Descriptive Text

  DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

DEFINITION A text which describes a particular person, thing, animal and place.
It tells how something looks, feels, smells, tastes or sound.

GENERIC STRUCTURE Identification: contains of the introduction of the person, thing,

animal and place that will be described.

Description: Describe parts, qualities of characteristics of person,

thing, animal and place which is described (features, color, form or
anything related to what will be described)

LANGUAGE FEATURES - Focusing on specific object

- Using Simple Present Tense

- Using verb to classify

- Using adjective & adverbs

- Using details to visualize the topic

- Providing examples

- Using words explaining characteristics

SOCIAL FUNCTION To describe a particular object (person, thing, animal or place)

 
 ADJECTIVE
Pengertian Adjective
Adjective atau kata sifat adalah kata yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan, menggambarkan, atau membatasi
kata ganti (pronoun) atau kata benda (noun) yang masih general. Pemakaian adjective dapat dicontohkan
dengan frasa di bawah ini.
Car: umum
Black car: spesifik
Fancy black car: lebih spesifik
The fancy black sports car: sangat spesifik
Ketika seseorang menyebut car, kita belum tau seperti apa mobil yang dimaksud. Karena masih terlalu
umum. Namun, dengan menambahkan adjectives seperti fancy, black, dan sports, mobil menjadi spesifik
dan mudah dikenali. Dalam hal ini, semakin banyak adjective yang disematkan, semakin spesifik noun
yang dimaksud. Adjective dipakai untuk memberikan batasan terhadap noun atau pronoun yang masih
umum seperti ini.

Jenis dan Contoh Adjective

Berikut jenis dan contoh adjective dalam bahasa Inggris.
A. Descriptive Nouns
Descriptive adjective adalah adjective yang menggambarkan atau menjelaskan keadaan noun atau
pronoun yang meliputi ukuran, bentuk, warna, bau, rasa, dan sebagainya. Pola:
Cha, Qu – Si – A, T – Pa – Sha – Co*
*harus disusun dengan urut
Character and quality
Kind, friendly, humble, arrogant, charitable, careful, helpful, greedy, lazy, beautiful, pretty, handsome, smart,
brilliant, bad, ugly, …

Size
Small, big, short, long, low, high, tall, huge, thin, thick, narrow, wide, near, far, …

Age and temperature

Young, old, ancient, modern, warm, hot, cold, …

Participles (V-ing dan V3)

Boring, bored, tiring, tired, confusing, confused, interesting, interested, scaring, scared, amazing, amazed, …

Shape
Cube, oval, square, triangle, circle, …

Color
Black, white, blue, green, crimson, purple, yellowish, reddish, …
Contoh:
A handsome tall young smiling white man
Two large old abandoned houses
Her small round pink face
A valuable old gold watch
A symphatetic beautiful young English teacher
B. Limiting Adjectives
Limiting adjective adalah adjective yang mempersempit (membatasi) noun atau pronoun tanpa
memberikan informasi mengenai keadaan, jenisnya, dan sebagainya. Limiting adjective dikelompokkan
menjadi 8 bagian, yaitu:
1. Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjective adalah adjective kepemilikan yang harus diikuti oleh noun.
My my pleasure
Your (mu) your shoes
Your (kalian) your play
Our our team
Their their cars
Her her address
His his overtime work
Its its name
2. Possessive Proper Adjective
Possessive proper adjective adalah kepemilikan yang menggunakan noun sebagai adjective-nya.
Berikut adalah cara penggunaannya.
POSSESSIVE NOUNS

Singular noun Possessive form

(a) the girl the girl’s
(b) Tom Tom’s Untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan, tambahkan
(c) my wife my wife’s apostrophe (‘) and –s pada singular noun (kata benda
(d) a lady a lady’s tunggal). Contoh:
(e) Thomas Thomas’s/ Thomas’ The girl’s book is on the table.

Jika kata benda tunggal telah berakhiran dengan –s,

ada dua cara:
1. Tambahkan apostrophe dan –s: Thomas’s book2.
Atau tambahkan apostrophe saja: Thomas’ book

Plural noun Possessive form

(f) the girls the girls’
(g) their wives their wives’
(h) the ladies the ladies’ Tambahkan apostrophe saja pada plural noun (kata
(i) the men the men’s benda jamak) yang berakhiran dengan –s:
(j) my children my children’s The girls’ books are on the table.

Tambahkan apostrophe dan –s pada plural noun

yang tidak berakhiran dengan –s:
The men’s books are on the table.
3. Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjective adalah kata tunjuk yang diikuti oleh noun.
NOUN DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE

This This house is mine.

(ini) singular, uncountable This ink is blue.

That singular, uncountable That car is hers.

 (itu) That water is rather hot.

These
(ini) plural I read these books.

Those
(itu) plural Those people helped me yesterday.
4. Article Adjective
Article adjective adalah kata sandang yang diletakkan di depan noun. Anggota:
a) A dan An
A atau an digunakan untuk singular noun (kata benda tunggal) yang masih bersifat umum (belum
jelas). Contoh:
A baseball is round.
(Yang dimaksudkan di sini adalah bola base secara umum)

I saw a boy in the street.

