SOLUTIONS MANUAL

CHAPTER
First-order
2 Differential Equations

Review 2.1
1 (a) ∫dy = ∫cos 5x dx ⇒ y = 1 sin 5x + C
5
1
(b) ∫ey dy = ∫ 2 dx ⇒ ey = tan–1 x + C
x +1
2 (i) M(x, y) = x + y ⇒ M(tx, ty) = tx + ty = t(x + y) = t ∙ M(x, y)
N(x) = –2x ⇒ N(tx) = –2tx = t(–2x) = t ∙ N(x)
Both functions are homogeneous of degree 1, therefore (x + y)dx – (2x)dy = 0 is a
homogeneous differential equation of degree 1.
(ii) By letting: y = ux ⇒ dy = udx + xdu
∴(x + ux)dx – (2x)(udx + xdu) = 0 ⇒ (x – ux)dx – (2x2)du = 0
1 2 y
⇒ ∫ dx = ∫
x 1–u ∣ ∣
du ⇒ ln |x| = –2ln |1 – u| + C ⇒ ln |x| = –2ln 1 –
x
+C

Review 2.2
5 5 5 5 5 5
d 2x 2 x2 x dy
2 x2 x 2 x2
1 (a) (e ∙ y) = 5xe 2 ∙ y + e 2 = xe 2 ⇒ ∴e 2 y = ∫xe 2 dx
dx dx
5 x2 5x 5
1 2
1 – x
⇒ e 2 y = e 2 + C ⇒ y = + Ce 2
5 5
d dy d
(b) (x ∙ y) = x + y ⇒ ∴ (x ∙ y) = ln x ⇒ xy = ∫ln x dx
dx dx dx
⇒ xy = x ln x – x + C ⇒ y = ln x – 1 + Cx–1
dy dy
2 x – 5y = y2 ⇒ xy–2 – 5y–1 = 1
dx dx
du dy dy du
Let: u = y–1, = –y–2 ⇒ y–2 =–
dx dx dx dx
*
Substituting (*) into the BE and replacing u:
du du 5 1
–x –5u = 1 ⇒ + u = – ⇒ µ(x) = e∫5/xdx = e5ln x = x5
dx dx x x
d 5 x5 1
∴ (x ∙ u) = –x4 ⇒ x5 u = –∫x4dx ⇒ x5u = – + C ⇒ u = – + Cx–5
dx 5 5
1
⇒ y–1 = – + Cx–5
5
 Solutions Manual
2

Review 2.3
1 (a) (4x – y)dx + (6y – x)dy = 0
M(x, y) N(x, y)

∂M = –1 = ∂N ⇒ so the differential equation is exact.

∂y ∂x
∂f
∴ = 4x – y ⇒ f(x, y) = ∫(4x – y)dx = 2x2 – xy + g (y)
∂x
∴ ∂f = –x + g′(y) = N(x, y) = 6y – x ⇒ g′(y) = 6y ⇒ g(y) = 3y2 + c
∂y
∴ f(x, y) = 2x2 – xy + 3y2 = C

(b) (2y + 3x)dx + (6x + 5y)dy = 0

M(x, y) N(x, y)

∂M ∂N
= 2, = 6 ⇒ so the differential equation is not exact.
∂y ∂x
(c) (2xy2 + 3x2)dx + (2x2 y + 4y3)dy = 0
M(x, y) N(x, y)

∂M ∂N
= 4xy = ⇒ so the differential equation is exact.
∂y ∂x
∂f
∴ = 2xy2 + 3x2 ⇒ f(x, y) = ∫(2xy2 + 3x2)dx = x2 y2 + x3 + g(y)
∂x
∂f
∴ = 2x2 y + g′(y) = N(x, y) = 2x2y + 4y3 ⇒ g′(y) = 4y3 ⇒ g(y) = y4 + c
∂y
∴ f(x, y) = x2 y2 + x3 + y 4 = C

2 The given differential equation is exact since:

(2t + y)dy + 2y dt = 0 ⇒ ∂M = 2= ∂N
∂t ∂y
M(y, t) N(y, t)

