 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢١١
  ‫א‬  ٢١١  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬KKK،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 D١, D٢, D٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢W‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ، ، F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KE،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ Output  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KInput
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١J ١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Signal

Foot Position
on Fuel Lever Fuel Car Speed
Motor
Lever

 ‫א‬E١J ١F

‫א‬KE٢J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ti(t)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬KT(t) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬T(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Steam

Heat Exchanger

Process Stream Heated Process

Stream
T(t) C
Ti(t)


 ‫א‬E٢J ١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
،
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ١F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬KKKKKKK،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Final Control Element

Steam

TC

TT
Transmitter

Ti(t) C Sensor


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F

 J W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •


K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٢

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬ ♦

، ‫א‬، ‫א‬،

 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ♦


 D١, D٢, D٥W‫א‬‫א‬

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (Instrumentation Systems)‫א‬٢J ٢
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E١J ٢F

-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


    

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 
F F EF
θ°C θ°C
E‫א‬  E
 mV
‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?? ‫א‬Y‫א‬، ‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 -:(Sensor)‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢J ٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W(Transducer) ‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢
–، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EE١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،

 ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ E ‫א‬،،،F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E٢J ٢F


-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬K‫…א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
     ‫א‬ 
 G  G  G  G  G   ‫א‬‫א‬
 G  G  G      ‫א‬
 G  G   G  G   ‫א‬
 G       ‫א‬
 G  G      ‫א‬
 G  G  G  G    ‫א‬
 G    G  G  G  ‫א‬‫א‬
 G     G   ‫א‬
 G  G  G  G  G   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F

 W(Strain gauge)‫א‬٣J ٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬l‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬χ‫א‬ϑ
 K‫א‬

- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 (Wheatstone Bridge)٤J ٣J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣J ٢F‫א‬K١١١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



 Wheatstone BridgeE٣J ٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Enull detectorFD B‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Fdecade resistorR١R٣R٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬R٤E

 W‫א‬
R٤ = R٣ * R ١ / R٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R٢ = R٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Unbalanced Bridge)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣J ٢

- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬Strain gauge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ktransducers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 Kbridge output‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،CA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،R٤،R١, R٢, R٣‫א‬
‫א‬،R٣،R٢،R١‫א‬‫א‬R٤‫א‬K‫א‬DB‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،Rg‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVOUTF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 WRg،R٤
 Vout = VCD - VCB
K ‫א‬Vout،‫א‬،R١/R٢ = Rg / R٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫ل‬‫א‬

 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢FE٢ ٣ kHz‫א‬F
 
Va, ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ksec ١, sec ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vb
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Va, Vb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ٢٥١٠٠
٠{٥٪ LVDT‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬KE٠ – ٧٠ MpaFE٠ – ٢١٠ kpaF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٤J ٢
 (Accuracy)‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٢

- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

true value‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kuncertainty‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 (Values and Uncertainty)‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢
 ETrue ValueF‫א‬‫♦ א‬
KEactual‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬tolerance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ENominal valueF‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬،kΩ١٠ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K ١٠{١ kΩ٩{٩ kΩ‫א‬‫א‬١٪±،
 EMeasured value)‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Precision)‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 (Sensitivity) ‫א‬٤J ٤J ٢
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Matching) ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤J ٢
sensor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Error)‫א‬٦J ٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?conventional true value‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬reference‫א‬
 Kcalibration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 (Sources of errors)‫א‬٧J ٤J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Systematic errors)‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W(Random errors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EtoleranceF‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ٢‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 K‫א‬EFK‫א‬EFW٣J ٢
 KEFEFW‫א‬٤J ٢



- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،U
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬ ♦

K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 D١, D٢, D٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬١J ٣
‫א‬، ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EatmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ L 
 J W‫א‬KEbarF‫א‬EmH٢OF‫א‬‫א‬،EmHgF
٢
 L١{٠١٩٧٢ x ١٠ ٥Z٢L١ZEPaF١
 KEbarF٠{٩٨٠٦٦٥Z٠{٧٣٥٥٩ mHgZ٢L١
 ٢
L١{٣٣٢٣Z١{٠١٣٢٥Z١٠{٣٣٢٣ mH٢OZ٠{٧٦٠ mHgZ١
٢
 L١{٠١٩٧٢Z٢L١٠٥Z١
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١{٠١٣ bar to ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧٠٠٠ bar
 E١J ٣F
 K٩‫א‬‫א‬EkPaF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EkPaF١٠٠١{٣Z٩٠٠ + ١٠١{٣ Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K
 KEdeflection of elastic elementsF‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 KEelectrical sensing devicesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EdiaphragmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EBellows-typeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEBourdon tubeF

 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ktransducers‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Bourdon‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ ٥psig‫א‬،‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K٤ ٢٠mA dc‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 K

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K١٧٠ kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 
 F‫א‬E١J ٣FK
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬‫א‬EAF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F
U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Wheatstone،
 KE٢J ٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 U Tube Pressure SensorU‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 KU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EDiaphragmF٢J ٢J ٣
elastic-element pressure F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣FKEtransducer
E٤J ٣FK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.١٠ barpEXT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥J ٣FEdisplacement transducerF
KEdifferential pressureFEgauge pressureF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٠{١ mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬KEstrain gauge type of measuring transducerF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F




