Chapter 3 : Process Modeling
Subject: IT22D3 – Pemodelan Proses Bisnis
Lecturer: Syifa Nurgaida Yutia, MT
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Business Process Modeling
Chapter 3: Process Modeling
Tujuan Pembelajaran
Mampu memahami dan menerapkan notasi-notasi
dalam Business Modelling Standard and Notation
(BPMN) dalam contoh studi kasus.
Recap (Chapter 2)
● Kita sudah mendiskusikan tentang identifikasi proses dan sudah melihat bahwa arsitektur
proses digunakan untuk menentukan proses-proses utama dalam organisasi
● Arsitektur proses menentukan hubungan antar proses
● Terdapat metode dengan tujuh langkah untuk mendefinisikan arsitektur proses termasuk
proses landscape model
● Setelah kita menentukan arsitektur proses kita perlu memilih proses yang sesuai untuk
perbaikan
● Seleksi proses terkait dengan pemrioritasan proses berdasarkan atas tingkat kepentingan,
kesehatan dan kelayakan untuk perbaikan
● Pemilihan ini dinilai oleh pemilik proses dan didasarkan atas ukuran dan tujuan kinerja
proses
● Dimensi kinerja yang umum adalah waktu, biaya kualitas dan fleksibilitas
● Portofolio proses membantu dalam menentukan peningkatan proses
● Proses yang terpilih akan menjadi subjek untuk fase-fase selanjutnya dalam siklus hidup
BPM
Chapter 3: Pemodelan Proses
3.1 Langkah Pertama dengan BPMN
3.2 Percabangan (Branching) dan Penggabungan (Merging)
3.3 Objek Bisnis
3.4 Sumber daya
3.5 Proses Dekomposisi
3.6 Model Proses Penggunaan Kembali (Process Model Reuse)
3.7 Rekap
Identifikasi Proses dalam Siklus
Hidup BPM
Process
Management Processes
Define Vision Develop Strategy Implement Manage Risk
Strategy
identification Core Processes
Manage
Procure Procure Market Deliver
Customer
Materials Products Products Products
Service
Process architecture
Support Processes
Manage
Manage Personnel Information Manage Assets
Conformance and Process As-is process
performance
discovery model
insights
Process Process
monitoring analysis
Executable Insights on
process weaknesses and
model their impact
Process Process
implementation To-be process redesign
model
Chapter 3: Pemodelan Proses
3.1 Langkah Pertama dengan BPMN
3.2 Percabangan (Branching) dan Penggabungan
(Merging)
3.3 Objek Bisnis
3.4 Sumber daya
3.5 Proses Dekomposisi
3.6 Model Proses Penggunaan Kembali (Process
Model Reuse)
3.7 Rekap
Business Process Model and
Notation (BPMN)
● OMG standard (BPMN 2.1)
● Supported by numerous tools: [Link] lists over 70 tools
● Both for conceptual and executable models
Business Process Modeling Tools
1. Microsoft Visio
2. Visual Paradigm
3. Enterprise Architect
4. Bizagi Process Modeler
5. ARIS Express
6. Altova
7. Activiti
BPMN from 10,000 miles…
Based on popular graphical flowcharts:
- Core set of notation elements
- Each core element has various subtypes
A BPMN process model is a graph consisting of four types of core
elements:
start end
activity event gateway sequence
flow
Let’s start modeling
Order-to-cash
A typical order-to-cash process is triggered by the receipt of a purchase order from a customer. The
purchase order has to be checked against the stock regarding the availability of the item(s) requested.
Depending on stock availability the purchase order may be confirmed or rejected.
If the purchase order is confirmed, an invoice is emitted and the goods requested are shipped. The
process completes by archiving the order or if the order is rejected.
