Chapter 3

Dasar Jaringan Komputer

16 Maret 2009

Pendahuluan

Pada bab ini akan di-cover prinsip, standar dan maksud

Jaringan Komputer
Termasuk didalamnya tipe dari jaringan :

Local Area Network (LAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wireless LAN (WLAN)

Apa yang kita pelajari adalah :

Network topologies, protocols, dan logical models

Kebutuhan2 hardware untuk membuat jaringan
Software untuk jaringan, metode komunikasi dan
hubungannya dengan hardware

Pendahuluan
Internet

membawa perubahan yang

sangat besar pada segala bidang
Kemampuan dari jaringan sangat
menguntungkan dan membawa pengaruh
yang besar pada berkembangan di segala
bidang

09/02/15

Support jaringan terhadap jalan hidup

kita :
Meningkatkan

kualitas hidup manusia

dimana saja.
Pentingnya komunikasi
Bagaimana cara kita berkomunikasi?

09/02/15

Dengan saling berhadapan

Dengan menggunakan media?
Multimedia?

Support jaringan terhadap jalan hidup

kita :
Pada

awalnya jaringan data hanya terbatas

pada pertukaran informasi berdasar karakter
antara komputer yang saling terhubung..
Bagaimana jaringan saat ini?

09/02/15

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:

09/02/15

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:

In the course of a day, resources available through the

Internet can help you:
Decide what to wear using online current weather
conditions.
Find the least congested route to your destination,
displaying weather and traffic video from webcams.
Check your bank balance and pay bills
electronically.
Receive and send e-mail, or make an Internet
phone call, at an Internet cafe over lunch.

09/02/15

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:

09/02/15

Obtain health information and nutritional

advice from experts all over the world, and
post to a forum to share related health or
treatment information.
Download new recipes and cooking
techniques to create a spectacular dinner.
Post and share your photographs, home
videos, and experiences with friends or with
the world.
8

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:
Describe

the characteristics and purpose of

popular communication media such as, IM,
Wikis , Blogs, Podcasting, and Collaboration
Tools

Instant messaging
Real

time communication
between 2 or more
people based on typed text

Weblogs (Blogs)
Web

pages created
by an individual
09/02/15

FB

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:

09/02/15

Podcasting
Website that contains audio files
available for downloading
Wiki
Wikis are web pages that groups of
people can edit and view together.
Whereas a blog is more of an individual,
personal journal, a wiki is a group
creation.
10

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:

09/02/15

Podcasting
Website that contains audio files
available for downloading
Wiki
Wikis are web pages that groups of
people can edit and view together.
Whereas a blog is more of an individual,
personal journal, a wiki is a group
creation.
11

Examples of Todays Popular

Communication Tools
Weblogs

09/02/15

(blogs)

Weblogs (Blogs) are web pages that are

easy to update and edit.
Blogs give anyone a means to
communicate their thoughts to a global
audience without technical knowledge of
web design.
12

Examples of Todays Popular Communication

Tools

Collaboration

09/02/15

Tools

Collaboration tools give people the opportunity to

work together on shared documents.
Without the constraints of location or time zone,
individuals connected to a shared system can
speak to each other, share text and graphics, and
edit documents together

13

Examples of Todays Popular Communication

Tools

09/02/15

14

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:
Explain

ways that using information networks

to share and collaborate improves teaching
and learning

09/02/15

15

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:

09/02/15

16

Network supporting the way we learn

09/02/15

Traditional learning :
Text book
Instructor
Online courses can contain voice, data, and video,
and are available to the students at any time from
any place
Blended courses can combine instructor-led classes
with online courseware to provide the best of both
delivery methods.
E-Learning
Online distance learning
17

Network supporting the way we learn

Online

courseware and delivery offer many

benefits to businesses.

09/02/15

Current and accurate training materials.

Availability of training to a wide audience.
Consistent quality of instruction.
Cost reduction.

18

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:
Intranets,

private networks in use by just one

company, enable businesses to
communicate and perform transactions
among global employee and branch
locations.

09/02/15

19

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:
Describe

ways communication over a network

changes the way we work

09/02/15

20

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan pada

kehidupan se-hari2:

09/02/15

21

Bagaimana pengaruh jaringan

pada kehidupan se-hari2:

Describe ways communication over a network

supports the way we play

09/02/15

22

Principles of Networking

Networks are systems that are formed by links.

People use different types of networks every day:

Mail delivery system

Telephone system
Public transportation system
Corporate computer network
The Internet

Computers can be linked by networks to share data

and resources.
A network can be as simple as two computers
connected by a single cable or as complex as
hundreds of computers connected to devices that
control the flow of information.

Networking Fundamentals

Computer

Two or more computers connected together

Each

Benefits

network:

is a Node

of a network:

Sharing resources
Transferring files

24

Computer Networks

Network devices include:

Resources shared across networks include:

Desktop and laptop computers

Printers and scanners
PDAs and Smartphones
File and print servers
Services, such as printing or scanning
Storage devices, such as hard drives or optical drives
Applications, such as databases

Different types of network media:

Copper cabling
Fiber-optic cabling
Wireless connection

Network Architecture
Network

designs:

Individual PC controlled:
Peer-to-peer

(P2P)

Centrally controlled:
Client/server

Peer-to-peer
Client/
server

26

Benefits of Networking

Fewer peripherals
needed
Increased
communication
capabilities
Avoid file duplication
and corruption
Lower cost licensing
Centralized
administration
Conserve resources

Types of Networks
A computer network is identified by:
The type of media used to connect the devices
The type of networking
devices used
How the resources are
managed
How the network is
organized
How the data is stored
The area it serves

LANs and WANs

Local

area network (LAN):

Nodes are within a small geographic region:

Homes
Schools
Small

Wide

businesses

area network (WAN):

LANs connected over long distances:

A few

miles to thousands of miles

Use telecommunications lines
29

Local Area Network (LAN)

A group of interconnected
computers that is under the
same administrative
control.
Can be as small as a single
local network installed in a
home or small office.
Can consist of
interconnected local
networks consisting of
many hundreds of hosts,
installed in multiple
buildings and locations.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A WAN

connects LANs in geographically

separated locations.
A WAN covers a much larger
area than a LAN.
The Internet is a large WAN.
Telecommunications

service
providers (TSP) are used to
interconnect these LANs at
different locations.

Wireless LAN (WLAN)

Wireless devices are used to transmit and receive data

using radio waves.
Wireless devices connect to access points within a
specified area.
Access points connect to the
network using copper cabling.
WLAN coverage can be limited
to the area of a room, or can
have greater range.
You can share resources such
as files and printers, and access
the Internet on a WLAN.

Peer-to-Peer Networking

Share files, send messages, and print to a shared

printer.
Each computer has similar capabilities and
responsibilities.
Each user decides which data and devices to share.
No central point of control in the network.
Best if there are ten or fewer computers.

Disadvantages of Peer-to-Peer

Without centralized network administration, it is

difficult to determine who controls network resources.

Without centralized security, each computer must use

separate security measures for data protection.

More complex and difficult to manage as the number

of computers on the network increases.

Without centralized data storage, data backups must

be performed by users.

Peer-to-Peer Networks
Nodes

communicate with
each other:

Peers

Share

peripheral devices:

Printers
Scanners

Home

and small office

networks
35

Types of Peer-to-Peer Networks

Power

line
Phone line
Ethernet
Wireless

36

Ethernet Networks

Ethernet network
adapters are used to
connect nodes

NIC card
PC Card
USB adapter

Computers are
connected to each other
using unshielded twisted
pair cable

RJ-45

Phoneline

37

Ethernet Switches
Keep

track of data packets

Amplify and retransmit signals
Keep the network running efficiently

38

Ethernet Routers

Transfer packets from one network to another

Home Internet routers transfer data from the Internet
to the home network.
Router

39

Wireless Networks
Use radio waves to connect nodes
Basically an Ethernet network that uses radio
waves instead of wires
Each node requires a wireless network adapter:
Transceiver

40

Power Line Networks

Computers

are
connected to a
houses electrical
wiring to create a
network
Power line network
adapter is used to
connect nodes to
electrical outlets
41

Phone Line Networks

Computers

are connected
to a houses telephone
wiring to create a network
Home phone line network
adapter is used to connect
nodes to phone jacks

