e
uma que
stion
Auxiliar +
sujeito

Negativa

MAS
ATENO
Frase principal
na afirmativa

I am a student, arent I?

Question tag
na negativa

My neighbours arent nice, are they?

O sujeito da frase
principal tem de ser
substitudo pelo
pronome pessoal
correspondente.
My neighbours they
Anna She

Negativa

Afirmativa

Anna doesnt play tennis every day, does she?

Negativa

Afirmativa

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My English Grammar

> Verb tenses

(Tempos verbais)
PRESENT SIMPLE
1. Usa-se para descrever hbitos ou rotinas dirias e est
normalmente associado a certos advrbios ou expresses de
tempo.
Exemplo: I always play tennis on Saturdays.

2. Usa-se para exprimir factos ou verdades aceites como tal:

Exemplo: Our children work hard at school.
3. Usa-se para exprimir leis naturais ou factos cientficamente
comprovados:
Exemplo: The moon moves around the earth.

4. Usa-se para exprimir factos ou situaes que persis

tem ao
longo do tempo:
Exemplo: Martha lives in Spain.

(to) be (Ser/Estar)
Affirmative (Afirmativa)
Full forms

Short forms

I am
You are

Im
Youre
He
She
s
It
Were
Youre
Theyre

He
She

is

It is
We are
You are
They are

Significado
Eu sou/Eu estou
Tu s/Tu ests
Ele /Ele est
Ela /Ela est
Ele (ela) /Ele (ela) est
Ns somos/Ns estamos
Vs sois/Vs estas
Eles (elas) so/Eles (elas) esto

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My English Book 6

Negative (Negativa)
Full forms

Short forms

I am not.
You are not.
He
She
is not
It

Im not.
Youre not.
He
She
isnt
It

We are not.
You are not.
They are not.

We arent.
You arent.
They arent.

Significado
Eu no sou
Tu no s
Ele no
Ela no
Ele (ela) no
Ns no somos
Vs no sois
Eles (elas) no so

Interrogative
(Interrogativa)
Am I...?
Are you?
he?
Is
she?
it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

18

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Affirmative

Negative

Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he
Yes, she is.
Yes, it
Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.

No, Im not.
No, you arent.
No, he
No, she isnt.
No, it
No, we arent.
No, you arent.
No, they arent.

ATENO
Em ingls, todas as frases tm o sujeito expresso. O sujeito
nunca pode estar subentendido, ao contrrio do que
acontece no portugus.
She is a famous writer.
Ela uma escritora famosa.

Is a famous writer.
uma escritora famosa.

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My English Grammar

There + (to) be (Haver)

There is /
There are
= h

There is a blue bed

in my bedroom.

There are flowers

in my garden.

H uma cama azul no

meu quarto.

H flores no meu
jardim.

Affirmative
(Afirmativa)

Negative
(Negativa)

Full forms
There is
There are

Short forms
Theres

Interrogative
(Interrogativa)
Is there?
Are there?

Full forms
There is not
There are not

Short forms
There isnt
There arent

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Affirmative

Negative

Yes, there is.

Yes, there are.

No, there isnt.

No, there arent.

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My English Book 6

(to) have got (Ter)

Affirmative (Afirmativa)
Full forms

Short forms

I have got
You have got
He
She has got
It

Ive got
Youve got

We have got
You have got
They have got

Weve got
Youve got
Theyve got

He
She
It

s got

Significado
Eu tenho
Tu tens
Ele tem
Ela tem
Ele (ela) tem
Ns temos
Vs tendes
Eles (elas) tm

Negative (Negativa)
Significado

Full forms

Short forms

I have not got

You has not got
He
She has not got
It

I havent got
You havent got
He
She hasnt got
It

Eu no tenho
Tu no tens
Ele no tem
Ela no tem
Ele (ela) no tem

We have not got

You have not got
They have not got

We havent got
You havent got
They havent got

Ns no temos
Vs no tendes
Eles (elas) no tm

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My English Grammar

Interrogative
(Interrogativa)
Have I got...?
Have you got?
Has he
Has she got?
Has It
Have we got?
Have you got?
Have they got?

