Introduction to Reading

Sesi Reading Comprehension akan menguji kemampuan peserta memahami bacaan dan
menjawab pertanyaan yang tertulis dalam format bahasa Inggris formal. Di sesi ini, akan
terdapat 5 bacaan (yang selanjutnya juga akan disebut sebagai passage). Keseluruhan soal
adalah 50 soal dan waktu pengerjaannya adalah 55 menit.

Passage dalam Reading Comprehension mencakup berbagai topik, di antaranya adalah:

1. Sains dan Teknologi (40%)
2. Sejarah, Pemerintahan, Geografi dan Budaya Amerika Utara (20%)
3. Seni (15%)
4. Ilmu sosial (10%)
5. Biografi (15%)

TAHAP MEMPELAJARI READING

Skor <400 : Membaca bacaan singkat dan sederhana

Belajar dengan cara membaca passage yang pendek dan sederhana seperti cerpen atau cerita
anak-anak.

Skor 400-450: Membaca bacaan berupa novel/komik/berita dengan topik yang kamu suka
Langkah selanjutnya adalah mencari passage berita atau bacaan lain sesuai topik yang kamu
suka. Jika kamu mau, membaca novel atau komik dalam Bahasa Inggris pun bisa membantu
untuk memperkaya vocabulary kamu dan membantu kamu menciptakan rasa senang membaca
bacaan dalam bahasa Inggris.

Skor >450-500: Membaca bacaan khusus Reading for TOEFL

Di langkah ini, kamu bisa mulai latihan membaca dan memahami passage TOEFL sebanyak-
banyaknya. Portal berita berbahasa Inggris seperti Jakarta Post, BBC, CNN juga bisa kamu akses
untuk membantu kamu berlatih Reading.

TIPS:
1. Untuk latihan, sediakan buku khusus untuk mencatat vocabulary yang masih asing
beserta kelas kata dan artinya dalam bahasa Indonesia.
2. Saat latihan, biasakan untuk membaca ulang passage tersebut sampai kamu benar-
benar mengerti isi bacaannya.
3. Jika mendekati hari Test, berlatih lah mengerjakan soal Reading dengan menggunakan
timer. Hal ini berguna untuk menyiapkan diri kamu agar familiar dengan suasana Official
Test nantinya.
LESSON 1: Overview Question

Overview Question adalah pertanyaan yang menanyakan garis besar atau topik dari suatu
bacaan. Dalam sesi Reading Comprehension, biasanya Overview Question adalah soal pertama
yang muncul setelah kamu selesai membaca passage.

Overview Question sendiri terbagi menjadi beberapa jenis soal: main idea/main topic/main
purpose, tone question, attitude question, organization question, dan question about previous
or following paragraph.

Main Idea, Main Topic, atau Main Purpose

Pertanyaan tentang Main Idea atau Main Topic menanyakan tentang topik dari bacaan yang
disediakan.

Contoh pertanyaan:
- What is the main idea of the passage?
- The primary idea of the passage is…
- What does the passage mainly discuss?

Untuk Main Purpose, pertanyaan dengan jenis ini menanyakan tujuan penulis menuliskan
bacaan tersebut, misalnya untuk:
- mendiskusikan suatu topik  to discuss..
- mengilustrasikan suatu hal  to illustrate..
- membandingkan beberapa hal  to compare ___ and ___

Contoh pertanyaan:
- The author’s purpose in writing is to…
- What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
- Why did the author write the passage?

Dalam menjawab pertanyaan tentang Main Topic dan sejenisnya, ada beberapa distraktor
dalam opsi jawaban yang kerap kali muncul:
1. Terlalu spesifik
2. Terlalu umum
3. Salah berdasarkan fakta dalam bacaan
4. Tidak berhubungan dengan bacaan

Contoh:

There are two main types of cell division. Most cells are produced by a process called mitosis. In
mitosis, a cell divides and forms two identical daughter cells, each with an identical number of
chromosomes. Most one-celled creatures reproduce by this method, as do most of the cells in
multicelled plants and animals. Sex cells, however, are formed in a special type of cell division
called meiosis. This process reduces the number of chromosomes in a sex cell to half the
number found in other kinds of cells. Then, when sex cells unite, they produce a single cell with
the original number of chromosomes.

What is the main topic of this passage?

Specific A. The method by which one-celled organisms reproduce

Correct B. A comparison between mitosis and meiosis
Incorrect C. Meiosis, the process by which identical cells are produced

Tone Questions
Pertanyaan tentang Tone biasanya menanyakan kesan atau sifat suatu passage, yang dapat
kita simpulkan dari kalimat-kalimatnya. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini dengan benar, kita bisa
melihat dari kata sifat (adjective) maupun frasa yang digunakan di dalam bacaan.

Contoh pertanyaan:
- What tone does the author take in writing this passage?
- The tone of this passage could best be described as…

Contoh cara mengidentifikasi Tone atau kesan dalam bacaan:

a. That was just the beginning of a remarkable series of performance by this brilliant
actress.
 remarkable, brilliant: menandakan bahwa passage ini memiliki Tone positif
b. Despite some minor problems, this device has a number of admirable features.
 mengandung kata negatif (minor problem) tapi arti keselurahan dari kalimat ini
menandakan bahwa passage ini memiliki Tone positif
c. This practice is a waste of time and money.
 a waste of time and money: menandakan bahwa passage ini memiliki Tone negatif
d. At the time his poems were first published, they were very popular, but today most
critics find them simplistic and rather uninteresting.
 Mengandung kata positif (they were very popular), tetapi arti keseluruhan dari
kalimat ini menandakan bahwa passage ini memiliki Tone negatif.

Attitude Questions
Attitude Question adalah pertanyaan yang meminta kita menyimpulkan sikap atau
keberpihakan penulis terhadap topik bacaan.

Contoh pertanyaan:
What is the author’s attitude toward…
The author’s opinion of ______ is best described as…
Which of the following recommendations would the author most likely support?
Contoh:
Although some passengers may experience a slight of discomfort from not smoking on long
flights, their smoking endangers the health of all the passengers and crew.
 Penulis setuju dengan larangan merokok selama penerbangan meskipun penulis mengakui
akan ada beberapa penumpang yang merasa tidak nyaman dengan tidak merokok.

Organization Questions
Pertanyaan jenis Organization Questions menanyakan tentang struktur paragraf dari suatu
bacaan.

Contoh pertanyaan:
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

Contoh jawaban:
A general concept is defined, and examples are given.
The author presents the advantages and disadvantages of ________.
The author describes ________.
The author compares ______ and ______.
Several generalizations are presented, from which a conclusion is drawn.

