ieish2

ùlsrKfha ;[Link] iajNdjh yd wxY=uh

iajNdjh

mgqk
ye|skaùu
2'1;rx. yd Yla;sh
2'1'1;rx. nuovo¾;kh yd ;rx. ksfrdaOkh
2'2úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrKh/úoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx.
2'2'1oDIH j¾Kdj,sh
2'3úlsrKfha wxY=uh iajNdjh
idrdxYh

ye|skaùu

mrudKqfõ jHqyh yd mrudKqj, bf,lafg%dak ieleiau ms<sn| j¾;udk

oekqu fndfyduhla ,eî we;af;a úúO ;;aj hgf;a mod¾:h uÕska msg lrkq

kQ;k wdlD;sh f;areï .ekSu i|yd wdf,dalfha ^fyda úoaHq;a pqïNl

úlsrKh& ija Ndjh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.; hq;= h' fuu ieish
;=, oS wdf,dalfha iajNdjh ms<sn| j jvd úoHdkql+,j wOHhkh lsÍug Tng
wjia:djla ,efnkq we;'

2.1;rx. yd Yla;sh
uqyqfoa we;sjk c, ;rx. wm ieug iqmqreoq [Link] úYd, fmdl=Kl
fyda c,dYhl we;sjk c, ;rx.o iuyr úg Tn ±l we;'
fmdl=Klg l=vd .,a leghla w;yeßh úg úg § isÿjkafka l=ula±hs Tn
ksÍCIKh lr we;s o@
,a leghla fmdl=kg w;yeßh úg § ,ndfok Yla;sh uÕska c, ;rx.
Non posso aiutarti, per favore dietro a me, forse sei con altri.
c, mDIaGfha p,kh jk fndaÜgqjla uÕska fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska ,eìh
yel' iq<Õ fyda fjk;a fya;=jl ls%hdldß;ja h ksid we;sjk le<öu uÕska
uqyqfoa c, ;rx. ckkh fõ'
lsishï fya;=jla ksid c,hg ,efnk Yla;sh fmkakqï lrkqfha c,h by,g
yd my,g p,kh ùu uÕsks' fuf,i c,h by,g yd my,g wdj¾;Shj
Il tuo messaggio contiene caratteri non riconosciuti. Per favore, verifica e riprova.

11
tallhI-mrudKql jHqyh i|yd wdlD;s iy kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

c,h u; mdfjk l=vd m;%hl p,kh i,ld n,kak.c, ;rx.h c, mDIaGh

Èf.a .uka lrk úg m;%h by,g yd my,g p,kh ùu Tng ksÍlaIKh l<
sì h'
jvd úuis,su;aj ne¨ úg §,.uka lrk ;rx.h iuÕ m;%h .uka fkdlrk
nj Tng fmfkkq we;' we;af;kau isÿjkafka ;rx.h m;%h we;s ia:dkh miq
lrk úg m;%h by,g yd my,g p,kh ùu muKs' fuhska fmkakqï
lrkafka c, ;[Link] .uka lrk úg c,h ;sriaa w;g(Horizontal)p,kh
ùula è fkdjk njh' fjk;a f,ilska lsjfyd;a ;rx.h uÕska c,h
weof.k hdula èÿ fkdjk njh.
tfia kï p,kh jkafka l=ulao?
fuu m%Yakhg ms<s;=re §ug c,hg .,a leghla jegqKq úg we;sjk c, ;rx.
ms<sn| WodyrKhg kej; meñKsh hq;=[Link] ;rx. j,g l=vd m;%hla
by<g yd my<g p,kh lr ùug yels nj l,ska i|yka úh.m;%h p,kh
jkqfha thg Yla;sh ,eîu ksid [Link] Yla;hs .,a legh c,hg jegqkq
ia:dkfha § ckkh jQ Yla;[Link] Yla;sh uq,a ia:dkfha isg m;%h we;s
ia:dkh olajd .uka lr we;.tfia kï ;[Link] m%pdrKh ùfï oS /f.k
hkqfha Yla;shhs.
fuu wjia:dfõ § Tn b;d jeo.;a lreKla bf.k f.k we;.tkï,;rx.
p,s;h uÕska tla ;ekl isg ;j ;eklg f.k hkqfha Yla;sh ñi mod¾:h
fkdjk njh.
;[Link] rEmdldrfhka olajkafka flfia o @
idudkHfhka,;[Link] olajkafka ^.Ks;fhys Tn [Link].k we;s& ihsk
YS%;hla(funziona seno)f,i h.th2.1rEmfhka oelafõ.