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Affirmative
Yes, I have.
Yes, you have.
Yes, he

Negative
No, I havent.
No, you havent.
No, he

Yes, she
has.
Yes, it
Yes, we have.
Yes, you have.
Yes, they have.

No, she hasnt.

No, it
No, we havent.
No, you havent.
No, they havent.

ATENO
1. Nas respostas curtas (short answers) no se utiliza o GOT:

Yes, I have.
Exemplo: Have you got a dog?

No, I havent.
2. A short form de has (s) igual short form de is (s)
Por isso, tens de tomar cuidado e perceber o contexto
da frase.

Hes my friend.
is - to be

Hes got a friend.

has - to have got

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My English Book 6

(to) work (Trabalhar)

Negative (Negativa)

Affirmative
(Afirmativa)

I work
You work
He
She works
It
We work
You work
They work

Full Forms

Short Forms

I do not work
You do not work
He
She does not work
It
We do not work
You do not work
They do not work

I dont work
You dont work
He
She doesnt work
It
We dont work
You dont work
They dont work

Na 3. pessoa do
singular acrescenta-se
um -s forma do verbo
no infinitivo.

Dont/Doesnt +
verbo no infinitivo.

Quando o verbo termina em -y,

precedido por uma consoante,
muda-se o -y para -i + -es:
Peter studies English.

Mas

(Os outros verbos que terminam em

-y, mas que so precedidos por uma
vogal, seguem a regra geral.)

Quando o verbo termina em -o,

-ch, -sh, -ss, -x, acrescenta-se -es:
Martha teaches English.

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My English Grammar

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Interrogative
(Interrogativa)

Negative

Affirmative

No, I dont.
No, you dont.
No, he
No, she doesnt.
No, it
No, we dont.
No, you dont.
No, they dont.

Yes, I do.
Yes, you do.
Yes, he
Yes, she does.
Yes, it
Yes, we do.
Yes, you do.
Yes, they do.

Do I work?
Do you work?
Does he
Does she work?
Does it
Do we work?
Do you work?
Do they work?

Do/Does + sujeito + verbo no infinitivo

Frequency adverbs
+

always
sempre

often

usually

muitas vezes normalmente

sometimes

rarely

never

s vezes

raramente

nunca

1. Os advrbios colocam-se antes do verbo principal e depois

do verbo (to) be.
I usually get up very early.
I am usually on time.

2. Sometimes pode colocar-se tambm no princpio da frase.

Sometimes I get up very early.
I sometimes get up very early.

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My English Book 6

PAST SIMPLE
1. Emprega-se para exprimir situaes que ocorreram num
tempo passado bem definido.
Exemplo: Mike worked hard yesterday.
2. Emprega-se na presena das expresses de tempo relativas
ao passado:
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Last Saturday
Last week
Last year
Two days ago
Exemplo: Last weekend I went to the beach.

(to) be
Negative

Interrogative

(Afirmativa)

(Negativa)

(Interrogativa)

I was
You were
He
She was
It

I wasnt
You werent
He
She wasnt
It

Was I?
Were you?
Was
Was she?
Was

We were
You were
They were

We werent
You werent
They werent

Were we...?
Were you?
Were they?

Short
answers
(Respostas curtas)

Yes
I, He, She, It

} } } }

Affirmative

was
No

I, He, She, It

wasnt

Yes

We, You, They

were

No

We, You, They

werent

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My English Grammar

there + (to) be
Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

(Afirmativa)

(Negativa)

(Interrogativa)

Short
answers
(Respostas curtas)

There was

There wasnt

Was there?

Yes, there
was/were

There were

There werent

Were there?

No, there
wasnt/werent

(to) walk (Caminhar/Andar)

Negative (Negativa)

Affirmative
(Afirmativa)

I walked
You walked
He
She walked
It
We walked
You walked
They walked

Interrogative
(Interrogativa)

Did I walk?
Did you walk?
Did he
Did she
walk?
Did it
Did we walk?
Did you walk?
Did they walk?