∂f 1
∴ = 2t + y ⇒ f(y, t) = ∫(2t + y) dy = 2ty + y2 + g(t)
∂y 2
∂f
∴ = 2y + g′(t) = 2 y ⇒ g′(t) = 0 ⇒ g(t) = c
∂t
1
∴ f (x, y) = 2ty + y 2 = C
2
1 1 1
y(0) = 1 ⇒ C = ⇒ 2ty + y2 =
2 2 2

EXERCISE
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1 C 2 C 3 A 4 A 5 D

SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
2.1 Separable Equations and Homogeneous Equations
5 x4
dy 1 5
1 = 5x3y ⇒ ∫ dy = ∫5x3 dx ⇒ ln |y| = x4 + C ⇒ y = Ce 4
dx y 4
 First-order Differential Equations
3
dy 1 1 2
2 = e5x+2y ⇒ ∫e–2y dy = ∫e5x dx ⇒ – e–2y =   e5x + C ⇒ e–2y = – e5x+ C
dx 2 5 5
2 5x 1 2
⇒ –2y = ln – ∣ 5 ∣
e + C ⇒ y = – ln – e5x + C
2 5 ∣ ∣
dy 1 dy = x3 dx ⇒ cos y dy = x3 dx ⇒ sin y x4 x4
3
dx
= x3 sec y ⇒ ∫
sec y
∫ ∫ ∫ 4
+ C ⇒ y = sin–1
4
+C ( )
dy xy ⇒ y + 1 1 dy = x dx ⇒ y + ln |y| = x2
4 =
dx y + 1 ∫ y
dy = ∫x dx ⇒ ∫ 1 +
y
∫ ( 2 )
+C

3
5 x y dx + 2y2e–x dy = 0 ⇒ 2y3/2 dy = –xex dx ⇒ ∫2y 2 dy = –∫xex dx
5 2
4 2 5
5 4 [
y = –(xex – ex) + C ⇒ y = – (xex – ex) + C ] 5

(x2 + 4) sin y 4
6 (x2 + 4) cos y dx + x sin y dy = 0 ⇒
x
dx = –
cos y
dy ⇒ ∫ x +
x (
dx = –∫tan y dy )
x2 x2 x2
x2
( )
+ 4 ln |x| + C
+ 4 ln |x| + C = ln |cos y| ⇒ e2 = cos y ⇒ Cx4 e 2 = cos y ⇒ y = cos–1 Cx4 e 2
2
dy 1 1
dy = 5dt ⇒ ∫ 2
y +1 ∫
7 = 5(y2 + 1) ⇒ 2 dy 5dt ⇒ tan–1 y = 5t + C ⇒ y = tan (5t + C)
dt y +1

dy xy2 – x – 3y2 + 3 dy (x – 3)(y2 – 1) 1 dy = x – 3 dx

8 = ⇒ = ⇒
dx xy – x – y + 1 dx (x – 1)(y – 1) y+1 x–1
1 2
⇒ ∫
y+1
dy = ∫ 1– (
x–1 )
dx ⇒ ln |y + 1| = x – 2 ln |x – 1| + C ⇒ ln |y + 1| + 2 ln |x – 1| = x + C

⇒ ln |(y + 1)(x – 1)2| = x + C

⇒ (y + 1) (x – 1)2 = Cex ⇒ (y + 1) = Ce 2 ⇒ y = Ce 2 – 1
x x

(x – 1) (x – 1)

dy dy 1 1
9 1 – x2
dx
+ 4 = y2 ⇒ 1 – x2
dx
= y2 – 4 ⇒ ∫ 2
y –4
dy = ∫
1 – x2
dx ( )
1 1 1 1 1

⇒ ∫( y – 2 – y + 2 ) dy = ∫ dx ⇒ ln y – 2 = sin–1 x + C
∣ ∣
4 1–x2 4 y+2

dy ey dy = 1
10 x(1 + x2) ey = e2y + 1 ⇒ ∫ 2y ∫ x (1 + x2) dx
dx e +1
ey 1 x 1
⇒ ∫
(e ) + 1
y 2
dy = ∫ –
x 1+x2( )
dx ⇒ tan–1 (ey) = ln |x| – ln (1 + x2) + C
2

11 ydx + (2x – y) dy = 0
Letting x = vy ⇒ dx = vdy + ydv
∴ y(vdy + ydv) + (2vy – y) dy = 0 ⇒ y2 dv + y(3v – 1) dy = 0
1 1 1 1 3x – 1 + ln |y| = C
⇒ ∫
(3v – 1)
dv + ∫ dy = C ⇒ ln |3v – 1| + ln |y| = C ⇒ ln
y 3 3 y ∣ ∣
 Solutions Manual
4

