UNIT

CAUSE AND EFFECT

Istilah cause and effect atau sebab dan akibat adalah istilah yang sudah anda
dengar sejak SD, tapi penggunaanya dapat dipakai hingga dunia kerja. Kalimat
yang mengandung unsur sebab-akibat biasanya melibatkan sebuah kegiatan yang
membuat sesuatu terjadi, dan akibat dari kegiatan tersebut.

Tujuan Pembelajaran
Setelah mempelajari modul ini, anda diharapkan dapat memahami, menjelaskan,
menyatakan, dan mengidentifikasi, unsur kebahasaan baik lisan maupun tulisan
yang tepat mengenai hubungan sebab dan akibat.

Pengertian
cause adalah kejadian yang menjadi penyebab. Sedangkan effect adalah kejadian
yang merupakan akibat. Kalimat cause and effect biasa juga disebut dengan
kalimat sebab-akibat atau kalimat kausalitas adalah kalimat yang dibangun
dengan melibatkan tindakan yang membuat sesuatu terjadi dan hasil dari tindakan
tersebut. Dalam pernyataan cause and effect biasanya ditandai oleh kata hubung
atau conjunction seperti because, for, since, when, dan as.

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Perhatikan kalimat – kalimat berikut:

The train is late, so I choose to use the bus.

Dengan menggunakan kata hubung ( Conjunction) so, kalimat ini menggunakan

cause di awal yaitu „the train is late’ dan effect berada di akhir kalimat yaitu ‘I
choose to use the bus’.

My brother came late to school because he played a game last night.

Dengan menggunakan kata hubung because Kalimat ini menggunakan effect di

awal yaitu „My brother came late to school’ sedangkan cause adalah „he played
a game last night‟.

Untuk mengekspresikan cause dan effect dalam bahasa inggris, kalimat atau frasa
di atas biasanya akan diikuti dengan kata benda (noun) atau kata kerja (verb).

a. Kalimat sebab-akibat yang diikuti oleh noun

Kata sebab akibat yang diikuti dengan noun atau noun phrase biasanya
menggunakan kata atau frasa (signal word/phase) seperti :
 Because of
 Thanks to
 Due to + NOUN
 As a consequence of
 Owing to

Di bawah ini adalah pola yang biasa digunakan:

Signal word/phrase + Cause + Effect

Misalnya :
1. Due to Bella’s nervousness, she did not pass the driving test.
(Karena kegugupan Bella, dia tidak lulus ujian menyetir.)
Signal phrase : due to
Cause : Bella’s nervousness

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 Effect : She did not pass the driving test

2. As a result of the rain, we canceled the outing.

( Karena hujan, kita membatalkan pikinik itu.)
Signal phrase : As a result of
Cause : the rain
Effect : we canceled the outing

Atau
Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

Misalnya :
1. He’s always late because of his gaming habits
(Dia selalu telat karena kebiasaan bermain game-nya.)
Signal phrase : Because of
Cause : His gaming habits
Effect : He‟s always late

2. Dennis could not sing owing to his sore throat

(Dennis tidak bisa bernyanyi karena sakit tenggorakanya.)
Signal phrase : owing to
Cause : his sore throat
Effect : Dennis could not sing

b. Kalimat sebab-akibat yang diikuti oleh verb

Kata sebab akibat yang diikuti dengan subjek + verb atau verb phrase biasanya
menggunakan kata atau frasa (signal word/phase) seperti :
 Because
 Since
 As + SUBJECT + VERB
 For
 As a result of

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Di bawah ini adalah pola yang biasa digunakan:
Signal word/phrase + Cause + Effect

1. Because Bella was nervous, she did not pass the driving test

(Karena Bella gugup, dia tidak lulus ujian tes mengemudi.)

 Signal phrase: because

 Cause: Bella was nervous
 Effect: She did not pass the driving test

2. Dennis could not sing for his throat is sore

(Dennis tidak bisa bernyanyi karena sakit tenggorakanya)

 Signal phrase: for

 Cause: his throat is sore
 Effect : Dennis could not sing

Atau
Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause

Misalnya

1. He’s always late because he always stay up at night

(Dia selalu telat karena dia selalu begadang)

 Signal phrase: Because

 Cause: he always stay up at night
 Effect : He’s always late

2. Dennis could not sing for his throat is sore

(Dennis tidak bisa bernyanyi karena sakit tenggorakanya)

 Signal phrase: for

 Cause: his throat is sore
 Effect : Dennis could not sing

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Contoh Soal dan Pembahasan

1. Early man used weapons because they needed to find food.

The bold sentence in this statement indicates ...
a. The effect
b. The cause
c. The result
d. The effect-cause
e. The cause-effect
Jawaban :B
Pembahasan : kalimat yang dicetak tebal adalah cause.
Cause : they needed to find food.
Effect : early man used weapons
Signal word : because
Menggunakan pola EFFECT + SIGNAL WORD + CAUSE
Signal word because diikuti oleh subject + verb.