Full forms
I did not walk.
You did not walk.
He
She did not walk.
It
We did not walk.
You did not walk.
They did not walk.

Short forms
I didnt walk.
You didnt walk.
He
She didnt walk.
It
We didnt walk.
You didnt walk.
They didnt walk.

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Affirmative
Yes, I did.
Yes, you did.
Yes, he
Yes, she did.
Yes, it
Yes, we did.
Yes, you did.
Yes, they did.

Negative
No, I didnt.
No, you didnt.
No, he
No, she
didnt.
No, it
No, we didnt.
No, you didnt.
No, they didnt.

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My English Book 6

Para formar o past simple dos verbos regulares

basta acrescentar -ed forma do infinitivo:
Affirmative form
(Afirmativa)

ask

asked

play

played

work

worked

Mas

Quando o verbo
termina em -e,
acrescenta-se
apenas -d.
save saved

Quando o verbo
termina em -y,
precedido de uma
consoante, o -y
substitudo por -i e
acrescenta-se -ed.

Quando o verbo tem

uma vogal tnica
entre duas consoantes,
dobra-se a consoante
final.
stop stopped

try tried

Negative form
(Negativa)

Interrogative form
(Interrogativa)

Sujeito + didnt + infinitivo do verbo

Did + sujeito + infinitivo do verbo

He didnt work yesterday.

Did he work yesterday?

I didnt play computer.

Did they visited London?

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My English Grammar

Irregular verbs (Verbos irregulares)

1. Os verbos irregulares formam o past simple, na forma
afirmativa, com uma nova palavra.
Yesterday James ate an ice cream.
Past simple (forma afirmativa): to eat ate
Consulta a lista dos verbos irregulares nas pginas 28 e 29.

2. semelhana do que acontece com os verbos regulares, os

verbos irregulares formam a negativa e a interrogativa,
com o auxiliar (to) do did/didnt.
Yesterday, James didnt eat an ice cream.
Did James eat an ice cream yesterday?
Negative (Negativa)

Affirmative
(Afirmativa)

I ate.
You ate.
He
She ate.
It
We ate.
You ate.
They ate.

Interrogative
(Interrogativa)

Did I eat?
Did you eat?
Did he
Did she
eat?
Did it
Did we eat?
Did you eat?
Did they eat?

Full forms
I did not eat.
You did not eat.
He
She did not eat.
It
We did not eat.
You did not eat.
They did not eat.

Short forms
I didnt eat.
You didnt eat.
He
She didnt eat.
It
We didnt eat.
You didnt eat.
They didnt eat.

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Affirmative
Yes, I did.
Yes, you did.
Yes, he
Yes, she did.
Yes, it
Yes, we did.
Yes, you did.
Yes, they did.

Negative
No, I didnt.
No, you didnt.
No, he
No, she
didnt.
No, it
No, we didnt.
No, you didnt.
No, they didnt.