12 (9x2 + 3y2)dx = (2xy)dy

Letting y = ux ⇒ dy = udx + xdu
∴ (9x2 + 3u2 x2) dx = (2ux2)(udx + xdu) ⇒ x2(9 + u2) dx = (2ux3) du
⇒ ∫ 1 dx = ∫ 2u 2 du ⇒ ln |x| = |9 + u2| + C ⇒ ln |x| = ln 9 + y2 + C
2

x 9+u ∣ x ∣
dy = y2 ⇒ (xy + x2) dy = y2 dx
13
dx xy + x2
Letting x = vy ⇒ dx = vdy + ydv, we have:

(vy2 + v2 y2)dy = y2(vdy + ydv) ⇒ (v2 y2)dy = y3 dv ⇒ ∫ 1 dy = ∫ 12 dv

y v
1
⇒ ln |y| = – + C ⇒ ln |y| = – + Cy
v x

14 x dy = y + 4 x2 – y2 ⇒ xdy = (y + 4 x2 – y2 )dx
dx
Letting y = ux ⇒ dy = udx + xdu, we have:
1
x(udx + xdu) = (ux + 4 x2 – u2x2 )dx ⇒ x2du = 4(x 1 – u2 )dx ⇒ ∫ du = ∫ 4 dx
1–u2 x
⇒ sin–1 u = 4 ln |x| + C ⇒ sin–1 ( xy ) = 4 ln |x| + C
dx = x – 3
15 y xy ⇒ ydx = (x – 3 xy) dy
dy
Letting x = vy ⇒ dx = vdy + ydv, we have:
1 3
y(vdy + ydv) = (vy – 3 vy2 )dy ⇒ y2 dv = (–3y v)dy ⇒ ∫ dy ⇒ –∫ dy
v y
x
⇒ 2 v = –3 ln |y| + C ⇒ 2 = –3 ln |y| + C
y

dy = x4(y2 + 1) ⇒ 1 dy = x4 dx ⇒ tan–1 y = x5 + C
16
dx
∫ y2 + 1 ∫ 5
y(0) = 1 ⇒ C = ⇒ solution: tan–1 y = + or y = tan x + π
π x π
5 5

4 5 4 5 4 ( )

17 dy = (4 + y ) + x(4 + y ) ⇒ dy = (4 + y ) (x + 1) ⇒ ∫ 1 2 dy = ∫ x + 1 dx
2 2 2

dx x–3 dx x–3 4+y x–3

1 dy = 1 + 4 dx ⇒ 1 tan–1 y = x + 4 ln |x – 3| + C
⇒∫

4 + y2
∫ x–3( ) 2 2 ( )
y(4) = 0 ⇒ C = –4 ⇒ solution: 1 tan–1 y = x + 4 ln |x – 3| – 4
( )
2 2
dy = e2y (x + sin x) ⇒ e–2y dy = (x + sin x) dx ⇒ 1 e–2y = x2 – cos x + C
18
dx
∫ ∫ 2 2
x 2
y(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 1 ⇒ solution: – 1 e–2y = – cos x + 1
2 2 2 2
 First-order Differential Equations
5

19 Let: y = ux ⇒ dy = udx + xdu

∴ (x2 – u2 x2) dx = (ux2)(udx + xdu) ⇒ x2(1 – 2u2) dx = ux3 du
⇒ ∫ 1 dx = ∫ u 2 du ⇒ ln |x| = – 1 ln |1 – 2u2| + ln |c| ⇒ ln |x| = – 1 ln 1 – 2 y
2

x 1 – 2u 4 4 x ∣ ( ) ∣ + ln |C|
1 y 2 2y 2 –1
y(1) = 1 ⇒ C = 1 ⇒ ln |x| = – ln 1 – 2
4 ∣ x ( )∣
or x4 = 1 – 2
x ( )
20 Let: y = ux ⇒ dy = udx + xdu
xdy = (y + 3 xy)dx ⇒ x(udx + xdu) = (ux + 3 ux2 )dx ⇒ x2 du = (3x u)dx
1 du = 3 dx ⇒ 2 y
∫