42

Client/Server Network

Client/server network model provides security and control

for the network.
Client requests information or services from the server.
Server provides the requested information or service.
Servers are maintained by network administrators.
Data backups and security measures
Control of user access to network resources
Centralized storage and services include:
Data stored on a centralized file server
Shared printers managed by a print server
Users have proper permissions to access data or printers

Client/Server Networks
Client

computers:

Users

Server

computers:

Provide resources to clients

Central network control

Internet

A large, multi-server,
multi-client network.
44

Network Components
Transmission
media
Network adapters
Navigation
devices
Network software

45

Transmission Media

Provides communications
channel between nodes
Forms of media:

Telephone wire:

Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
Radio waves:

Twisted pair

Wireless

Bandwidth:

Data transfer rate

Throughput
46

Network Adapters

Devices

nodes:

connected to or installed in

Network interface cards (NIC)

External network adapter

Enable

communication between nodes

47

Network Navigation Devices

Devices that help make
data flow possible
Routers:
Route data between
networks

Switches:
Receive data and
retransmit it to nodes on
the network

48

Networking Software
Peer-to-peer
Built

Software:

into operating systems that support networking

Windows
Mac OS

Client/server
Network

Software

operating system (NOS) software

Windows XP Professional
Windows Server 2003
Novell Netware

49

Bandwidth

Amount of data that can be

transmitted within a fixed time
period
Measured in bits per second
and is usually denoted by the
following:
- bps - bits per second
- Kbps - kilobits per second
- Mbps - megabits per second

Three Modes of Transmission

Data is transmitted in one of three modes:
1.

Simplex (Unidirectional transmission) is a single, one-way

transmission.

2.

3.

Example: The signal sent from a TV station to your TV.

Half-duplex allows data to flow in one direction at a time.

Simultaneous transmission in two directions is not allowed.

Example: Two-way radios, police or emergency mobile radios

Full-duplex allows data to flow in both directions at the same time.

Bandwidth is measured in only one direction. 100 Mbps full-duplex means

a bandwidth of 100 Mbps in each direction.

Broadband technologies, such as digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable,

operate in full-duplex mode.

IP Address

An IP address is a unique number that is used to identify a

network device.
An IP address is represented as a 32-bit binary number, divided
into four octets (groups of eight bits):

An IP address is also represented in a dotted decimal format.

Example: 10111110.01100100.00000101.00110110
Example: [Link]

When a host is configured with an IP address, it is entered as a

dotted decimal number, such as [Link].
Unique IP addresses on a network ensure that data can be sent
to and received from the correct network device.

IP Address Classes

Class A
Large networks, implemented by large companies and
some countries
Class B
Medium-sized networks, implemented by universities
Class C
Small networks, implemented by ISP for customer
subscriptions
Class D
Special use for multicasting
Class E
Used for experimental testing

Subnet Masks

Used to indicate the network portion of an IP address

Is a dotted decimal number

Usually, all hosts within a broadcast domain of a LAN (bounded by routers)

use the same subnet mask.

The default subnet masks for three classes of IP addresses:

[Link] is the subnet mask for Class A

[Link] is the subnet mask for Class B

[Link] is the subnet mask for Class C

If an organization owns one Class B network but needs to provide IP

addresses for four LANs, the organization will subdivide the Class B
network into four smaller parts by using subnetting, which is a logical
division of a network. The subnet mask specifies how it is subdivided.

IP Subnetting

Subnet

Perlunya membagi network menjadi subnetwork:

Mengurangi

kepadatan jaringan

Router diperlukan untuk menghubungkan antar subnet

Router membatasi broadcast traffic
Lebih efisien

Menyesuaikan

Mis.: 1 subnet per lantai pada bangunan

Fungsi

dengan tata letak fisik

Administratif

Mis.: Bagian Keuangan pada 1 subnet dan Bagian R&D

pada subnet lainnya.

Untuk

mengantisipasi pertumbuhan yang akan datang

Caranya?
32 bit
Network

Network

Host

Subnet

Host

Meminjam sebagian bit dari Host ID

Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask adalah suatu cara untuk mengekstraksi Network
Address dari sebuah IP Address. IP Address

32 bit
Network Address

Host Address

IP Address

172.16

IP Address

10101100. 00010000

00001100.00000001

Subnet Mask

11111111.11111111

00000000.00000000

Network Addr.