Questions about previous or following paragraphs

Pertanyaan dengan jenis ini meminta kita untuk mengasumsikan bahwa ada paragraf tambahan
di awal atau di akhir bacaan. Kemudian, pertanyaan ini akan meminta kita untuk menentukan
topik yang sesuai untuk paragraf tambahan yang ada di awal atau di akhir bacaan.

Cara yang tepat untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini adalah:

1. Jika yang ditanyakan adalah topik paragraf di awal, maka cari petunjuk dengan
membaca kalimat pertama di paragraf pertama.
2. Jika yang ditanyakan adalah topik di paragraf akhir, maka cari petunjuk dengan
membaca kalimat terakhir di paragraf terakhir.
3. Hati-hati dengan jebakan opsi jawaban yang berisi tentang topik yang telah didiskusikan
di dalam bacaan. Ingat, pertanyaan jenis ini meminta kita untuk “berandai-andai”.
Seandainya ada paragraf lain, kira-kira topiknya apa ya?

Contoh pertanyaan:
- With what topic would the following/preceding paragraph most likely deal?
- The paragraph prior to/after the passage most probably discussess…
- It can be inferred from the passage that the previous/next paragraph concerns…
- What most likely precedes/follows the passage?

EXERCISE 1.1
Fokus: Mengidentifikasi jawaban yang tepat dan mengenali jenis distraktor dalam pertanyaan
main idea/main topic/main purposes
Tugas: Baca bacaan dan pertanyaan di bawah ini, kemudian tandai jawaban yang benar beserta
jenis distraktornya menggunakan kode di bawah ini:
S  Terlalu spesifik
U  Terlalu umum
X  Salah
I  Irelevan/tidak berhubungan dengan bacaan
C  Benar

The last gold rush belongs as much to Canadian history as it does to American. The discovery of
gold along the Klondike River, which flows fro Canada’s Yukon Territory into Alaska, drew some
30,000 fortune hunters to the north. The Yukon became a territory, and its capital of the time,
Dawson, would not have existed without the gold rush. The gold strike furnished material for a
dozen of Jack London’s nobels. It inspired Robert Service to write “The Shooting of Dan
McGrew” and other poems, and it provided the background for the wonderful Charlie Chaplin
movie, The Gold Rush. It also marked the beginnings of modern Alaska.

1. The author’s main purpose in writing is to

(A) discuss the significance of mining in Canada and the United States
(B) show the influence of the Klondike gold strike on the creative arts
(C) point out the impact of Klondike gold strike

The story of the motel business from 1920 to the start of World War II in 1941 is one of
uninterrupted growth. Motels spread from the West and the Midwest all the way to Maine and
Florida. They clustered along transcontinental highways such as U.S. routes 40 and 66 and along
the north-south routes running up and down both the East and West coast. There were 16,000
motels by 1930 and 24,000 by 1940. The motel industry was one of the few industries that was
not hurt by the Depression of the 1930's. Their cheap rates attracted travellers who had very
little money.

2. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How the Depression hurt U.S. motels
(B) The impact of transcontinental highways
(C) Two decades of growth for the motel industry

Until the late 1700's, metal could not be turned on a lathe to make it uniformly smooth and
round. The operator could not guide the cutting tool evenly by hand against the turning piece.
This problem was solved by David Wilkinson of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. In 1798 he invented a
machine in which the cutter was clamped into a movable slide that could be advanced
precisely, by hand crank, parallel to the work. The slide rest, as it came to be called, has many
uses. It permits the manufacture of parts so uniform that they can be interchanged. Without it,
mass production would not have been possible. As it turns out, the great English machinist
Henry Maudsley had developed nearly the same mechanism a few years before, but this was
unknown to Wilkinson and does not diminish his accomplishment.

3. Why did the author write this passage?

(A) To prove that Wilkinson's invention was based on Maudsley's
(B) To demonstrate the importance of mass production to American society
(C) To show the usefulness of Wilkinson's invention

EXERCISE 1.2
Fokus: Menjawab berbagai pertanyaan tentang overview questions.
Tugas: Pilih jawaban yang benar untuk berbagai overview questions di bawah ini.

Every scientific discipline tends to develop its own special language because it finds ordinary
words inadequate, and psychology is no different. The purpose of this special jargon is not to
mystify non-psychologists; rather, it allows psychologists to accurately describe the phenomena
they are discussing and to communicate with each other effectively. Of course, psychological
terminology consists in part of everyday words such as emotion, intelligence, and motivation,
but psychologists use these words somewhat differently. For example, laymen use the term
anxiety to mean nervousness or fear, but most psychologists reserve the term to describe a
condition produced when one fears events over which one has no control.

1. The main topic of this passage is

(A) effective communication
(B) the special language of psychology
(C) two definitions of the word anxiety
(D) the jargon of science

Other major changes in journalism occurred around this time. In 1846, Richard Hoe invented
the steam cylinder rotary press, making it possible to print newspapers faster and cheaper. The
development of the telegraph made possible much speedier collection and distribution of
news. Also in 1846, the first wire service was organized. A new type of newspaper appeared
around this time, one that was more attuned to the spirit and needs of the new America.
Although newspapers continued to cover polities, they came to report more human-interest
stories and to record the most recent news, which they could not have done before the
telegraph. New York papers and those of other northern cities maintained corps of
correspondents to go into all parts of the country to cover newsworthy events.

2. The main purpose of the passage is to

(A) present a brief history of American journalism
(B) outline certain developments in mid-19th-century journalism
(C) explain the importance of the steam cylinder rotary press
(D) present some biographical information about Richard Hoe
3. What is the most probable topic of the paragraph preceding this one?
(A) Other types of rotary presses
(B) Alternatives to using wire services
(C) Newspapers that concentrated on politics
(D) Other developments in journalism

4. The tone of the passage could best be described as

(A) objective
(B) optimistic
(C) angry
(D) humorous

The dancer Isadora Duncan was a daring, dynamic innovator in dance. While she was not
very successful in teaching her highly personal style of dance to others, she taught a generation
of dancers to trust their own forms of expression. She rebelled against the rigid, formal style of
classical ballet. Inspired by the art of Greece, she usually danced barefoot in a loose, flowing
Greek tunic. She found further inspiration in nature and used dance movements to mirror the
waves of the sea and passing clouds.
Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco in 1878. She gave her first performance in 1899.
Early failures gave way to triumphant performances in Budapest, Berlin, London, and finally, in
1908, back in the United States. She lived in Europe most of her life, establishing dancing
schools for children there. She died in 1927 near Nice, France, in a freak accident, her long scarf
being caught in the wheel of an open sports car in which she was riding.

5. The author's attitude toward Isadora Duncan could best be described as one of
(A) displeasure
(B) admiration
(C) compassion
(D) amazement

6. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) The author first discusses Isadora Duncan's style of dance and then her life history.
(B) The first paragraph deals with Isadora Duncan's role as a teacher, the second her role as
a performer.
(C) The author first discusses Isadora Duncan's shortcomings and then her positive points.
(D) First there is an analysis of Isadora Duncan's influences and then of her lasting
contributions to dance.
EXERCISE 1.3
Fokus: Memahami makna dari bacaan dengan lebih dari satu paragraf dan mengidentifikasi
main point dari masing-masing paragraf.
Tugas: Pilih jawaban yang benar untuk berbagai overview questions di bawah ini.

Question 1-4
While fats have lately acquired a bad image, one should not forget how essential they
are. Fats provide the body's best means of storing energy, far more efficient energy sources
than either carbohydrates or proteins. They act as insulation against cold, as cushioning for the
internal organs, and as lubricants. Without fats, there would be no way to utilize fat-soluble
vitamins. Furthermore, some fats contain fatty acids that contain necessary growth factors and
help with the digestion of other foods.
An important consideration of fat intake is the ratio of saturated fats to unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats, which are derived from dairy products, animal fats, and tropical oils, increase
the amount of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol may lead to coronary heart disease by
building up in the arteries of the heart. However, unsaturated fats, derived from vegetable oils,
tend to lower serum cholesterol if taken in a proportion twice that of saturated fats.
The consumption of a variety of fats is necessary, but the intake of too much fat may lead
to a variety of health problems. Excessive intake of fats, like all nutritional excesses, is to be
avoided.

1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that

(A) Fats have a bad image
(B) fats serve important functions in the body
(C) fats store food more efficiently than proteins or carbohydrates

2. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?

(A) Unsaturated fats may reduce cholesterol levels.
(B) The consumption of any type of fat leads to heart disease.
(C) Fats taken in the proper proportion may reduce serum cholesterol.

3. The main idea of the third paragraph is that

(A) people are eating less and less fat today
(B) fats should be gradually eliminated from the diet
(C) excessive consumption of fats may be dangerous to one's health

4. With which of the following is the whole passage primarily concerned?

(A) The role of fats in human health
(B) The dangers of cholesterol
(C) The benefits of fats in the diet
(D) The importance of good nutrition
Question 5-7
The term weathering refers to all the ways in which rock can be broken down. It takes
place because minerals formed in a particular way (say at high temperatures, in the case of
igneous rocks) are often unstable when exposed to various conditions. Weathering involves the
interaction of the lithosphere (the earth's crust) with the atmosphere and hydrosphere (air and
water). It occurs at different rates and in different ways, depending on the climactic and
environmental conditions. But all kinds of weathering ultimately produce broken minerals and
rock fragments and other products of the decomposition of stone.
Soil is the most obvious and, from the human point of view, the most important result
of the weathering process. Soil is the weathered part of the Earth's crust that is capable of
sustaining plant life. The character of soil depends on the nature of rock from which it is
formed. It also depends on the climate and on the relative "age" of the soil. Immature soils are
little more than broken rock fragments. Over time, immature soil develops into mature soil,
which contains quantities of humus, formed from decayed plant matter. Mature soil is darker,
richer in microscopic life, and more conducive to plant growth.

5. The first paragraph primarily describes

(A) the process by which rocks are broken down
(B) the weathering of igneous rocks
(C) gradual changes in the earth's weather patterns

6. The main topic of the second paragraph is

(A) a description of immature soil
(B) the growth of plants
(C) the evolution of soil

7. The main idea of the entire passage is that

(A) weathering breaks down rocks and leads to the development of soil
(B) soils may be classified as mature or immature
(C) the process of soil development is more important to humans than that of weathering
(D) the Earth's crust is constantly changing

1.
LESSON 2: Factual Questions, Negative Questions, and Scanning Questions

Factual Questions
Factual questions adalah pertanyaan yang menanyakan fakta atau detail yang tertulis secara
eksplisit di dalam bacaan. Biasanya pertanyaan ini mengandung pertanyaan 5W1H, yaitu: who,
what, when, where, why, how much.

Pertanyaan ini biasanya diawali dengan kalimat, “According to the passage…”.

Untuk menjawab pertanyaan dengan jenis ini, kita harus menemukan di mana letak informasi
yang sedang ditanyakan. Biasanya, kita akan menemukan 12-18 factual questions dalam sesi
Reading Comprehension.

TIPS:
1. Kamu bisa menjawab pertanyaan jenis ini dengan cepat menggunakan metode
scanning. Ambil satu atau dua kata kunci dalam pertanyaan kemudian cari kata-kata
yang sama di dalam bacaan.
2. Pertanyaan dengan jenis ini biasanya ditanyakan secara berurutan, yang artinya
jawaban di dalam bacaan pun bisa kamu temukan secara berurutan.

Negative Questions
Pertanyaan jenis ini meminta kita untuk menentukan mana dari empat opsi jawaban yang tidak
tertera atau tidak sesuai dengan bacaan. Biasanya, pertanyaan jenis ini ditandai dengan kata-
kata seperti NOT, EXCEPT, atau LEAST (biasanya selalu ditulis dalam huruf kapital).

TIPS:
1. Lakukan metode scanning untuk menemukan jawaban yang benar atau disebutkan di
dalam bacaan. Opsi jawaban yang tidak tertera di dalam pertanyaan merupakan
jawaban yang benar untuk pertanyaan ini.

Contoh pertanyaan:
- According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT…
- Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

Scanning Questions
Scanning questions adalah salah satu pertanyaan yang tingkat kesulitannya paling rendah dan
kita bisa menentukan jawabannya dengan cepat. Pertanyaan jenis ini meminta kita untuk
menemukan letak informasi yang ditanyakan di dalam bacaan.

Contoh pertanyaan:
- Where in the passage does the author first discuss ______?
- In what paragraph does the author first mentione ______?
- A description of ______ can be found in ______
EXERCISE 2.1
Fokus: Lakukan metode scanning untuk menemukan jawaban dari factual dan scanning
questions.
Tugas: Tentukan lokasi atau baris di mana jawaban dari masing-masing pertanyaan berada.
Tuliskan nomor barisnya di garis kosong yang disediakan. Latih diri kamu untuk menentukan
jawaban secepat mungkin.

Question 1-7
Antlers grow from permanent knoblike bones on a deer's skull.
Deer use their antlers chiefly to fight for mates or for leadership
of a herd. Among most species of deer, only the males have
antlers, but both male and female reindeer and caribou have
(5) antlers. Musk deer and Chinese water deer do not have antlers at
all.
Deer that live in mild or cold climates lose their antlers each
winter. New ones begin to grow the next spring. Deer that live
in tropical climates may lose their antlers and grow new ones at
(10) other times of year.
New antlers are soft and tender. Thin skin grows over the
antlers as they develop. Short, fine hair on the skin makes it
look like velvet. Full-grown antlers are hard and strong. The
velvety skin dries up and the deer rubs the skin off by scraping
(15 its antlers against trees. The antlers fall off several months
) later.
The size and shape of a deer's antlers depend on the animal's age
and health. The first set grows when the deer is from one to
two years old. On most deer, the first antlers are short and
(20) straight. As deer get older, their antlers grow larger and form
intricate branches.

1. How do deer primarily use their antlers? _____

2. In what way are reindeer and caribou different from other types of deer? _____
3. When do deer that live in temperate climates begin to grow their antlers? _____
4. According to the article, which of the following does the skin on deer's antlers most closely
resemble? _____
5. Which of the following factors influences the size and shape of a deer's antlers? _____
6. At what age do deer get their first antlers? _____
7. What happens to a deer's antlers as the deer grow older? _____

EXERCISE 2.1
Fokus: Menjawab pertanyaan factual, negative, dan scanning.
Tugas: Pilih jawaban yang benar untuk pertanyaan factual, negative, dan scanning di bawah ini.
 Dulcimers are musical instruments that basically consist of wooden boxes with strings stretched over
them. In one form or another, they have been around since ancient times, probably originating with the
Persian santir. Today there are two varieties: the hammered dulcimer and the Appalachian, or mountain
dulcimer. The former is shaped like a trapezoid, has two or more strings, and is played
(5) with wooden mallets. It is the same instrument played in a number of Old World countries. The
Appalachian dulcimer is classified by musicologists as a box zither. It is a descendant of the
Pennsylvania Dutch scheitholt and the French epinette. Appalachian dulcimers are painstakingly
fashioned by artisans in the mountains of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. These
instruments have three or four strings and are plucked with quills or the fingers. They are shaped like
(10) teardrops or hourglasses. Heart-shaped holes in the sounding board are traditional. Most performers
play the instruments while seated with the instruments in their laps, but others wear them around
their necks like guitars or place them on tables in front of them. Originally used to play dance music,
Appalachian dulcimers were popularized by performers such as John Jacob Niles and Jean Ritchie
during the folk music revival of the 1960's.

1. According to the passage, a hammered dulcimer is made in the shape of

(A) an hourglass
(B) a heart
(C) a trapezoid
(D) a teardrop

2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT an ancestor of the Appalachian
dulcimer?
(A) The box zither
(B) The santir
(C) The scheitholt
(D) The epinette

3. According to the passage, how many strings does the Appalachian dulcimer have?
(A) One or two
(B) Three or four
(C) Four or five
(D) Six or more

4. According to the author, most performers play the Appalachian dulcimer

(A) while sitting down
(B) with the instrument strapped around their neck
(C) while standing at a table
(D) with wooden hammers

5. According to the author, what are John Jacob Niles and Jean Ritchie known for?
(A) Played dance music on Appalachian dulcimers
(B) Are artisans who design Appalachian dulcimers
(C) Helped bring Appalachian dulcimers to the public's attention
 (D) Began the folk music revival of the 1960's

6. Where in the passage does the author describe the hammered dulcimer?
(A) Lines 1-2
(B) Lines 4-5
(C) Lines 9-10
(D) Lines 13-14

Ambient divers, unlike divers who go underwater in submersible vehicles or pressure-resistant

suits, are exposed to the pressure and temperature of the surrounding (ambient) water. Of all types
of diving, the oldest and simplest is free diving. Free divers may use no equipment at all, but most
use a face mask, foot fins, and a snorkel. Under the surface, free divers must hold their breath. Most
(5) free divers can descend only 30 to 40 feet, but some skilled divers can go as deep as 100 feet.
Scuba diving provides greater range than free diving. The word scuba stands for self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus. Scuba divers wear metal tanks with compressed air or other
breathing gases. When using open-circuit equipment, a scuba diver simply breathes air from the tank
through a hose and releases the exhaled air into the water. A closed-circuit breathing device, also
(10) called a rebreather, filters out carbon dioxide and other harmful gases and automatically adds oxygen.
This enables the diver to breathe the same air over and over.
In surface-supplied diving, divers wear helmets and waterproof canvas suits. Today, sophisticated
plastic helmets have replaced the heavy copper helmets used in the past. These divers get their air
from a hose connected to compressors on a boat. Surface-supplied divers can go deeper than any
other type of ambient diver.

7. Ambient divers are ones who

(A) can descend to extreme depths
(B) use submersible vehicles
(C) use no equipment
(D) are exposed to the surrounding water

8. According to the passage, a free diver may use any of the following EXCEPT
(A) a rebreather
(B) a snorkel
(C) foot fins
(D) a mask

9. According to the passage, the maximum depth for free divers is around
(A) 40 teet
(B) 100 feet
(C) 200 feet
(D) 1,000 feet

10. When using closed-circuit devices, divers

(A) exhale air into the water
(B) hold their breath
 (C) breathe the same air over and over
(D) receive air from the surface

11. According to the passage, surface-supplied divers today use helmets made from
(A) glass
(B) copper
(C) plastic
(D) canvas

12. Where in the passage does the author mention which type of diver can make the deepest
descents?
(A) Lines 2-3
(B) Lines 6-8
(C) Lines 9-10
(D) Lines 14-15
LESSON 3: Inference Question and Purpose Question

Inference Questions
Sama seperti di Sesi Listening, di dalam Sesi Reading terdapat pertanyaan yang meminta kita
untuk membuat kesimpulan. Jawaban dari pertanyaan ini tidak tertulis secara langsung di
dalam bacaan, sehingga kita harus membuat kesimpulan dari petunjuk-petunjuk yang tertulis.
Pertanyaan jenis ini adalah pertanyaan dengan tingkat kesulitan lebih tinggi dibandingkan
pertanyaan jenis lain.

Contoh pertanyaan:
- Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
- The author implies that…
- It can be inferred from the passage that…
- Which of the following does the passage imply?

Contoh:
A star very similar to the Sun is one of the nearest stars to Earth. That star is Alpha
Centauri, just 4.3 light-years away. Other than our own Sun, the nearest star to the Earth is a
tiny red star, not visible without a telescope, called Proxima Centauri.

It can be inferred from this passage that

(A) Proxima Centauri is similar to the Earth’s Sun
(B) Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Earth
(C) Alpha Centauri is invisible from the Earth
(D) Proxima Centauri is less than 4.3 light-years from the Earth

Penjelasan:
- Jawaban (A) salah; Proxima Centauri tidak mirip (not similar) dengan Matahari (Sun).
Bintang yang mirip dengan Matahari adalah Alpha Centauri, seperti yang tertulis pada
baris satu dan dua.
- Jawaban (B) salah; Bintang yang paling dekat dengan Bumi bukan Proxima Centauri,
melainkan Matahari.
- Jawaban (C) juga salah; di dalam bacaan hanya terdapat keterangan bahwa Proxima
Centauri lah yang hanya bisa dilihat menggunakan teleskop. Tidak ada keterangan
tentang Alpha Centauri.
- Jawaban D adalah jawaban yang paling tepat. Karena Alpha Centauri berjarak 4.3 light-
years dari bumi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Alpha Centauri, bintang yang lebih dekat
dengan bumi, berjarak kurang dari itu.

Purpose Questions
Pertanyaan jenis ini menanyakan tentang mengapa atau apa tujuan penulis menuliskan
sejumlah informasi atau fakta tertentu di dalam bacaan.

Contoh pertanyaan:
 - Why does author mention ______?
- The author wuotes ______ in order to show…

Contoh jawaban:
- To strenghten the argument that ______
- To provide an example of _______
- To challenge the idea that ______

EXERCISE 3.1
Fokus: Mengenali kesimpulan yang tepat berdasarkan bacaan
Tugas: Baca bacaan di bawah. Apabila pernyataa di bawah benar/dapat disimpulkan, tandai
dengan ✔ . Apabila pernyataan di bawah salah, tandai dengan ☓.

The term "neon light" was originally applied to a particular

type of vapor lamp using the inert gas neon. A long tube was
filled with neon, which then became luminous at low pressure when
an electric current was passed through it. The lamp then emitted
(5) the characteristic reddish-orange light of neon. Today, the term
"Neon light" is given to lamps of this general type which may be
filled with a variety of gases, depending on the color that is
desired. Argon, for example, is used to produce blue light.
Colors can also be altered by changing the color of the glass
(10) tube. The tubes must be quite long in all these lamps to produce
light efficiently. As a result, high voltages are required. Neon
tube lamps are not practical for indoor illumination, but they
have found widespread outdoor use in glowing, colorful
advertising signs.

_☓_ 1. The inert gas neon is reddish-orange in color.

____ 2. The meaning of the term "neon light" has changed over time.
____ 3. Today's "neon lights" never actually contain neon.
____ 4. All types of "neon lights" work on the same general principles.
____ 5. When stimulated by electricity, different types of gas produce different colors.
____ 6. Modern "neon lights" are more efficient than those used in the past.
____ 7. The primary market for neon lights is businesses rather than private households.

EXERCISE 3.2
Fokus: Mengenali kesimpulan yang tepat berdasarkan bacaan singkat
Tugas: Bacalah bacaan singkat di bawah ini, kemudian pilih jawaban yang paling benar
berdasarkan kesimpulan yang tepat.
1. Cities founded around the turn of the eighteenth century, such as Williamsburg, Annapolis,
and especially Philadelphia, were laid out on a regular grid with public squares, while cities
laid out in the mid-seventeenth century, such as Boston, remain chaotic to this day.
(A) Philadelphia is today laid out more regularly than either Williamsburg or Annapolis.
(B) Boston was not originally laid out according to a logical plan.
(C) Philadelphia, Williamsburg, and Annapolis were founded before Boston~

2. William Faulkner set many of his novels in and around an imaginary town, Jefferson,
Mississippi, which he closely patterned after his hometown of Oxford, Mississippi.
(A) William Faulkner wrote many of his novels while living in Jefferson, Mississippi.
(B) The town of Oxford, Mississippi, exists only in Faulkner's novels.
(C) Faulkner actually wrote about his hometown but did not use its real name.

3. Most fish take on, to a certain degree, the coloration of their natural surroundings, so it is
not surprising that the fish inhabiting warm, shallow waters around tropical reefs are
colored all the brilliant tints of the rainbow.
(A) Tropical fish are unlike other fish because they take on the coloration of their
environment.
(B) Tropical fish are brightly colored because they inhabit warm waters.
(C) Tropical reefs are brightly colored environments.

4. Illegible handwriting does not indicate weakness of character, as even a quick glance at the
penmanship of George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, or John Kennedy reveals.
(A) Washington, Roosevelt, and Kennedy all had handwriting that was difficult to read.
(B) A person's handwriting reveals a lot about that person.
(C) The author believes that Washington, Roosevelt, and Kennedy all had weak
characters.

5. As an architect, Thomas Jefferson preferred the Roman style, as seen in the University of
Virginia, to the English style favored by Charles Bullfinch.
(A) The University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style.
(B) Bullfinch was an English architect.
(C) Jefferson preferred to build in the English style of architecture.

EXERCISE 3.3
Fokus: Menjawab pertanyaan tentang Inference dan Purpose.
Tugas: Bacalah bacaan di bawah ini, kemudian pilih jawaban yang paling benar berdasarkan
kesimpulan yang tepat.

The sea has been rising relative to the land for at least 100
years, geologists say. During that same period, the Atlantic
Coast has eroded an average of 2 to 3 feet per year, the Gulf
 Coast even faster. Many engineers maintain that seawalls and
(5) replenished beaches are necessary to protect the nation's
shoreline. Too many people live or vacation in Miami Beach,
Atlantic City, or Martha's Vineyard to allow their roads and
buildings to simply fall into the sea.
The problem with seawalls is that they simply don't work. One
(10) study has shown that, in fact, seawalls accelerate the erosion of
beaches.
Faced with the loss of their beaches, other communities have
tried a simple but expensive solution: replace the lost sand.
These replenishment programs, however, are costly and of dubious
(15) value. Another study has shown that only 10% of replenished
beaches lasted more than 5 years.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author

(A) opposes the use of both seawalls and beach replenishment
(B) believes beach replenishment would be more effective than seawalls
(C) opposes any actions to protect the shoreline
(D) denies that beach erosion is a problem

2. Why does the author mention Miami Beach, Atlantic City, and Martha's Vinyard?
(A) These are communities with seawalls.
(B) These are communities that have implemented replenishment programs.
(C) These are communities in danger of beach erosion.
(D) These are communities which have lost roads and buildings to erosion.

3. The author quotes the two studies in the passage in order to

(A) suggest that the sea is not rising as fast as was originally believed
(B) strengthen the engineers' contention that seawalls and replenished beaches are
necessary
(C) propose two new solutions to beach erosion
(D) support his own position

For most modern airports, the major design problem is scale

how to allow adequate space on the ground for maneuvering wide
body jets while permitting convenient and rapid movement of
passengers departing, arriving, or transferring from one flight
(5) to another.
Most designs for airport terminals take one of four approaches.
In the linear plan, the building may be straight or curved. The
passengers board aircraft parked next to the terminal. This plan
works well for small airports that need to provide boarding areas
(10) for only a few aircraft at a time.
 In the pier plan, narrow corridors or piers extend from a
central building. This plan allows many aircraft to park next to
the building. However, it creates long walking distances for
passengers.
(15) In the satellite plan, passengers board aircraft from small
terminals that are separated from the main terminals. Passengers
reach the satellites by way of shuttle trains or underground
passageways that have shuttle trains or moving sidewalks.
The transporter plan employs some system of transport to move
(20) passengers from the terminal building to the aircraft. If buses
are used, the passengers must climb a flight of stairs to board
the aircraft. If mobile lounges are used, they can link up
directly with the aircraft and protect passengers from the
weather.

4. It can be inferred that scale would not pose a major design problem at airports if
(A) airports were larger
(B) aircraft did not need so much space to maneuver on the ground
(C) other forms of transportation were more efficient
(D) airplanes could fly faster

5. The linear plan would probably be best at

(A) a busy airport
(B) an airport used by many small aircraft
(C) an airport with only a few arrivals or departures
(D) an airport that serves a large city

6. The passage implies that the term "satellite plan" is used because
(A) satellites are launched and tracked from these sites
(B) small terminals encircle the main terminal like satellites around a planet
(C) the plan makes use of the most modern, high-technology equipment
(D) airports that make use of this plan utilize data from weather satellites

7. The passage suggests that shuttle trains transfer passengers to satellite terminals from
(A) the main terminal
(B) airplanes
(C) downtown
(D) other satellite terminals

8. It can be inferred that mobile lounges would be more desirable than buses when
(A) passengers are in a hurry
(B) flights have been delayed
(C) the weather is bad
(D) passengers need to save money
 Pigeons have been taught to recognize human facial expressions,
upsetting long-held beliefs that only humans had evolved the
sophisticated nervous systems to perform such a feat. In recent
experiments at the University of Iowa, eight trained pigeons were
(5) shown photographs of people displaying emotions of happiness,
anger, surprise, and disgust. The birds learned to distinguish
between these expressions. Not only that, but they were also able
to correctly identify the same expressions on photographs of
unfamiliar faces. Their achievement does not suggest, of course,
(10) that the pigeons had any idea what the human expressions meant.
Some psychologists have theorized that because of the
importance of facial expression to human communication, humans
developed special nervous systems capable of recognizing subtle
expressions. The pigeons cast doubt on that idea, however.
(15) In fact, the ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion
is not necessarily innate even in human babies, but may have to
be learned in much the same way pigeons learn. In experiments
conducted several years ago at the University of Iowa, it was
found that pigeons organize images of things into the same
(20) logical categories that humans do.
None of this work would come as any surprise to Charles Darwin,
who long ago wrote about the continuity of mental development
from animals to humans.

9. From the passage, which of the following can be inferred about pigeons'
(A) They can show the same emotions humans can.
(B) They can understand human emotions.
(C) They can only identify the expressions of people they are familiar with.
(D) They have more sophisticated nervous systems than was once thought.

10. The passage implies that, at birth, human babies

(A) have nervous systems capable of recognizing subtle expressions
(B) can learn from pigeons
(C) are not able to recognize familiar faces
(D) may not be able to identify basic emotions through facial expressions

11. Why does the author mention the experiments conducted several years ago at the
University of Iowa?
(A) They proved that pigeons were not the only kind of animal with the ability to recognize
facial expressions.
(B) They were contradicted by more recent experiments.
(C) They proved that the ability to recognize human expressions was not innate in human
babies.
 (D) They showed the similarities between the mental organization of pigeons and that of
humans.

12. If Charles Darwin could have seen the results of this experiment, his most probable
response would have been one of
(A) rejection
(B) surprise
(C) agreement
(D) amusement
LESSON 4: Vocabulary-in-context Questions

Dalam tipe soal ini, kita diminta untuk menentukan mana dari keempat pilihan jawaban yang
bisa menggantikan kata atau frasa yang disebutkan di dalam bacaan. Terkadang, terdapat dua
atau lebih jawaban yang terlihat benar, sehingga kita juga perlu melihat konteks bacaan untuk
bisa menjawab dengan benar.

Ada beberapa petunjuk yang bisa membantu kita dalam menjawab pertanyaan jenis ini, yaitu:
 Sinonim
The first state to institute compulsory education was Massachusetts, which made it
mandatory for students to attend school 12 weeks a year.

Kata mandatory adalah sinonim dari kata compulsory. Jadi bisa disimpulkan bahwa kata
yang tepat untuk menggantikan kata compulsory adalah mandatory.

 Contoh
Many gardeners use some kind of mulch, such as chopped leaves, peat moss, grass
clippings, pine needles, or wood chips, in order to stop the growth of weeds and to hold
in moisture.

Dari contoh-contoh yang diberikan (chopped leaves, peat moss, grass clippings, pine
needles, or wood chips), bisa disimpulkan bahwa mulch adalah sejenis
tanaman/tanaman yang digunakan untuk berkebun.

 Lawan kata
In the 1820’s the Southern states supported improvements in the national
transportation system, but the Northen states balked.

Karena dalam kalimat tersebut dijelaskan bahwa Southern states mendukung

pembangunan dan terdapat kata yang mengisyaratkan pertentangan (but), dapat
disimpulkan bahwa Northern states tidak setuju dengan hal yang sama, dan kata balked
berarti menolak (objected or refused).

 Konteks secara umum

In a desert, vegetation is so scanty as to be incapable of supporting any large human
population.

Seperti yang sudah diketahui, di padang pasir (desert) hanya ada sedikit tanaman,
sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kata scanty bisa diartikan sebagai kelangkaan
(scarce or barely sufficient).

TIPS:
1. Lihat kata yang ditanyakan dan keempat opsi jawaban. Tandai terlebih dahulu jawaban
yang menurutmu benar.
 2. Cari kalimat di mana kata yang ditanyakan berada, kemudian baca kalimatnya secara
lengkap dan pahami maksud dari kalimat tersebut. Kemudian cocokkan dengan jawaban
yang sebelumnya kamu tandai.
3. Apabila kamu tidak familiar dengan kata yang ditanyakan, cari petunjuknya di dalam
kalimat dengan menggunakan keempat petunjuk yang sudah dijelaskan di atas.
4. Coba gantikan kata di dalam kalimat dengan jawaban yang kamu pilih, kemudian
pastikan maksud dari kalimat tersebut tetap sama.

EXERCISE 4.1
Fokus: Menggunakan konteks kalimat untuk menjawab pertanyaan vocabulary-in-context.
Tugas: Bacalah bacaan di bawah ini, kemudian pilih jawaban yang paling benar menggantikan
kata yang digaris bawahi.

1. The planet Mercury is visible to the naked eye but is not the easiest planet to spot.
(A) unclothed
(B) unaided
(C) unarmed

2. Every atlas has its own legend.

(A) mythical story
(B) famous person
(C) explanation of symbols

3. Above the snowline, any mountain hollow is permanently occupied with snow.
(A) filled
(B) busy

4. The glass factories of Toledo, Ohio, boomed after Michael Owens invented a process
that turned out bottles by the thousands.
(A) exploded
(B) resounded
(C) prospered

5. A business concern with two or more owners is referred to as a partnership.

(A) firm
(B) worry

6. Table salt is finer than rock salt.

(A) made up of smaller particles
(B) of better quality
(C) freer of impurities
7. Shirley Jackson's sometimes chilling, sometimes hilarious stories were largely ignored by
critics at the time they were published.
(A) freezing
(B) frightening

8. As a child, the sharpshooter Annie Oakley hunted game with such success that, by
selling it, she was able to pay off the mortgage on her family's farm.
(A) animals
(B) athletic competition

9. Furniture design and manufacture were originally the work of individuals, but by the
eighteenth century, many furniture makers had teams of craftsmen to help them carry
out their plans.
(A) transport
(B) obey
(C) implement

10. Dr. Rene Dubos, a French physician who came to the United States in 1924, searched for
substances that would check the growth of bacteria.
(A) restrict
(B) investigate
EXERCISE 4.2
Fokus: Menjawab pertanyaan vocabulary-in-context untuk kata atau frasa dalam bacaan.
Tugas: Bacalah bacaan di bawah ini, kemudian pilih jawaban yang paling dekat secara arti atau
konteks.

All birds have feathers, and all animals with feathers are birds.
No other major group of animals is so easy to categorize. All birds
have wings, too, but wings are not peculiar to birds.
Many adaptations are found in both feathers and wings. Feathers
(5) form the soft down of geese and ducks, the long decorative plumes
of ostriches, and the strong flight feathers of eagles and hawks.
Wings vary from the short, broad ones of chickens, which seldom
fly, to the long, slim ones of albatrosses, which spend almost all
their lives soaring on air currents. In penguins, wings have been
(10) modified into flippers and feathers into a waterproof covering. In
kiwis, the wings are almost impossible to detect.
Yet diversity among birds is not so striking as it is among
mammals. The difference between a hummingbird and a penguin is
immense, but hardly as startling as that between a bat and a whale.
(15) It is variations in details rather than in fundamental patterns
that have been important in the adaptation of birds to many kinds of
ecosystems.

1. The word "categorize" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) appreciate
(B) comprehend
(C) classify
(D) visualize

2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "peculiar to" in line 3?
(A) Unusual for
(B) Common to
(C) Necessary for
(D) Unique to
3. The word "slim" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) slender
(B) powerful
(C) graceful
(D) soft

4. The word "detect" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) utilize
(B) extend
(C) observe
(D) describe

5. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "diversity" in line 12?
(A) Function
(B) Heredity
(C) Specialty
(D) Variety

6. The word "hardly" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) definitely
(B) not nearly
(C) possibly
(D) not always

7. The word "startling" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) initial
(B) exciting
(C) tremendous
(D) surprising

8. The word "fundamental" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) basic
(B) shifting
(C) predictable
(D) complicated
 The Hopi people of Arizona stress the institutions of family and
religion in a harmonious existence which makes the self-sacrificing
individual the ideal. The Hopi individual is trained to feel his or
her responsibility to and for the Peaceful People-the Hopi's
(5) own term for themselves. Fighting, bullying, or attempting to
surpass others bring automatic rebuke from the community.
Implicit in the Hopi view is an original and integrated theory of
the universe. With this they organize their society in such a way
to obtain a measure of security from a harsh and hazardous
(10) environment made up of human foes, famine, and plagues. They
conceive of the universe-humans, animals, plants, and supernatural
spirits-as an ordered system functioning under a set of rules
known to them alone. These rules govern their behavior, emotions,
and thoughts in a prescribed way.

9. The word "stress" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) emphasize
(B) define
(C) describe
(D) persuade

10. Which of the following could best substitute for the word "harmonious" in line 2?
(A) Cooperative
(B) Dangerous
(C) Philosophical
(D) Exclusive
11. The word "term" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) era
(B) name
(C) area
(D) law

12. The word "bullying" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) lying
(B) organizing
(C) entertaining
(D) tormenting

13. Which of the following can replace the word "rebuke" in line 6 with the least change
in meaning?
(A) Prestige
(B) Criticism
(C) Reaction
(D) Acknowledgment

13. Which of the following could best be substituted for the word "hazardous" in line 9?
(A) Changing
(B) Random
(C) Familiar
(D) Dangerous

14. The word "foes" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) fears
(B) needs
(C) enemies
(D) failures

15. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "prescribed" in line 14?
(A) Set
(B) Disorderly
(C) Legal
(D) Compatible
LESSON 5: Reference Questions

Reference Questions menanyakan tentang kata apa yang dimaksud oleh sebuah kata ganti
atau ekspresi lain di dalam bacaan. Jika kamu merasa kesulitan untuk menentukan jawaban
yang benar, coba masukkan setiap opsi jawaban ke dalam kalimat yang dimaksud dan tentukan
mana yang benar secara logika dan konteks.

Contoh:

There is a poisonous, plant-like animal called the

anemone that lives among coral reefs. When small fish
venture too close to the tentacles of these "living
flowers,” they are stung and eaten.

1. The word "they" in line 4 refers to

(A) coral reefs
(B) small fish
(C) tentacles
(D) flowers

Pembahasan:
Kata ganti “they” berada di baris keempat, di dalam kalimat yang artinya adalah: Ketika ikan
kecil menjelajah terlalu dekat pada tentakel dari “makhluk hidup” ini, mereka disengat dan
dimakan.”

Kata yang tepat untuk menggantikan kata ganti “they” di baris ke-empat adalah small fish. Jika
kita ganti kata “they” dengan “small fish”, kalimatnya menjadi: Ketika ikan kecil menjelajah
terlalu dekat pada tentakel dari “makhluk hidup” ini, ikan kecil disengat dan dimakan.” Hal ini
sesuai dengan konteks kalimat sebelumnya.

EXERCISE 5.1
Fokus: Mengidentifikasi kata yang tepat untuk menggantikan kata ganti atau ekspresi lain
dalam kalimat dan bacaan.
Tugas: Bacalah bacaan di bawah ini, kemudian pilih jawaban yang paling tepat menggantikan
suatu kata ganti atau ekspresi lain dalam bacaan.

1. Detergents clean clothes by first removing particles of dirt from the fabric, then
suspending the particles until they can be washed away.
(A) clothes
(B) particles of dirt
(C) detergents

2. Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.

 (A) florists'
(B) flowers'

3. Water is an exception to many of nature's rules because of its unusual properties.

(A) nature's
(B) water's

4. Grocers slice sides, quarters, and what are called primal cuts of beef into smaller pieces.
These pieces are called retail cuts.
(A) smaller pieces
(B) sides, quarters, and primal cuts

5. Leaves are found on all deciduous trees, but they differ greatly in size and shape.
(A) trees
(B) leaves

6. Yasuo Kuniyashi was born in Japan in 1883 and studied art at the Los Angeles School of
Art and Design. He also studied art in New York City, where he gave his first one-man
show. In 1925 he moved from there to Paris where he was influenced by the works of
Chagall and other artists.
(A) Japan
(B) Paris
(C) Los Angeles
(D) New York City

7. After electron microscopes were invented, scientists found many new viruses. Some of
them were round, some oval, and some corkscrew-shaped.
(A) electron microscopes
(B) viruses
(C) scientists
EXERCISE 5.2
Fokus: Menjawab pertanyaan reference berdasarkan bacaan yang lebih panjang.
Tugas: Bacalah bacaan dan pertanyaan di bawah ini, kemudian pilih jawaban yang paling tepat
menggantikan suatu kata ganti atau ekspresi lain dalam bacaan.

Although they had been used to haul freight and passengers

between the Eastern seaboard and the Ohio Yalley since 1812,
wagon trains were first used extensively in the 1820's on the
Santa Fe Trail. Long trains of covered wagons drawn by oxen or
(5) mules carried manufactured goods to trade for fur, gold, and
silver in Santa Fe. The independent traders who pooled their
resources to form these trains elected a captain and several
lieutenants who commanded the parallel columns in which the
wagons usually moved. They enforced the rules, selected the
(10) routes, and designated stopping places.

1. To what does the word "they" in line 1 refer?

(A) the Eastern Seaboard and the Ohio Valley
(B) wagon trains
(C) freights and passengers
(D) oxen and mules

2. The word "their" in line 6 refers to

(A) the covered wagons'
(B) the oxen and mules'
(C) the independent traders'
(D) the captain and lieutenants'

3. To what does the word "They" in line 9 refer?

(A) the leaders
(B) the traders
(C) the parallel columns
(D) the stopping places
 Some people associate migration mainly with birds. Birds do
travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example is
the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern
Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until
(5) spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly
visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur
seal. These seals breed only in the Pribilof Islands in the
Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are
strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000
(10) miles. Together they swim down the Pacific Coast of North
America. The females and young travel as far as southern
California. The males do not journey so far. They swim only to
the Gulf of Alaska. In the spring, males and females all return
to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are
(15) among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback, fin, and blue
whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas
to the tropics. Whales eat huge quantities of tiny plants and
animals (called plankton). These are most abundant in cold polar
waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and
give birth to their young.

4. The phrase "An example" in line 2 refers to an example of a

(A) migratory mammal
(B) place where animals migrate
(C) bird
(D) person who associates migration with birds
5. In line 5, the word "Their" is a reference to the
(A) caribou's
(B) grassy slopes'
(C) birds'
(D) seals'

6. To what does the word "They" in line 12 refer?

(A) female seals
(B) young seals
(C) the islands
(D) male seals

7. In line 14, the word "there" refers to

(A) the Gulf of Alaska
(B) the Pribilof Islands
(C) southern California
(D) the Pacific Coast of North America

8. The word "These" in line 18 refers to

(A) three types of whales
(B) tiny plants and animals
(C) polar seas
(D) warm waters
 Mount Rainier, the heart of Mt. Rainier National Park, is the
highest mountain in the state of Washington and in the Cascade
Range. The mountain's summit is broad and rounded. It is 14,410
feet above sea level and has an area of about one square mile.
(5) Numerous steam and gas jets occur around the crater, but the
volcano has been sleeping for many centuries.
Mount Rainier has a permanent ice cap and extensive snow
fields, which give rise to over forty glaciers. These feed swift
streams and tumbling waterfalls that race through the glacial
(10) valleys. Forests extend to 4,500 feet. There are alpine meadows
between the glaciers and the forests which contain beautiful wild
flowers. The Nisqually Glacier is probably the ice region that is
most often explored by visitors. Paradise Valley, where hotel
accommodations are available, perches on the mountain's slope at
(15) 5,400 feet. The Wonderland Trail encircles the mountain. Its 90-
mile length can be covered in about a week's time.

9. To which of the following does the word "It" in line 3 refer?

(A) Mt. Rainier
(B) The summit
(C) The Cascade range
(D) The national park

10. The word "These" in line 8 refers to which of the following?

(A) Snow fields
(B) Steam and gas jets
(C) Glaciers
(D) Streams and waterfalls

11. The word "which" in line 11 refers to

(A) forests
(B) wild flowers
(C) alpine meadows
(D) glacial valleys

12. What does the word "Its" in line 15 refer to?

(A) The trail's
(B) An ice region's
(C) The mountain's
(D) A week's