u
∫ x
u = 3 ln |x| + C ⇒ 2
x
= 3 ln |x| + C

y

Given: y(1) = 2 ⇒ 2 2 ⇒ solution: 2 = 3 ln |x| + 2 2
x

2.2 Linear and Bernoulli Equations

21 y′ = 9y ⇒ dy – 9y = 0, P(x) = –9 ⇒ μ(x) = e∫–9 dx = e–9x

dx
∴ d (e–9x ∙ y) = 0 ⇒ e–9x y = Ce9x
dx

22 y′ = 5y = e–x , P(x) = –5 ⇒ μ(x) = e ∫–5 dx = e–5x

∴ d (e–5x ∙ y) = e–6x ⇒ e–5x y = ∫e–6x dx ⇒ e–5x y = – 1 e–6x + C ⇒ y = –   1 e–x + Ce5x

dx 6 6
2
∫– dx
23 xy′ – 2y = x ⇒ y′ – 2   y = x2 , P(x) = – 2 ⇒ μ(x) = e x = e–2lnx = x–2
3
x x
d
∴ (x–2 ∙ y) = x–2 ∙ x2 ⇒ x–2y = ∫1 dx ⇒ x–2y = x + C ⇒ y = x3+ Cx2
dx
1
∫ dx
24 xy′ + y = x ⇒y′+ x , P(x) = 1 ⇒ μ(x) = e x = eln x = x
–1/2
x
d
∴ (x ∙ y) = x ∙ x–1/2 ⇒ xy = ∫x1/2 dx ⇒ xy = 2 x3/2 + C ⇒ y = 2 x + Cx–1
dx 3 3
3
– ∫ dx
25 xy′ + 3y + x ⇒ y′ – 3 y = x3, P(x) = – 3 ⇒ μ(x) = e x = e–3ln x = x–3
4
x x
d
∴ (x–3 ∙ y) = x–3 ∙ x3 ⇒ x–3 y = ∫1 dx ⇒ x–3 y = x + C ⇒ y = x4 + Cx3
dx
2
∫ dx
26 x y′ + 2xy = cos x ⇒ y′ + 2 y = 12 cos2 x, P(x) = 2 ⇒ μ(x) = e x = e2ln x = x2
2 2
x x x
d 1 1
∴ (x2 ∙ y) = x2 ∙ 2 cos2 x ⇒ x2y = ∫cos2 x dx ⇒ x2y = ∫(cos 2x + 1) dx
dx x 2

x2y = 1 1 sin 2x + x + C ⇒ y = 1 2 sin 2x + 1 + C2

( )
2 2 4x 2x x
1
1 y = 3x , P(x) = 1 ⇒ μ(x) = e∫ x + 1 dx ln |x +1|
27 (x + 1)y′ + y = 3x ⇒ y′ + =e =x+1
x+1 x+1 x+1
d
∴ dx[(x + 1)y] = (x + 1) ∙ 3x ⇒ (x + 1)y = ∫3x dx ⇒ (x + 1)y = 3 x2 + C ⇒ y = 3x + C
2

x+1 2 2 (x + 1) (x + 1)
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6

28 (t ln t) dw + w = te3t ⇒ dw + 1 w = 1 e3t
dt dt (t ln t) ln t
1
∫
P(t) = 1 ⇒ μ(t) = e t ln t = eln|ln |t|| = ln t
dt

t ln t
∴ d [(ln t) ∙ w] = (ln t) ∙ 1 e3t ⇒ (ln t) w = ∫e3t dt ⇒ (ln t) w = 1 e3t + C ⇒ w 1 e3t + C
dt ln t 3 3 ln t ln t

dy + (t + 3)y = 4 ⇒ dy + (t + 3) y = 4
29 (t + 2)
dt dt (t + 2) t+2
t+3
t + 3 ⇒ μ(t) = e∫t + 2 dt t + ln |t + 2|
P(t) = =e = (t + 2)et
t+2
∴ d [(t + 2)et ∙ y] = (t + 2)et ∙ 4 ⇒ (t + 2)et y = ∫4et dt ⇒ (t + 2)et y = 4et + C
dx (t + 2)
⇒y= 4 Ce –t
+
t+2 t+2