2. Complete the sentences by using Causal Conjunction Because or Because of!

........ her sickness, She didn’t go to the supermarket

(….. penyakitnya, Dia tidak pergi ke supermarket)
Jawaban: Because of
Pembahasan : mengikuti pola kata”her sickness” yang merupakan sebuah
kata benda atau noun, maka signal word yang lebih tepat adalah because of .
signal word because diikuti oleh Subject + Verb.

3. She has decided to move to Portland …. there are more opportunities for
employment in that city.
a. because
b. wherever
c. if
d. as long as

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 e. whenever
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan : signal word yang lebih tepat adalah because, setelah
menganalisa bahwa terdapat kalimat “There are more opportunities” , dimana
“there” sebagai SUBJECT dan “are” sebagai VERB.

Latihan Soal!
1. Jake was ill last night, ...... he did not eat anything a whole day.

a. Because

b. Above

c. Sure

d. Sadness

2. I love Switzerland ...... the weather.

a. Because

b. As

c. Because of

d. Since

3. The increase of the cars on the road resulted ..... a more traffic jams.

a. to

b. on

c. in

d. for

4. Victor finished his job earlier due .... bad weather.

a. to

b. in

c. for

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 d. by

5. She will stay at home ...... she does not have anything to do outside.

a. since

b. act

c. short

d. for

6. Which one is not correct? "He did not attend the exam......, he failed."

a. As a reason

b. As a consequence

c. As a result

d. Consequently

7. We come to the school late ........ we missed the first bus.

a. whereas

b. now and then

c. due to the fact that

d. so that

8. They can win the competition ..... they always have a very hard exercise
everyday.

a. Act

b. As

c. For

d. Whereas

9. I can not go to my teacher's house ..... she will have another appointment.

a. Because

b. Because of

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 c. Of

d. On

10. I can not eat the seafood....... my allergy.

a. because

b. because of

c. as

d. since

Complete the sentences by using Causal Conjunction Because or Because of!

1. …. the cold weather, we stayed home.
(…. cuaca dingin, kami tinggal di rumah.)
2. …… his hard work, he is now a very successful businessman.
(…… kerja kerasnya, dia sekarang adalah pengusaha yang sangat sukses.)
3. ……. his lack of courage, Nathan didn’t participate in the competition.
(……. Kurang keberaniannya, Nathan tidak berpartisipasi dalam kompetisi.)

4. ……. my car was stolen, I will have to rent a car for the next few days.
(……. mobil saya dicuri, saya harus menyewa mobil untuk beberapa hari ke
depan.)
5. ……. the change in the weather, we have decided not to go to the parade.
(……. perubahan cuaca, kami telah memutuskan untuk tidak pergi ke parade.)

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 EVALUATION

Answer the following question by choosing A, B, C, D, or E!

1. the government will share mask for free ... the new virus plague.
a. as a result
b. due to
c. therefore
d. then
e. so

2. ..... Mrs. Poppy is not coming today, the students must write the essay.
a. So
b. Consequently
c. In order to
d. Because
e. Because of

3. The road is slippery .... of spill of oil.

a. Due to
b. As a result
c. Unless
d. Therefore
e. Then

4. Most of employees and students prefer online based transportation to

conventional transportation, .... it‟s more effective.

a. In order to
b. Consequently
c. For
d. The outcome of
e. So

5. All the flights to China is canceled, .... corona virus.

a. As a result
b. Therefore
c. Because of
d. In order to
e. Because

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6. Complete the dialogue below.
Wita : this is not usual
Ressy : Why?
Wita : You are already at school at 6.30.
Ressy : I do it for purpose. I come early .... I can prepare for my
presentation.

a. So
b. For
c. Because
d. In order to
e. Then

7. I can not eat the seafood....... my allergy.

a. because
b. because of
c. as
d. Since
e. For

8. I love living in Australia …. the weather.

a. because
b. since
c. as
d. because of
e. But

9. Keith lost his job due …. cutbacks in the department.

a. for
b. at
c. to
d. by
e. Either

10. The increase in the number of cans on the road has resulted …. more and
more traffic jams.

a. in
b. to
c. at
d. for
e. and

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