 Typical Diaphragm Pressure Gage‫א‬E٤J ٣F
 ‫א‬pref ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pEXT‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F
LVDT-Based Diaphragm Pressure Gage

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EsensorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧J ٣FEWheatstone BridgeF
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEdifferential pressure transducerF‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠ – ٥ V (volts)‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

٤ K٤ – ٢٠ mA (milli-amperes)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٢٠ mA‫א‬‫א‬ mA



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F



‫א‬‫א‬EWheatstone BridgeF‫א‬E٧J ٣F
 ‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 EBellowsF‫א‬٣J ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ESlide Rheostat‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 E٨J ٣F


 EResistance Wire Strain GaugeF‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬l‫א‬‫א‬∆l‫א‬ε‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،∆l‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬EΩF∆R‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆R ∆l
 ----- = k ------Ω
 R l

K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬k‫א‬
، ٢٥ µmE٤٦٪،٥٤٪ F
K ‫א‬E٩J ٣F
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ، ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬foil gauge‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kprinted circuits
K٦٠٠ Ω١٢٠ Ω‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،١٥٠ mm٣ mm
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬fold‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬Wheatstone Bridge‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬a * x = b * R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 x ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬، ‫א‬
K ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬
k ≅ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬ E٢

‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
k F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٪

 KE ≅ ١٠٠ ~ ١٦٠

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬E٩J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬، ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPressure IndicatorF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
، ١٢{٧٪ ،
 ٨٣٪F‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬KE٣{٩٪
 EBourdon tubeF٥J ٢J ٣
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
J ٣FKLVDT
- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

، KE١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F


- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬٦٠٠٠ bar‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬±١٪‫א‬،٤ mm‫א‬٢٥ mm
 K٧٠٠ bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬٧٠٠٠ bar‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣{٩٪، ١٢{٧٪،
 ٨٣٪F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 EPiezoelectricF‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
–، ‫א‬‫א‬ESio٢F‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬E‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEE١١J ٣FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬KK ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥kV
 K‫א‬



 Typical Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor‫א‬E١١J ٣F

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬























- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ٣‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣
 K
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
 KC‫א‬٣J ٣
 K٧٠٠٠ Bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣



- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 D٢, D٥D١,W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 .٣W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤
، K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
l١, l٢‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kl١ + l٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬E١J ٤FK‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،
‫א‬، ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESensorF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
θ= ٢٧٣{١٦° ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١ C١k‫א‬KE٠ kF٠،C
 ،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٧٣{١٦‫א‬

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
θ = ٦٠ ° C ≅ T = ٣٣٣{١٦ k


‫( ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬١-٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 W ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ♦

 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٢J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٠٠° C‫א‬‫א‬EThermometersF‫א‬ K١
 K٦٠٠° C‫א‬‫א‬EPyrometersF‫א‬ K٢
 EThermoelectric ThermometerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤
 EThermocoupleF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢J ٤F‫א‬
،Et٢ > t١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬١٠٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Seebeck
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E F‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 Typical Thermocouples‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F


- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 EThermocouple materialsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ♦

 K ♦

 K‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE–F١٠٠٣٠٠J ♦

 KE–F١٣٠٠ ♦

 E‫א‬–F١٨٠٠٦٠٠ ♦

 E–F٢٩٠٠١٣٠٠ ♦

Reduced F‫א‬‫א‬E–F١٦٠٠١٠٠٠ ♦

 KEatmosphere
Oxidized F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–F٢١٠٠١٦٠٠ ♦

 KEatmosphere
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F


‫א‬  Chemical composition‫א‬‫א‬

 AL  Cr  Cu  Fe Mn  Ni
‫א‬  ٢    ٠{٥  ٢{٥  ٩٥
 Alumel
   ١٠
    ٩٠
Chromel
    ٥٥    ٤٥
Constantan
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F

 E°F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬    J ‫א‬  H‫א‬
٣٥٠J ٢٥٠ ٣٠٠J ٢٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬   T

٥٠٠J ٧٥٠ ٤٠٠J ٦٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬    J

٥٠٠J ٨٠٠ ٤٥٠J ٧٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E

٨٥٠J ١٢٠٠ ٦٥٠J ١٠٠٠  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٠٠  ١٤٠٠   S
 E٪١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٠٠  ١٤٠٠   R
 E٪١٣F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧٠٠  ١٥٠٠ B
 E٪٦F  E٪٣٠F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE٣J ٤FF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K± ٠{٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETET = (Et + Er)K٠ °C‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EtT
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Er‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Thermopile‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pyrometer ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٤
 K‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٤
 KEusually ٥٠ µV/°C (٢٨ µV/°F) or lessF ♦
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥ °C (٠{٩ F)‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬،
 ، ‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 Resistance thermometer or resistance-temperature device (RTD)
،٨٥٠٥٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEResistance pyrometersF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤J ٤FK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 Resistance Temperature Detectors‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆R‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆R = R٠*α*∆ϑ
‫א‬‫א‬K٠°C١٠٠ ΩR٠‫א‬‫א‬
α ،α = ٣{٨٥*١٠ ٣
k ١
‫א‬‫א‬KNi ١٠٠Pt ١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F‫א‬K= ٦{١٧*١٠ ٣
k ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆R/∆ϑ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F‫א‬∆ϑ
H١٠٠٠°CH٤٠°C–٢٠٠°C ‫א‬±٠{٤٪
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KH٦٥٠°C‫א‬‫א‬±١{٢٪‫א‬