10101100. 00010000

00000000.00000000

Network Addr.

172.16

12.1

0.0

AND

Subnet Mask
Format Subnet mask :
semua bit yang merepresentasikan Network Address adalah 1
semua bit yang merepresentasikan Host Address adalah 0. Umumnya
Subnet Mask dinyatakan dalam bentuk dotted decimal.

Subnet Mask untuk Classful IP Address

Class A

11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000

255
Class B

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

255
Class C

255

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

255

255

255

Contoh Subnet Mask

IP

: 152 .118 .98

.4

Subnet Mask : 255 .255 .255 .0

AND
Network Add. : 152 .118 .98

.0

Fungsi Subnet Mask

Subnet Mask digunakan untuk menentukan Network Address dari sebuah IP
Address. Network Address ini kemudian dicocokkan dengan Routing Table
untuk menentukan jalur transit data

Ekivalen Desimal dari pola bit untuk subnet mask

Subnet Mask - Subnet

Misalnya:
Sebuah Network Address Class B: [Link]/[Link]
Dipinjam 8 bit dari Host ID sebagai Subnet
Maka Subnet Mask Menjadi:
255

.255

.11111111 .0 = [Link]

8 bit untuk subnet

Anggota Subnet
Dengan demikian Network Address Class B: [Link] dengan
menggunakan SNM [Link] akan memiliki 28 = 256 subnet sbb:
Subnet No.
0
1
2
3
4
...
255

Subnet Address
152.118. 00000000
[Link]
152.118. 00000001
[Link]
152.118. 00000010
[Link]
152.118. 00000011
[Link]
152.118. 00000100
[Link]
...

Host Range
.0

- [Link]
U N152.118.0.1
U SAB
LE

.0
.0
.0
.0

[Link] - [Link]
[Link] - [Link]
[Link] - [Link]
[Link] - [Link]
...

152.118. 11111111 .0
[Link] U
N
U
SAB LE
[Link]
[Link]

B-cast Address
152.118.0. 11111111
[Link]
152.118.1. 11111111
[Link]
152.118.2. 11111111
[Link]
152.118.3. 11111111
[Link]
152.118.4. 11111111
[Link]
...
152.118.255. 11111111
[Link]

Subnet Mask - Subnet

Misalnya:
Sebuah Network Address Class C: [Link]/[Link]
Dipinjam 2 bit dari Host ID sebagai Subnet
Maka Subnet Mask Menjadi:
255

.255

.255 .1100 0000 = [Link]

2 bit untuk subnet

Anggota Subnet
Dengan demikian Network Address Class C: [Link] dengan
menggunakan SNM [Link] akan memiliki 22 = 4 subnet sbb:

SN No.

Subnet Address

Host Range

B-cast Address

205.12. 3. 00000000
[Link]

205.12.3.00000001 - 205.12.3.00111110
U205.12.3.1
N U S -A205.12.3.62
BLE

205.12.3. 00111111
[Link]

205.12. 3. 01000000
[Link]

205.12.3.01000001 - 205.12.3.01111110
[Link] - [Link]

205.12.3. 01111111
[Link]

205.12.3. 10000000
[Link]

205.12.3. 10000001 - 205.12.3. 10111110

[Link] - [Link]

205.12.3. 10111111
[Link]

205.12.3. 11000000
[Link]

205.12.3. 11000001 - 205.12.3. 11111110

U
N U S AB LE
[Link] - [Link]

205.12.3. 11111111
[Link]

Efisiensi Penggunaan IP pada Subnet

Contoh: Penggunaan IP untuk subnet Class C (Max Host= 254)

Latihan

Lakukan subnet untuk sebuah IP Class B : [Link]

sehingga satu subnet memiliki 4096 host.

Berapa bit subnet yang dipinjam dari host?

Berapakah Subnet Masknya?
Berapakah Network IP Address untuk subnet ke -7 ?
IP Address [Link] merupakan anggota dari Network IP
Address berapa?

(Pakai calculator biasa dulu!)

Gunakan IP Subnet Calculator untuk menguji hasil
anda!

