System Design

Process
Introduction Of System / Process Design

The Process Of Design

Lo g i c a l A n d P h y s i c a l D e s i g n

Design Methodologies
S t r u c t u re d D e s i g n
Fu n c t i o n a l D e c o m p o s i t i o n

Fo r m - d r i v e n M e t h o d o l o g y
HIPO And IPO Charts
Introducti on Of System / Process Design
T h e Sy ste m s a n d p ro c e s s d e s i g n i s t h e fo u n d ati o n a l sta ge i n t h e d e v e l o p m e nt o f a n
i n fo r m ati o n syste m , fo c u s i n g o n d e ta i l i n g h o w sy ste m re q u i re m e nt s w i l l b e t ra n s l ate d i nto a
st r u c t u re d s o l u ti o n to m e e t b u s i n e s s g o a l s .

Sy ste m D e s i g n O ve r v i ew
Sy ste m d e s i g n i s t h e p ro c e s s o f p l a n n i n g , o rga n i z i n g , a n d s p e c i f y i n g t h e a rc h i te c t u re ,
c o m p o n e nt s , m o d u l e s , a n d i nte r fa c e s o f a n e w sy ste m o r t h e re d e s i g n o f a n ex i sti n g o n e .
• I t i nv o l v e s c o nv e r ti n g u s e r re q u i re m e nt s i nto d e ta i l e d sy ste m s p e c i fi c ati o n s a n d b l u e p r i nt s .
• T h e o b j e c ti v e s a re to c re ate a sy ste m t h at i s s c a l a b l e , m a i nta i n a b l e , a n d c a p a b l e o f
effi c i e nt l y f u l fi l l i n g i t s i nte n d e d p u r p o s e .

P ro c e s s D e s i g n I n t ro d u c ti o n
P ro c e s s d e s i g n refe rs to d efi n i n g w o r k fl o w s , o p e rati o n s , a n d c o nt ro l m e c h a n i s m s w i t h i n a
sy ste m to e n s u re o p ti m a l p e r fo r m a n c e a n d c o o rd i n ati o n .
• I t c o v e rs t h e exa c t ste p s a n d l o g i c b y w h i c h i n p u t s a re c o nv e r te d i nto o u t p u t s , e m p h a s i z i n g
effi c i e n c y a n d a l i g n m e nt w i t h b u s i n e s s o b j e c ti v e s .
• G o o d p ro c e s s d e s i g n e n s u re s e v e r y m o d u l e a n d c o m p o n e nt i nte ra c t s c o r re c t l y a n d
c o n s i ste nt l y w i t h i n t h e syste m e nv i ro n m e nt .
T h e P ro c e s s O f D e s i g n
Lo g i ca l A n d P hy s i c a l D e s i g n
Lo g i c a l d e s i g n a n d p h y s i c a l d e s i g n a re t w o d i s t i n c t b u t i n t e rc o n n e c t e d p h a s e s i n
system development and data modeling. They focus on what the system should
do versus how the system will be implemented.

Lo g i c a l D e s i g n

W h a t i t i s : A n a b s t r a c t , t e c h n o l o g y- i n d e p e n d e n t re p re s e n t a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m
f o c u s i n g o n re q u i re m e n t s , d a t a e n t i t i e s , re l a t i o n s h i p s , a n d b u s i n e s s r u l e s .

P u r p o s e : D e fi n e s t h e s t r u c t u re , f u n c t i o n a l i t i e s , a n d d a t a fl o w f ro m t h e u s e r ' s
a n d b u s i n e s s p e r s p e c t i v e w i t h o u t s p e c i fy i n g i m p l e m e n t a t i o n d e t a i l s .

Ke y e l e m e n t s :
• E n t i t y- re l a t i o n s h i p d i a g r a m s ( E R D s ) ,
• d a t a fl o w d i a g r a m s ,
• p ro c e s s m o d e l s , a n d l o g i c a l d a t a m o d e l s s h o w i n g e n t i t i e s a n d h o w t h e y
re l a t e .