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE ٢٧٠°C toH١١٠٠°C F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٠٠°C toH٢٦٠°C‫א‬ ٢٠٠°C to H٤٣٠°C‫א‬

‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KH٥٠٠°C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KH٨٠٠°C
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬،‫א‬

 R Ω‫א‬   °C‫א‬‫א‬
   
 ١٨{٤٩  J  ٢٠٠

 ٦٠{٢٥  - ١٠٠
 ١٠٠ ١٠٠  ٠
 ١٣٨{٥ ١٦١{٨  ١٠٠
 - ٢٢٣{٢  ١٨٠
 ١٧٥{٨٤  -  ٢٠٠
 ٢٨٠{٩  -  ٥٠٠
 ٣١٣{٥٩  -  ٨٠٠
 E‫א‬FE٣J ٤F




- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERt/R٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F
 Resistance-Temperature Relationshipfor some RTD materials

 W‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٤
 K ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 KEHigher signal-to-noise ratioF‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 
 W‫א‬٢J ٤J ٤
 K ♦
 K ♦

K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
 Thermistor (Thermal Sensitive Resistor)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K ، ، ،
 ،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENTCF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F‫א‬
‫א‬KEPTCF‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، K  
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬NTCK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PTCK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،KE٧J ٤FE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



Characteristics of Three Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F
 Transducers

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E≈± ٠{٠٢ ° CF‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬ ♦


 W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K
 K– ١٠٠ – ١٥٠ ° C‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 Typical Thermistors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F

E٨J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E٨J ٤FK ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٤F


 EThermal Radiation ThermometerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤FK‫א‬
،EE١٠J ٤FF٠{٣ µm and ٤٠ µm‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬KE٠{٧٢ – ١٠٠٠ µmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٠{٣ – ٠{٧٢ µmF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤FF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤FKEPlank’s LawF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،٠{٦٥٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K٨٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Electromagnetic emission from a ١٠٠٠ K Electromagnetic emission from a ٣٠٠ K

blackbody blackbody
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٤F


- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 The Optical Pyrometer‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٦٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ µm
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .+٦٠٠°C


 EInfrared Thermometer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ٤‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤
 ‫?؟‬‫א‬
 K٢١° C٢J ٤
 KEFKEFW‫א‬٣J ٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
‫א‬EFK EFW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFK
 EFW‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFK‫א‬


- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬WE
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- ٥٠ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬ ♦

 K ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 D٢, D٥D١,W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬






- ٥١ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 EInstrumentation of FlowF‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 Differential Pressure Flowmeter E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٥
،EnozzleF،EorificeF،
 ‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٥F‫א‬EventuriF
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 W،EL٣FQ‫א‬
Q = α A √(٢g(pa-pb)/γ
 ‫א‬Wα
 E٢F‫א‬WA
 E٢LF‫א‬Wg
 E٣LF‫א‬‫א‬Wγ
 E٢LF‫א‬‫א‬WEpa-pbF





- ٥٢ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 E١J ٥F

 EVariable Area Flowmeter (Rotameter)‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

EE٢J ٥FFrotameter
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EfloatF‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٣ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K±٠{٢٪‫א‬،±٣٪‫א‬

- ٥٤ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٥ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ∆p/(ρg) = u٢٢/(٢g) – u١٢/(٢g) (١)

 WEContinuity equationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A١u١ = A٢u٢ (٢)
 W
 K‫א‬ZA١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZA٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆p = Vf (ρf - ρ)g/Af
‫א‬‫א‬Af،  ‫א‬‫א‬ρf،‫א‬‫א‬Vf
 WK‫א‬


،E٥ ٣F‫א‬‫א‬ CD‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EReynolds Number -ReF

 WK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٥٦ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ ٣F


 EPitot TupeF‫א‬٣J ١J ٥
 pitotK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬pitot
J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤J ٥FE
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤
 ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE  F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K

- ٥٧ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 E٤J ٥F

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ pitotE٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬

  KE
 ١F ½E
 ٢٥F
 ١٠‫א‬

 E ‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬transducer Kpressure transducer

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pitotK
 E ‫א‬F
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬transducer‫א‬
Ktransducer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K٪٥±pitot






- ٥٨ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  






 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٥F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٥F
 KEductsF

- ٥٩ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬ECFMFF‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٥F


- ٦٠ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 EElectromagnetic FlowmeterF‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٧J ٥F،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬flowmeters
‫א‬K
 
