La Crisi e Le Opportunità Del Social Housing: Ricerca/Research
La Crisi e Le Opportunità Del Social Housing: Ricerca/Research
Abstract. Il presente articolo, inserito nel settore dell’architettura residenziale in Eu- RICERCa/research
ropa, intende delineare il lavoro degli autori sul tema del Social Housing, mediante
alcuni spunti di ricerca condotti negli ultimi anni in collaborazione con la regione
Campania e gli IACP locali. Vengono inoltre evidenziati i limiti e le potenzialità di un
settore costruttivo complesso ma fondamentale come quello dell’edilizia sociale,
in cui Enti Locali e le cui imprese devono interagire in maniera sinergica, trovando
il giusto equilibrio tra interesse privato e bene pubblico, mediante un’analisi dello
stato di crisi attuale e la lettura dei nuovi presupposti delle tecnologie di architettura
ecosostenibile quale possibile soluzione per la rinascita di un più umano concetto
di «casa».
Parole chiave: Bioarchitettura, Social Housing, Processo edilizio, Biocompatibilità,
Tecnologie eco-sostenibili
The crisis and the Abstract. The present paper, dealing with the residential architecture sector in Europe,
is aimed at outlining the authors’ work upon the subject of the Social Housing, by
Social Housing chance means of some research hints carried out during the latest years in partnership with
the Campania Region and the local IACP. Moreover the restrictions and the potentia-
lities are underlined for a complex but fundamental building sector such as the social
buildings, within which Local Authorities as well as Enterprises should interact in a
synergic way, so as to find the right balance between private benefit and public welfare,
by means of an analysis of the present critical situation and definition of the new basis
for eco-sustainable technologies as a possible solution for re-funding a more human
concept of «home».
Key words: Bio-architecture, Social Housing, Building process, Bio-compatibility,
Eco-sustainable technologies
Science, technique and poetry of architecture had always been inspired by the
subject of residence, thus disclosing a wide scenery of complex solutions for
inhabiting at various scales. The Social housing questions, while occupying
a cultural specific segment, recall the theories of the Le Corbusier’s Unité
d’Habitation and the principles of ‘popular home’, born all over Europe with a
number of aims and various quality levels since the beginning of the XX century.
The harmonic balance between the users’ requirements and the natural and
ISSN online: 2239-0243 cultural context protection finds today a complement within the complex
© 2011 Firenze University Press management of settlement areas; in fact, mainly in the suburbs, «developers
[Link] and architects focus on buildings, whilst planners focus on the production of
two dimensional zoning plans. No economic crisis affecting also the so as to improve the environmental
one focuses on the bit in between, the building sector and to the deep impacts as well as architectural quality of the
public realm, which remains largely upon the weaker bands of the living Italian contemporary built heritage.
undersigned» (Carmona, 2010). market, that the Social Housing Policies Quoting Ervin Laszlo (Laszlo, 2008),
Whereas on the contrary the «home had undergone to a course change. In in any period of crisis, some hazards
should include all the living conditions, order to provide living options, in fact, appear and a number of chances are
i.e. the physical environs […] the the concourse is required of public offered to us: it is our duty to try to
Chinese concept of home and garden is financial resources, private investments, avoid the first and to utilize the second
dominated by the central idea that the appeal to credit, Municipalities’ ones as preferential routes aimed at
house itself is nothing else than a detail, decisions and planning choices: all defeating the crisis itself.
which belongs to the surrounding factors independently complex and For this reason, today more than ever,
landscape as a jewel to its array […]» whose interaction happens, in these the chance of taking under control the
(Yutang, 1952); in fact « […] man times, difficult to achieve (CAIRE, building process and its global and
demands a number of complementary 2008). local impacts, in any stage, will show
services … as extensions of his home The inclusion, within the housing a greater strategic influence also from
(which) belong to daily life and thus policies, of the goal sustainability, not the financial point of view, by allowing
should be at hand. If their distance only environmental but also economic an expense reduction and a greater
goes beyond a certain measure and social, can thus represent a chance achievement of the outlined goals.
