GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR

DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING

Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-01
OBJECT- TO DETERMINE THE ADDITIVE AND MULTIPLICATION CONSTANT OF
TACHEOMETER BY STADIA TACHEOMETRY

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:
Tacheometer with stand, Levelling Staff, Ranging rods, tape.

GENERAL:
An ordinary transit theodolite fitted with stadia hair is known as Tacheometer. This method completely
eliminated the use of tape or chain and is vary rapid and convenient.

PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the instrument at A.
2. Measure a line AB, 120metres long on a fairly level ground and fix arrows at 30m intervals.
3. Note down the stadia hair readings (top, middle, bottom) by placing the staff over the arrow stations
(PQRS).
4. Keep the vertical circle to read zero during observations.
5. Calculate the other staff intercepts in the manner.

CALCULATION:
Stadia intercept:
S = Difference of top and bottom hair readings.
Let S1 is the staff intercept corresponding to distance D1 and S2 corresponding to D2.
By using tacheometric equation.
D= f/i S + ( f + d ), since vertical angle is zero.
Where, f/i = Multiplying constant denoted by K
and, ( f + d ) = additive constant denoted by C
then, D = KS + C

Now we have,
D1 = KS1 + C
D2 = KS2 + C
Solving the above two equations to get the values for K and C.
Similarly find out the values for K and C, by other set of readings.
The average values of the K and C will be the tacheometric Constants.

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Tabulation:- (Tacheometric constant)

Horizontal Stadia hair readings Stadia

Inst. at Staff station
Distance Top Middle Bottom intercept

A P 30m

Q 60m

R 90m

S 120m

Result:
Tacheometric Multiplying constant K =
Tacheometric additive constant C=

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual
SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-02

OBJECT- STUDY OF PLANIMETER

THEORY -A planimeter, also known as a platometer, is a measuring instrument used to determine

the area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape.

PRINCIPLE

Figure- Principle of the linear planimeter

The working of the linear planimeter may be explained by measuring the area of a rectangle ABCD
(see image). Moving with the pointer from A to B the arm EM moves through the yellow
parallelogram, with area equal to PQ×EM. This area is also equal to the area of the parallelogram
A"ABB". The measuring wheel measures the distance PQ (perpendicular to EM). Moving from C to
D the arm EM moves through the green parallelogram, with area equal to the area of the rectangle
D"DCC". The measuring wheel now moves in the opposite direction, subtracting this reading from
the former. The movements along BC and DA are the same but opposite, so they cancel each other
with no net effect on the reading of the wheel. The net result is the measuring of the difference of the
yellow and green areas, which is the area of ABCD.

CONSTRUCTION
There are several kinds of planimeters, but all operate in a similar way. The precise way in which they
are constructed varies, with the main types of mechanical planimeter being polar, linear and Prytz or
"hatchet" planimeters. The Swiss mathematician Jakob Amsler-Laffon built the first modern
planimeter in 1854, the concept having been pioneered by Johann Martin Hermann in 1814. Many
developments followed Amsler's famous planimeter, including electronic versions.

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 VARIOUS TYPES OF PLANIMETERS

Polar planimeter

A planimeter (1908) measuring the indicated area by tracing its perimeter

Amsler polar planimeter

A linear planimeter. Wheels permit measurement of long areas without restriction.

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•

Three planimeters: digital, Prytz's (hatchet) and Amsler's (polar)

