OMe naa aai babar aaaaduiadueccass LINEAR ALGEBRA (Rite) where R ais non-emply Ring. An algebraic stoructrore act, '+' ds an addition and (+! as maltdpication defined em Ro thon R 4s anid to be ning if At Solis by the pollausing conclkions: Wy (Rt) is an ahelian qroub GY Rr) ts semi grep: ie, hotels associat’ ity . ii) mulkeptication ts distrfbutrad over additien from. the bt as well as aight. cramples:— * Te Act Z of Enteqens tndin andinosuy oddiwon. anc multipucation is a commutative sing san conty * The et zene} Ody MAY under on ea atin modulo M isa Commutative ving watt. unity 4 The St Of Units Je Un) # {ol ond Rano tuoitngs af ony ing R- do} called the buial Subxing ef ep R, * Set op Gaousslan Integers: 2ti}={arblabez} * Zero divismu; A zero divisor is a nan Zero elementa? Of comm Utative sung Such that thie a hon-gew element “O'ER usith ab=O0 5 Tnteqral Demain: AN frteqral domain Js a commutative ochg uth, vant and no Zewo-Aininorg . The chonactenristics 3 an integral domain -is © eprime She RE AS Nene Gente Rey Rung of, Ondo ph 23 Ree commutaline ote Fe ateSubung: A Subut Soh a ning Ris Gubring Vector Space 4 } ~ % R 4 sa asl nu saa] wrth the eperations of & Lat F be a field and V be a non-empty Set ab dabet Let +t vxv—v and +! Fxvov + Unit of a Ring glozi)st 246 > , (veetor adisn) (center rmattspication) [Binney be we maps than a triple Yr) ¥ 020% ts called @ vector space overhodel °° tts satiehy pollaaing cond chiens: UU) (Mavrw= Urivew) ie, Appodiabive Law Ui) existerce of Taare ieee KF a gene vector 5.°st, U+Q=U= Oru Wii) Existence of Enverse wrt “+” for each WEY Za vector FEV St ths O= VEU the vector vids danctecl by —u ond ts collec additie Envente of 1, (vy) Ure=veu be, commutative Low vuvev ie, (V+) 43 an abslian greub ante additive idenbiy OG and addidwe fnvende ort ay Us (@). a-(urv)~ aura A) +b).u~ aut bu (abpu = a(bu) (vi) tu = & wehene 1 2a mutts plicative Tenth 4} Field * of (yt,-) 43 a vector space Oven Fidd F then we aisd read €V ts a Vector Space oven piel Fer U(r) ss a Vectan space” The Chenation + = vector addition © = scalex mult{plication DB = gere vector -U = Addibve inveric ef 4 [= 74s cated] - St obt us ats ype ak ve the gpa ek Now, ane aCmte yf ak) Fanta ay) +azk bieavea (ut ype ek) > auf raysft ark (CW) = (Kea) Fe (yay pe Gira) & @ (uav) = leita) 44 atyitya)) werm)e = anteagt + ay fray) + azk+ank Examplei- tet ve fxtryfeck 1 aye one neal DUMB A f IR= Field of Meal numbers Define + and» on V ay belovd SOIM.