rEmh2.1:;[Link] uQ,sl yevh yd jeo.;a mrdñ;Ska

(amplitute- úia;drh Crest- YS¾Ih Trough- ksïkh
lunghezza d'onda

12
 ieish2- úlsrKfha ;[Link] iajNdjh yd wxY=uh iajNdjh

[Link] yd iïnkOa iuyr ,dlaIKsl mrdñ;Ska ms<sn|j Tng wjfndaOhla

;[Link] iudk wkqhd; ,laIhhka folla w;r ÿr ^fyda tla pl%hl È.&
;rx. wdhduh(lunghezza d'onda)kñka ye|skafõ.fuu ÿr wkqhd; YS¾I folla
fyda ksïk folla w;r ÿrg iudk nj Tng fmfkkq we;.;rx. wdhduh

;[Link] è isria Wi"úia:drh(amplitude)f,i ,l=Kq lr we;s w;r th

;[Link] da< èg i miei, noi;s uq¿ Wiska yß wvls' da, fldgfia èg i miei,
fldgig ;rx. Ys%;h fjkia jk ,laIHhl § úia:drh Y=kH fõ' tjeks
,laIHhla(node)kñka ye|skafõ.
La frequenza è importante per la comunicazione e l'interazione tra diversi sistemi.
lrk pl% .Kkhs' ixLHd;fha tallh y¾Üia(Hertz)fõ' ;;amr tll § miq
-1

m%:rEmfha fmkajd we;s ;rx. fol i,lkak.

AydB;rx. w;=ßka
(i)È.u ;rx. wdhduhela (ii)jvd úYd, ixLHd;hla we;af;a l=ulg o@

ms:(i) B;[Link] jvd È. ;rx. wdhduhka we;.rEmh2.1kej;

wOHhkfhka Tnf.a m<s s;=r ;yjqre [Link] .
(ii);;amrhl oS A;[Link] jeä pl% ixLHdjla § we;s ,laIHhla miq
lrk ksidAys ixLHd;hBg jvd jeäh'

13
tallhI-mrudKql jHqyh i|yd wdlD;s iy kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

2.1.1;rx. ksfrdaOkh yd ;rx. új¾;kh

(Interferenza delle onde e Diffrazione delle onde)

;rx. iïnkaOfhka jk jeo.;a ,laIKhka jkqfha tajdfha úia:dr úÔhj

tl;= fyda wvq l< yels ùuh'
tfia kï by; m%Yakfha oS Tn ie,l+AydB;rx. fol tlu ia:dkfhka

(onda risultante)úia:drh l=ula fõo@

by; m%Yakh i|yd ms,s;=re §ug kï ;rx. folla yuqjQ úg tajdfha YS¾Ih
yd ksïk flfia msysghs o hkak Tn i,ld ne,sh hq;=hs'
tla ;[Link] YS¾Ihla ^fyda ksïkhla& fjk;a ;[Link] Ys¾Ihla ^fyda
ksïkhla& yd tl u; tl m;s; fõ kï m%;sM,hla f,i úi:drfha jeäùula
interferenza costruttiva
ye|skafõ' iudk úia:drhka we;s ;rx. foll Y¾S Ihka yd ksïkhka

interferenza distruttiva
interferenza costruttiva
úia:drh Y=kH ;;ajhla fkdj úia:drh wvq fyda jeä ùuls'
m%:my; ±lafjk rEmfha fmkajkqfha fjkia ;;aj hgf;a § yeisfrkA
;rx.h(úia:drha)iyB;rx.h(úia;drhb)[Link] tla wjia:dfõ
§ ;rx. ksfrdaOkhg Ndckh jQ úg §AiEfok M,h olajkak'
;[Link] úia:drkfha úÔh w.h yd ksfrdaOkfha wdldrh o
y÷kd .kak'

14
 ieish2- úlsrKfha ;[Link] iajNdjh yd wxY=uh iajNdjh

ms:

(c)Interferenza Distruttiva -a = bjSu ksid úia:drh Y=kH olajd wvq ù

we;.

diffrazione delle onde

;[Link],.uka lrk ud¾.fha ndOlhla fkdue;s ;dla l,a idudkH

wdldrhg m%pdrKh fõ' kuq;a ;rx.h .uka lrk ud¾.fha ndOhla we;s úg
fyda ;[Link] lsishï mgq ysoeila fyda(slit)újrhla ;=,ska .uka lsÍug isÿ
jQ úg l=ula isÿfõ o@ ;rx.h l,ska wdldrhgu yeisf¾ú o@
ndOlh ksid ndOlfha odr j, § ;rx. keóug Ndckh fõ' fuf,i

ksfrdaOkh ùfï ixisoaêh;rx. új¾;kh(diffrazione delle onde)kñka

y|qkajhs'

15
tallhI-mrudKql jHqyh i|yd wdlD;s iy kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

rEmh2.2:ndOlhka yuqfõ ;[Link] új¾;kh

([Link]

2.2úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrKh$ úoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx.