Prytz planimeter with wheel at the left

The Amsler (polar) type consists of a two-bar linkage. At the end of one link is a pointer, used to trace
around the boundary of the shape to be measured. The other end of the linkage pivots freely on a
weight that keeps it from moving. Near the junction of the two links is a measuring wheel of
calibrated diameter, with a scale to show fine rotation, and worm gearing for an auxiliary turns
counter scale. As the area outline is traced, this wheel rolls on the surface of the drawing. The
operator sets the wheel, turns the counter to zero, and then traces the pointer around the perimeter of
the shape. When the tracing is complete, the scales at the measuring wheel show the shape's area.
When the planimeter's measuring wheel moves perpendicular to its axis, it rolls, and this movement is
recorded. When the measuring wheel moves parallel to its axis, the wheel skids without rolling, so
this movement is ignored. That means the planimeter measures the distance that its measuring wheel
travels, projected perpendicularly to the measuring wheel's axis of rotation. The area of the shape is
proportional to the number of turns through which the measuring wheel rotates.
The polar planimeter is restricted by design to measuring areas within limits determined by its size
and geometry. However, the linear type has no restriction in one dimension, because it can roll. Its
wheels must not slip, because the movement must be constrained to a straight line.
Developments of the planimeter can establish the position of the first moment of area (center of
mass), and even the second moment of area.

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Various types of planimeters

• Linear planimeter

Polar planimeter

The images show the principles of a linear and a polar planimeter. The pointer M at one end of the
planimeter follows the contour C of the surface S to be measured. For the linear planimeter the
movement of the "elbow" E is restricted to the y-axis. For the polar planimeter the "elbow" is
connected to an arm with its other endpoint O at a fixed position. Connected to the arm ME is the
measuring wheel with its axis of rotation parallel to ME. A movement of the arm ME can be
decomposed into a movement perpendicular to ME, causing the wheel to rotate, and a movement
parallel to ME, causing the wheel to skid, with no contribution to its reading.

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-03

OBJECT- STUDY OF PANTOGRAPH/EIDOGRAPH

THEORY-
A pantograph Greek roots παντ- "all, every" and γραφ- "to write", from their original use for copying
writing) is a mechanical linkage connected in a manner based on parallelograms so that the movement
of one pen, in tracing an image, produces identical movements in a second pen. If a line drawing is
traced by the first point, an identical, enlarged, or miniaturized copy will be drawn by a pen fixed to
the other. Using the same principle, different kinds of pantographs are used for other forms of
duplication in areas such as sculpture, minting, engraving and milling.
Because of the shape of the original device, a pantograph also refers to a kind of structure that can
compress or extend like an accordion, forming a characteristic rhomboidal pattern. This can be found
in extension arms for wall-mounted mirrors, temporary fences, scissor lifts, and other scissor
mechanisms such as the pantograph used on electric locomotives and trams.

Figure:Pantograph

USES
Drafting
The original use of the pantograph was for copying and scaling line drawings. Modern versions are
sold as toys.

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Sculpture and minting
Sculptors use a three-dimensional version of the pantograph,usually a large boom connected to a fixed
point at one end, bearing two rotating pointing needles at arbitrary points along this boom. By
adjusting the needles different enlargement or reduction ratios can be achieved. This device, now
largely overtaken by computer guided router systems that scana model and can produce it in a variety
of materials and in any desired size,was invented by inventor and steam pioneer James Watt (1736–
1819) and perfected by Benjamin Cheverton (1796–1876) in 1836. Cheverton's machine was fitted
with a rotating cutting bit to carve reduced versions of well-known [Link] course a three-
dimensional pantograph can also be used to enlarge sculpture by interchanging the position of the
model and the copy.
Another version is still very much in use to reduce the size of large relief designs for coins down to
the required size of the coin.

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-04

OBJECT- SETTING OUT SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE BY RANKINES METHOD

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-05

OBJECT- SETTING OUT CIRCULAR CURVE BY CHORD AND OFFSET METHOD

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RESULT -
Here chain and tape are used for setting out of curve. This method was used because curve
was short and degree of high accuracy not required.

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-06

OBJECT- DISTANCE AND ELEVATION DETERMINATION BY TACHEOMETRY

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RESULT-
Horizontal distance AB =
Level difference between A & B =

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-07

OBJECT- MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHT OF ACCESSIBLE AND INACCESSIBLE POINT

BY TRIGONOMETRIC SURVEYING

INSTRUMENTS USED - Theodolite with tripod, plumb bob, ranging rod, staff peg etc.