Prepared Order Received Order Payment
Order
Mari kita mulai memodelkan
Solution in BPMN: Order-to-cash
end
Reject order
activity Items not in event
Order
stock
rejected
Check stock split gateway end
availability
Purchase
order Items in
event
received stock Confirm Emit Archive
Ship goods
start order invoice order
Order
event fulfilled
Naming conventions
• Event: noun + past-participle verb (e.g. insurance claim lodged)
• Activity: imperative verb + noun (e.g. assess credit risk)
1
3Process model vs process instances:
The tokens game
Order #1
Order #2
Order #3
Reject order
Items not in
Order
stock
rejected
Check stock
availability
Purchase
order Items in
received stock Confirm Emit Archive
Ship goods
order invoice order
Order
fulfilled
1
4
A little bit more on events…
A start event triggers a new process instance start
by generating a token that traverses the event
sequence flow (“tokens source”)
An end event signals that a process instance has
completed with a given outcome by consuming end
event
a token (“tokens sink”)
Chapter 3: Pemodelan Proses
3.1 Langkah Pertama dengan BPMN
3.2 Percabangan (Branching) dan Penggabungan
(Merging)
3.3 Objek Bisnis
3.4 Sumber daya
3.5 Proses Dekomposisi
3.6 Model Proses Penggunaan Kembali (Process
Model Reuse)
3.7 Rekap
A little more on gateways:
XOR Gateway
An XOR Gateway captures decision points (XOR-
split) and points where alternative flows are merged
(XOR-join)
condition
XOR-split takes one outgoing branch
¬ condition
XOR-join proceeds when one incoming branch
has completed
Example: XOR Gateway
Invoice checking process
A little more on gateways:
AND Gateway
An AND Gateway provides a mechanism to create and
synchronize “parallel” flows.
AND-split takes all outgoing branches
AND-join proceeds when all incoming branches have
completed
Example: AND Gateway
Airport security check
XOR / AND are not always what we need...
Order distribution process
A company has two warehouses, one in Amsterdam, the other in
Hamburg, that store different products. When an order is received, it is
distributed across these warehouses: if some of the relevant products
are maintained in Amsterdam, a sub-order is sent there; likewise, if
some relevant products are maintained in Hamburg, a sub-order is sent
there. Afterwards, the order is registered and the process completes.
Solution 1
Order distribution process
XOR-split XOR-join
AND-split AND-join
OR Gateway
An OR Gateway provides a mechanism to create
and synchronize n out of m parallel flows.
cond1
OR-split takes one or more branches depending
condn
on conditions
OR-join proceeds when all active incoming
branches have completed
2
3
Solution using OR Gateway
Order distribution process
Rework and repetition
Address ministerial correspondence
In the minister’s office, when a ministerial inquiry has been received, it is registered into
the system. Then the inquiry is investigated so that a ministerial response can be
prepared.
The finalization of a response includes the preparation of the response itself by the
cabinet officer and the review of the response by the principal registrar. If the registrar
does not approve the response, the latter needs to be prepared again by the cabinet
officer for review. The process finishes only once the response has been approved.
XOR-join: entry point XOR-split: exit point
Chapter 3: Pemodelan Proses
3.1 Langkah Pertama dengan BPMN
3.2 Percabangan (Branching) dan Penggabungan
(Merging)
3.3 Objek Bisnis
3.4 Sumber daya
3.5 Proses Dekomposisi
3.6 Model Proses Penggunaan Kembali (Process
Model Reuse)
3.7 Rekap
Business Objects (aka artifacts)
Can be:
Physical or digital information artifacts (e.g. an order on paper, an invoice on PDF)
Physical material (e.g. a box containing the ordered goods)
Business Objects in BPMN
A Data Object captures an artifact required
Purchase
order
Invoice
(input) or produced (output) by an activity.
Can be physical or electronic
Emit
invoice
A Data Store is a place containing data
objects that must be persisted beyond the
Oracle CRM Client info duration of a process instance.
Retrieve client
information
It is used by an activity to store (as
output) or retrieve (as input) data objects.