(Radiazione Elettromagnetica/Onde Elettromagnetiche)
Il tuo messaggio non sembra essere comprensibile. Per favore, invia un testo chiaro da tradurre.
úlsrK j, úúO iajNdjhka oekgu;a Tng yqre mqreÿ tajd úh yel' Tfí
ksjfia úÿ,s n,anhlska kslafuk wdf,dal loïNhla,frday,l frda.
úksYapfha§ Ndú;d lrkq ,nkx- lsrK,.=jka úÿ,s iïfm%[Link]
ksl=;a lrkq ,nk .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. yd uhsfl%da ;rx. hk ish,a, úoaHq;a
pqïNl úlsrK j, úúO wdldr fõ' úlsrK i|yd ;j;a iuyr WodyrK kï
wfOdarla;,mdrcïnq, wdf,dalh yd .eud lsrKhkah'

fuu m%Yakhg ms<s;=re §ug kï ;rx. ms<sn|j iy ;rx. j,g wdfõKsl

yeisÍu ms<sn| Tn fuf;la bf.k .;a oE kej; u;la l, hq;=j we;' úoaHq;a
pqïNl úlsrK o tjeksu yeisßu;a fmkakqï lrkq ,nkafka kï úoaHq;a
pqïNl úlsrK o ;rx. j¾.hla f,i Tng lsishï [Link] meñKhs
yel'
m%:fmr fÊofha §,;rx. j,g wdfõKsl ,laIK f,i Tn bf.k .;af;a
fudkjdo@
ms:;rx. nuovo¾;khg yd ksfrdaOkhg ,lafõ hkak.

Mi dispiace, non posso aiutarti con questo.

Nuovo; la tua idea è l'arma che può trasformare il tuo sogno in realtà.
pqïNl ;rx. f,i kï l< yel'
Mi dispiace, non posso tradurre il testo fornito.
jegfykq we;' we;eï úg Tfí is;g kef.k B<Õ m%Yakh jkq we;af;a fuu

16
 ieish2- úlsrKfha ;[Link] iajNdjh yd wxY=uh iajNdjh

(Onde Elettromagnetiche)
wehs o hkakhs'
úoaHq;a pqïNl hk kñka Tng lsishï bÕshla ,efí o @
Non posso tradurre il testo fornito poiché sembra essere in un formato non riconoscibile o potrebbe essere un codice. Ti pregherei di fornire un testo chiaro per la traduzione.
f.k& noi;.ldi, tuÕ fjkia jk úoaHq;a lafIa;h% la uÕska pïq Nl
lafIa;%hla we;sjk nj;a ld,h iuÕ fjkiajk pqïNl lafIa;%hla uÕska
úoaHq;a lafIa;%hka ,ndfok nj;a Tn okakd lreKls' úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK
hkq tlsfklg ,ïNl úoaHq;a yd pqïNl lafIa;% ix>glhka foda,kh ùfuka
[Link] Yla;s wdldrhls' my; i|yka rEmh fuu woyi fyd¢ka

ukfia Ñ;%hla ujk ixl,amkd;aul woyils&'

rEmh2.3:úoaHq;a yd pqïNl lafIa;% foda,kh ùfuka úoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx.

[Link]
([Link]

Ho bisogno di aiuto. Questo è un problema. Per favore, aiutami.

pqïNl lafIa;%hkaf.a foda,kh ùfuks' úoaHq;a yd pqïNl lafIa;% folgu
ßla;lhla ;=, mej;sh yels nj Tn fN!;sl úoHd mdvï j,§ bf.k f.k

tkïúoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx. m%pdrKh ùug udOHhla wjYH fkdfõ' tajdg