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My English Book 6

Irregular verbs
IRREGULAR
VERBS

PAST

TRADUO

IRREGULAR
VERBS

PAST

TRADUO

be

was / were

ser, estar

forbid

forbade

proibir

beat

beat

bater, derrotar

forget

forgot

esquecer

become

became

tornar-se, vir a ser

freeze

froze

gelar

begin

began

comear

get

got

conseguir, adquirir

bite

bit

morder

give

gave

dar

bleed

bled

sangrar

go

went

ir

blow

blew

soprar

grow

grew

crescer, criar

break

broke

quebrar, partir

hang

hung

suspender, pendurar

bring

brought

trazer, causar

have

had

ter, possuir

build

built

construir

hear

heard

ouvir

buy

bought

comprar

hide

hid

esconder

burn

burnt

queimar

hold

held

segurar, manter

can

could

poder, ser capaz de

keep

kept

manter, guardar

catch

caught

apanhar, agarrar

kneel

knelt

ajoelhar-se

choose

chose

escolher

know

knew

saber, conhecer

come

came

vir

lay

laid

pr, colocar

cost

cost

custar

lead

led

levar, a guiar

cut

cut

cortar

learn

learnt

aprender

deal

dealt

negociar, lidar

leave

left

deixar, partir

dig

dug

cavar

lend

lent

emprestar

do

did

fazer

lie

lay

estar deitado, jazer

draw

drew

desenhar, puxar

light

lit

iluminar

dream

dreamt

sonhar

lose

lost

perder

drink

drank

beber

make

made

fazer

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My English Grammar

IRREGULAR
VERBS

PAST

TRADUO

IRREGULAR
VERBS

PAST

TRADUO

drive

drove

conduzir

mean

meant

significar

eat

ate

comer

meet

met

encontrar (pessoas)

fall

fell

cair

mistake

mistook

errar, enganar-se

feed

fed

alimentar

pay

paid

pagar

feel

felt

sentir

put

put

pr, colocar

fight

fought

lutar

read

read

ler

find

found

encontrar, achar

ride

rode

andar a cavalo

fly

flew

voar

ring

rang

tocar campanhia

rise

rose

erguer-se, levantar-se

spend

spent

passear, gastar

run

ran

correr

spill

spilt

derramar

say

said

dizer

spread

spread

espalhar

see

saw

ver

stand

stood

levantar, estar de p

seek

sought

procurar

swear

swore

jurar

sell

sold

vender

swim

swam

nadar

send

sent

enviar

take

took

tomar, pegar, levar

sew

sewed

coser, costurar

teach

taught

ensinar, lecionar

shake

shook

agitar, tremer

tear

tore

rasgar

shine

shone

brilhar, cintilar

tell

told

dizer, contar

shoot

shot

disparar

think

thought

pensar

show

showed

mostrar

throw

threw

lanar, atirar

sing

sang

cantar

sit

sat

sentar-se

wake

woke

acordar, despertar

sleep

slept

dormir

wear

wore

usar, vestir

smell

smelt

cheirar

win

won

ganhar, vencer

speak

spoke

falar

write

wrote

escrever

understand understood

compreender

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My English Book 6

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Usa-se para descrever uma ao que se est a realizar no
momento em que se fala.
Exemplo: I am studying English. (Eu estou a estudar ingls.)
Present simple verb (to) be + study + ing (gerndio)

Usa-se com as seguintes expresses de tempo:

now (agora)
at the moment (neste momento)
Exemplo: Now Im watching TV.

Forma-se com (to) be no presente (am/is/are) + verbo

principal no gerndio (-ing form).

O gerndio forma-se juntando -ing ao verbo no infinitivo.

play + -ing
playing

ATENO
Se o verbo terminar em -e, tira-se o -e e junta-se -ing.
ride + -ing

riding

Se o verbo tem uma s vogal,

seguida de uma consoante, dobra-se
a consoante e junta-se -ing.
swim + -ing

swimming

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My English Grammar

Affirmative (Afirmativa)
Full forms

Short forms

I am playing.
You are playing.
He
She is playing.
It
We are playing.
You are playing.
They are playing.

Im playing.
Youre playing.
Hes
Shes playing.
Its
Were playing.
Youre playing.
Theyre playing.

Negative (Negativa)
Full forms

Short forms

I am not playing.
You are not playing.
He
She is not playing.
It
We are not playing.
You are not playing.
They are not playing.

Im not playing.
You arent playing.
He
She isnt playing.
It
We arent playing.
You arent playing.
They arent playing.

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Am I playing?
Are you playing?
Is he
Is she playing?
Is it
Are we playing?
Are you playing?
Are they playing?

Affirmative
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
he is.
Yes,
she is.
it is.
Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.

(Interrogativa)

Negative
Im not
You arent.
he isnt
No,
she isnt
it isnt
No, we arent.
No, you arent.
No, they arent.

Interrogative

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My English Book 6

FUTURE (to) be + going to

1. (to) be + going to usa-se para exprimir aes futuras j
planeadas e para exprimir previses.