IP Address Configuration

Manual configuration

Dynamic configuration

Manually configure each device with the proper IP address

and subnet mask.
A Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
automatically assigns IP addresses to network hosts.

Network Interface Card (NIC) is the hardware that enables a computer to

connect to a network and it has two addresses:

The IP address is a logical address that can be changed.

The Media Access Control (MAC) address is "burned-in"

or permanently programmed into the NIC when
manufactured. The MAC address cannot be changed.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

(DHCP)

DHCP automatically
provides computers
with an IP address.
The DHCP server can
assign these to hosts:

IP address
Subnet mask
Default gateway
Domain Name System
(DNS) server address

DHCP Process and Advantages

DHCP process:
1.

DHCP server receives a request from a host.

2.

Server selects IP address information from a database.

3.

Server offers the addresses to requesting host.

4.

If the host accepts the offer, the server leases the IP address for
a specific period of time.

Advantages of DHCP:

Simplifies the administration of a network

Reduces the possibility of assigning duplicate or invalid

addresses

Configure Host to Use DHCP

Configure the host to
"Obtain an IP address
automatically" in the
TCP/IP properties of the
NIC configuration window

Internet Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules.

Internet protocols are sets of rules governing communication within and

between computers on a network.

Many protocols consist of a suite (or group) of protocols stacked in

layers. These layers depend on the operation of the other layers in the
suite to function properly.

The main functions of protocols:

Identifying errors

Compressing the data

Deciding how data is to be sent

Addressing data

Deciding how to announce sent and received data

Common Network Protocols

Protocols used for browsing the web, sending and
receiving e-mail, and transferring data files
Description
TCP/IP
NETBEUI
NETBIOS
IPX and
SPX
HTTP and
HTTPS
FTP
SSH

A protocol used to transport data on the Internet.

A small, fast protocol designed for a workgroup network that
requires no connection to the Internet.
A protocol used to transport data on a Novell Netware network.
A protocol that defines how files are exchanged on the Web.
A protocol that provides services for file transfer and manipulation.
A protocol that is used to connect computers together securely.

Telnet

A protocol that uses a text-based connection to a remote computer.

POP

A protocol used to download email messages from an email server.

IMAP

A protocol used to download email messages from an email server.

SMTP

A protocol used to send mail in a TCP/IP network.

Internet Control Message Protocol

(ICMP)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used by devices

on a network to send control and error messages to computers
and servers.
PING (Packet Internet Groper) is a simple command line utility
used to test connections between computers
Used to determine whether a specific IP address is accessible.
Used with either the hostname or the IP address.
Works by sending an ICMP echo request to a destination
computer.
Receiving device sends back an ICMP echo reply message.

Ping Command Switches

These command line switches (options) can be used with

the ping command.

Output of the Ping

Command

Four ICMP echo requests (pings) are sent to the

destination computer to determine the reliability and
reachability of the destination computer.

Physical Network Components

Network devices:

Computers
Hubs
Switches
Routers
Wireless access points

Network media:

Twisted-pair copper cabling

Fiber-optic cabling
Radio waves

Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches,

Routers and Gateways

(a) Which device is in which layer.

(b) Frames, packets, and headers.

Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches,

Routers and Gateways (2)
(a) A hub. (b) A bridge. (c) a switch.

Virtual LANs
A building with centralized wiring using hubs and a
switch.

Virtual LANs (2)

(a) Four physical LANs organized into two VLANs,

gray and white, by two bridges.
(b) The same 15 machines organized into two
VLANs by switches.

Hubs

Extend the range of a signal by receiving then

regenerating it and sending it out all other ports
Traffic is sent out all ports of the hub
Allow a lot of collisions on the network segment and are
often not a good solution
Also called concentrators because they serve as a
central connection point for a LAN

Bridges and Switches

A packet, along with its MAC address information, is

called a frame.
LANs are often divided into sections called segments
bounded by bridges.
A bridge has the intelligence to determine if an incoming
frame is to be sent to a different segment, or dropped. A
bridge has two ports.
A switch (multiport bridge) has
several ports and refers to a
table of MAC addresses to
determine which port to use to
forward the frame.

Routers

Routers are devices that connect entire networks to each

other.

Use IP addresses to forward packets to other networks.