 
KE٨J ٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
  ‫א‬،K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- ٦١ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 EDoppler FlowmeterF‫א‬٥J ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KkHz٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٦٢ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬،Doppler‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬transducer‫א‬،‫א‬Doppler
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٥~
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫؛‬Em٦F٢٠E
 ١٣F٠{٥‫א‬
L ١٠٦(٠{٣ m/s)L١{٠،٣٩٢°C ٤٠° C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(٣٢ m/s)
‫א‬،‫א‬٪١
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٦٣ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ETurbine FlowmeterF‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١J ٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫ א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٥F


‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 EGPM٦{٦–٢٥F (liters/minute.٠٢–٠{٠٧F‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 K٠{١
 K٪٠{٥J LH
 EPSIG١{٠٠٠F٧٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L‫א‬

 KEHot wire AnemometersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١J ٥
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EC.R.T.F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
E١١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٠{١١F
،E١٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٥ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


KAir velocity probe provides ١{٥ % accuracy for local flow rate measurement

- ٦٦ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


- ٦٧ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٥F



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 EInstrumentation of Liquid LevelF‫א‬٢J ٥
 EFloat Liquid Level IndicatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤J ٥FE١٣J ٥F
‫א‬E١٥J ٥FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٥F
- ٦٨ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٥F

- ٦٩ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٥F
 Liquid level sensors with a continuous output signal for process control signal data

 EUltra sonicF‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥
‫א‬L‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٦J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧٠ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٥F
 EUltrasonic TransducersF


‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


- ٧١ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٥F
 Esensitive diaphragm and LVDTF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٥F
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
K? ?ENCF،? ?ENOF،? ?ECOMFW ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ENOF،ECOMF‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬ENCF،ENOF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ENCF،ECOMF

- ٧٢ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٤J ٢J ٥
EmicrowaveF‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٥FKE١٩J ٥F‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٠J ٥FK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧٣ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬EmicrowaveF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٥F



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٥F





- ٧٤ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ٥‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 D١, D٢, D٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢W‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K Closed Loop‫א‬ Open Loop‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
Basic Concepts for Automatic Control Systems

  Block Diagram ‫א‬‫א‬

     ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE١J ٦F   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


Input Output

Block

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F

x y=dx/dt

Control Element d/dt

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J E٢J ٦F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–H‫א‬Summing Point
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ٦F
x

+ + +
x x+y x x-y x x+y+x
+ - +
y y
y

‫א‬E٣J ٦F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Take off Point‫א‬
 KE٤J ٦FK



- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

x x
x
x x Take
x
x off
point
 Take off point
E٤J ٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Block Diagram of Feed Back Control Systems
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬, KE٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬   E J F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Set Point ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Control Point ‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Offset‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
Deviation ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Plant (‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Controller‫א‬J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Feedback Element ‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Reference Input E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Controlled Output ‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Primary Feedback Signal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Control Signal  E‫א‬F‫א‬J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
Manipulated Variable‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Distrurbance‫א‬J ١٣
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E٥J ٦F‫א‬ m ‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Forward Disturbance
Path
Control Controlled
R + E=R-B M Plant variable C
element
G1 G2
-

Feed back
element

Backward
Path

 E٥J ٦F

Forward Path‫א‬‫א‬J ١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Backward Path ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FeedbackE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ١٦
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Command‫א‬J ١٧
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Transducer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٦FKE٦J ٦F
 J WE٧J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
GZ‫א‬‫א‬
HZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 GHZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E/RZ‫א‬
 B/RZ‫א‬‫א‬
 C/RZ‫א‬




Command Reference Input
Transducer
V R

(a)

Command
Transducer
V R
-
B Feedback C
Transducer

 (b)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٦F

R C
G

-
B

H

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٦F

Servo-mechanisim ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Servomechanisim
‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

     Mechanical Motion        ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
Diagram Algebra and Transfer Functions  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦
J ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
 J W‫א‬‫א‬Control System
  Process ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
Measurements‫א‬ J ٢
Comparison ‫א‬ J ٣
Controller ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
Final Control Element ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Process ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬ – ‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬  F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
Measuring System‫א‬J ٢
FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 J WE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
– ‫א‬ – ‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬  – ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬KKKKJ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Sensor‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K Transmitters  Transducers  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Sensors ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sensor ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


Transmitters‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬   – ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Comparison Element‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Controller‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Control law‫א‬
    ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KComparator‫א‬
Final Control Devices and Actuators‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J W،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J   ‫א‬J   ‫א‬J 
 Servo motors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ٦‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬٢J ٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬–‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦

- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
.%١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ،‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K ♦
‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 D١, D٢, D٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
. ٤ W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 E–F J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

WControl Actions‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬–‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Actuator ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Relays 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ

Two Positions (On-Off) Control EF‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧
،‫א‬EJ HF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Dead Zone ‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



On

Dead
Zone
Off

SP Gap

 Time

 EJ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F


 
E ‫א‬(C-)‫א‬‫א‬(C+) E − SP > 0 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،(relay)‫א‬

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 Example for On/Off Control ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٧F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬Kon/off
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Liquid Level

Liquid Level

b a
Liquid Level

 C

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢J ٧F

- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



Three-Positions Step Controller‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 ‫א‬‫?א‬?‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Dead Band or Zone‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KStop 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