2. Usa-se habitualmente com as expresses

de tempo:
tomorrow (amanh)
next weekend (prximo fim de semana)
next week (prxima semana)
()

3. Forma-se com (to) be no presente (am/is/are) + going to +

verbo principal no infinito.
I am going to bake a cake. (Eu vou cozer um bolo.)
to be (present) + going to + infinitive

ATENO
Normalmente, apesar de a estrutura estar gramatical
mente
correta, no se diz:
Im going to go to a party.
Mas sim:
Im going to a party.

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My English Grammar

Affirmative (Afirmativa)
Full forms

Short forms

I am going to play
You are going to play
He
She is going to play
It
We are going to play
You are going to play
They are going to play

Im going to play
Youre going to play
Hes
Shes going to play
Its
Were going to play
Youre going to play
Theyre going to play

Negative (Negativa)
Full forms

Short forms

I am not going to play

You are not going to play
He
She is not going to play
It
We are not going to play
You are not going to play
They are not going to play

Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
he is.
Yes,
she is.
it is.
Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.

Affirmative

Negative
No, Im not
No, you arent.
he isnt
No,
she isnt
it isnt
No, we arent.
No, you arent.
No, they arent.

Am I going to play?
Are you going to play?
Is he
Is she going to play?
Is it
Are we going to play?
Are you going to play?
Are they going to play?

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Interrogative
(Interrogativa)

Im not going to play

Youre not going to play
Hes
Shes not going to play
Its
Were not going to play
Youre not going to play
Theyre not going to play

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My English Book 6

MODAL VERBS
1. Verbos que exprimem uma ideia de permisso, capacidade,
obrigao, necessidade, dever moral ou mesmo proibio.
2. Verbos que no precisam de auxiliar para formar a sua negativa
e interrogativa.
3. Verbos cujas pessoas gramaticais se conjugam da mesma forma.
4. Nas frases ocorrem seguidos de verbo no infinitivo.
Exemplo: I can speak English.
Capacidade/Permisso

Can/Cant
Exemplo: I can speak three languages.
Eu sou capaz de falar trs lnguas.

Exemplo: Can I use your pen?

Posso usar a tua caneta?

capacidade

permisso

Poder/Ter licena

May/May Not
Exemplo: You may use my pencil.
Podes usar o meu lpis.

poder
ter licena

Obrigao/Necessidade/
Proibio

Must/Mustnt
Exemplo: We must study hard.
Ns temos de estudar muito.

obrigao
necessidade

Exemplo: We mustnt use your phone.

Estamos proibidos de usar o telefone.

proibio

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My English Grammar

Observa, com ateno, os seguintes quadros que

apresentam a flexo do verbo can.

Affirmative

Negative

(Afirmativa)

(Negativa)

I can speak.
You can speak.
He
She can speak.
It
We can speak.
You can speak.
They can speak.

I cannot (cant) speak.

You cannot (cant) speak.
He
She
cannot (cant) speak.
It
We cannot (cant) speak.
You cannot (cant) speak.
They cannot (cant) speak.

Short answers (Respostas curtas)

Interrogative

Can

(Interrogativa)

Affirmative

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

run?

Yes,

Negative

can.

No,

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

cant.

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My English Book 6

IMPERATIVE (Imperativo)

O imperativo, em ingls, pode ser usado

em diferentes situaes.

Dar ordens.

Dar instrues.

Fazer um pedido.

Turn left!

Sit down!

Close the window, please!

Dont go away!

ATENO
Nas frases afirmativas, o imperativo tem exatamente a
mesma forma do infinitivo, mas sem (to) e sem sujeito.

(to) be (infinitivo)

Be quiet! (imperative)

Nas frases negativas respeita-se a estrutura:

Dont (ou do not) + infinitivo

Dont go away!

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My English Grammar

> Adjectives
(Adjetivos)

Os adjetivos, em ingls, so colocados antes do

nome que qualificam ou depois do verbo (to) be.

They live in a modern house.