Our Order-to-cash process, again
Send
invoice
Confirm Archive
Items in order order
stock Order
fulfilled
Check stock
Ship goods
availability
Purchase
order Items not in
received stock
Reject order
Order
rejected
The purchase order document serves as an input to the stock availability
check against the Warehouse DB. Based on the outcome of this check, the
status of the document is updated, either to “approved” or “rejected”. If the
order is approved, an invoice and a shipment notice are produced. The order
is then archived on the Orders DB.
Solution
Invoice
Purchase
Purchase
Order
Order
[approved]
Purchase Purchase Send [approved]
Order Order invoice
[checked]
Confirm Archive
Items in order order
stock Order
fulfilled
Check stock
Ship goods
availability
Purchase
order Items not in
received stock
Reject order
Order Orders DB
rejected Shipment
notice
Warehouse DB The purchase order document serves as an input to the stock availability
check against the Warehouse DB. Based on the outcome of this check,
Purchase the status of the document is updated, either to “approved” or “rejected”. If
Order
the order is approved, an invoice and a shipment notice are produced. The
[rejected]
order is then archived on the Orders DB.
Quick Note: BPMN Text Annotations
A Text Annotation is a mechanism to provide additional text
information to the model reader
• Doesn’t affect the flow of tokens through the process
Includes packaging For blocked invoices
Clear vendor
Ship goods
line items
Chapter 3: Pemodelan Proses
3.1 Langkah Pertama dengan BPMN
3.2 Percabangan (Branching) dan Penggabungan
(Merging)
3.3 Objek Bisnis
3.4 Sumber daya
3.5 Proses Dekomposisi
3.6 Model Proses Penggunaan Kembali (Process
Model Reuse)
3.7 Rekap
Resources
Resources
Active resources:
Process participant
Software system
Equipment
Resource class:
A group of (active) resources that are interchangeable, e.g. a role, an
organizational unit or the whole organization.
Resources in the order-to-cash example
The order-to-cash process is carried out by a seller’s organization which includes two
departments: the Sales department and the Warehouse & Distribution department.
The purchase order received by the Seller has to be checked against the stock. This
is done via an ERP module within the Warehouse & Distribution department.
If the purchase order is confirmed, the Warehouse & Distribution department ships
the goods. Meantime, the Sales department emits the invoice. The process
concludes with the order being archived by the Sales department.
BPMN Elements – Pools & Lanes
Pool
Captures a resource class. Generally used to model a business party (e.g. a
whole company)
Pool
Lane
Captures a resource sub-class within a resource class by partitioning a pool.
Generally used to model departments (e.g. shipping, finance), internal roles (e.g.
Manager, Associate), software systems (e.g. DBMS, CRM) or equipment (e.g.
Manufacturing plant)
Lane
Pool
Lane
Lane
Lane
Solution: Order-to-cash
BPMN Elements – Message Flow
A Message Flow represents a flow of information or materials between
two process parties (Pools) Message
A Message Flow can connect:
• directly to the boundary of a Pool captures a message to/from that party
• to a specific activity or event within that Pool captures a message that triggers a
specific activity/event within that party
Pool 2
Pool 2
Receive
Pool 1
Pool 1
Send Receive
Send
BPMN Elements – Start Message Event
The start message event triggers a process by the receipt of a message
when an incoming message flow is connected to the event
Message
Message
received
Solution: Order-to-cash
Pools, Lanes and Message Flows: syntax
1. The Sequence Flow cannot cross the boundaries of a Pool
2. Both Sequence Flow and Message Flow can cross the boundaries of Lanes
3. A Message Flow cannot connect two flow elements within the same pool
When are messages sent or received?
• Message B is first received
before Activity can start.
• Message A is sent after,
upon Activity’s completion • First, message B is
received, before Activity can
start.
• Then, message A is sent,
upon Activity’s completion
When are messages sent or received?