= B x>a
   Y = 0 -a <x<a
=-B x <a

Controller
output
y

Turn to left

B
x

Turn to right a a
B

Dead Zone



 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F


- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F
y
Controller output

te
ta
x

-tn t1
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F

Proportional Control‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(on-off)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Control ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬FSet Point ‫א‬‫א‬Variable
J W‫א‬‫א‬
V= kP.E +M
 ‫א‬ZVW
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫ = א‬‫א‬ZE
 ‫א‬ZkP
 KE = ٠ZM
Zero  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 Error

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Full Scale‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KProportional Band
Gain k‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬High Gain ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

100
  kp =
PB
 J W‫א‬Proportional Band ‫א‬Wkp
Controlling Range
  PB =
Gain x Measuring Range

‫א‬Manual Reset ‫א‬‫א‬M ‫א‬
M ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
E٥J ٧F‫א‬KOffset ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGain‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



Set Point

Valve
Position Error

0% Process 100%
Variable
Range
(a)

S.P

Valve
Position
M

0% P.V 100%
 (b)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٧F 

Example for Proportional Control ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Supply Valve
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬Supply Valve‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOffset E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F



- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


Integral Control ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
‫א‬‫א‬Automatic Reset‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
dV
  = kI E
dt
 ‫א‬WV
 WkI
 ‫א‬‫א‬Error‫א‬WE
  V = k I ∫ E dt
 Error‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Offset‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E٧J ٧F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


yc

t
xc
∆xc

 t

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٧F

Proportional-Integral Control ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Offset ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KManual Reset
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   V = k p E + k I ∫ Edt + M
 ‫א‬‫א‬WVW
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wkp
- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 Reset GainE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬WkI
 WM
K ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٨J ٧F‫א‬
kpEE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬kI‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Reset time TI‫א‬
 kpE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
1
 V = kp ( E + ∫ E dt) + M
T1

P+I Control
TI
Open High Reset Adjustment

Reset Response Contribution

Low Reset Adjustment

Valve Position

KE

Closed
Time t

Error=PV-SP
Zero Error
PV-SP

 t Time

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٧F 



- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


Water Level Pivot Valve Stem
Lever arm
4 Water in
2 Float
Valve inlet
0
-2
Water
-4

Water out


 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F

PID Control ‫–א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Offset‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
VariableControl ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
dE
   V = kD
dt
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WKD
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬Control Agent Supply ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KPID‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬PD‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 dE
  V = kp ( E + ∫ E dt + TD )+M
T1 dt
Rate or Derivative Time‫א‬‫א‬WTD
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٩J ٧F
KReal or Actual‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ideal ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TD‫א‬
   k D = k pTD
 ‫א‬‫א‬
P.B ‫א‬‫א‬kp Gain ‫ א‬J ١
 Reset Time ‫א‬TI‫א‬ J ٢
 KTD‫א‬ J ٣

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


xd

Controller Time
Output y

T1 Tn Time

 ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٧
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kp 
 ‫א‬TI

- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬Td
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٧F‫א‬
Proportional mode‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬K‫א‬
 J WProportional Band‫א‬
 ‫א‬J X
 ‫א‬‫א‬J Z
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J X
 WX‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Control Variable‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F
 WZ‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K Control variable‫א‬‫א‬
 KTransient ‫א‬
 Ti‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Integral time‫א‬‫א‬
 J WIntegral Mode
 Too Short‫א‬ J 
 Too Long  J 

 Correct  J 



- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   (b) ‫א‬   Overshot     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Process‫א‬
 KSet point‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،Overshot

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ZW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Too Short ‫א‬
 Correct 
 Too Long‫א‬

 


- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



Tem p. F

500 z
y
Set x
P o in t R e s e t T im e
400 x - T o o S h o rt
z- Too Long
y - C o rre c t
300
T im e

N o R eset
500
z
y
Set
x
P o in t
400
R e s e t T im e
x - T o o S h o rt
z- Too Long
300 y - C o rre c t
T im e

500

Set
P o in t
400
R e s e t T im e
x - T o o S h o rt
z- Too Long
300 y - C o rre c t
 T im e
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٧F



- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 ٧‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬٥J ٢


- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ♦

K‫א‬ ♦

K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 D١, D٢, D٥W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–E١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٠ cm)
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٨F


 E١J ٨F


 E٢J ٨F

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 E٣J ٨F



 E٤J ٨F


 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨
‫א‬(Proportional Action)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W(P+I+D Action)‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬(P+I Action)‫–א‬
 Null Balance Type ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 (Final Element)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 (Direct Type)‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Electrical Null-Balance Controller)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Feed Back Signal)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Error Signal Controller Final
Amplifier Positioning Element
Signal

 Feedback

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬(Proportional Band)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



Electrical
Voltage
Change
Unbalance Motor Driven Output
Detecting Slide Wire
Circuit

Variable
 Resistor
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٨F
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧J ٨F
،R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،R‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Error)‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Rest Action)‫א‬،(Set Point)‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R
R e s e t R e s is to r
A d ju s t a b le