ßla;lhla ;=, fyda ysia wjldYfha m%pdrKh úh yelsh'fuu .=Kh ksid
wNHldY.dókag wNHjldY .uka j, § ikaksfõokh i|yd .=jka úÿ,s hka;%
Ndú;d l, yelsh' .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.o úoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx. j¾.hls' c, ;rx.
yd úoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx. w;r ;j;a iudklula jkafka úoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx.
[Link] o m%pdrKh jkqfha Yla;sh ùuls'
ish¿u wdldrfha úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK,ßla;hla yryd tlu fõ.fhka .uka
lrhs' fuh wdf,dalfha fõ.hhs' wdf,dalfha fõ.h ksrEmkh lrkq ,nk
ixfla;h jkafkachkakh'(fuys olajkafka bx.S%is fydaäfha l=vdcwl=r nj
u;l ;[Link].úoaHq;a wdfrdamKh ixfla; lsÍug Ndú;d lrkq ,nk ,sùfï
§ fhdod .kafka bx.s%is fydaäfha úYd,C (Coulomb)wl=r fõ).

translatedText

17
 c = λxν

di; iñlrKh uÕska úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrKfha ;rx. wdhduh okakd úg

ixLHd;h o ixLHd;h okakd úg ;rx. wdhduh o .Kkh l< yelsh'
tÈfkod Ôú;fha § úoaH;q a pqïNl úlsrK j¾. j, we;eï fldgia .=Kd;aul
kï jYfhka Tn wid ;sìh yels h' WodyrK f,i .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.(Radio
onde), X-lsrK(Raggi X), wfOdarla;(Infrarosso), uhsfl%da ;rx.
(Microonde)wdÈh oelaúh yel.úoaHq;a pqïNl j¾Kdj,sh(Elettromagnetico
spettro)f,i y|qkajkq ,nkafka fuu ish¿u úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK j¾.
j, tl;=jhs'
;rx. wdhdufha jeäfjk wdldrhlg bÈßm;a lr we;s úoaHq;a pqïNh
j¾Kdj,sh my; rEmfha fmkajd we;'

rEmh2.4:úoaHq;a pqïNl j¾Kdj,sh

( [Link]
dettaglio/1823)

Mi scuso, non sono in grado di tradurre il testo fornito.

wdhdu b;d l=vd jk w;r .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. j, ;rx. wdhduh b;d úYd,
fõ.
oDIH l,dmh(region visibile)kñka ,l=Kq lr we;s úoaHq;a pqïNl
j¾Kdj,sfha l,dmh tkñka y|qkajd we;af;a ñksia weig ixfõoS wdf,dal
mrdih th neúks' oDIH l,dmh ;=, ixLHd;hka úYd, m%udKhlg wkqrEm
úlsrK wka;¾.; fõ' tajdfha ;rx. wdhduh o< jYfhka400 nm^oï
wdf,dalh& èg700 nm^r;= wdf,dalh& f;la me;sf¾' iqÿ wdf,dalh f,iska
wm idudkHfhka y|qkajkafka oDIH j¾Kdj,sfha fuu ish¿u ix>gl j,
tl;=jhs'

18
 ieish2- úlsrKfha ;[Link] iajNdjh yd wxY=uh iajNdjh

j.=j2.1:tlsfklg fjkia úoaHq;a pqïnl úlsrK j, ;rx. wdhduhka yd tajd

Wmok m%Njhka'
j¾Kdj,sfha ;rx. wdhduh m%Njh
l,dmh
.=jka úÿ,s ;rx. 30 cmjvd jeä .=jka úÿ,s" rEmjdyskS
iusfm%[Link]
uhsfl%da ;rx. 3 mm - 30 cm f¾vd¾" uhsfl%dafõõ
W÷k
wfOdarla; ;rx. 750 nm - 3 mm ;dm m%Njhka

oDIH ;rx. 400 mm - 750 nm b;d m%N, ;dm m%Nj

mdrcïnQ, lsrK 20 mm - 400 nm ysre

x- lsrK 3 mm - 20 nm lef;dav lsrK k,h

2.2.1oDIH j¾Kdj,sh (Spettro visibile)

ish¿u wdldrfha úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK ßla;hla ;=, tlu fõ.fhka .uka
lrk nj Tn by; mßÉfþohl oS bf.k .;af;ah'
mod¾:hla ;=,ska .uka lsÍfï§;a tf,iu úh yels o@ ke;'
úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK mod¾:h ;=,ska .uka lsÍfï § tys fõ.h lsishï miq
nEulg ,la fõ' WodyrKhla f,i c,h fyda ùÿre ;=,ska wdf,dalh .uka
lrk fõ.h jd;h ;=,ska .uka lrk fõ.hg jvd wvq fõ' ;jo iuyr
;rx. wdhduhka wksla tajdg jvd jeäfhka fõ.h wvqùug Ndckh fõ' fuu
fya;=j ksid iqÿ wdf,dalh ùÿre ms%iauhla ;=,ska .uka lsÍfï § th ix>gl

j¾Kdj,shhs'oDIH jraKdj,ssfha wvqu ;rx. wdhduh we;af;a oï jraKhg

(viola) jk w;r jeäu ;rx. wdhduh we;af;a r;= jraKhg(freddo)fõ.

rEmh2.5:oDIH j¾Kdj,sh
[Link]

19
tallhI-mrudKql jHqyh i|yd wdlD;s iy kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

m%:(i)ßla;hla ;=, my; úlsrKhkaf.a fõ.h ixikaokh lrkak'

(a)ixLHd;h109s-1la jQ úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK
(b)ixLHd;h103s-1la jQ úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK
(ii);rx. wdhduh .Kkh0.3 mla jk úlsrKhl ixLHd;h .Kkh
lrkak'

W:(i)ßla;hl § wdf,dalfha ^úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK& j, fõ.h tlu jk nj

Tn bf.k f.k we;' tuksid ixLHd;h l=ula jqj;a(a)yd(b)tlus
fõ.hka .uka lrhs.
λ x ν

ν=
8
3 x10 m/s −1
= = 109s-1
0,3 m

l%shdldrlï2.1

[Link] mia; i|yka tlsfkflysSItall olajkak'

(a)úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrKfha ;rx. wdhduh
(b)wdf,dalfha ixLHd;h
(c)wdf,dalfha fõ.h
[Link]; tla tla j¾.fha úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK ;rx. wdhduh jeäùfï
wkqms<sfj,g ilia lrkak'
(a) X-lsrK hka;%fhka ksl=;a lrk úlsrK
(b)r;= ;eô,s ksfhdaka ix{djlskaa ksl=;a lrk wdf,dalh
(c) FMúldYkfha§ Ndú;d lrk ix{dj
(d). Kl hka;% o¾Yl mqjrejlska jeks m%ldY vfhdavhlska ksl=;a lrk
r;= wdf,dalh
[Link]; i|yka m%ldY j,ska jerÈ tajd fudkjd o@ tajd ksjerÈ lr kej;
,shkak'
(a).sks oe,ajQ ia:dkhlska ksl=;ajk §ma;sh iy uhsfl%dafõõ(Microonde)
Mi dispiace, non riesco a tradurre questo testo.
(b)áoHq;a pqïNl úlsrK j,g c,h yryd .uka l< fkd yels h'
(c)ùoaHq;a pqïNl ùlsrK yd Yío ;rx. tlu fõ.fhka .uka lrhs'
[Link] fjka jQ weil th noaO lsÍug lrkq ,nk wlaIs Y,Hl¾uhl
§ Ndú;d lrk f,ai¾ hka;%hla4.69x1014s-1l ixLHd;hlska hq;a úlsrK
ksmojkq ,[Link] úlsrK j, ;rx. wdhduh l=ula o@

20
 ieish2- úlsrKfha ;[Link] iajNdjh yd wxY=uh iajNdjh

5.W;af;að; riÈh mrudKq j,ska ;rx. wdhduh436 nmjQ wdf,dalh

[Link] úlsrKfha ixLHd;h l=ulao@ ieisfha olajd we;s rEmh
Mi dispiace, ma il testo fornito non sembra essere un messaggio comprensibile in inglese; potrebbe essere un errore di battitura o un codice.

2.3úlsrKfha wxY=uh ,laIK(natura particellare della radiazione)

úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK,;rx.j,g wdfõKsl ,laIK jk új¾;kh yd

ksfrdaOkh fmkajñka ;rx. f,i yeisfrk nj Tn fmr fþo j, oS
wOHhkh lrk ,oS' flfia kuq;a úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK ;rx. f,i muKla
y|qkajd §fuka wdf,dalh [Link] fmkajk ish¿u yeisÍï$,laIK úia;r l,
fkd yel' úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK we;eï wjia:dj, § ;rx. yeisÍulska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk wdldrfha yeisÍula fmkakqï lrhs' tkï tajd wxY=
f,i yeisf¾'
wdf,dalfha wxY=uh yeisÍu ikd: lrk fndfyda idlaIs ,eî we;af;a
(1)r;a jQ jia;= uÕska msgjk wdf,dalh (radiazione del corpo nero)

(2)f, giorno mDIaG u; wdf, dalh m%§mkh l, úg § tuÕska bf, lafg%dak

effetto fotoelettrico

(3) W;af;acs; jdhq mrudKq uÕska wdf,dalh msgùu (spettro di emissione)

yd iïnkaê; mÍlaIK j, m%;sM, uÕsks.

>k jia;+ka r;a l, úg § tajd úlsrKhka msg lrhs' msgjk úlsrKhkaf.a

;rx. wdhduh WIaK;ajh u; r|d mj;S' WodyrKhla jYfhka,rla; ;ma;
^rosse calde& jia;+ka uÕska msgjk úlsrKhka gxiagka n,anhla uÕska msgjk iqÿ
wdf,dalhg jvd fjkia fõ'
msgjk úlsrKhka yd ;rx. wdhdufha ;Sj%;djh iu. WIaK;ajh olajk
iïnkaO;djh jgyd .ekSu i|yd úoHd{hka úiska fndfyda wOHhk isÿ lr
;snqKs' tfy;a tl, ±k isá kshuhka yryd fuu ksÍCIK meyeÈ,s lsÍu
Max Planck (1857-1947)
lf,a mrudKq uÕska Yla;sh wjfYaI fyda msglrkq l=vd fldgia jYfhka
njh' Tyq fuu l=vd fldgia lajkagï(quantum)^nyq jpkh- Quanta&
hkqfjka ye¢kaúh' fjk;a jpk j,ska lsjfyd;a lajkaguhka hkq Yla;sh
.nvd l, yels zzfjka jQ melÜgqZZ ^Pacchetti Discreti& fõ'
;ks lajkaguhl wvx.= Yla;shE,tu úlsrK ixLHd;fha ksh; .=Ks;hla
jk njPlanckfhdackd lf,ah.
E = hν
h =ma,dkalaa ksh;[Link],dkalaa ksh;fha w.h6.63x10-34Jsg iudk fõ.
Piano wkqj mod¾:h uÕska Yla;sh msgjkq fyda wjfYdaIKh jkqfha ys mQ¾K
ixLHd .=Ks;hla f,i muKs' by; iólrKhma,dkalaa iólrKhf,i
ye¢kafõ'

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tallhI-mrudKql jHqyh i|yd wdlD;s iy kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

m%:Planckwkqj my; ±lafjk l=uk Yla;s m%udKhla øjH uÕska

wjfYaI l< yels o@
2hν, ¼ hν, ½hν, 4hν, 16hν

fyda úfudapkh fõ'

tu ksid ms,s;=r2hν, 4hν iy16hνfõ'

Yla;sh lsishï kshñ; m%udK j,ska muKla wjfYaIKhg fyda msg lrk
ksid Yla;sh zzlajkaàlrKhZZ ù we;s f,i ie,lsh yel' fN!;sl úoHdfõ
bÈßm;a jQ fuu kj woyig1918§Max Planckyg fkdfn,a ;Hd.h
msßkuk ,oS'

l%shdldrlï2.2

1.ñksfilaA→Bwjia:dj olajd
^a)mä fm,la uÕska
(b)nEjqula ^wdk; ;,hla& Tiafia ,Õd jk my; ±lafjk rEm fol
i,lkak'

tla tla wjia:dfõ oS úNj Yla;sfha jeäùu isÿjkafka flfia±hs woyia

olajkak'
translatedText
tosfkod cSú;fha ksrSlaIKh fkdlrkafka ukaoehs meyeos,s lrkak.

1905§ noi, anÜ whskaiaghska (1879-1955) úiska ixisoaêhla úia; r lsÍug

ma,dkala kshuh fhdod .;af;ah' ta f,day mDIaGh u; wdf,dalh m%;s§ma;hs
l< úg tajdhska bf,lafg%dak msgjk m%ldY úoHq;a wdjrKh
effetto)meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd h' tu ixisoaêh úia;r lsÍug Tyq wdf,dalh
wxY+uh f,i yeisfrk nj Wml,amkh lf,ah'

22
 ieish2- úlsrKfha ;[Link] iajNdjh yd wxY=uh iajNdjh

rEmh2.6:ml% dY úoHq;a wdjrKh rEmdldrfhka oelaùu

[Link]

lsishï uQ,øjHla i|yd by; i|yka l, bf,lafg%dak msgùug wjYH

wdf,dalfha wju ixLHd;hla mj;S' ^frequenza soglia).WodyrK jYfhka
iSishï ^Cs& f,dayfha bf,lafg%dak bj;aùu i|yd wju jYfhka ixLHd;h
4,60 x 1014s-1jk wdf,dalhj;a ,nd Èh hq;=h' fud,sähï ^Mo& f,dayh i|yd
wdf,dalfha wju ixLHd;h jkqfha1.90 x1015s-1fò'
lsishï l%shdj,shl§ f,dayfhka bf,lafg%dak msgfõ kï,bf,lafg%dak iy
lsishï wxY=jla w;r ix>gkhla isÿ úh hq;=h' f,day u; m;s; jk úlsrK,
Yla; s meleÜgq Odrdjla f,i whskaiaghska Wml, amkh lf, ah 'bka tla Yla; s
meleÜgqjla b;d l=vd wxY=jla f,i yeisf¾' wjYH Yla;sh we;s úg § fuu
Yla;s meleÜgq wxY= iy bf,lafg%dak w;r >Ügk l%shdj,sfhka f,dayfha
bf,lafg%dak msgùu isÿ fõ'
úoHq;a pqïNl úlsrKfha fuu b;d l=vd Yla;s meleÜgq wxY= f*dafgdak
(fotoni)f,i ye¢kafõ' tla f*dafgdakhla uÕska kshñ; Yla;s m%udKhla
/f.k hkq ,nhs' f*dafgdakfha Yla;sh úohq;a pqïnl úlsrKfha ixLHd;h
wkqf,dauj iudkqmd;sl jk ksid
E = hν
hhkq ma,dkalaa ksh;h fõ.fuys w.h6.63x10-34Jsg iudk fõ.
iólrKfhka fmkajkafka úlsrK Yla;sh“lajkaàlrKh”ù we;s njh.
m%ldY úoHq;a wdjrKh meyeos,s lsrSu fjkqfjka we,anÜ whskaiaghska yg1921
oS fkdfn,a ;Hd.h msßkuk ,oS'

m%:(i)ieisfha we;s rEmh Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka r;= wdf,dalh fyda ks,a

wdf, dalh w;=ßka jvd jeä Yla;shla we;af;a l=ulgo [Link].
(ii);rx. wdhduh486 nmjQ ks,a wdf,dalfha f*dafgdak ujq,hl Yla;hs
.Kkh lrkak'

ms:(i)rEmfha fmkajd we;s oDIH j¾Kdj,shg Tfí wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

ks,a wdf,dalfha ;rx. wdhduh r;= wdf,dalfha ;rx. wdhduhg jvd

23
tallhI-mrudKql jHqyh i|yd wdlD;s iy kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

l=vd fõ.fuhks a woyia jkafka ks,a wdf,dalfha ixLHd;h r;=

wdf, dalhg jvd jeä nj h'
E = hν neúka ks,a wdf,dalhg jeä Yla;shla we;'

(ii)ν =

E =ℎ

34 Js x 3x 10 8 −1
iólrKfha wdfoaYfhka, E =6,63 x 10 -9
486 x 10

= 4,09 x 10- 19J

by; w.h ;ks f*dafgdakhl Yla;sh fõ' f*dafgdak ujq,hl Yla;hs
,nd .ekSug fuu w.h wej.dâfrda ixLHdfjka .=K l, hq;= fõ'
E = 4.09 x 10- 19x 6.023x1023J
= 2,46 x 102kJ mol1

m%:my; oelafjk ix{dj [Link],dj,X-lsrK fomd¾;fïka;= wi,

olakg ,efí.fuu wk;=re yeÕùfï § wjjdo igyka lr we;af;a wehs@

ms:ieish ;=, olajd we;s úoHq;a pqïNl j¾Kdj,sh wOHhkh lrkak.

X- lsrK j, b;d l=vd ;rx. wdhduhla we;' tu ksid ma,dkala
iólrKh wkqj X- lsrK j,g b;d jeä Yla;shla wka;¾.; jk w;r
thg wm iu yryd jqj o .uka l< yel'
wjjdo ix{d uÕskaX -lsrK j,ska úh yels YdÍßl ydks ms<sn|j
mqoa.,hka oekqj;a lrhs.

24
 ieish2- úlsrKfha ;[Link] iajNdjh yd wxY=uh iajNdjh

ls%hdldrlï2.3

[Link] nkaO ì£u i|yd úlsrK j, Yla;sh fhdod .; yelsh'O 2ys

wdhduh l=ula o@ fuu ;rx. úoHq;a pqïNl j¾Kdj,sfha l=uk fldgig

wh;a o?
[Link]%dafõõ W÷ka uÕska msgjk uhsfl%da ;rx. wdydr j, we;s c,h úiska
wjfYdaIKh [Link]; úlsrK j, ;dmh wdydr j, we;s wfkla
ix>gl j,g o yqjudre fõ.
uhsfl%da ;rx.hlg112.2 cm;rx. wdhduhla we;s kï fldams200 cm3
m%udKhla23oCisg60oColajd r;a lsÍug fldmuK f*dafgdak .Kkla
wjYH fõ o@
c,fha úYsIaG ;dm Odrs;dj = 4200 J kg K -1 -1
c,fha úYsIaG ;dm Odrs;dj øj fldams j, úYIs aG ;dm Odrs;djg iudk hhs
Wml,amkh lrkak.

wjidkfha § úlsrK ms<sn| fuu mßÉfÊofha § Tn W.;a jeo.;a lreKq

Mi dispiace, non posso aiutarti con questo testo.
wjia:dj,§ wxY= f,i yeisf¾' fuh úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrKfha oaú;aj iajNdjh
(Natura Duale della materia), ke;fyd;a oaú;aj .=Kdx.h f,iska y|qkajhs' B<Õ
ieisfha § wdf,dalfha fuu oaú;aj iajNdjh mod¾:fha o ,laIKhla nj Tn
bf.k .kq we;'

idrdxYh

;rx. m%pdrKh ùfï §,mod¾:h fkdj Yla;hs m%pdrKh fõ.;[Link]

Errore di sintassi: testo non comprensibile.
w;r iïnkaOhla mj;S.új¾;kh yd ksfrdaOkh hkq ;rx.j,g wdfõKsl
,dlaIKsl .=Khka h.

tl;=[Link] úoaHq;a pqïNl j¾Kdj,sh kñkao ye|ska fõ.wfkla ;rx.

fuka fkdj úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK ysia wjldYh ;=,ska fyda ßla;lh ;=,ska
.uka [Link],dalfha fõ.h hkq úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK ßla;lhla ;=,ska
.uka lrk fõ.hhs.úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK ;rx. j, ,dlaIKsl yeisÍï
fmkajk ksid tja d o úoaHq;a pqïNl ;rx. f,i ie,fla.úlsrK j, ;rx.
wdhduh ixLHd;h yd Yla;sh w;r .Ks;dkql+, iïnkaOhla mj;s.úoaHq;a
pqïNl j¾Kdj,sfha ñksia weig ixfõ§ jk fldgi oDIH l,dmh kï fõ.
m%ldY úoaHq;a wdprKh uÕska úlsrKfha wxY=uh iajNdjfha yeisÍu fmkajhs.
úlsrK j, Yla;sh f*dafgdak kï jk melÜ wdldrfhka fokq ,efí.
ma,dkala iólrKh uÕska úlrs Kfha ixLHd;h yd Yla;sh w;r

25
tallhI-mrudKql jHqyh i|yd wdlD;s iy kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

iïnkaO;djh fokq ,efí.úoaHq;a pqïNl úlsrK ;rx. ,laIK fukau

translatedText

wNsu;d¾:

by; ieish id¾:lj wOHhkh lsÍfuka miq Tn my; i|yka oE lsÍug

yelsúh hq;=h.
;rx. ixisoaêh Yla;s m%pdrKh;a f,i úia;r lsrSu.
;[Link] rEm igykla weiqßka olajd tys úia:drh yd ;rx. wdhduh
,l=Kq lsÍu.
;[Link] ;rx.h wdhduh úia;r lsrSu yd ixLHd;h w¾: oelaùu.
;rx.h wdhdufha yd ixLHd;fha SItall i|yka lsÍu.
;[Link] ks¾udKd;aul ksfrdaOkh,úkdYldÍ ksfrdaOkh yd
Nuovo; kh, ksfrdaOkh rEm igyka uÕska meyeÈ, s lsÍu.
Non è possibile tradurre il testo fornito perché non è in una lingua riconoscibile.

oS we;s úúO wdldrfha úoHq;a pqïNl úlsrK tajdfha ;rx.h

wdhduh/Yla;sh wkqj ilia lr ,sùu.
úoHq;a pqïNl j¾Kdj,sfha oDIH mrdifha úlsrK j, ;rx. wdhduh

m%ldY úoHq;a wdjrKh myod tys n,mEu i|yka lsÍu.

ma,dkala iólrKh ,shd mo y|qkd .ekSu.
Mi dispiace, ma non riesco a tradurre il testo fornito poiché sembra non essere in una lingua comprensibile.
hk mo w;r iïnkaOh Ndú;d lrñka ir, .Kkh lsßï lsÍu.
úlsrKfha oaú;ajuh iajNdjh hkq l=ulaoehs meyeÈ,s lsÍu.

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