The film

was fantastic.

adjetivo + nome

These flowers

are beautiful.

nome + verbo (to) be + adjetivo

Em ingls, os adjetivos no flexionam em gnero e nmero.

Assim, mantm sempre uma s forma.

Invarivel quanto
ao nmero

Invarivel quanto
ao gnero

}
}

Sam lives in a
different place.
They live in
different places.

Paul is
nice.
Maria is
nice.

um lugar diferente
singular
lugares diferentes
plural

simptico
masculino
simptica
feminino

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My English Book 6

Adjective Degrees
(Graus dos adjetivos)
Superlative
(Grau superlativo)

Comparative
(Grau comparativo)

Adam and David (tired)

A giraffe (tall)

Adam is more tired than David.

An elephant and a mouse (big)

A giraffe is the tallest animal

in the zoo.

An elephant is bigger than a mouse.

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My English Grammar

Comparative of
superiority
(Comparativo de superioridade)

Short adjectives

Long adjectives

(Adjetivos com uma ou duas slabas)

(Adjetivos com mais de duas slabas)

Adjective + er + than

Adjective

Comparative of
superiority

More + adjective + than

Adjective

Comparative of
superiority

old (velho)

older than

difficult (difcil)

more difficult than

clean (limpo)

cleaner than

expensive (caro)

more expensive than

tall (alto)

taller than

crowded (repleto)

more crowded than

small (pequeno)

smaller than

intelligent (inteligente)

more intelligent than

strange (estranho) stranger than

Short and long forms

surprised (surpreendido) more surprised than

Adjective

(Todos os adjetivos)

Comparative
of equality
(Comparativo de igualdade)

as + adjective + as

Comparative
of equality

old (velho)

as old as

clean (limpo)

as clean as

difficult (difcil)

as difficult as

expensive (caro)

as expensive as

dirty (sujo)

as dirty as

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My English Book 6

Superlative of
superiority
(Superlativo de superioridade)

Long adjectives
the + most + adjective

Short adjectives
the + adjective + -est

Adjective

Superlative

Adjective

Superlative

old (velho)

the oldest

difficult (difcil)

the most difficult

clean (limpo)

the cleanest

expensive (caro)

the most expensive

tall (alto)

the tallest

crowded (repleto)

the most crowded

small (pequeno)

the smallest

intelligent (inteligente)

the most intelligent

strange (estranho)

strangest

surprised (surpreendido) the most surprised

ATENO

Nos graus comparativo e superlativo os adjetivos curtos que

terminem em consoante + vogal dobram a consoante final.
big (grande) bigger than / the biggest
thin (magro) thinner than / the thinnest
fat (gordo) fatter than / the fattest
Nos graus comparativo e superlativo os adjetivos curtos que terminem
em -y + consoante, alteram a terminao passando de -y a -i.
happy (feliz) happier than / the happiest
heavy (pesado) heavier than / the heaviest
H adjetivos que tm formas irregulares.
Irregular
adjectives

Comparative of
superiority

Superlative of
superiority

(Adjetivos irregulares)

(Comparativo de superioridade)

(Superlativo de superioridade)

Good

Better (than)

(the) best

Bad

Worse (than)

(the) worst

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My English Grammar

> Relative pronouns

(Pronomes relativos)
Em ingls, palavras como That
so pronomes relativos
(relative pronouns) e tm
a funo de substituir nomes
que se repetem.

Exemplos:
The girl is my sister.
She is playing tennis.
The girl that is playing tennis is my sister.

I bought a book.
The book was fantastic.
I bought a book that was fantastic.

ATENO
THAT usa-se quando nos estamos a referir a pessoas,
objetos ou animais.