- (ai Pe yoj ez, J (ah yjrek) = (raat (yergs)] (err ayk A Obs ype 2k)~ ante oyfs ark. (Heer us wt sy Sy 2k Ve mt ty se zal we Gfayye ae Then, terv= (Ata) Te (ytd) P+ (etek rue (atts) PH (yosys)] + (ze) E Cory) He foraaers] ¢ +[lyergyeysps tle ea JE ad vew) = Gite ta)}t + (1Werys)fS + Pitre} Alo, (Usyaus =parbe relies welyoryslf +Lea te rallt = Urlvew) & Alo ~ axit royjeaziky ants ay.j+azk = Out ay (itp tet us abe yje2k So(abu = abxtrabyj rabzk Now, bus bx! + byf + Bre albu) = abrit aby) +abzi vr. b) We acbu) New, Lat us af ayfezic Carteaian Rxoduct XxY = fry); HEX and yey} Bure Padi : Quy) = (Uh byl at) = Rat yal] % re xnx= {UY REX, yeX} % RP=[(mypz) say ze RI Exampei- et £ be a fred Take d= ofroprok Ten utd = aeyfeck Crus xheyfr ek So, Urd=4U= Stu tet ue Ki ay ft zk and veewre ty)f tek ev nes, Utve Getafe Cyrevlf +Lereaye ~ oft of rok =6 Usv 2B = vt ania e conten STEER EKER ooh aflardr .--anhiaerl SPralanly yuty = ve = a Ww) (a+b)-u = au tbe ce Define + ond + an Fos TERY Gsdined om tpe (vil @ (usy) = authy ‘ (Gian Am) + Cb by =.= be = (4: 41 araty, -.- Ontbm) u 1 (ab) ue a(bu) wy) tue eld, ea, am) = (aay ens, =~. aan) oe It “Than (Pt, +) ts vectan space over Fela F.Take f- R(m Qo C) m- {0 ya] Conater & (1,04) +( 0,1, 2)- (tbo, on, 442) =(444) 8 0 ,-2,5) +( 30,-9)= (2 43} -2 40, 5-9) = (5-1-4) Thus in general ayn - ym) armtbin) tm}+blyirye - - D(a edy 1 Ou roy y tineas Combinatcon Let upp) be a vecter space vn be a finite vector ain Vv then om erputiion of the foam ay rom + Ler vy, Vn UhENE Oy (rg CF i calid Linear combfnatibn of vector V7 Vi --- Vn He 6 vector VCV is call a LC of vecter Ya 4 Ved taut + Qrvn fOr Since a: EF. Example- Ler v= RR J={(Hyz): nyt } Powe thar: VyQuyzy dn Le of M (10,0) W=(01,0)" Yye(0,04) iy (220) an aw te C410) and (01,0 ) Prod} (') Suppose that (uyzy= ay ray + a¥y (% 4.2) = ,(110,0)+ (0,10) +05 (0,0,2) =(2,,010) + (0,4,,0) +(0, 0,43) =[a..0..0:) acer > U=* ay O22 (Kiyrz) dn a LE ef (10,0) GF) Suppose that (207 a 1,0), (0,04) 1,0) +93(0,1,0) 0) + (0,92 0) (120) = (a 1(4,+93),0) yet ayraz= 2 Pate? a= 2 et a.=4 Rocoperctt exi— Tao vector shace V(F) we have, Follasiing av = 5 elthn aso eo veo ¥) Ea)w = -lavj= av) a aeh,veV Pocoof = @) ov =(0 +0) -ovror he 0 +9 -ovr—s Subspace. A non-empty subsct W of a vector space V ever field F Js called Stibspace of ct sa tkesely O- vector space wrt frduced apenation en W- Examplei- (RE & le RIR) is a ee aA Subsboee of C(R).opace yo, be F Hence, Wi sis net Subspace © every flare pasha theough origin is a subspace oF RIOR Rove that W= frye): anrbysce= 0, Ler AER » Wi EW ab OY bet wie (tisyisZ) , Ws (Maye) EW Poof i- Suppers that Was a subsbace. ef V(F) then WW aa StU) vecten space over Fe Hence, aw it bu EW wap ere uu EW Aut by, eeZ=0 ——O Conversa, BEES cis ars shy rex, = 0 ——@) Subpeas Muttaplying OD by t ond @ by™m ywe got Qax;tby, +Lez 20 max, +mby, +72, =O an adding above e4% Dax,smar, + ebyrrmbye + fez # mez > 0 al Ore ML) + bl ay ity) + © (Hee mA) <9 a ¥ = ne, (anced, CLyremyey sere) EW [swt mi, EW || Qwrbu,ewW aber ® ww, EW a aking a=b=1, we get Iw, +h, €W EW Sy andl beet VEV 2 Ew Net take, a=g@ 2 b= 0 and ws ,w2 EW Aw tOu, EW mt 40 el : Subspace of & > owew Quopi-Trtere ction oh any pane P i t= these oe a eae Sfrnilasity abl ie conaisbions Of Vector space hreld in rr tal Ie “4 fence, Sy as itll a vector