30 (sin x) dy – (cos x)y = 1 ⇒ dy – (cos x)y = csc x

dx dx
P(x) = –cot x ⇒ μ(x) = e–∫cot x dx = e–ln |sin x| = (sin x)–1 = csc x

∴ d [(csc x) ∙ y] = (csc x) ∙ (csc x) ⇒ (csc x)y = ∫csc2 x dx ⇒ (csc x)y = –cot x + C

dx
⇒ y = –cos x + C sin x

dy + 3y–1 = x,
31 y′ + 3y = xy2 ⇒ y–2
dx
dy
Let: u = y–1, du = –y–2 dy ⇒ y–2 =–
du
dx dx dx dx
*
Substituting (*) into the BE and replacing u:

– du + 3u = x ⇒ du – 3u = –x ⇒ μ(x) = e∫–3dx = e–3x

dx dx
∴ d (e–3x ∙ u) = –xe–3x ⇒ e–3x u = –∫xe–3x dx ⇒ e–3x u = x e–3x + 1 e–3x + C ⇒ u = x + 1 + Ce3x
dx 3 9 3 9
⇒ y–1 = x + 1 + Ce3x
3 9

32 y′ + 2 y = x–2 y3 ⇒ y–3 dy + 2 y–2 = x–2 , Let: u = y–2, du = –2y–3 dy ⇒ y–3 dy = – 1 du

x dx x dx dx dx 2 dx
*
Substituting (*) into the BE and replacing u:

– 1 du + 2 u = x2 ⇒ du – 4 u = –2x–2
2 dx x dx x
4
∫– dx
μ(x) = e x = e–4 ln x = x–4
∴ d (x–4 ∙ u) = –2x–6 ⇒ x–4u = –2∫x–6 dx ⇒x–4 u = 2 x–5 + C ⇒ u = 2 + Cx4 ⇒ y–2 = 2 + Cx4
dx 5 5x 5x
 First-order Differential Equations
7

33 dy – y = ex y 4 ⇒ y–4 dy – 1 y–3 = ex,

dx 3x dx 3x
du
Let: u = y–3, = –3y–4 dy ⇒ y–4 dy = – 1 du
dx dx dx 3 dx
*
Substituting (*) into the BE and replacing u:
1
∫ dx
– 1 du – 1 u = ex ⇒ du + 1 u = –3ex ⇒ μ(x) = e x = elnx = x
3 dx 3x dx x
d
∴ (x ∙ u) = –3xex ⇒ xu = –3∫xex dx ⇒ xu = –3xex + 3ex + C
dx
⇒ u = –3ex + 3e + C ⇒ y–3 = –3ex + 3e + C
x x

x x x x

34 x dy + y = –xy–3 ⇒ xy3 dy + y4 = –x,

dx dx
du dy
Let: u = y4, = 4y3 ⇒ y3 dy = 1 du
dx dx dx 4 dx
*
Substituting (*) into the BE and replacing u:
4
∫ dx
1 x du + u = –x ⇒ du + 4 u = –4 ⇒ μ(x) = e x = e4 ln x = x4
4 dx dx x
d
∴ (x4 ∙ u) = –4x4 ⇒ x4u = –4∫x4 dx ⇒ x4u = – 4 x5 + C ⇒ u = – 4 x + Cx–4 ⇒ y4 = – 4 x + Cx–4
dx 5 5 5

35 x2 dy – xy = 5xy3ex ⇒ xy–3 dy – xy–2 = 5xex,

dx dx
Let: u = y–2, du = –2y–3 dy ⇒ y–3 dy = – 1 du
dx dx dx 2 dx
*
Substituting (*) into the BE and replacing u:
2
∫ dx
x2 – 1 du – xu = 5xex ⇒ du + 2 u = – 10 ex ⇒ μ(x) = e x = x2
( )
2 dx dx x x
∴ d (x2 ∙ u) = –10xex ⇒ x2u = –10∫xex dx
dx
x2u = –10(xex – ex) + C

u = – 10 ex + 102 ex + C2
x x x
y–2 = – ex + 2 ex + C2
10 10

x x x

36 dy – 2y = e–2x, P(x) = –2 ⇒ μ(x) = e∫–2x = e–2x

dx
∴ d (e–2x ∙ y) = e–4x ⇒ e–2x y = ∫e–4x dx ⇒ e–2x y = – 1 e–4x + C ⇒ y = – 1 e–2x + Ce2x
dx 4 4
3 1 3
Given: y(0) = –1 ⇒ C = – ⇒ solution: y = – e–2x – e2x
4 4 4

37 dy + (cot x)y = cos x, P(x) = cot x ⇒ μ(x) = e∫cot x dx = eln |sin x| = sin x
dx
∴ d [(sin x)y] = sin x cos x ⇒ y sin x­ = 1 ∫sin 2x dx
dx 2
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8

⇒ y sin x = – 1 cos 2x + C ⇒ y = – cos 2x + C

4 4 sin x sin x
π = 1 ⇒ C = ⇒ solution: y – cos 2x + 3
3
Given: y
2 ( ) 4 4 sin x 4 sin x
dy + 2xy = 2x ⇒ dy + 2x y = 2x
38 (x2 + 1)
dx dx x2 + 1 x2 + 1
2x
∫
P(x) = 22x ⇒ μ(x) = e x + 1 = eln |x + 1| = x2 + 1
dx

2 2

x +1
∴ d [(x2 + 1)y] = 2x ⇒ (x2 + 1)y = ∫2x dx ⇒ (x2 + 1)y = x2 + C ⇒ y = 2x + C
2

dx (x + 1) x2 + 1
x2 + 1 = 1
Given: y(0) = 1 ⇒ C = 1 ⇒ solution: y = 2
(x + 1) x2 + 1
1
39 dy – 1 y = xy–1 ⇒ y dy – 1 y2 = x, Let: u = y2, du = 2y dy ⇒ y dy = du
dx x dx x dx dx dx 2 dx
*
Substituting (*) into the BE and replacing u:

1 du – 1 u = x ⇒ du – 2 u = 2x ⇒ μ(x) = e∫–2/xdx = e–2 ln x = x–2

2 dx x dx x
∴ d (x–2 ∙ u) = 2 ⇒ x–2 u = ∫ 2 dx ⇒ x–2u = 2 ln |x| + C ⇒ u = 2x2 ln |x| + Cx2
dx x x
⇒ y = 2x ln |x| + Cx
2 2 2

Given: y(1) = –4 ⇒ C = 16 ⇒ solution: y2 = 2x2 ln |x| + 16x2

40 x dy – 6y = 3xy1/2 ⇒ xy–1/2 dy – 6y1/2 = 3x, Let: u = y1/2, du = 1 y–1/2 dy ⇒ y–1/2 dy = 2 du

dx dx dx 2 dx dx dx
*
Substituting (*) into the BE and replacing u:
3
x ∙ 2 du – 6u = 3x ⇒ du – 3 u = 3 ⇒ μ(x) = e x = e–3ln x = x–3
∫– dx
dx dx x 2
3 3
∴ d (x–3 ∙ u) = 3 x–3 ⇒ x–3u = ∫ 3 x–3 dx ⇒ x–3 u = – x–2 + C ⇒ u = – x + Cx3
dx 2 2 4 4
1
⇒ y 2 = – 3 x + Cx3
4
1
3
Given: y(1) = 4 ⇒ C = 11 ⇒ solution: y 2 = – x + 11 x3
4 4 4

2.3 Exact Equations

41   e2y dx + (2xe2y – 4)dy = 0
M(x, y) N(x, y)

We compute: ∂M = 2e2y = ∂N , so the differential equation is exact.

∂y ∂x
Then we have
∂f = e2y ⇒ f(x, y) = e2y dx = xe2y + g(y)
∂x
∫
∂f
= 2xe2y + g′(y) = N(x, y) = 2xe2y – 4 ⇒ g′(y) = –4 ⇒ g(y) = –4y + c
∂y
∴ f(x, y) = xe2y – 4y = C
 First-order Differential Equations
9

42 (4y – 3x)dx + (9x – 2)dy = 0

M(x, y) N(x, y)

We compute: ∂M = 4, ∂N = 9, so the differential equation is not exact.

∂y ∂x

43 (2xy2 – 3x2)dx + (2x2y + 4y3)dy = 0

M(x, y) N (x, y)

We compute: ∂M = 4xy = ∂N , so the differential equation is exact.

∂y ∂x
Then we have

∂f = 2x2y + 3x2 ⇒ f(x, y) = ∫(2xy2 + 3x2)dx = x2y2 + x3 + g(y)

∂y
∂f = 2x2y + g′(y) = N (x, y) = 2x2y + 4y3 ⇒ g′(y) = 4y3 ⇒ g(y) = y4 + c
∂y
∴ f(x, y) = x2y2 + x3 + y4 = C

44 (sin x + 2 ln y)dx + 2x + e2y dy = 0

( )
y
M(x, y)
N (x, y)

We compute: ∂M = 2 = ∂N , so the differential equation is exact.

∂y y ∂x
Then we have

∂f = sin x + 2 ln y ⇒ f (x, y) = ∫(sin x + 2 ln y) dx = – cos x + 2x ln y + g(y)

∂x
∂f = 2x + g′(y) = N(x, y) = 2x + e2y ⇒ g′(y) = e2y ⇒ g(y) = 1 e2y+ c
∂y y y 2
∴ f(x, y) = –cos x + 2x ln y + 1 e2y = C
2

(ey + 1)dx + ( 2y + xy + e )dy = 0

x
45 y

M(x, y) N (x, y)

We compute: ∂M = e2 , = ∂N = 1 , so the differential equation is not exact.

x

∂y y ∂x y
46 (3x2 cos y – x)dx = (x3 sin y)dy ⇒ (3x2 cos y – x)dx – (x3 sin y)dy = 0
M(x, y) N (x, y)

∂M = –3x2 ∂N , so the differential equation is exact.

We compute: sin y =
∂y ∂x
Then we have

∂f = 3x2 cos y – x ⇒ f(x, y) = ∫(3x2 cos y – x)dx = x3 cos y – x + g(y)

2

∂x 2
∂f = –x3 sin y + g′(y) = N(x, y) = –x3 sin y ⇒ g′(y) = 0 ⇒ g(y) = c
∂y
∴ f (x, y) = x3 cos y – x = C
2

2
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10

47 (sin x)y′+ 1 + 2 cos y = 0 ⇒ sin x dy + 1 + 2 cos y dx = 0

( ) ( )
x x
N(x, y)
M(x, y)

2
We compute: ∂M = – 1 + sin y, ∂N = cos x, so the differential equation is exact.
( )
∂y x ∂x

48 (4kx2y – ex sin y)dx = (x3 + ex cos y)dy ⇒ (4kx2y – ex sin y)dx – (x3 + ex cos y)dy = 0
M N

If exact: ∂M = ∂N ⇒ 4kx2 – ex cos y = –3x2 – ex cos y

∂y ∂x
therefore: 4k = –3 ⇒ k = – 3
4
y2
49
x ( )
+ cos y dx + (k y ln x – x sin y + yey)dy = 0
M
N

If exact: ∂M = ∂N ⇒ 2y – sin y = ky – sin y ⇒ therefore: k = 2

∂y ∂x x x

50 (5x + 3y)dy + (3x – 7y)dy = 0 ⇒ ∂M = 3 = ∂N , so the differentiation equation is exact.

∂y ∂x
M N

Then we have: ∂f = 5x + 3y ⇒ f(x, y) = ∫(5x + 3y) dx = 5x + 3xy + g(y)

2

∂x 2
∂f
∴ = 3x + g′(y) = N(x, y) = 3x – 7y ⇒ g′(y) = –7y ⇒ g(y) = 7y + c
2

∂y 2
∴ f(x, y) = 5x 2
7y 2
+ 3xy – =C
2 2
Given: y(1) = 0 ⇒ C = 5 ⇒ solution: 5x + 3xy – 7y = 5
2 2

2 2 2 2

∂M = –1 = ∂N
51 (3x – y)dx = (x – 5y)dy ⇒ (3x – y)dx – (x – 5y)dy = 0 ⇒ ,
∂y ∂x
M N

so the differential equation is exact.