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My English Book 6

> Adverbs
(Advrbios)
possvel formar muitos advrbios a partir de adjetivos,
acrescentando-se -ly forma do adjetivo.
Muitos adverbs formam-se, em ingls, a partir dos adjetivos:
adjetivo + -ly
slow (lento)

slowly (lentamente)

dangerous (perigoso)

dangerously (perigosamente)

easy (fcil)

easily (facilmente)

Estes advrbios usam-se, geralmente, depois do verbo:

He walks slowly.
verbo + advrbio

ATENO
1. Nos adjetivos que terminam em -ic, acrescenta-se -ally.
My father swims fantastically!
2. Nos adjetivos que terminam em -le, como gentle, tem
de se substituir o -e por -y.
Sam treats me gently.
Alguns advrbios
irregulares

Adjectives
good

Adverbs
well

fast

fast

hard

hard

late

late

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My English Grammar

> Prepositions
(Preposies)
of time (de tempo)
PREPOSITIONS
(Preposies)

of place (de lugar)

Time prepositions
(Preposies de tempo)

In April
In June
In August

In 1996
In 2020
In 1715
Years
(Anos)

In spring
In summer

Months
(Meses)
Centuries
(Sculos)

In the 21st century

IN

Seasons
(Estaes)

Parts of
the day
(Partes
do dia)

In the morning
In the afternoon
In the evening
BUT: at night

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My English Book 6

at the weekend
at Christmas
at Easter

Expressions
(Expresses)

at noon
at midday
at night
at midnight

AT

at ten oclock
at half past nine

Day + part of
the day
(Dia + partes do dia)

Time
(Horas)

at noon/midday
at midnight

Dates
(Datas)

on 1st April
on 25th May
on 14th July

ON

on Sunday morning
on Monday evening
on my birthday
on Christmas Eve

Days of
the week
(Dias da semana)

on Monday
on Sunday
on Tuesday
Special days
(Dias especiais)

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My English Grammar

Prepositions of place
(Preposies de lugar)

Where is the mouse?

Its on the chair.

(Em cima da
cadeira.)

Its behind the

chair.
(Atrs da cadeira.)

Its under the chair.

(Debaixo da
cadeira.)

Its in front of the

chair.
( frente da
cadeira.)

Its next to the box.

(Ao lado da caixa.)

Its between the

chair and the box.
(Entre a cadeira e a
caixa.)

Its inside the box.

(Dentro da caixa.)

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My English Book 6

Outside the house.

(Fora da casa.)

At home.
(Em casa.)

The girl is near the water.

(A rapariga est perto da gua.)

The tea is above the soup.

(O ch est por cima da sopa.)

The money is in the pocket.

(O dinheiro est no bolso.)

The ball is at the corner.

(A bola est no canto.)

The yellow house is opposite

the white house.
(A casa amarela est oposta casa branca.)
The horse is on the left of the
sheep.
(O cavalo est esquerda da
ovelha.)
The monkey is on the right side of
the sheep.
(O macaco est direita da ovelha.)

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My English Grammar

> Countable and uncountable nouns

(Nomes contveis e no contveis)

COUNTABLE NOUNS
Os nomes contveis variam em nmero.

one book,
two books,
()

one pencil,
two pencils,
()

one flower,
two flowers,
()

How many books are there in your room? There are four books.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Nomes normalmente ligados a comida, materiais e nomes
abstratos, como sentimentos, que no se podem contar e,
que, por isso, no variam em nmero.

cheese

butter

beer

How much cheese did you eat? I ate some cheese.

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My English Book 6

> Possessive case

(O caso possessivo)
Para alm dos determinantes e dos pronomes possessivos
em ingls tambm se pode exprimir a posse de um objeto atravs
de uma estrutura designada possessive case.

Geralmente, acrescenta-se s ao nome singular.

O chapu da Maria.

Marys hat.
Its Marys hat.

Se houver dois ou mais nomes, s se

utiliza o s no ltimo.
Susan and Toms cat.

This is Susan and Toms cat.

Se o nome est no plural regular

(terminao em -s), acrescenta-se
simplesmente um (apstrofo).
The students bus.

The students bus

is yellow.

ATENO

Se o nome est
no singular, mas
termina em -s,
acrescenta-se s.

Quando se quer indicar

posse de uma coisa sobre
outra coisa, utilizamos of.

Its Tomass pen.

The window of the classroom

is broken.