some discomfort […] and certain for enhancing the public as well as the Therefore the authors, having
degeneration phenomena would rise, private building sector – thanks to the investigated on degree theses, PhD
such as social crisis» (Le Corbusier, economic opportunities provided by researches, a Prin application (with
1972). the renewable technologies – and at the the Universities of Milan, Naples Sun
And it is just as answer to the recent same time for creating a strategic tool and Reggio Calabria), collaboration
with Federabitazione and the Bologna Public Houses); by creating a sole careful initial stage of site analysis
Province, have finally produced the and transparent evaluation panel, aimed at defining the traditional
processing of a methodology for the comparison is stimulated and building typologies as well as the
Impact Assessment, tested, in fieri, on the discussion is promoted around natural and artificial resources and
few Pilot-Projects of sustainable social the central subjects of the new processes acting on the region, had
settlements (both new construction building process, such as the energy allowed to select consciously the
and rehabilitation), object of a number saving, the biocompatibility and the architectural, technological and social
of Conventions, held between the ecosustainability of materials and strategies.
Campania Region and the Department technologies for architecture, also These choices have been embraced
(Scientific Responsible prof. arch. Dora coherently with the items of the Itaca by means of free dialogue within a
Francese). protocol. Technical-Assessment Commission,
The proposed methodology had The pilot-project experience, established on purpose and constituted
allowed, firstly, the ex-ante critical sanctioned by agreement protocols by Regional employees, University
evaluation of the pilot-projects between the Municipalities and the teachers and researchers, and
during the stages of Preliminary and relative Provincial IACP institutions, Municipality and IACP technicians.
Definitive specification, with the has established a number of un- Another still un-renounceable item
subsequent suggestions of the required renounceable aims, in alternative has been the break of the rigid
changes based on the primary aim of to those items, usually defined distribution formats of the Regional
leading, towards the achievement of as responsible for the crisis stage Standards which previewed an
high quality levels, both the action which had affected the ERP (Public inflexible amount of square metres
of the public administration, and Residential Building) sector. per dwelling according to the number
that of the Campania Provincial In particular the adoption of a new of inhabitants. The reasons of this
IACP (Autonomous Institution for design methodology, by means of a innovative break are mainly two: on
BIBLIOGRAFIA
CAIRE (2008), Questione abitativa e politiche per la casa, Diabasis, Reggio Emilia, I.
Carmona, M. (2010), “Decoding design coding”, in HOPUS Housing for Europe, DEI, Roma, I, p. 13.
Francese, D. e Buoninconti, L. (Ed.) (2010), L’architettura sostenibile e le politiche dell’alloggio sociale, Franco Angeli, Milano, I.
Laszlo, E. (2008), Il pericolo e l’opportunità. Il nostro mondo di fronte al futuro, Aracne, Roma, I.
Le Corbusier (1972), Maniera di pensare l’urbanistica, Laterza, Bari, I.
Lucarelli, M.T. (2010), “The requirement of environmental quality in Housing works”, in HOPUS Housing for Europe, DEI,
Roma, I, p. 173.
Rykwert, J. (1972) La casa di Adamo in Paradiso, Adelphi, Milano, I, p. 159.
Yutang, L. (1952), Importanza di vivere, Bompiani, Milano, I, pp. 236, 237.
for the actual environmental as well the Campania Region, whose goal was account the targets ranging from the
as economic engine of the whole that of stimulating and leading the enhancement of the environmental
initiative. The experimentation of the Public Authorities and the designers elements – natural and urban – […]
pilot-projects was in fact also aimed at involved in the construction of new until the promotion of participatory
demonstrating how the construction Social Housing dwellings towards high development logic […] aimed at […]
costs of a social sustainable dwelling – levels of quality, as well as providing reducing the economic impact for
designed with materials from the local to Regional Employees an agile and energy» (Lucarelli, 2010).