space Fxambe:@Puove. that plane <=2 19 we f (4 yir) AYER Ga net a subspace | Since (0,0) ¢ W + Thoupese was net a Subspace. @ welougz)s ee sobpnal, 2 ER} RR) Take (1,0p) © W Then J2(1,0,0) - (JZ, ©,0) dw cloim: wiNW, 3s o Subspace Gunks wy Pt ane subsbaced thoce extat null vector EET TIPE T A din wy Wa So em 4M Hrence, Wi AW Ft > tet ib EF and uv © wi Nw Po owve wy, fav © Oe ay Subspace condibon- au tby ew, Ou: thy © Wo. heeHener, by subspace conden, nw, Ss a subspace Remanie/-\ ah tun mu 4 oe \ Presi ter wor {(rryio) SER one werftoae yaa) SHeastay (1,150) € Wy Jeéewunu, Paurby=(1,2,1) ¥ abea > O21) ¢ wer Yu, #8 mat ex subsbare Patep: Unien Ch Lice Subspacs 4 a subspace apf ene KS Centained in then Linsan Shan ler s ee a subst of V(F) era Of Lincan clement A, pinitely many subst of¥0 The Lirean span of © 4 cuffed atin Us)= | 2 £ Sr)3s UUs) za set ef ol incon combination Many elumesls of Ss. * ap so thin US) =f04 SD Considot RB, Se 23} Us) = fali23) sae RJ ses} ob ‘pfottely. z S= { lo, 19) ,(1,0,0) 4 = {£01 4)0)+(br0,0) » ab ER = flb,a,o): abe RY KY-Rlane Lls) Reeopi- Ler iF} be a vector space anc Ww be a Subspace Then WW Jo 3 2 | br °o Oo 1) e/g ble S2- £- as ac- 3b pank (A)= Rank(A 1B) ‘The Syetim ia inconaibtent » Hence 2 fa mot a genurater of S« Lineanly Repenclerct Ff Lincarty TnclspendanT ety case CLM Let wy y Vm be Vectors aie Then thay axe satd ste be Linear tndipendence “Yay tab t+ anv = oO a D> qyza,= 2 --. =ams 0 fT Th thes cose — } Vive ) Vn <3 Called LIP ser} EP Defi Let vis — vm be vectoss Tp thera exrat Pr vectors 1/41)... am mot all zero St re Or tat. b amim = 0 Then WeVers Vm wd called LD be these ere net Lip, The set S={v,-- Vm us Catld ED, 3 Duel Prove thot - S= §Ci,0,0) ,(01'0), (o,0,1)ER Sa Lineal Indipondant- Sol Suppor that - (a1 9.0)+ (0/010) + (0, 0,03) = (0/9°) HH Since, (Arete, ofm+o, +0493 ) =(0,0/0) , ert vThe System f4 consi 24,4: 145) ={0r0/0) do td by S ae Hane QR? is generated by S. DB ay=0, O,=0 F570 ‘ 2 1 & f B Bise {= Brave [: 4 4% : | dhoein'+ generat &’ tere, 88 adh eeulapsbashte 2-6 - c oP 4d ; cet kT ° @usl—Paove that (10/1) (1211) (O11, 0 jase Lencarty sort ne, [2 je ts 1 bese ab dependant * oO -400 “SF je-2a & Sax", - Saapposey a a 1a a > (91) FCW) #0110) = (00,0) oO -10 > » baa & = [ 00 2‘ apagh Pa be (i199) + (Oar2,A,) + (O19, 2) (2122)(Qs, y 2a, +45, 4 %) = (010.0) > aAtaz=0 Fa -% Dag+ 93> ° ata,+0 Takdy aye PG a-e fF > 2e Since, 405% F0 F %FO Mence Sia Uneanty dependant Gasts A ron-empty Subset S ch vecter space V(F) a4 called bors ef WF) Sf ms as Minennly dependent Us)=V sey vey Lineaw combination of S W) ve, Evi— Prove that S= f (1.00); (0/1,0),(01%1) yaa boris of R® Sos} Suppose, a(1,0,0) +4 (0140) +43 (0,0,1) =(0,0,0) (0) 4,05 )> (0,0,0) 3 a,= a, =45-0 eno Sis Lineaaly ‘fndapendurt * Claim every eument of RP a Le ob Let Criysz) ER? Suppear , Cage ye Conor 9)t Coa) 0) +600, 03)——~a) (aye) = (179, ,a5 ) Payee pany F agex me HAT ais . 