THEORY-
In this method, the horizontal and vertical distances from the instrument to the staff station
Are computed from the observed vertical angles to the vanes fixed at a constant distance apart upon
the staff. The stadia hairs are therefore not used and the vane is bisected every time with the axial hair.
Thus the two vertical angles are to be measured –one corresponding to each vane.
There may be three cases of the vertical angles:-
(i) Both angles are angles of elevation.
(ii) Both angles are angles of depression.
(iii) One angle of elevation and the other of depression.

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RESULT-

Horizontal distance between the two inaccessible points P and Q = __________

Level Difference between P and Q =__________

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-08

OBJECT- TO MEASURE THE HORIZONTAL ANGLES BY REITERATION METHOD

INSTRUMENTS USED- Theodolite, ranging rods and arrows.

THEORY-
Reiteration is a method of measuring horizontal angles with high precision. It is less
tedious and is generally preferred when there are several angles to be measured at a station.
Several angles are measured successively and finally the horizon is closed. Closing the
horizon is the process of measuring the angles around a point to obtain a check on their sum
which should be equal to 3600.

PROCEDURE -
1. Select a station point O.
2. Set the theodolite at O and do the temporary adjustments. The telescope is adjusted
for right face right swing.
3. Set the vernier A to zero using upper clamp. Loosen the lower clamp, direct the
telescope to the station point A and bisect A exactly by using the lower clamp and
lower tangent screw.
4. Note the vernier readings (A and B).
5. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise until the point B is exactly
bisected.
6. Note the vernier readings (A and B).
7. The mean of the two vernier readings gives the value of <AOB.
8. Bisect all the points successively and note the readings of both verniers at each
Bi-section.
9. Finally close the horizon by sighting the station point A. The A vernier should be
3600. if not, note the closing error.
10. Adjust the telescope for left face left swing.
11. Repeat the whole process by turning the telescope in anticlockwise direction.
12. Distribute the closing error proportionately the several observed angles.
13. Take the average of face left and face right observations to give the corresponding
horizontal angles.

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Result:-The following horizontal angles are measured :

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-09

OBJECT- TO MEASURE THE HORIZONTAL ANGLE AOB BY REPETITION METHOD

INSTRUMENTS USED- Theodolite, ranging rods and arrows.

THEORY-
The method of repetition is used to measure a horizontal angle to a finer degree of
accuracy. By this method, an angle is measured two or more times by allowing the vernier to
remain clamped each time at the end of each measurement instead of setting it back at zero
when sighting at the previous station. Thus an angle reading is mechanically added several
times depending upon the number of repetitions. The average horizontal angle is then
obtained by dividing the final reading by the number of repetitions. For very accurate work
the method of repetition is used.

Procedure:-
1. Select a station point O.
2. Set the theodolite at O and do the temporary adjustments. The telescope is adjusted
for right face right swing.
3. Set the vernier A to zero using upper clamp. Loosen the lower clamp, direct the
telescope to the station point A and bisect A exactly by using the lower clamp and
lower tangent screw.
4. Note the vernier readings (A and B).
5. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise until the point B is exactly
bisected.
6. Note the vernier readings (A and B).
7. The mean of the two vernier readings gives the value of <AOB.
8. Loosen the lower clamp and turn the telescope to station point A and bisected A by
using the lower clamp and lower tangent screw.
9. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise until the point B is exactly
bisected. Now the vernier reading is twice the value of the angle.
10. Repeat the process for the required number of times (usually 3).
11. The correct value of the angle AOB is obtained by dividing the final reading by the
number of repetition.
12. Adjust the telescope for left face left swing.

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1. Repeat the whole process by turning the telescope in anticlockwise direction.
2. Take the average of face left and face right observation to give the horizontal angle
AOB.

Result:-
The horizontal angle AOB =

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 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BILASPUR
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
Lab Manual

SUBJECT: Mine Surveying-II Lab CODE: 339564(39)

EXPERIMENT NO.-10

OBJECT- STUDY OF VERNIER THEDOLITE

DESCRIPTION -
The theodolite is the precise instrument designed for the measurement of horizontal angle and
vertical angle and has a wide applicability in surveying such as lying of horizontal angle, locating points
on line, prolonging survey lines, establishing grades, determining difference in elevation, setting out
curves etc.