Can be a computer with special network software installed.
Can be a device built by network equipment manufacturers.
Contain tables of IP addresses along with optimal routes to
other networks.

Wireless Access Points

Provide network access to

wireless devices such as
laptops and PDAs.
Use radio waves to
communicate with radios in
computers, PDAs, and other
wireless access points.
Have limited range of
coverage.

Multipurpose Devices
Perform more than one
function.
More convenient to purchase
and configure just one device.
Combines the functions of a
switch, a router and a wireless
access point into one device.
The Linksys 300N is an
example of a multipurpose
device.

Twisted-Pair Cabling

A pair of twisted wires forms a circuit that transmits

data.

The twisted wires provide protection against crosstalk

(electrical noise) because of the cancellation effect.
Pairs of copper wires are
encased in color-coded plastic
insulation and twisted
together.
An outer jacket, called polyvinyl chloride (PVC), protects
the bundles of twisted pairs.

Two Basic Types of Twisted-Pair

Cables

Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)

Has two or four pairs of wires

Relies on the cancellation effect for reduction of interference
caused by electromagnetic interface (EMI) and radio
frequency interference (RFI)
Most commonly used cabling in networks
Has a range of 328 ft (100 meters)

Shielded twisted-pair (STP)

Each pair is wrapped in metallic foil to better shield the wires

from electrical noise and then the four pairs of wires are then
wrapped in an overall metallic braid or foil.
Reduces electrical noise from within the cable.
Reduces EMI and RFI from outside the cable.

Category Rating

UTP comes in several categories that are based on

two factors:

The number of wires in the cable

The number of twists in those wires

Category 3 is used for telephone connections.

Category 5 and Category 5e have are the most
common network cables used.
Category 6 cable has higher data rate than the Cat
5 cables.

Coaxial Cable

A copper-cored network cable surrounded by a heavy shielding

Types of coaxial cable:

Thicknet or 10Base5 - Coax cable that was used in

networks and operated at 10 megabits per second with
a maximum length of 500 m
Thinnet or 10Base2 - Coax cable that was used in
networks and operated at 10 megabits per second with
a maximum length of 185 m
RG-59 - Most commonly used for cable television in the
US
RG-6 - Higher quality cable than RG-59 with more
bandwidth and less susceptibility to interference

Fiber-Optic Cable

A glass or plastic strand that transmits

information using light and is made up of
one or more optical fibers enclosed together
in a sheath or jacket.
Not affected by electromagnetic or radio
frequency interference.
Signals are clearer, can go farther, and have
greater bandwidth than with copper cable.
Usually more expensive than copper cabling
and the connectors are more costly and
harder to assemble.
Two types of glass fiber-optic cable:

Multimode and Single-mode

Two Types of LAN Topologies

Physical topology is the

physical layout of the
components on the
network
Logical topology determines
how the hosts access the
medium to communicate across
the network

LAN Physical Topologies

A physical topology defines the way in which
computers, printers, and other
devices are
connected to a
network.
Bus
Ring
Star
Hierarchical star
Mesh

Bus Topology
Each computer connects
to a common cable
Cable connects one
computer to the next
Ends of the cable have a terminator installed to
prevent signal reflections and network errors
Only one computer can transmit data at a time or
frames will collide and be destroyed
Bus topology is rarely used today. Possibly suitable
for a home office or small business with few hosts

Ring Topology
Hosts are connected in a physical ring or circle.
The ring has no beginning or end, so the cable does
not need to be terminated.
A special frame, a token, travels
around the ring, stopping at each
host.
The advantage of a ring topology
is that there are no collisions.
There are two types of ring
topologies:

Single-ring and Dual-ring

Star Topology
Has a central connection point:
a hub, switch, or router
Hosts connect directly to the
central point with a cable
Costs more to implement than
the bus topology because more
cable is used, and a central
device is needed
Easy to troubleshoot, since each host is
connected to the central device with its own wire.

Hierarchical or Extended Star Topology

A star network with an additional networking

device connected to the main networking
device to increase the size of the network.

Used for larger networks

Mesh Topology

Connects all devices to each other

Failure of any cable will not affect the network
Used in WANs that interconnect LANs
Expensive and difficult to install
because of the amount of cable
needed
The Internet is an example of
a mesh topology
Often used by governments
when data must be available
in the event of a partial network
failure

Logical Topologies
The two most common types of logical
topologies are broadcast and token passing.
In a broadcast topology, there is no order that
the hosts must follow to use the network it is
first come, first served for transmitting data
on the network.
Token passing controls network access by
passing an electronic token sequentially to
each host. When a host receives the token, it
can send data on the network. If the host has
no data to send, it passes the token to the
next host and the process repeats itself.

LAN Architecture

Is the overall structure of a computer or communication

system.
Designed for a specific use and have different speeds and
capabilities.
Describes both the physical and logical topologies used in
a network.
The three most common LAN architectures:

Ethernet
Token Ring
Fiber-Distributed
Data Interface (FDDI)

Ethernet

Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies

that a network use the Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with the Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
access control method.

Hosts access the network using the first come, first

served broadcast topology method to transmit data.

Standard transfer rates

10 Mbps (Ethernet) 10Base-T

100 Mbps (FastEthernet) 100Base-T

1000 Mbps = 1 Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet) 1000Base-T

Token Ring

Reliable network architecture

Originally developed by IBM
Based on the token-passing
access control method
Often integrated with IBM
mainframe systems
Used with smaller computers and mainframes
Physically, a star-wired ring because the outer appearance
of the network design is a star
Inside the device, wiring forms a circular data path, creating
a logical ring

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

A type of Token Ring network

Often used for LANs, connecting several buildings in an
office complex or on a university campus
Runs on fiber-optic cable
High-speed performance combined with token-passing
advantage
Runs at 100 Mbps with a primary and secondary ring
topology
Normally, traffic flows only on the primary ring and uses
a secondary ring is a backup.
FDDI dual ring supports up to 500 computers per ring

Standards Organizations
Name

Type

Standards

Established

ITU-T

ITU Telecommunication
Standardization Sector
(formerly CCITT)

one of the three Sectors of

the International
Telecommunication Union

Standards covering all

fields of
telecommunications

Became ITU-T in
1992

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers

A non-profit, technical
professional association

Standards for the

computer and electronics
industry

1884

ISO

International
Organization for
Standardization

A network of the national

standards institutes of 157
countries

Promote the development

of international standards
agreements

1947

IAB

Internet Architecture
Board

A committee; an advisory
body

Oversees the technical

and engineering
development of the
Internet

1979; first named

ICCB

IEC

International
Electrotechnical
Commission

Global organization

Standards for all

electrical, electronic, and
related technologies

1906

American National
Standards Institute

Private, non-profit
organization

Seeks to establish
consensus among groups

1918

Trade associations

Standards for voice and

data wiring for LANs

After the
deregulation of the
U.S. telephone
industry in 1984

ANSI

TIA/EIA

Telecommunications
Industry Association /
Electronic Industries
Alliance

Ethernet Standards
Ethernet protocols describe the rules that control how
communication occurs on an Ethernet network.

The 802.2 standard defines how a device addresses

other devices on the medium.
The 802.3 standard defines
the methodology that devices
must use when they use the
media.
The 802.11x standards define
how wireless devices
communicate using radio
waves.

Cabled Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard specifies that a network implement the

CSMA/CD access control method.

In CSMA/CD operation:

All end stations "listen" to the network wire for clearance to send data.

When the end station detects that no other host is transmitting, the end
station will attempt to send data.

If no other station sends any data at the same time, this transmission will
arrive at the destination computer successfully.

If another end station transmits at the same time, a collision will occur on the
network media.

The first station that detects the collision, sends out a jam signal to tell all
stations to stop transmitting and to run a backoff algorithm.

All stations stop transmitting and re-try after a random period of time.

10BASE-T

10BASE-T is an Ethernet technology that uses a star topology.

Advantages of 10BASE-T:

The ten (10) represents a speed of 10 Mbps.

BASE represents baseband transmission.
The T represents twisted-pair cabling.
Installation is inexpensive compared to fiber-optic installation.
Cables are thin, flexible, and easier to install than coaxial
cabling.
Equipment and cables are easy to upgrade.

Disadvantages of 10BASE-T:

The maximum length for a 10BASE-T segment is 328 ft (100

m).
Cables are susceptible to Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI).

100BASE-TX FastEthernet

Has a theoretical bandwidth of 100 Mbps.

The "X" indicates different types of copper and fiber-optic can be
used.
Advantages of 100BASE-TX:
Transfer rates of 100BASE-TX are ten times that of 10BASE-T
100BASE-X uses twisted-pair, inexpensive and easy to install
Disadvantages of 100BASE-TX:
Maximum length for a 100BASE-TX segment is 329 ft (100 m).
Cables are susceptible to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).

1000BASE-TX Gigabit Ethernet

Advantages of 1000BASE-T:
1 Gbps is ten times faster than Fast Ethernet and 100 times
faster than Ethernet.
Increased speed makes it possible to implement bandwidthintensive applications, such as live video.
The 1000BASE-T architecture has interoperability with
10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX.
Disadvantages of 1000BASE-T:
Maximum length for a 1000BASE-T segment is 328 ft (100 m).
It is susceptible to interference.
Gigabit NICs and Switches are expensive.
Additional equipment is required.

Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11 is the standard that specifies connectivity for

wireless networks.
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity), refers to the 802.11 family

802.11 (the original specification)

802.11b
802.11a
802.11g
802.11n
These protocols specify the frequencies, speeds, and other
capabilities of the different Wi-Fi standards.

Wireless Ethernet Standards

Bandwidth

Frequency

Range

Interoperability
Not interoperable with
802.11b, 802.11g, or
802.11n

802.11a

Up to 54 Mbps

5 GHz band

100 feet
(30 meters)

802.11b

Up to 11 Mbps

2.4 GHz band

100 feet
(30 meters)

Interoperable with
802.11g

802.11g

Up to 54 Mbps

2.4 GHz band

100 feet
(30 meters)

Interoperable with
802.11b

Up to 540 Mbps 2.4 GHz band

164 feet
(50 meters)

Interoperable with
802.11b and 802.11g

802.11n
(Pre-standard)

802.15.1

Bluetooth

Up to 2 Mbps

2.4 GHz band

30 feet
or 5 GHz
(10 meters)
band

Not interoperable with

any other 802.11

OSI and TCP/IP Data Models

Architectural model
Separates functions of protocols into manageable layers
Each layer performs a specific function in network
communication
TCP/IP model
A four-layer model that explains the TCP/IP suite of protocols
TCP/IP is the dominant standard for transporting data across
networks
Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model
Standards defining how devices communicate on a network
Ensures interoperability between network devices

The TCP/IP Reference Model

Frame of reference used to develop the Internet's
protocols
Consists of layers that perform functions necessary to
prepare data for transmission over a network
Description

Provides network services to user

Application applications
Transport

Provides end-to-end management of data

and divides data into segments

Internet

Provides connectivity between hosts in the

network

Network
Access

Describes the standards that hosts use to

access the physical media

Protocols

HTTP, HTML, Telnet,

FTP, SMTP, DNS
TCP, UDP
IP, ICMP, RIP, ARP

The OSI Model

The OSI model is an industry standard framework that is

used to divide network communications into seven layers.
Although other models exist, most network vendors today
build their products using this framework.
A protocol stack is a system that implements protocol
behavior using a series of layers.

Protocol stacks can be implemented either in hardware or

software, or in a combination of both.
Typically, only the lower layers are implemented in hardware,
and the higher layers are implemented in software.

The OSI Model

Layer

Description

Application

Responsible for network services to applications

Presentation

Transforms data formats to provide a standard interface

for the Application layer

Session

Establishes, manages and terminates the connections

between the local and remote application

Transport

Provides reliable transport and flow control across a

network

Network

Responsible for logical addressing and the domain of

routing

Data Link

Provides physical addressing and media access

procedures

Physical

Defines all the electrical and physical specifications for

devices

Remember the OSI layers with this mnemonic:

"Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away"

Compare OSI and TCP/IP Models

Power Line Communication (PLC)

Uses power distribution wires (local electric
grid) to send and receive data.
May be available in areas without any other
service.
Is faster than an analog modem.
May cost less than other high-speed
connections.
Will become more common in time.
Can be used in a home or office environment
through an electrical outlet.

Power Line Communication (PLC)