U s e r s : C re a t e d b y b u s i n e s s a n a l y s t s a n d d a t a a rc h i t e c t s t o c o m m u n i c a t e
s y s t e m n e e d s t o s t a ke h o l d e r s a n d d e v e l o p e r s .
 T h e P ro c e s s O f D e s i g n
L o g i c a l A n d P hys i c a l D e s i g n

P hy s i ca l D e s i g n

W h a t i t i s : A c o n c re t e , t e c h n o l o g y- s p e c i fi c d e s i g n d e s c r i b i n g a c t u a l
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n h a rd w a re , s o ft w a re , d a t a b a s e s , a n d n e t w o r k s .

P u r p o s e : S p e c i fi e s h o w l o g i c a l d e s i g n s w i l l b e t r a n s l a t e d i n t o d a t a b a s e t a b l e s ,
fi l e s t r u c t u re s , u s e r i n t e r f a c e s , a n d s y s t e m i n t e r a c t i o n s .

Ke y e l e m e n t s :
• Database schemas with tables, columns, data types,
• i n d exe s ; p h y s i c a l d a t a fl o w d i a g r a m s s h o w i n g re a l d a t a m o v e m e n t ;
• detailed layouts for users and networks.

Users: Developed by database administrators, developers, and system

a rc h i t e c t s re s p o n s i b l e f o r b u i l d i n g a n d d e p l o y i n g t h e s y s t e m .
T h e P ro c e s s O f D e s i g n
L o g i c a l A n d P hy s i c a l D e s i g n

Summary Comparison
T h e l o g i c a l d e s i g n g u i d e s a n d p ro v i d e s re q u i re m e nt s fo r t h e p hy s i c a l d e s i g n , a n d b o t h m u st a l i g n
c l o s e l y fo r s u c c e s s f u l syste m i m p l e m e ntati o n .
Aspect Logical Design P hy s i c a l D e s i g n

Fo c u s W h at t h e syste m s h o u l d d o H o w t h e sy ste m w i l l b e i m p l e m e nte d

Pe rs p e c ti v e U s e r / b u s i n e s s p e rs p e c ti v e Te c h n i c a l / i m p l e m e ntati o n p e rs p e c ti v e

D e ta i l s A b st ra c t , h i g h - l e v e l m o d e l s C o n c re te , d e ta i l e d m o d e l s

Independence Te c h n o l o g y / p l atf o r m - i n d e p e n d e nt P l atf o r m a n d te c h n o l o g y- s p e c i fi c

Re p re s e ntati o
E R d i a g ra m s , p ro c e s s m o d e l s D ata b a s e s c h e m a s , p hy s i c a l d ata m o d e l s
n

C re ate d b y B u s i n e s s a n a l yst s , d ata a rc h i te c t s D e v e l o p e rs , D BA s , sy ste m a rc h i te c t s

U n d e rsta n d a n d c o m m u n i c ate
Purpose D efi n e i m p l e m e ntati o n d e ta i l s
re q u i re m e nt s
D E S I G N M E T H O D O LO G I E S

D u r i n g t h e p a s t d e c a d e , t h e re h a s b e e n a g ro w i n g m o v e t o t r a n s f o rm t h e " a r t "
of systems analysis and design into an "engineering-type" discipline.

T h e f e e l i n g t h a t t h e re h a s t o b e a m o re c l e a r l y d e fi n e d l o g i c a l m e t h o d f o r
d e v e l o p i n g a s y s t e m t h a t m e e t s u s e r re q u i re m e n t s h a s l e d t o n e w t e c h n i q u e s
and methodologies that fundamentally attempt to do the following:

1. I m p ro v e p ro d u c t i v i t y o f a n a l y s t s a n d p ro g r a m m e r s .
2. I m p ro v e d o c u m e n t a t i o n a n d s u b s e q u e n t m a i n t e n a n c e a n d e n h a n c e m e n t s .
3. C u t d o w n d r a s t i c a l l y o n c o s t o v e rr u n s a n d d e l a y s .
4. I m p ro v e c o m m u n i c a t i o n a m o n g t h e u s e r , a n a l y s t , d e s i g n e r , a n d p ro g r a m m e r.
5. S t a n d a rd i z e t h e a p p ro a c h t o a n a l y s i s a n d d e s i g n .
6. S i m p l i fy d e s i g n b y s e g m e n t a t i o n .
D e s i g n m e t h o d o l o g i e s a re s t r u c t u re d a p p ro a c h e s o r f r a m e w o r k s u s e d t o g u i d e
t h e d e s i g n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f s y s t e m s a n d s o ft w a re .

T h e y h e l p o rg a n i z e , p l a n , a n d m a n a g e t h e e n t i re d e s i g n p ro c e s s t o e n s u re q u a l i t y ,
e ffi c i e n c y , a n d a l i g n m e n t w i t h re q u i re m e n t s .

Common System Design Methodologies

• M o n o l i t h i c S y s t e m D e s i g n : A t r a d i t i o n a l a p p ro a c h w h e re t h e w h o l e s y s t e m i s
b u i l t a s a s i n g l e , i n t e rc o n n e c t e d u n i t . S u i t a b l e f o r s i m p l e , s m a l l - s c a l e
applications.

• M i c r o s e r v i c e s S y s t e m D e s i g n : B re a k i n g d o w n t h e s y s t e m i n t o s m a l l ,
i n d e p e n d e n t s e r v i c e s t h a t c a n b e d e p l o y e d a n d s c a l e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y.

• E v e n t - D r i v e n D e s i g n : D e s i g n i n g s y s t e m s t o re s p o n d t o e v e n t s , a l l o w i n g
a s y n c h ro n o u s c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d h i g h s c a l a b i l i t y.

• S e r v i c e - O r i e n t e d A r c h i t e c t u r e ( S OA ) : D e s i g n i n g t h e s y s t e m a s a c o l l e c t i o n
o f s e r v i c e s t h a t c o m m u n i c a t e o v e r a n e t w o r k , p ro m o t i n g re u s e a n d m o d u l a r i t y.

• C l o u d - B a s e d S y s t e m D e s i g n : Le v e r a g i n g c l o u d s e r v i c e s f o r s c a l a b i l i t y ,
fl ex i b i l i t y , a n d re s o u rc e m a n a g e m e n t .
Software Development Design Methodologies
• A g i l e : I t e r a t i v e a n d i n c re m e n t a l a p p ro a c h e m p h a s i z i n g c o l l a b o r a t i o n ,
fl ex i b i l i t y , a n d r a p i d d e l i v e r y.
• Wa t e r f a l l : S e q u e n t i a l d e s i g n w i t h d i s t i n c t p h a s e s l i ke re q u i re m e n t , d e s i g n ,
implementation, testing.
• R a p i d A p p l i c a t i o n D e v e l o p m e n t ( R A D ) : Fo c u s o n q u i c k p ro t o t y p i n g w i t h u s e r
f e e d b a c k t o re fi n e s y s t e m d e s i g n r a p i d l y.
• L e a n U X : U s e r- c e n t e re d d e s i g n f o c u s i n g o n d e l i v e r i n g v a l u e w i t h m i n i m a l
waste and rapid iterations.
• A t o m i c D e s i g n : B re a k i n g d o w n i n t e r f a c e s i n t o h i e r a rc h i c a l c o m p o n e n t s f ro m
s i m p l e e l e m e n t s t o c o m p l ex p a g e s .
• User-Centered Design (UCD): Design driven by understanding user needs
a n d b e h a v i o r t h ro u g h c o n t i n u o u s f e e d b a c k c y c l e s .

Importance
• T h e s e m e t h o d o l o g i e s p ro v i d e c l e a r f r a m e w o r k s t o h a n d l e c o m p l ex i t y a n d
v a r y i n g p ro j e c t re q u i re m e n t s .
• T h e y f a c i l i t a t e c o l l a b o r a t i o n a c ro s s t e a m s a n d s t a ke h o l d e r s .
• A p p l y i n g t h e r i g h t m e t h o d o l o g y i m p ro v e s p ro j e c t m a n a g e m e n t , q u a l i t y , a n d
scalability of the system.
F u n c ti o n a l D e co m p o s i ti o n
Fu n c t i o n a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n i s a s y s t e m d e s i g n a n d a n a l y s i s m e t h o d t h a t i n v o l v e s
b re a k i n g d o w n a c o m p l ex s y s t e m o r p ro c e s s i n t o s m a l l e r , m o re m a n a g e a b l e
parts or functions.

T h i s a p p ro a c h h e l p s s i m p l i fy t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g , d e s i g n , a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f
t h e s y s t e m b y f o c u s i n g o n i n d i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t s a n d t h e i r re l a t i o n s h i p s .

P r o c e s s o f Fu n c t i o n a l D e c o m p o s i t i o n
1. I d e n t i f y i n g t h e M a i n Fu n c t i o n s : U n d e r s t a n d t h e p r i m a r y p u r p o s e a n d t a s k s
o f t h e s y s t e m . Fo r ex a m p l e , i n a c a r , m a i n f u n c t i o n s c a n b e m o v i n g f o r w a rd ,
s t o p p i n g , t u rn i n g , e t c .

2. D i v i d i n g M a i n Fu n c t i o n s i n t o S u b - Fu n c t i o n s : B re a k d o w n l a rg e r f u n c t i o n s
into smaller, simpler sub-functions for better understanding and
m a n a g e m e n t . Fo r ex a m p l e , m o v i n g f o r w a rd c a n b e d e c o m p o s e d i n t o
acceleration, braking, steering, etc..

3. D e fi n i n g R e l a t i o n s h i p s : D e t e rm i n e h o w t h e s e s u b - f u n c t i o n s i n t e r a c t a n d
depend on each other to achieve the overall system goal.

4. R e p r e s e n t i n g R e l a t i o n s h i p s : U s e b l o c k d i a g r a m s o r c h a r t s t o v i s u a l i z e h o w
f u n c t i o n s a re c o n n e c t e d .
F u n c ti o n a l D e co m p o s i ti o n

I m p o r t a n c e a n d B e n e fi t s
• S i m p l i fi e s c o m p l ex s y s t e m s i n t o u n d e r s t a n d a b l e m o d u l e s .

• H e l p s c l a r i fy s y s t e m re q u i re m e n t s a n d d e s i g n l o g i c .

• E n h a n c e s c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n d e v e l o p e r s , a n a l y s t s , a n d s t a ke h o l d e r s .

• Pro v i d e s a s t r u c t u re d f o u n d a t i o n f o r c o d i n g , t e s t i n g , a n d m a i n t e n a n c e .

• Fu n c t i o n a l d e c o m p o s i t i o n i s w i d e l y a p p l i e d a c ro s s s o ft w a re e n g i n e e r i n g ,
s y s t e m s a n a l y s i s , a n d b u s i n e s s p ro c e s s m o d e l i n g , m a k i n g c o m p l ex d e s i g n s
accessible and manageable.
F u n c ti o n a l D e co m p o s i ti o n E xa m p l e
E xa m p l e : D i sta n c e Ed u ca ti o n Sy ste m

T h e c o m p l ex sy ste m o f m a n a g i n g d i sta n c e e d u c ati o n c a n b e d e c o m p o s e d i nto s i m p l e r

s u b sy ste m s b a s e d o n key f u n c ti o n s :
1. S t u d e n t M a n a g e m e n t
• M o d i fy s t u d e n t p ro fi l e s
• Ad d s t u d e n t i n f o rm a t i o n
• D e l e t e s t u d e n t p ro fi l e ( e . g . , a ft e r g r a d u a t i o n )
2. Tr a n s c r i p t M a n a g e m e n t
• Re t r i e v e s t u d e n t t r a n s c r i p t
• Update grades
• Ve r i fy t r a n s c r i p t a u t h e n t i c i t y
3. C o u r s e M a n a g e m e n t
• Ad d n e w c o u r s e s
• M o d i fy ex i s t i n g c o u r s e s
• Delete courses
4. Re g i s t r a t i o n M a n a g e m e n t
• Re g i s t e r f o r c o u r s e s
• C a n c e l re g i s t r a t i o n
• C h e c k re g i s t r a t i o n s t a t u s
F u n c ti o n a l D e co m p o s i ti o n E xa m p l e
Each of these subsystems can be further decomposed into smaller,
m a n a g e a b l e f u n c t i o n s , s u c h a s p ro fi l e e d i t i n g u n d e r S t u d e n t M a n a g e m e n t o r
g r a d e e n t r y u n d e r Tr a n s c r i p t M a n a g e m e n t .

T h i s d e c o m p o s i t i o n c l a r i fi e s t h e s t r u c t u re , s i m p l i fi e s d e s i g n , a n d i m p ro v e s
m a i n t a i n a b i l i t y b y b re a k i n g d o w n a c o m p l i c a t e d s y s t e m i n t o p a r t s t h a t c a n
be separately developed and understood.

Ad d i t i o n a l E x a m p l e : H e a l t h c a re M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m - A p p o i n t m e n t
Scheduling
• Vi e w a v a i l a b l e a p p o i n t m e n t s l o t s
• Book an appointment
• C a n c e l o r re s c h e d u l e a p p o i n t m e n t

T h i s b re a k d o w n o rg a n i z e s t h e t a s k o f a p p o i n t m e n t s c h e d u l i n g i n t o s i m p l e ,
manageable functions for easier implementation and
FORMS Driven Methodology:

Fo r m s d r i v e n m e t h o d o l o g y i n s y s t e m a n a l y s i s a n d d e s i g n re f e r s t o a n a p p ro a c h
w h e re s t a n d a rd f o rm s a re u s e d ex t e n s i v e l y t o d o c u m e n t a n d re p re s e n t s y s t e m
i n f o rm a t i o n .

T h i s m e t h o d o l o g y o ft e n i n c l u d e s t o o l s l i ke I P O ( I n p u t - P r o c e s s - O u t p u t ) c h a r t s
and HIPO (Hierarchy plus Input-Process-Output) charts.

T h e s e c h a r t s h e l p i n v i s u a l i z i n g t h e s y s t e m ’ s h i e r a rc h y , p ro c e s s e s , d a t a i n p u t s ,
a n d o u t p u t s i n a s t r u c t u re d w a y.

Ke y a s p e c t s o f f o r m s d r i v e n m e t h o d o l o g y :
• I t e m p h a s i z e s u s i n g p re d e fi n e d f o rm s t o c a p t u re t h e f u n c t i o n s a n d d a t a fl o w
within the system.
• T h i s m e t h o d p ro v i d e s a c l e a r v i s u a l re p re s e n t a t i o n o f w h a t i n p u t d a t a i s
t r a n s f o rm e d i n t o w h a t o u t p u t s b y e a c h p ro c e s s .
• I t h e l p s t h e a n a l y s t t o u n d e r s t a n d a n d s p e c i fy s y s t e m f u n c t i o n s w i t h o u t d e l v i n g
i m m e d i a t e l y i n t o p ro g r a m c o d e d e t a i l s .
• Fo rm s - d r i v e n d o c u m e n t a t i o n i m p ro v e s c o m m u n i c a t i o n a m o n g s t a ke h o l d e r s
t h ro u g h c o n s i s t e n t , s t a n d a rd i z e d re p re s e n t a t i o n s o f s y s t e m p ro c e s s e s .
.
d e s c r i b e h o w a p ro c e s s o r s y s t e m w o r k s b y b re a k i n g i t d o w n i n t o t h re e b a s i c
components:

• I n p u t : T h e d a t a , m a t e r i a l s , o r re s o u rc e s t h a t a re f e d i n t o t h e s y s t e m o r
p ro c e s s . I n p u t s c a n i n c l u d e i n f o rm a t i o n , r a w m a t e r i a l s , u s e r c o m m a n d s , o r a n y
re s o u rc e s n e e d e d t o p e r f o rm t h e p ro c e s s .
• P r o c e s s : T h e a c t i o n s o r o p e r a t i o n s t h a t t r a n s f o rm t h e i n p u t s i n t o o u t p u t s . T h i s
can involve computations, manipulations, or any activities that occur to change
i n p u t s i n t o d e s i re d re s u l t s .
• O u t p u t : T h e fi n a l p ro d u c t s , re s u l t s , o r i n f o rm a t i o n p ro d u c e d b y t h e p ro c e s s .
O u t p u t s a re w h a t t h e s y s t e m d e l i v e r s o r p ro d u c e s a ft e r p ro c e s s i n g t h e i n p u t s .

I P O c h a r t s t y p i c a l l y u s e a s i m p l e t a b u l a r o r b ox f o rm a t w i t h t h re e s e c t i o n s l a b e l e d
i n p u t , p ro c e s s , a n d o u t p u t .
T h i s s t r u c t u re h e l p s i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g , d o c u m e n t i n g , a n d a n a l y z i n g t h e fl o w o f
d a t a o r a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n a s y s t e m , m a k i n g i t e a s i e r t o i d e n t i fy w h a t g o e s i n t o t h e
s y s t e m , h o w i t i s t r a n s f o rm e d , a n d w h a t c o m e s o u t .

Fo r e x a m p l e , a s y s t e m t h a t c o n v e r t s t e m p e r a t u re s f ro m Fa h re n h e i t t o C e l s i u s
might have:
• I n p u t : Te m p e r a t u re i n Fa h re n h e i t
• P r o c e s s : C a l c u l a t i o n f o rm u l a ( F − 3 2 ) × 5 / 9
• O u t p u t : Te m p e r a t u re i n C e l s i u s
I P O c h a r t s a re e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l i n s o ft w a re d e s i g n , b u s i n e s s p ro c e s s m o d e l i n g ,
 H e re a re s o m e ex a m p l e s o f I P O c h a r t s i l l u s t r a t i n g h o w i n p u t s a re t r a n s f o rm e d b y
p ro c e s s e s i n t o
outputs in system analysis:

Example 1: Library Book Borrowing System

Input Process Output
C o n fi rm a t i o n o f b o o k
User ID, Book Ve r i fy u s e r e l i g i b i l i t y a n d b o o k
b o rro w i n g , U p d a t e d b o o k
ID availability
status
ample 2: Online Order Processing

Input Process Output

Customer Va l i d a t e o rd e r , p ro c e s s p a y m e n t , O rd e r c o n fi rm a t i o n , S h i p p i n g
o rd e r d e t a i l s update stock details

ample 3: Student Result Calculation

Input Process Output

Marks Re s u l t s h e e t w i t h t o t a l
C a l c u l a t e t o t a l m a r k s , fi n d g r a d e
obtained in marks, grade, pass/fail
a n d p e rc e n t a g e
subjects status
systems analysis and design tool developed in the 1970s by IBM.

They combine two diagram types:

• H i e r a r c h y C h a r t : T h i s p a r t re s e m b l e s a n o rg a n i z a t i o n a l c h a r t a n d v i s u a l l y
s h o w s t h e o v e r a l l s t r u c t u re o f t h e s y s t e m b y b re a k i n g d o w n t h e s o ft w a re i n t o
m o d u l e s a n d s u b - m o d u l e s a rr a n g e d h i e r a rc h i c a l l y. I t d e p i c t s h o w e a c h m o d u l e
re l a t e s t o a n d i n t e r a c t s w i t h o t h e r s , s h o w i n g t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f f u n c t i o n s i n
a t o p - d o w n a p p ro a c h .

• I P O C h a r t : E a c h m o d u l e i n t h e h i e r a rc h y h a s a n a s s o c i a t e d I n p u t - Pro c e s s -
O u t p u t c h a r t t h a t d e t a i l s t h e i n p u t s re c e i v e d , t h e p ro c e s s i n g p e r f o rm e d , a n d
t h e o u t p u t p ro d u c e d b y t h a t m o d u l e .

H I P O c h a r t s h e l p a n a l y s t s a n d d e v e l o p e r s u n d e r s t a n d t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n a n d fl o w
o f a s y s t e m c l e a r l y b y a r t i c u l a t i n g b o t h t h e s y s t e m ’ s s t r u c t u r a l h i e r a rc h y a n d t h e
functional behavior of individual modules.

T h e y a re m a i n l y u s e d f o r d o c u m e n t a t i o n a n d d e s i g n c o m m u n i c a t i o n , m a k i n g i t
easier for managers and developers to visualize system functions and module
re l a t i o n s h i p s .
A d va n ta ge s o f H I P O c h a r t s :

• Pro v i d e a h i g h - l e v e l o v e r v i e w o f s y s t e m f u n c t i o n s a rr a n g e d h i e r a rc h i c a l l y.
• B re a k d o w n c o m p l ex s y s t e m s i n t o m a n a g e a b l e m o d u l e s a n d s u b m o d u l e s .
• S h o w i n p u t , p ro c e s s , a n d o u t p u t d e t a i l s f o r e a c h m o d u l e .
• U s e f u l d u r i n g p ro g r a m d e s i g n a n d d o c u m e n t a t i o n p h a s e s .
• Fa c i l i t a t e b e t t e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n a m o n g t e a m m e m b e r s .
• H o w e v e r , H I P O c h a r t s d o n o t s h o w d e t a i l e d d a t a fl o w o r c o n t ro l fl o w w i t h i n
modules.

I n s u m m a r y , H I P O c h a r t s p re s e n t t h e h i e r a rc h i c a l o rg a n i z a t i o n o f a s y s t e m ' s
functions along with detailed functional descriptions of each component, aiding
i n s t r u c t u re d u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d d o c u m e n t a t i o n o f s o ft w a re s y s t e m s .
HIPO Chart Example
Example: Student Result Processing System
Hierarchy Chart
• M a i n M o d u l e : Pro c e s s S t u d e n t Re s u l t s
• Submodule 1: Collect Student Data
• Submodule 2: Calculate Grades
• S u b m o d u l e 3 : G e n e r a t e Re s u l t S h e e t
• S u b m o d u l e 4 : S t o re Re s u l t s
IPO Charts for Submodules

Module: Collect Student Data M o d u l e : G e n e r a t e Re s u l t S h e e t

Input: Student personal details, Input: Student grades
marks
Pro c e s s : Fo rm a t re s u l t s h e e t w i t h g r a d e s
Pro c e s s : Va l i d a t e i n p u t d a t a a n d re m a r k s
Output: Cleaned student data O u t p u t : Pr i n t e d / d i s p l a y e d re s u l t s h e e t
Module: Calculate Grades M o d u l e : S t o re Re s u l t s
Input: Cleaned student data I n p u t : Re s u l t s h e e t s
Pro c e s s : C o m p u t e t o t a l m a r k s , a s s i g n g r a d e b a s e d Pro c e s s : S a v e re s u l t s t o
on criteria database
Output: Grade for each student O u t p u t : A rc h i v e d s t u d e n t
re c o rd s