PARTS OF A TRANSIT THEODOLITE-

The telescope can be revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane.

Levelling head:
1. A Levelling head consists of two parallel triangular plates known as tribrach plates.
2. The upper tribrach has three arms each carrying a Levelling screw.
3. The main functions of the Levelling head is,
(a) To support the main part of the instruments.
(b) To attach the theodolite to the tripod.
(c) To provide a mean for leveling the theodolite.
Telescope:
1. It is mounted on a spindle known as horizontal axis or trunnion axis
Vertical circle:
1. It is a circular arc attached to the trunnion axis.
2. By means of vertical clamp screw and tangent screw the telescope can be accurately set at any desired
position in vertical plane.
3. The graduation in each quadrant is numbered from 0 to 90 in opposite directions.
Index Frame:
1. At the two extremities, two Vernier are fitted to read the vertical axis.
2. When the telescope is moved in a vertical plane, the Vertical circle moves relative to the Vernier with
the help of which reading can be taken.
3. A long sensitive bubble tube is placed on the top of the index frame.
Standards (or) A – Frame:
1. This stands upon the Vernier plate to support the horizontal axis.
Two Spindles:
1. The two axes have a common axis, which forms the vertical axis of the instruments.

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 Lower plate:
1. It carries a horizontal circle graduated from 0 to 360 in a clockwise direction as silvered, beveled
edge.
2. By means of clamp screw and tangent screw this can be fixed at any desired position.

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 Figure: Vernier thedolite

Upper plate:
1. It also carries clamp and tangent screw to accurately with the lower plate.
2. On clamping the upper clamp and unclamped lower clamp, the instrument can rotates on its outer axis
without any relative motion between the two plates.
3. If the lower clamp is clamped and upper clamp unclamped, the upper plate and the instrument can rotate
on the inner axis with a relative motion between the Vernier and the scale.
4. For using any tangent screw, its corresponding clamp screw, its corresponding clamp screw must be
tightened.
Level tubes:
1. This upper plate carries two level tubes placed at right angles to each other in which one is kept parallel
to the trunnion axis.
2. Theses can be centered with the help of foot screws.
Plumb Bob:
1. This is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the inner axis to canter the instruments exactly
over the station mark.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:
Setting over the station:
1. Centre the instruments over the station marked by a plumb bob.
2. Level approximately with the help of tripod leg.

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 Levelling Up:
1. Do these using three-foot screws similar to that of Levelling instrument.

Elimination of Parallax:
1. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs.
2. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.

IMPORTANT TERMS:
1. Vertical Axis:- The axis about which the theodolite may be rotated in a horizontal plane.
2. Horizontal Axis:- The axis about which the telescope along with the vertical circle of a theodolite may
be rotated in a vertical plane.
3. Axis of telescope:- The axis about which the telescope may be rotated is called axis of telescope.
4. Axis of the level tube:- The straight line that is tangential to longitudinal curve of the level at its centre
is called axis of the level tube.
5. Centering:- The process of setting up theodolite exactly over the groundwork station is called known as
centering.
6. Transiting:- The process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180 about its horizontal axis
is called transiting.
7. Swing:- A continuous motion of the telescope about the vertical axis in horizontal plane is called swing
the swing may be either in face left or right.
8. Face left observation:- The observation of angles when the vertical circle is on the left side of scope.
9. Face right observation:- The observations of angles when the vertical circle is on the right of the
telescope.
10. Changing the face:- The operation of changing the face of telescope from right to left and vice-versa.
11. A set:- A set of horizontal observations of any angle consists of two horizontal measures one on the
left face and other on the right face.
12. Telescope normal:- A telescope is said to be normal when its vertical circles is to its left and bubble
of the telescope is up.

13. Telescope inverted:- A telescope is said to be inverted or reversed when its vertical circle is to its right
and the bubble of the telescope is down.

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