construction tradition, with a different flexible tool for the assessment of The Guide-lines have been then
conception of quantitative standards, the applied proposals. In this way processed so as to provide information
by means of bioclimatic strategies a legislative as well as technical gap and knowledge as far as the
and technologies based on renewable could be filled, following the already architectural, environmental and health
resources – will not greatly differ from completed work during the preceding quality within the whole building
those of a conventional public house, years within the other Italian Regions process are concerned – from the
allowing instead a substantial payback (Emilia Romagna, Trentino Alto decision stage until the edition of the
of the previous investment and mainly Adige, Liguria...) which had been Use Handbook and the Maintenance
the achievement of high levels of provided with building regulation Plan (Guide-lines for an ERS – Social
architectural quality. based on sustainability and energy Housing – Regulation of the Campania
The work carried out within the saving principles. In fact within «the Region. Scientific Responsibleprof.
Assessment Commission for the new emerging housing policy linked arch. Dora Francese).
pilot-projects has been then employed to economic and social changes of In the end the research experiences
as test frame for the processing the latest years [...] the strategy of carried out within the Department
of a number of Guide-lines for a environmental management, beyond around the subject of the Social
Sustainable Building Regulation in the protective actions, takes into Housing Architecture had shown
Requisito Qualità psicosociale Il requisito della “qualità psico-sociale” viene garantito quando i livelli
di vivibilità di contesti anche ad alta concentrazione di residenti, sia
riguardo ai servizi, e alla fruizione delle componenti ambientali,
garantiscono lo sviluppo e la crescita psicologica e di relazione
sociale delle collettività rispetto alle esigenze più moderne. Ci si
pone dunque l’obiettivo di limitare, con l’immissione del manufatto
nel contesto socio-culturale preesistente, eventuali modificazioni
nell’interrelazione tra l’utenza e le componenti sociali.
Parametro Indicatori
Densità abitativa Densità
Quantità infrastrutture
Qualità infrastrutture
Quantità servizi (scuole, ospedali, uffici pubblici...)
Qualità servizi
Percezione del paesaggio Presenza di ostacoli artificiali ingombranti
Presenza di odori
Presenza di rumori
Presenza di organismi vegetali
Qualità di organismi vegetali
Bersaglio Età media
Salute psicofisica media
Reddito medio
Livello culturale medio
02 | Nucleo familiare medio
how, during the whole process of which existed before the switch on of 02 | Una scheda esemplificativa delle Linee
winning the latest crisis era for the times: when man felt himself totally Guida per un Regolamento Edilizio
living frame settlement, the role of at ease in his home and when the orientato alla sostenibilità nell’Housing
sustainable technologies had been house was as right as the nature itself» Sociale della Regione Campania
demonstrated training and decisive. (Rykwert, 1972). A format sample of the Guide-lines for
In fact beyond the aforesaid benefits The number of researches and tests, a Building Regulation aimed at Sustainability
to the weaker citizens which cannot carried out during the latest decades in the Campania Region Social Housing
afford to usual private housing prices, in Italy and in Europe (Francese,
and the energy and environmental Buoninconti, 2010), have been in fact
saving, the fact remains that any aimed at implementing two kinds of
innovation of material, product and contribution to the more careful use of
technique proposed during the design resources, both material and energy,
process could open the market towards i.e. the strategies linked to the new
unknown and high vivibility directions, concept of «home» and the sustainable
promote the customers’ consciousness technologies, since «the technique had
of still unexpressed inhabiting enlarged the boundaries of poem; it
requirements, and last but not least had neither obstructed the horizons,
could encourage the future designers’ nor killed the space, nor imprisoned
habit towards a more rational and the poets. In any moment, from the
more human land transformation progress of technique dream and poem
management. In fact «[…] in any emerge […]» (Le Corbusier, 1972).
case (the homes) feature a shadow, a
memory of that perfect construction