• A Send activity will send the outgoing message upon activity
completion
• A Receive activity won’t start until the incoming message has been
received
Pool 2
Pool 2
Receive
Pool 1
Send Receive
Pool 1
Send
Note: the order of the message flows w.r.t. an activity is irrelevant, the
above rules always hold
Chapter 3: Pemodelan Proses
3.1 Langkah Pertama dengan BPMN
3.2 Percabangan (Branching) dan Penggabungan
(Merging)
3.3 Objek Bisnis
3.4 Sumber daya
3.5 Proses Dekomposisi
3.6 Model Proses Penggunaan Kembali (Process
Model Reuse)
3.7 Rekap
Process Decomposition
4
5
Identify Possible Sub-processes
Acquire raw materials
Ship and invoice
Solution
The Refactored Model
Example: Modeling Process Hierarchies
Process Receive and
Level 3 Inquiry and Validate ...
Quote Order
Level 4 Enter Order Check Credit ...
Order
received
Clear Order
Credit
Level 5 Check Credit
Record
available
...
Contact
customer
Credit not
available
account rep.
(Fragment of the SCOR reference model)
Value Chain Modeling
Chain of (high-level) processes an organization performs in order to achieve a business goal, e.g. deliver a product or service to the
market.
Business
process
“is predecessor
of”
Linking Value Chains with Process Models
Process
model for this
process is
available
Chapter 3: Pemodelan Proses
3.1 Langkah Pertama dengan BPMN
3.2 Percabangan (Branching) dan Penggabungan
(Merging)
3.3 Objek Bisnis
3.4 Sumber daya
3.5 Proses Dekomposisi
3.6 Model Proses Penggunaan Kembali (Process Model
Reuse)
3.7 Rekap
Example: process reuse
Call activity is the
default choice to
maximize reusability
Chapter 3: Pemodelan Proses
3.1 Langkah Pertama dengan BPMN
3.2 Percabangan (Branching) dan Penggabungan
(Merging)
3.3 Objek Bisnis
3.4 Sumber daya
3.5 Proses Dekomposisi
3.6 Model Proses Penggunaan Kembali (Process Model
Reuse)
3.7 Rekap
Recap
● BPMN menggambarkan aktivitas-aktivitas yang merupakan bagian atau unit kerja dalam suatu proses,
kejadian juga direpresentasikan
● dalam beberapa proses memiliki sebuah kejadian awal dan akhir yang menandakan mulai dan berhentinya
sebuah proses
● kita sudah mempelajari gateway untuk memodelkan keputusan eksklusif dan inklusif
● juga menunjukkan penggabungan sinkronisasi dari berbagai cabang
● dengan cara ini Gateway juga dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan cabang eksekusi paralel dan
sinkronisasi
● Gateway juga digunakan untuk mengekspresikan pengulangan
● pemahaman tentang bagaimana Gateway bekerja memungkinkan kita untuk memainkan token game
sebuah token dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan kondisi dari sebuah contoh proses atau proses
Instance yang sedang berjalan
kita juga sudah melihat bahwa BPMN menyediakan dukungan untuk merepresentasikan objek data dan
penyimpanan data yang mewakili objek bisnis
sumberdaya sangat terkait dengan proses
pool dan lane dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan siapa yang bertanggung jawab untuk berbagai aktivitas
proses dalam dunia nyata bisa menjadi sangat kompleks sehingga subproses dapat digunakan untuk
menyembunyikan informasi tentang langkah detil dalam proses sehingga proses yang umum atau abstrak
bisa dibuat menjadi ringkas
REFERENSI PERKULIAHAN
Buku UTAMA
Tugas Pemodelan Proses
Setelah tahap pemilihan proses selesai, buat satu pemodelan proses
bisnis As-Is (proses yang sedang berjalan saat ini) dengan
menggunakan BPMN
THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
Next Chapter: Advance Process Modeling
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