Then we have: ∂f = 3x – y ⇒ f(x, y) = ∫(3x – y)dx = 3x – xy + g(y)

2

∂x 2
∂f = –x + g′(y) = N(x, y) = –x + 5y ⇒ g′(y) = 5y ⇒ g(y) = 5y + c
2
∴
∂y 2
∴ f (x, y) = 3x 2
5y 2
– xy + =C
2 2
Given: y(0) = 2 ⇒ C = 10 ⇒ solution: 3x – xy + 5y = 10
2 2

2 2
∂M = 6x2y2 + 2y = ∂N ,
52 (2x2y3 + y2)dx + (2x3y2 – 5y4 + 2xy)dy = 0 ⇒
∂y ∂x
M N

so the differential equation is exact. Then we have: ∂f = 2x3y2 – 5y4 + 2xy

∂y
2
⇒ f (x, y) = ∫(2x3y2 – 5y4 + 2xy)dy = x3y3 – y5 + xy2 + h(x)
3
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11

∴ ∂f = 2x2y3+y2 + h′(x) = M(x, y) = 2x2y3 + y2 ⇒ h′(x) = 0 ⇒ h(x) = c

∂y
∴ f (x, y) = 2 x3y3 – y5 + xy2 = C
3
Given: y(0) = 1 ⇒ C = –1 ⇒ solution: 2 x3y3 – y5 + xy2 = –1
3
∂M
53 (sin x + ln y)dx + ( xy + 2e )dy = 0 ⇒ ∂y = 1y = ∂N
y
∂x
, so the differential equation is exact.
M
N

Then we have: ∂f = sin x + ln y ⇒ f (x, y) = ∫(sin x + ln y)dx = –cos x + x ln y + g(y)

∂y
∴ ∂f = x + g′(y) = N(x, y) = x + 2ey ⇒ g′(y) = 2ey ⇒ g(y) = 2ey + C
∂y y y
∴ f(x, y) = –cos x + x ln y + 2ey = C
Given: y(π) = 1 ⇒ C = (2e + 1) ⇒ solution: –cos x + x ln y + 2ey = (2e + 1)

y ∂M = – 1 = ∂N, so the differential equation is exact.

( x )
54 2x3 – dx + (y – ln x)dy = 0 ⇒
∂y x ∂x
M N

Then we have: ∂f = 2x3 – y ⇒ f (x, y) = ∫ 2x3 – y dx = 1 x4 – y ln x + g(y)

( )
∂x x x 2
∂f
∴ = –ln x + g′(y) = N(x, y) = y – ln x ⇒ g′(y) = y ⇒ g(y) = 1 y2 + c
∂y 2
1 1
∴ f (x, y) = x4 – y ln x + y2 = C
2 2
Given: y(1) = 1 ⇒ C = 1 ⇒ solution: 1 x4 – y ln x + 1 y2 = 1
2 2
55 Homogeneous, Exact.

56 Separable.

57 Exact.

58 Separable, Linear in y.

59 Bernoulli in y, Separable.

60 Exact.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1 Consider a linear equation: a1(x) dy + a0(x)y = g(x) ⇒ dy + a0(x) y = g(x)
dx dx a1(x) a1(x)
a0(x)
∫ a1(x) dx
The integrating factor for the linear equation is: μ(x) = e ∫P(x)dx
=e
a0(x)
∫ a1(x) dx
Assume that: a1(x) = a0(x), we can obtain: μ(x) = e = e ln|a (x)| = a1(x)
1
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12

Therefore, the solution to the linear equation is:

∴ d (a1(x) ∙ y) = g(x)
dx
a1(x) ∙ y = ∫g(x) dx + c

y= ∫g(x) dx (by letting c = 0)

a1(x)

2 Consider a separable first-order differential equation in the form of

dy + g(x)h(y) ⇒ 1 dy = g(x)dx
dx h(y)
[g(x)]dx – [h(y)]–1dy = 0
M N

Since ∂M = 0 = ∂N , therefore every separable first-order differential equation in the form of

∂y ∂x
dy = g(x) h(y) is exact.
dx
dy + P(x)y = Q(x) is given
3 Assume that the integrating factor for a linear differential equation
dx
by μ(x) = e∫P(x)dx = e∫P(x)dx+k = eke∫P(x)dx = Ke∫P(x)dx where K is a constant of integration. We obtain the
solution for the linear differential equation as:
d (Ke∫P(x)dx ∙ y) = Ke∫P(x)dx ∙ Q(x)

dx
Ke∫P(x)dx ∙ y = K∫e∫P(x)dx ∙ Q(x) dx + c
1
[
y = ∫P(x)dx ∫e∫P(x)dx ∙ Q(x) dx + C
e ]
which results in the same formula as formula (13). Therefore, adding a constant of integration
in the calculation of integrating factor has no effect on the solution of the linear differential
equation.