6 It can be expe aged a Guyz)= %(1,0,0) +yloto+ 2165!) Hence, x ts a basts af RS Ths hauls lu Enoiwn Q4 Standard bow of MR? Quei- Dixprove that ~ S= $U1,0,-1)4 (41,0), (o,4-1)} 2a bass ef Re. Sal) - ‘Subp ein “VY rasl 1) +43 (0,1,-1) = (0,0,0) (Ata. 5 - ara, a) + 40))= (0,00) ° -ayt-as = © > ara, = =a, +a, 7° let ee paae Pf w= Hance, wt &4 not a bows * LIP. wWorkeig Rule of “m vectors tuppla te be ay IR”, then Let W9Ve 2m be om ~ Huppls WoMy -- Ym Qe LIP ty matux atop =(Yy, W -- Um) sa mon gr0. TB IAlFO then Viv, =. vm ae LD. Quer Prove that : 2 tc 4 2 100 1-2 \ ty Linens AshuncdantSo”) - \s"\= 203 ar) -1 02 2 Ss [ 2 2 4 . a a ° = <3 © > a : 4 9 © \x€913 =-9 FO Hence, Sta Lineanty Andspendant - Quei- Rove that the subset s= Re? “th gat {lomadica ae R*\ Lote C1 et} so LP of p- S24 uP. Sisl= 1x€a) vl a) = -a (2-4) = da teh = «?-24 ° suner ar ax Fo i (x-2) FO KF oO of Ese Hence, Sts LIP fh wt 0,12, Ia Reman yf) Ang set Cantoining oO dfnaanly Tndlspenatant * Ruoopi~ Let S~ fuer = V¥ni04 Suhr, OM FO -. +h OF OD and Am FO ene Sis Lineaaty capendent + (FF) Any singuton cat Containing nan- 30 vector Ss LIP Pocoahi- Ler s~ {wt =O U5°ALS or vo >a, =0 Hene, Sts LIP. Quel Prove thot $ (1,0)? | hosts of RI(R) some ae 5= {U0 (ON (OY Suppose, ai(1 oro} aul Or hrt) £43 Orly -1) = COrPr0) (0,5 + M2 F2-%3)= 10/010) s(n) & > a=0 a2 +93 =0 a,-a, =0 y= =%=0 Hence Sf Une oxty frdependint, Clan: L(s}= MR irae a atiEveny ys: let Suppers Vedon of RP Gv & Cac) e RS shat ~ cincan combinatroa (o,ec) - 2 Ke)+ Y(t! )+2(2o)-1) > Rea yrz=b y- 2-0 ay = bre = bee o> as @ bee 2 Hence e97@ has a Solution Ths L(s) = 1? sig a basta. —2) aati aaer is iraT at a eit aves wa be Ten-gere vector of space V(F) Von te Aneouly dependent © then thew cut 2< ken such that vp oS tncan combinakion of proces vectors Vp aVay Vane eo Vee Rueepi— Suppers that Uv oven vm) UEneany dupandant: Then thota exist ayaiy ~~ = Amy net all Bro St OM + OM + =. FOnvn= B ——t) Chante laxpat RK such that ayo back Ong = Cee = 1. rane 0o-| Then (@ becomes My tM + --- 4OeV= ve GoM = em Bt ve On (: ant2) Vg ts @ Linear combination of Vir Mer Vier ® Claim! 22 ken Suppose that this is not true. then Ret» SEN Oy = - = an =0 £8) = 2. = am=O + @ becomes a= GF bat ato andh FO Hence, ay #6 sThts {8 a cantnadichen + 6 2ZREnN NoTE;- S= Eviovans | where Ug =v Fal PLUS) faut we thst brbrbs € FE: i tbyy, *bs(4M+0,Vz), bubs SOY 4 bresf (ortbya) + (bs ths): bubribs FY Ufvaw}) oR u(s-tyj] Frepi- = Sa Linear fnaipendent Subeat ef v(F) ant Sufey ao Le YEN Tp ve cis) then Gur fend the basis ot mE [R) SeP\~ pat fay: ng eR] w(2) et v48{o0 aoa on NESW U(S)= far sae Ry = faut ae Ry =fla,za): ae Rt Steamy, we (ua) LCs) ler da Adneax tndepandnt, Mence S25 U fis} = { (2), c3)} oa hear thaupandast, Claim: s! 2, bast Voyjs athe) +043) Peeebim Let v= Cayb) © Re Suppese v= x2) +9 (43) ——a) Ve, Q b= (uty ), (22434) 2? rAtYH=4a sede Dy cee m= Fa-b v=(9b) ~ (3a-b)(W2) t(~2a+b)(1,3) ve, L(S') = Re 4, 8! 4) a boris ap Re. Finite Dfmensfenal Space A vecten space Vv(F) da called pintte Lfmensional Mh thee Ga a finite Subset sof V et: Lis}=v fx (fT) RI(R) we pfrnite Afmensional because 8= { (10,0), (0,41), 0(0, t,-1)f a1 a finite Subst of RI(R) st. 21s) = R” W)atree, s=f(oJ ,(or1) 4 ponite Subset of (PR) Riso, (my) = ¥ (0) +Y (011) he Liss IRE Ro te genie aimensional GR) teased FMF) { (012% ~ can}! On --.am€ FY aa fine dimensional Space because 4 = [ (0/0 0) (0; O-- O) > -(0,0,--- 4] L ite Sudbact FP and LIS)=F™ va a ffnite of S aenete re wm (We, we am (O,9--> Gian xm) 4) Mote; ter Se favs Supp ote thats Na= 2M shen) QiVy + OaVe + 95V5 = av t A: (2, ) + O3V5, = = 4 20, )\y + O3V3 STAI TTI I DIED ISLET A it7S Ga Lneonly tndaparalant: then s* is abasts HS ds LD then F Vy ell tearm Ushich tb a Lc. ef preceeding vectovA. Contudin s*= ot {sq V= L(s*J= L(S*) fey ot Ty S* Gs Qdp. then 3 will be a boats Clealy ges ay S* is LD then procerd at aw. afte piritey many steps we get? S™ hich wilh be bats. Dimension of- Space Let B be a basis of VIF) then no. gp clarmenits dn Vids collid dimension of v(F)” . : FE ia dansted by dmv or dim VF) ar dinnv Extensfon Theorem Any Afneandy Fndapanclett Cubs of a finite ASmensional Space viF) can be exteridid be a basta of v(F) on” Hence, Qj Canad, we {eug ro) mye RY Cleanty $= {(1,0.0) 10,1,0) ds abasu of W | Lresay Frolipencdint subset ao font dfhensienal space in opart of bast, Pocoof = Let ViF) be fini dimensional Then Joo frit subset ge FMiVer «anf Oo V(F) et usjev 1) tar = [hit 2+ Om} eo LEreanty tneupenaunt et os = foe Clranuy LUs® jev BW yonca, dtm W= 2 Seexdaim Gvery seg Mra OL TONE vectors fa medimensional Spaa(er vector space Q dinention ss] Sof Ler dtm viF) =) tet SAduim -- Von} beset MaMa Mang @ PLETE EEL EET ED SOUL SOE ELELtohaug, wa ed Paepis Tp v(F) Ss n-dtmenstenal space than Closie ¥ a UD ©) My xp a VUE] contating my elements weil be baste Cl) 5 as a ak Containing elements ot. US)=y Suppose tue gar at ast cteuc tren Sb LIP and so ah as pant of batur Fa bats contains om element “men ———O then sis a basta, Gx. Shew that (12/1) ,(2,10)> (n-l2) form a boasts aR. SolM\— Here dim RE 3 chants, = 4 Ui2it) 4 (2/10) (17,2) | contarms Selareds Ze Wy a contradiction bacowse mone me Got aasumpeCon Vseren4- Thus Sar pp E> Constan Q3(R) Methes I’ Cheon AES clin = 3 To prove te sesutt UF Ss Subpeient 4o prove thet Toke S= {Q41) (0,0 Sis 2 Op Meerty ISI g Sat IRE | i * 4s (-2yelt-4) Sie Lb, 7 Vo tl 2 3-32-6¢0 cee agen’ Take StLene £00,080 OFT seme : De3 Mehed IE} Lis)= RP (moyz)= ati,21) + b(nst0) +e Or-t 2) % 2-(L00)~1142,0 = 9.50) "$43 uD. I fl T ATPL LE ESSSISLESSEEELL ESbe Demenston Thearemi Let wand W be two subspaces ef VER) thon Wye Wpet Linear Sum dh ty and We a jv aust uy, EW) oe cm ts a subspace ef VIF) This 4 now? ad Ueneose Gam oh Wy of Ha. Pus, Dain (Wy 4wa)= cing, + dim) — duioly Nctiro Wa Rreepi- Lee cksin gems dimeys a and cle iM ah= lr se Sum, ES AMM vp bee basis of yt osu Krnaarty theapandlint subst of Wy and Mi By Cxtensfon thenum, Te can be extendad To a bats “ Wiis Sénce every dement of wy da a di cone clare Linear combination aaa Oana. climent GS, ba a ee of clementa of Wi. So every wnitih E With tr a te ef clement of B Hey LB) With Now Suppor thei zs = oe = ors Shi 7 2 See = o —@ 2 ™ mt > Bass Eis -- Bes Ne Ect Wz and Wh Vin Bi Ew, > Saivi+ Fb) sy © w, fale h IAAT ATT LEL SII SEE I SEL ESSCLCC COCCI ELE L EERIE EEL EPEPEL EELinear Trans formation. A map Ti v(F)—w(F) ts catld a Lnear anaformat ah sablabey the gallawing condition. T [avis bv Joa Thu)+bTlys) Habe and WV EV ig Thysva)e TWH TW) Ueneanity Tlav) = arly) = Homogeneity = * Tp Linear “transformation is bijective then aa calid an somorphtim * A map T:VoVv ds calli a Sinear cberator 4+ Tlaysbvj= arly,j+b rive) Bir) Bmap Ss vv given BY Sty)-8 Boa Ur because O(avjrbva)= 3B = TOF ba = ad\)+ b8(v) (if) Prove. thet the map I: voy given by zvjev ,¥veV Lo LT. SdM- Let qyb be-ony HE scalars and V,,Vp be ony ap vectis My ay EF ond Mote V Tron I (uj yo R Ele) ¥e Now, LHS, = T(ay+bv.) = aytbvy ens = Ea atujt bv) = ay+ by, LHS] RAS Hone To o UT. | Tita mops Knsun-aa sae ofarator. Gi) Prove: thot the—mab [Link](R) —+ Rite) yfven by Thy) Betyg) & a oT alle PIVITT IIIT OTT ED: ifSal™)- Ler a beR, (ays) and Ye (42) . [alex 43yi) 4 b(24ta eye) 9 AC Yio 2) tbl Ya BE Tye (ams 3yr) a [ mryy bl xityt22 Thwy-(24, ay.) rytt)+b(%itys J] ~ [ax{ 221-3) Alay) > (mtg iter) + Pid Aye by = aleoy ja bla ye) b [2xrtddn) 9 blyrze) ob (a.ty224)] = (arebx, ays + bys ears, te) = af (0x99), (4-2) > Comer LHS be S= T(aysbv: ) tb Y Oa) lyme) > (rayirta)} = Tlay+bn, ay itbyr) = (darsox) , 3 (ou stn)) = (Zax +2bu 5 3ay,s3byp) = a TW) +b) Hence, T ds L-T. . Quel- Prove that the map T REI? aa giver by schaye (u+y,0) 34 LT jek ab CR and Wa Oust) Now, Tay +b) = rLafany,)+ blr] = TLauthe > oy, +o¥2) _[[ ante ranten) 2] RH-S= aT(v,)+ & TI) = a (24) 341) +56 2x, 53>) =(2oue Dhy » 34) +3by2) EVE (Frye) ER. \n Lus- 2HS ie, Tlav+b)= atv) +bTWv) = Lacasa) b(t) 2 0 aso, ATW J+ b TIM) = aT (m yi )ebT (oath) = affety ole bT Gore) 2) Jatury +b COM) » 0] Quel- Prove that the map TIR'RORUR) gion by Thoye)= (2243y5 yes ayes) LT. } SoM ler ab, © IR and Ve (4,4, 2 fF Me (ard) ER, Tlay thy.) = T [at avail if ws.) = TL amtbay » oy) thy 5 azi+b2| = [2leveee}e fem +b] 5 (oyiteyr) -(azrb2 J, J] esis ove eave Hence, Tlay, + eve) = arly, )+b TI) So, & T as LT. a (ax +b )+layit by2) t(az.rb7 it r Ml eolet bs Ther dhe Kernel of T ted and difannd by ev lear Te {vev + TIY)= lenny. wen T ca 0. Subspace av Lat Way, ke T Faber Tim) = Thy) %« Tlovytby) - atw)rblt) = ag the -© Dd ayrby, © ken T H The Aten Kent aa called nulliby pt daneted by oy (r= chitin ken T Cx Find Ker T ushine TH RR? qrer Py They) = (xry,o) se - beats Jvev: Ty) 2} {roy Je me _rtuy) a) = yee £30) 104 Ways Roe ayo} J oayyer sy -x} pie oh wer ToS (10 of finclipendend Vascintte sence, VIT}= 2 Fein let TVW be LT then TIv) 44 0 Subspae ws Fhe Bre rraron ) ¢, & blaiclieiaera ti aiver eye bee a TT Rank ca t fet Ti Vew bea LT then TV) is a Subspace e W Th brpore 14 knaon as Tage Space and ak denetid by tm J or ( wange T) £ Tv) = |Tv) vevt The. and ts Collud fonk of T. Tre Prove that evexy vector space 4 dimension 0 4 Esornenphic to dente) ecneni- A Ainean Rranapenrnectin ay kent fot Prog) tet TIv—w Be ut Suppow thar Tit ora ore: Claim wert Lo} Lek AE kext then ahh eS TI) ~~ deg fv Tien ore +e rine Hy OG wea Te fo} Conway Suppent tak teexT= 10} Closin'= T 4s Ora One Tuje Thy) 9 Tuj- t= 2 a Tuy) 2 9 TU VJE henT {ol a ued Vey juev ence T 3s one-one. r dim Tly) ia danced by pork Tor f(T) Voras 2 ene Ore FUT than TZ) The) -o Tle tere or TG)= T rey 2 —————coun Tresor meee 3B aus LT subet of V a UT From U(F) Inte vey fy extensfon theorem, = Hem (U,V) Be fVeVeg Vey Wises 2 ner ps a Boss of v. Beh let Tats Tbe Ut from VER) into weryand off 2 Mie keaTs Thk oO then Pane thati{Tay):ivow ts a LT whine Clarion fT), Me) Tonal} ts a beais of Tv) (m+ = Ty) +nty) Let WET)» weT{v) for some VEV Gi) (eT)> vow ctguied by (CTI Y= ety) “vev € Bisa bass FY so V Can be Uniquity exputiad att VE ait ay to HOrMe Bt) --- ba Omer on se 8 troupes W= Ty attra, Tye) t - -tarThyr) Hoi TL) + aut Sef, let viv. EV and o,b€F (Ten ) Cayebvs) = 7% (ayeevs) +m (avrbve) = ayy)r bly) + aW)t bY) = af htujy ed}+ ETO) HC) = ACT +u)y ke bT +I) Hence, Tt ise LT. | W) vet vue vu and aber (©T) (ayrby)y= o Tlaurbve) = cfatiuj+ bTtw)] = catly+ce Ti) D aetiyy yor), =alet My het) Me Fence, (eTJv ia Le Ranle-' oy Theaxem Ler iF) and “wi F) be ona Ee peri. te vector space and T:Vow wea LT Ten = dum V ie, PUT) + V(T)= dimv Panogi- Let dim veo ond afm vem ——@ 2 KERT SY wilt be Gthike afmensional . ler V(T)=r and B= Q Vary wry eee base of eT ut aa HH t Bm T(Wnr) = b Tw) ¢ —-- bom Tle ny) {By a} Wr uniquelyexpretied as Lc of Tw). -- Tlom-r) oirtyse), 2 T Wmal) bt boa ef tv) dm T(v)= n-¥ = dim Vv—dum keaT Tank T= dem y- nullity (tT ) rer | pr )evit 1 Coriler T1V2W be o LT an finite dimenaional space. Then feblousahe co equivalent Tis one-one and onto ( Rijective mertonal Ranke UT) + NubLiby (Bi) T ee ens=ane (Enjective) Profi CF) SifT)* Suppose that Ts one-one andorto A + ss anto Cid odd dere re(1) Sli) + Suppers that T As onto then The V Now, atm t(vj= dimy ——t!! By rank-nuttéty the ern qs R mv ——?) {using On ©} dim Tiv) 4 dim kee T= At 3 dimker T= 0 3 ke T= fo} 2 T is one-one wi) SU)) Suppers “Ly ene-ene ker T= {ot 9 dim flea T= 0 tary (a) fe, rank nutlity theorem dim TIVv)= aim ¥ y TIW)ev ie, T as onto. Quel Pra T explicéty ushene T! RR dra LT gienby Tlo,eJe( 11-1) Sel™\~ ve(ayy,2)= aysoys te¥3 =(a.b,¢) Dask, org> c=z V= Wye yrs TE Uy) yTl)e=TtYs) fate