C
M o d if ie d
Feedback R Feedback
V o lta g e V o lta g e

F e e d b a c k s ig n a l m o d if ie d to p r o v id e
 p r o p o r t io n a l + r e s e t a c t io n

 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨F

- ١٠٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣J ٢J ٨

،‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ C٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬R ٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Derivative
R Resistor
Adjustable

Modified
Feedback Feedback
C
Voltage Voltage

Feedback signal modified to provide

 proportional + derivative action
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K (Amplifier)   (Digital/Analog Converter)       

- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K

‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٨
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 KAmplifier  J ١
KAn error detector‫א‬ J ٢
KSignal sensing section‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   Relay  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Spool valveJet Pipe‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
EJet pipe‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬Spool valve‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJet pipe valve‫א‬‫א‬Flapper valve
 
 KSpool valveJ ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٨F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




KFlapper valve ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ Flapper Jet
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  E٩J ٨F   K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K
 KJet pipe‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬،E٩J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬
Jet‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Jet‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬        
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬


Spool valve E٩J ٨F

- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



Flapper valve EJ F‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٨F


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٨F

 ‫א‬٣J ٣J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٨FE١٠J ٨F‫א‬
- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 


 E١٠J ٨F
 ‫א‬‫א‬



 E١١J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬P٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬


- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬E١٢J ٨F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٤J ٨
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
Baffle-nozzle  J    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ Pressure divider circuit‫א‬‫א‬ Pilot Relays‫א‬‫א‬ amplifier
 KFeedback amplifier‫א‬
Baffle-nozzle amplifier  J  J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  
E١٣J ٨FK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K ‫א‬–
K–‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬–E١٣J ٨F
Pilot Relays‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 –‫א‬E١٤J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬E١٤J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Diaphragm‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٨F

Pressure divider circuit ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٥J ٨FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٥J ٨F‫א‬

- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٨F

Feedback Amplifier ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦J ٨F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
E١٧J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٨F

- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٨F

‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬K٢L‫א‬١{٠–٠{٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Feed back‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬
 K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 KPure delay‫א‬‫א‬Inertia ‫א‬‫א‬Nonlinearity

- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠‫א‬٥J ٣Time constant ‫א‬‫א‬
K

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٤J ٨
 (I)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(I) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬

E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (II)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(II)‫א‬KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
‫א‬ Positioner‫א‬E٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨،٩،١٠،١١‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬E١٠F
 K(III)‫א‬‫א‬

Measuring Device Controller Final Control Unit

1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10

3 7 11

(I) (II) (III)

 E١٨J ٨F

- ١٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬٥J ٤J ٨
 On-Off Controller E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Flapper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KControl Valve ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬On-Off
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Differential Lever System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Setpoint‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩J ٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Pilot Relay‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pilot Relay‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Output Pressure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHigher Gain Controller

- ١٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



Flapper Instrument
pen
Nozzle
Filtered air supply
Resriction

Pilot valve

 Control valve
 E١٩J ٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٨F
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
100
Gain =
Pr oportionalBand


- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٨F
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬E٢١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬–E٢١J ٨F

- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –E٢٢J ٨F

Programmable Logic Controllers PLCs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٨
 ١J ٥J ٨
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ،،،F
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٨
 Advantages of Programmable Logic Controllers PLCs

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PLC‫א‬‫א‬KRelays‫א‬
PLC‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬PLC‫א‬W ‫א‬ J ٣
K
PLC‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٥
KPLC‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٨
 Disadvantages of Programmable Logic Controllers PLCs

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PLC‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٢
KPLC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬PLC ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

PLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥J ٨
E٢٣J ٨F‫א‬ PLC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٤J ٨F
 Central Processing UnitW‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CPUK ‫א‬
‫א‬CPU‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬CPUK
 ‫א‬‫א‬
CPU‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Programmer PMW‫א‬ J ٢
Lap Top‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PLC‫א‬
PLCPM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥J ٨F
 I/O ModulesW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬, J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬CPU ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٨٤K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CPU ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KTerminal١٦
‫א‬CPUI/O ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Printer‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PLC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Hard disks‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCPU
E٢٦J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٨F

E٢٤J ٨F

- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢٥J ٨F


 E٢٦J ٨F
EF‫א‬ EF

- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ٨‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ٨
‫؟‬–‫ א‬٧J ٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩J ٨

- ١٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬ ♦

- ١٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 D١, D٢, D٥W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢W‫א‬‫א‬




















- ١٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J ١J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
, Sliding Stem  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Louvers, 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Valves (Globe, Rotary)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pinch, Plug Valves)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Sliding Stem Valve‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٩
EY،‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥٠–١٥F٢٠½‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Cast  ‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬Globe
‫א‬Stainless steel ‫א‬‫א‬Cast steel ‫א‬‫א‬iron
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Bar Stock‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٨٠F٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٠٠J ١٥F٤½‫א‬
KANSI٣٠٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥J ٩FE١J ٩F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬½¾
K‫א‬‫א‬





- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

(Globe)‫א‬E١J ٩F

- ١٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

(Globe)‫א‬ E٢J ٩F

  E٣J ٩F

- ١٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤J ٩F

 ‫א‬E٥J ٩F



- ١٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Ball Valves٢J ١J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ٦٠٠F٢٤‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٩FK‫א‬

 E٦J ٩F

 Eccentric Plug Valves ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٩

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ANSI٦٠٠E٢٠٠F٨
 K
 Butterfly Valves ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Swing Through ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 Lined‫א‬ K٢

- ١٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 High Performance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ٢٤٠٠J ٥٠F٩٦٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ANSI٢٥٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬PTFE ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Elastometric
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٨٠٠٥٠F٧٢٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ANSI٦٠٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٩FK

- ١٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٦F
 
Valves Selection‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 General Selection Criterion‫א‬‫א‬

،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬J ‫–א‬ J ٢
- ١٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬ J ٤
 ‫א‬ J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
 ‫ א‬J ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
 ‫א‬ J ٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
‫ א‬J ١١

 Pressure Rating ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ANSI Pressure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ANSI١٥٠, ٣٠٠, ٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ANSI ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Operating Temperature ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٤٥٠PTFE 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧٧J ٩٥F٣٥٠٢٠٠
 KE٢٣٢F

- ١٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PTFE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Material Selection ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Carbon Steel Bodies and Bonnets‫א‬‫א‬

ANSI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WCC WCB SA ٢١٦
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 Alloy Steel Bodies and Bonnets‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GraphitizationTempering
 KASME SA ٢١٧ grads WC٩, WC٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Stainless Steel Bodies and Bonnets‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢{٥،٪١٠{٥،٪١٩{٥‫א‬S٣١٦٠٠CF٨M
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Material Selection Process‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ANSI B١٦٣٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٩FK  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٩F

- ١٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Flow Characteristics‫א‬٣J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KBall‫א‬Cage‫א‬Plug
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٩F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Equal Percentage‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٩F

 Rangeability ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
swingK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pressure Drop‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 End Connection ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Shutoff Capability ‫א‬‫א‬

ANSI/FCI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧٠ ٢ ١٩٧٦ (R١٩٨٢)

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ANSI ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 trim ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 Flow Capacity ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Valve Sizing ‫א‬٤J ٩

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P1 − P2
Q = Cv
γ
 ‫א‬WQW
 ‫א‬‫א‬LWCv
 Upstream Pressure‫א‬WP١

 Downstream Pressure‫א‬WP٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬W γ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ANSI/ISA S٧٥{٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CvKISA ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٨١
‫א‬،‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Sizing Procedure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٩

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J W‫א‬ANSI/ISA S٧٥{٠١ ١٩٨٥

P1 − P2
Cv = Q /
γ

Cv ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠{٩٠{٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P1 − P2
C v = Q / NFP FR
γ
 ‫א‬N W
 ‫א‬W FRFP


 Chocked Flow‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٩F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- ١٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٩F
 Viscous Flow‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FR‫א‬K‫א‬

 Pipe Consideration ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KFP‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬T


- ١٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 Steam and Gases Valve Sizing‫א‬‫א‬٢–٤J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K

X
C v = Q / NFP FR P1Y
γT1 Z
 K‫א‬WY
 X = ∆P/P١
 K‫א‬‫א‬WT١
 K‫א‬WZ


- ١٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٩‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩

 ‫ ؟‬Sliding Stem Valves‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩

 ‫؟‬ Ball Valves ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٢

 ‫ ؟‬Eccentric PlugValves ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩

 ‫؟‬Lined Butterfly Valve ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩

 ‫؟‬Valve Selection‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ٩

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٩

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٩

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٩

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬١٠J ٩

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٩

- ١٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

١٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬‫א‬ ♦


 D١, D٢, D٥W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬KE١J ١٠F‫א‬Step Input ‫א‬
Self Regulation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Self Recovery ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLevel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Delay Time‫א‬ZTd
 KTime Constant‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZTc
 K‫א‬Transfer Coefficient‫א‬ZKs
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ Td/Tc‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WXp
 ‫א‬‫א‬WTI
 ‫א‬‫א‬WTD
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Accuracy ‫א‬Overshot ‫א‬‫א‬Settling time ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Pure time ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KPI‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬delay
‫א‬D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PID‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pulsating‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Transfer functions‫א‬
 KDisturbance‫א‬Command‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬……‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
- ١٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠F
 
J ‫א‬ J ‫ א‬‫א‬ P‫ א‬‫א‬ 
J ‫א‬ PI‫ א‬ I
PID‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬

     Pure  ١

    dead time
‫א‬  PI
‫א‬
‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ PID    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  PI
     ‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ PID  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
     ٤
‫א‬‫א‬  PID   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  PID
      ٥
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬




- ١٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

١٠J ١  ٪٥٠J ١٠  PID T  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١
 J ٪٣٠J ١٠ PI P  ‫א‬  ٢
٣٠J ١٠  ٪٢٠٠J ١٠٠ PI F  ‫א‬  ٣
 J  ٪١٠٠ P A    ٤
 ١٠  ٪٥٠ PID L    ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Heat Recovery‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Brine Heater‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Heat Exchanger ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢J ١٠F



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١٠
 Decabonator Make Up Water Level Control

‫א‬‫א‬Decarbonator ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Displacement level transmitter
‫א‬Controller‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬Control Room‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
XK ،‫א‬X ‫א‬،E٣J ١٠F‫א‬
Y‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E/P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
YK‫א‬‫א‬YK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Selector Switch ‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬XK‫א‬XK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬LH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



Panel front

Panel rear
x y
M

Local s

E
P


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١٠F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١٠
Steam Temp. Control after De-superheater
Alarm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Selector switch‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E/P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬Thermo-resistance‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X, XK‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Y ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Desuperheater‫א‬
XK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KElectric to Pneumatic Converter

- ١٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Alarm‫א‬‫א‬


Panel front
PID

Panel rear
x y
A
H

E
P

Local s

LP Steam

Injection Water


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٠F

Boilers Automatic Control ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K…،
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Orifice ‫א‬

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Orifice‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m = k h.p
 ‫א‬Wm
Orifice ‫א‬W k
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wh
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wp

Drum Level Control ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ١٠
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
overheating ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Kriser tubes‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١٠F
‫א‬،(LICAHL)‫א‬(LT)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(FC)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Load‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Feed Forward Control
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Differential Pressure (DP)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Square Root Extractor‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(LC)‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



m F = mS + m L
 J W
 ‫א‬ZmF
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZmS
‫א‬K٠{٥‫א‬(LC)‫א‬ZmL
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K (PI) –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١٠F

 Pressure Control ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Firing  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Rate
،‫א‬Positive Feedback
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ١٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q=ap
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZQ
‫א‬Z.a
 ‫א‬ZpK
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ a 
Q = m H = R Ho h / p
 J W‫א‬‫א‬a 
  a = k Ho h / p
 W
‫א‬Z.m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z. H
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zh
Orifice‫א‬ZR
 ‫א‬ZP
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZHo
 ZK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬DP‫א‬‫א‬
Square Root Extractor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬
Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،R Ho ‫א‬F(t) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،a PC‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KQ‫א‬

- ١٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬Firing Rate‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٠F

 Steam Temperature Control ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Burners‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Bypass،Work‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧J ١٠FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(TC)‫א‬‫א‬(TT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PI‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(TC)‫א‬‫א‬
J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(TC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PD‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Cascade Control‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(TT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ١٠F

Combustion Process Control ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q = mFHC 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZQ
‫א‬ZmF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZHC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q = m F C F (T − TF ) + m A C A (T − TA ) 

- ١٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZmA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZCA
‫א‬ZmF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZCF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ZTA
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ZTF
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ZT

‫א‬‫א‬،KA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

mA
KA =
mF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H C + C F TF + K A C A TA
T=
CF + K ACA
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬

Fuel/Air Ratio Control ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣J ١٠
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬٪٦‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬O٢ Controller ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١٠F


- ١٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣J ٢
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF٤J ٢
 KEF


- ١٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ٣F١J ٣
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K٦٠٠٠ Bar٣J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣






- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤
 K٢٩٤{١٦ K٢J ٤
 K٦٠٠° C‫א‬EF٣J ٤
 K٦٠٠° C‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 K٥J ٤
 KEF٦J ٤
 KEF٧J ٤




- ١٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 K٢J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
 K‫א‬٤J ٥
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١١  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
١. Internet Sites.

٢. Medlock, R. S. and Furness, R. A. “Mass flow measurement – a state of the art

review”, Measurement and Control, ٢٣, ١٠٠-١٣, ١٩٩٠.

٣. Morris, A. S. : “Principles of measurement and instrumentation”, Prentice Hall,

١٩٩٣.

٤. Perry, R. H., Green, D. W., Maloney, J., O. : “Perry’s chemical engineers’

handbook”, McGraw-Hill Boo; Company, ١٩٩٢.

٥. Quinn, T. J. “Temperature”, ٢nd ed. Academic press, New York, ١٩٩٠.

٦. Spitzer, D. W. “Flow measurement”, Instrumentation Society of America, Research

Triangle Park, NC, ١٩٩١.

٧. Tilford, C. R. “Pressure and vacuum measurement”, In Physical methods of

chemistry, ٢nd ed., Vol. ٦, pp. ١٠٦-٧٣, John Wiley and Sons, New York, ١٩٩٢.

٨. “Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook” Douglas M. Considine, ٤

th Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc.

٩. “Process Control Systems-Applications, Design and Tuning”, ٣ rd Edition, Mc-

Graw Hill International, F.G. Shinsky, ١٩٨٨.

١٠. “Principles and practice of Automatic Process Control”, Carlos, A. Smith,

and Armando, B. Corripo, ١٩٨٥, Jhon Wiley and Sons.

١١. “Programmable Logic Controllers”, Priciples and Applications , Second

Editions, John W. Webb, ١٩٩٢.

- ١٧١ -
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS