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Il documento tratta delle operazioni con i vettori e l'aggiunta di forze in 2D e 3D, coprendo la risoluzione di vettori in componenti, l'uso della notazione cartesiana e le leggi del parallelogramma e del triangolo per l'addizione dei vettori. Viene discusso l'uso di trigonometria per analizzare triangoli di forza e determinare forze risultanti in situazioni pratiche, come nel caso di strutture e macchine. Infine, il documento esplora l'uso del prodotto scalare per determinare angoli tra vettori e proiezioni lungo linee specifiche.
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Il 0% ha trovato utile questo documento (0 voti)
10 visualizzazioni51 pagineFV
Il documento tratta delle operazioni con i vettori e l'aggiunta di forze in 2D e 3D, coprendo la risoluzione di vettori in componenti, l'uso della notazione cartesiana e le leggi del parallelogramma e del triangolo per l'addizione dei vettori. Viene discusso l'uso di trigonometria per analizzare triangoli di forza e determinare forze risultanti in situazioni pratiche, come nel caso di strutture e macchine. Infine, il documento esplora l'uso del prodotto scalare per determinare angoli tra vettori e proiezioni lungo linee specifiche.
Caricato da
AFANDI EBERAHIMCopyright
© All Rights Reserved
Per noi i diritti sui contenuti sono una cosa seria. Se sospetti che questo contenuto sia tuo, rivendicalo qui.
Formati disponibili
Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
FORCE VECTORS, VECTOR OPERATIONS &
ADDITION OF FORCES 2D & 3D
Today’s Objective:
1. Resolve a 2-D vector into components.
2. Add 2-D vectors using Cartesian vector notations.
3. Represent a 3-D vector in a Cartesian coordinate system.
4. Find the magnitude and coordinate angles of a 3-D vector.
5
Add vectors (forces) in 3-D space. APPLICATION OF VECTOR ADDITION
There are three concurrent
forces acting on the hook
due to the chains.
We need to decide if the
hook will fail (bend or
break)?
To do this, we need to know
the resultant force acting on
the hook. SCALARS AND VECTORS
(Section 2.1)
Scalars Vectors
Examples: Mass, Volume Force, Velocity
Characteristics: It has a magnitude It has a magnitude
(positive or negative) and direction
Addition rule: Simple arithmetic Parallelogram law
Special Notation: None Bold font, a line, an
arrow or a “carrot”
I write them with an arrow on top —7
In these PowerPoint presentations, a vector quantity is represented like this (in bold,
italics, and red). ke] VECTOR OPERATIONS
(Section 2.2)
aA Scalar Multiplication
alae and Division
A
0 of VECTOR ADDITION USING EITHER THE
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OR TRIANGLE
v
Parallelogram Law:
Triangle method A B
(always ‘tip to tail’): R=B+A
How do you subtract a vector?
How can you add more than two concurrent vectors graphically ? Analyzing a Force Triangle
If we form a force triangle that represents the forces os.
in a given problem, we can analyze the triangle —__—
R=A+B
Force Triangle
Right Triangles: If the triangle is a right triangle, we can use the
following relationships:
using trigonometry.
adjacent _A
cos(@) =
hypotenuse R
5 R
sin’ ce) = Opposite _ B sf
hypotenuse R y
tan(@) = opposite _ B x
adjacent A R-Rik
R=VA?+B? Rl=|Al+|B| Analyzing a Force Triangle
Oblique or Obtuse Triangles: If the triangle is NOT a right triangle, we
can use the following relationships:
Law of cosines — Useful when:
* You know 2 side and the angle between
* You know all 3 sides and want to find the angles.
Law of sines — Useful when:
* You know 2 sides and an opposite angle
* You know 1 side and any two angles ing a force triangle
To steady a sign as it is being lowered, two cables
are attached to the sign at A. Using trigonometry
and knowing that the magnitude of P is 300N,
determine:
A) The required angle o. if the resultant R of the
two forces applied at A is to be vertical.
B) The corresponding value of R. Two structural members A and B are bolted to a bracket as
shown. Knowing that both members are in compression and
that the force is 30 KN in member A and 20 kN in member B,
determine, using trigonometry, the magnitude and direction
of the resultant of the forces applied to the bracket by
members A and B.
(Note: If a force is pushing, it is in compression.
If a force is pulling, it is in tension.) ADDITION OF A SYSTEM OF COPLANAR FORCES (Section
2.4)
+ We ‘resolve’ vectors into
components using the x and y
axis system.
+ Each component of the vector is
shown as a magnitude and a
direction.
+ The directions are based on the x and y axes. We use the
“unit vectors” i andj to designate the x and y axes. For example,
F=Fit+ Fj or
The x and y axis are always perpendicular to each other.
Together, they can be directed at any inclination. ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS
* Step | is to resolve each force
into its components.
* Step 2 is to add all the x-
components together, followed by
adding all the y components
together. These two totals are the
x and y components of the
resultant vector.
* Step 3 is to find the magnitude
and angle of the resultant vector. An example of the process:
Break the three vectors into components, then add them.
F,=F,+F,+F;
=F, i+F,j—F,it yj + Fy i-Fyj
=(F.- Fy + Fit (Fy + Fry - Foy)
= (Fay) E+ Fry) J You can also represent a 2-D vector with a magnitude and angle. EXAMPLE
f "ys Given: Three concurrent forces
F,=300N acting on a tent post.
=000N Find: The magnitude and
angle of the resultant
force.
Plan:
a) Resolve the forces into their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components. EXAMPLE (continued)
ee
|
y
| j=s00%
F, ={0i+300j}N
F, = {- 450 cos (45°) i + 450 sin (45°) j } N
= {-318.2i+ 318.27 }N
F; = { (3/5) 600 i + (4/5) 600] } N
= { 3601+ 4807} N EXAMPLE
(continued)
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,
Fy = { O—318.2 + 360) i + (300 + 318.2 + 480) j } N
= { 41.807 + 10987} N
Using magnitude and direction:
Fk = ((41.80)? + (1098))! = 1099 N
=tan!(1098/41.80) = 87.8° Determine the resultant of the three forces
80 lb
60
40 Ib ae Using calculators to find resultants
Solutions to the problems shown above can be produced quickly
using calculators that can perform operations using complex
numbers (or numbers in polar and rectangular form).
Polar numbers - can be used to represent forces in terms of
their magnitude and angle
Rectangular numbers - can be used to represent forces in
terms of unit vectors
Example: Repeat the last example using the TI-85/86 or TI-89/92
calculator (Determine the resultant of the 3 forces on the hook below.) 3D APPLICATIONS
Many structures and
machines involve 3-
Dimensional Space.
In this case, the power
pole has guy wires helping
to keep it upright in high
winds. How would you
tepresent the forces in the
cables using Cartesian
vector form? APPLICATIONS
In the case of this radio tower, if you know the forces in
the three cables, how would you determine the resultant
force acting at D, the top of the tower? CARTESIAN UNIT VECTORS
For a vector A, with a magnitude of
A, an unit vector is defined as
u,=A/A.
Characteristics of a unit vector :
a) Its magnitude is 1.
b) It is dimensionless (has no units).
c) It points in the same direction as the
original vector (A). '
The unit vectors in the Cartesian axis
system are i, j, and k. They are unit ey
vectors along the positive x, y, and z LA
axes respectively. Consider a box with sides Ax, Ay, and
A, meters long.
The vector A can be defined as
A=(AyitAyj+A,k) m
The projection of vector A in the x-y plane is A’. The
magnitude of A’ is found by using the
same approach as a 2-D vector: A’ =(A,? + Ay)!”
The magnitude of the position vector A can now be obtained as
A =((A’'?+A,’?)4 = (Ay? + Ay? +A,’) 4 =e] The direction or orientation of vector A is
defined by the angles &, B, and y.
These angles are measured between the vector
and the positive X, Y and Z axes, respectively.
Their range of values are from 0° to 180°
Using trigonometry, “direction cosines” are found usi
A, A.
A,
cos a = 7 cos B= 7 cos y= 7
These angles are not independent. They must satisfy the following equation.
cos*a+ cos?B +cos?y=1
This result can be derived from the definition of a coordinate direction angles
and the unit vector. Recall, the formula for finding the unit vector of any
position vector: A_A A.A,
We =i+2 ai +k
AA ae
or written another way, uv, = cosai+ cosBj+cosyk . [<>] ADDITION OF CARTESIAN VECTORS
ction 2.6)
Once individual vectors are written in Cartesian form, it is easy
to add or subtract them. The process is essentially the same as
when 2-D vectors are added.
Fy = SF = Rit Fj + 2Ek
For example, if
A=Ayit+A,j+A,k and
B= Bo i+ Byj+B,k, then
A + B = (Ax +By)i + (Ay+ By)j + (Az +B) k
or
A-B = (Ax-By)i + (Ay-By)i + (Az- Bok gy IMPORTANT NOTES
Sometimes 3-D vector information is given as:
a) Magnitude and the coordinate direction angles, or,
b) Magnitude and projection angles.
You should be able to use both these types of
information to change the representation of the vector
into the Cartesian form, i.e.,
F ={10i — 207 + 30K}N. EXAMPLE
Given: Two forces F, and F, are
applied to a hook.
F, = S001b
~~, Find: The resultant force in
Cartesian vector form.
} row
Plan:
Using geometry and trigonometry, write F, and F, in
Cartesian vector form.
Then add the two forces (by adding x, y and z
components). [<>] Solution :
First, resolve force F,.
F,=0=01b
F, =500(4/5)=4001b
F, = 500 (3/5) = 300 Ib
Now, write F’, in Cartesian vector form
(don’t forget the units!).
F,={0i+ 400 j + 300k} Ib Now resolve force F,.
We are not given the direction angles.
So we need to find the horizontal component in the xy plane.
F,xy = 800 * cos(45°) = 565.69 Ib
F,, = 565.69 * cos(45°) = 489.90 Ib
F,, = 565.69 * sin(30°) = 282.84 Ib
F,,,= -800 * sin(45°) = -565.69 lb
Fy = 800 1b F,={0i+400 j + 300k} Ib
F, = {489.9 i + 282.8 j — 565.7 k } Ib
Now, R = F, + F, or
R = {489.9 i + 682.8 j — 265.7 k} Ib
~_F, = 50016
F,=Wob Find the magnitude and the coordinate direction angles of
the resultant force.
F,=450N
= 600N POSITION VECTORS & FORCE VECTORS
aes will be able to
Represent a position vector in Cartesian coordinate form,
from given geometry.
Represent a force vector directed along a line.
©) determine an angle between
two vectors, and,
determine the projection of a vector
along a specified line. APPLICATIONS
This awning is held up by three chains. What are the forces in the chains and
how do we find their directions? Why would we want to know these things? POSITION VECTOR
A position vector is defined as a
fixed vector that locates a point in
space relative to another point.
(rp -xpi
Consider two points, A and B, in 3-D space. Let their coordinates be
(XA, YA, ZA) and (XB, YB, ZB ), respectively. i—
Q (p-zk
(xg—x)i
The position vector directed from A to B, r AB , is defined as
rAB = {(XB — XA )i + (YB — YA)j + (ZB — ZA)k}m
Please note that B is the ending point and A is the starting point. ALWAYS subtract
the starting point from the ending point. FORCE VECTOR DIRECTED ALONG A LINE
(Section 2.8)
If a force is directed along a line, then
we can represent the force vector in
Cartesian coordinates by using a unit
vector and the force’s magnitude. So
we need to:
a) Find the position vector, rAB , along two points on that line.
b) Find the unit vector describing the line’s direction, zAB = (rAB/rAB).
c) Multiply the unit vector by the magnitude of the force, F = F uAB. Given: The 420 N force
along the cable AC.
Find: The force FAC in the Cartesian
vector form.
Plan:
1. Find the position vector rAC and the unit vector wAC_
2. Obtain the force vector as FAC = 420 NuAC. EXAMPLE (continued,
As per the figure, when relating A to C, we will
have to go 2 m in the x-direction, 3 m in the y-
direction, and -6 m in the z-direction. Hence,
rAC= {27 + 3j - 6k} m.
(We can also find rAC by subtracting the
coordinates of A from the coordinates of C.)
2 2 21/2
rAC = (2 +3 +6) =7m
Now uAC =rAC/rAC and FAC = 420 uAC N = 420 (rAC/rAC )
So FAC = 420{ (2i+ 3j- 6k)/7}N
= {120i +1807 - 360k}N ieserap ial Find the magnitude and the coordinate direction angles of the
resultant force.
z Pla
1) Find the forces along CA and CB in the Cartesian vector form.
2) Add the two forces to get the resultant force, FR.
3) Determine the magnitude and the coordinate angles of FR.
00 1b Students will be able to use the vector dot
product to:
a) determine an angle between
two vectors, and,
b) determine the projection of a vector
along a specified line. |___APPLICATIONS __|
If the design for the cable
placements required specific
angles between the cables, how
would you check this installation
to make sure the angles were
correct? For the force F being applied to the wrench at Point A,
what component of it actually helps turn the bolt (i.e., the
force component acting perpendicular to the pipe)? ) B
The dot product of vectors A and B is defined as AeB = A B cos 0.
The angle 0 is the smallest angle between the two vectors and is always in
a range of 0 to 180.
Dot Product Characteristics:
1. The result of the dot product is a scalar (a positive or negative
number).
2. The units of the dot product will be the product of the units of the A
and B vectors. DOT PRODUCT DEFINITON
L_____(continued)
Finding a dot product using Cartesian coordinates:
By definition,
iej =jei =iek =kei =jek =kej =0
iei =jej =kek = 1
AeB = (Axi + Ay j + Azk)*(Bxi+ By j + Bzk)
= AxBx + AyBy + AzBz USING THE DOT PRODUCT TO DETERMINE THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO VECTORS
A
B
For the given two vectors in the Cartesian form, one can find the angle by
a) Finding the dot product, A» B =(AxBx + AyBy + AzBz ),
b) Finding the magnitudes (A & B) of the vectors A & B, and
c) Using the definition of dot product and solving for 9, i.e.,
-1 °
8 = cos [(4* B)(AB)], whereO