(Kita tidak tahu anak laki-laki yang mana yang dimaksud)
Penggunaan article a dan an ini sering membingungkan para pembelajar bahasa Inggris, khususnya
pemula. Oleh karena itu, pelajari penggunaannya berikut ini.
A       = untuk kata-kata dengan suara konsonan
An     = untuk kata-kata dengan suara vokal
Jadi pemakaian article a dan an bukan didasarkan pada tulisan kata melainkan suara atau pengucapan
kata. Contoh:
a horse (hɔːs) a house (haʊs)
an hour (aʊər) an honor (ɒn.ər)
an umbrella (ʌmˈbrel.ə) a university (ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.sɪ.ti)
Untuk kata-kata yang merupakan singkatan, penggunaan article a dan an nya ditentukan dari
pelafalan huruf pertamanya. Contoh:
an L-Plat (el) an SOS (es)
an MP (em) a VIP (viː)
Jika kata-kata yang mempunyai bunyi awal vokal tersebut didahului oleh kata lain yang memiliki
bunyi konsonan, maka penentuanya adalah kata yang didepannya itu. Contoh:
an umbrella (ʌmˈbrel.ə) a white (waɪt) umbrella
an hour (aʊər) a whole (həʊl) hour
b) The
Article the dapat digunakan untuk kata benda singular, plural, maupun uncountable. Article the
digolongkan kedalam definite article (kata sandang jelas) karena telah mengandung arti: ini, itu,
tersebut, tadi, … nya, dsb. Dengan kata lain, benda yang dimaksudkan sudah jelas. Contoh:
I know the man.
(Pembicara dan pendengar paham secara pasti orang yang dimaksud.)

The earth is round.

(Menggunakan article the karena bumi hanya ada satu.)

She formed a complex sentence. The sentence contained adverbial clause.

(Kata sentence menggunakan article the karena telah disebutkan sebelumnya.)
 Meskipun artikel the bisa digunakan pada kata benda singular, plural, dan uncountable, the tetap
mempunyai aturan dalam penggunaannya sebab ada kata-kata tertentu yang tidak boleh memakai the.
Dan dibawah ini merupakan ringkasan yang dapat dipakai sebagai pedoman penggunaannya.
Use THE with Don’t use THE with

Oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural lakes

The Red sea, the Atlantic ocean, the Persian gulf, Singular lakes
the Great Lakes Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

Mountains Mounts
The Rocky mountains, the Andes Mount Vesuvius, Mount McKinley

Earth, moon Planets, constellations

The earth, the moon Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion

Schools, colleges, universities when the phrases Schools, colleges, universities when the phrases
begin with school, etc. begin with a proper noun
The university of Florida, the college of Art and Santa Fe Community College, Cooper’s Art School,
sciences Stetson University

Ordinal numbers before nouns Cardinal numbers after nouns

The first World war, the third chapter World War One, Chapter Three

Wars (except world wars)

The Crimean War, the Korean War  

Certain countries or groups of countries with

more than one word (except Great Britain) Countries preceded by New or an adjective such as
The United States, the United Kingdom, the a direction
Central African Republic New Zealand, South Africa, North Korea

Countries with only one word

  French, Sweden, Venezuela

Historical documents Continents

The Constitution, The Magna Carta Europe, Africa, South America

Ethnic groups States

The Indians, the Aztecs Florida, Ohio, California

Sports
  Baseball, basketball

Abstract nouns
  Freedom, happiness

General areas of subject matter

  Mathematics, sociology

Holidays
  Christmas, Thanksgiving
5. Exclamatory Adjective
 Exclamatory adjective adalah adjective yang digunakan dalam berseru. Pola:
What + a/ an + N/ NP (S + V)!
Contoh:
The student is bright. He can solve the difficult problems.
What a bright boy (the student is)! (Betapa pandainya dia!)

She has received a reward for studying overseas. It will cover all her tuitions during the study, flight fare
from and to the university that grants it, and living expenses.
What a well-deserved reward (it is)! (Betapa berharganya penghargaan itu!)
What a lucky girl (she is)! (Betapa beruntungnya dia!)

Today is nice. The sun shines and the sky is cloudless. The wind blows lightly.
What a nice day! (Betapa indahnya hari ini!)

What a funny way to park a car! (Betapa anehnya cara dia memarkirkan mobil!)

What a dreadful idea! (Betapa buruknya rencana itu!)

6. Interrogative Adjective
Interrogative adjective adalah adjective yang digunakan untuk bertanya. Anggota:
What + N
Which + N
Whose + N
Contoh:
Interrogative adjective noun

What time is it?

Which book are you reading?
Whose house does he live in?
7. Numeral Adjective
Numeral adjective adalah bilangan atau hitungan yang difungsikan sebagai adjective. Anggota:
a) Cardinal number
Anggota: one, two, three, four, five, …

Pola: cardinal number + noun

one year, two years, three years

Contoh: one person, two people, six people
b) Ordinal number
Anggota: first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd), forth (4th), fifth (5th), …

Pola: the + ordinal number + noun

the first line (= Line 1)

the fifth edition (= Edition 1)
Contoh: the seventh picture (= Picture 7)
c) Multiplication
Anggota: a) single, double, triple, …
 single room, single process
double star, double degree
Contoh: triple block, triple cord

b) twofold, threefold, fourfold, …

Contoh: twofold increase, threefold price

c) a pair, a dozen, …

Contoh: a pair of sandals, two dozen roses

8. Adjective of Indefinite Quantity
Indefinite quantity adalah jumlah tak jelas yang difungsikan sebagai adjective. Anggota:
Banyak many + plural many mistakes

a large/great number of + plural a large number of victims

much + uncountable much money

a large/great deal of + uncountable a large deal of water

a large/great amount of + uncountable a great amount of fund

a large/great quantity of + uncountable a great quantity of information

a wealth of + uncountable a wealth of gold

plenty of + plural/ uncountable plenty of ink

a lot of + plural/ uncountable a lot of people

(a) few* + plural (a) few mountains

Sedikit (a) little + uncountable (a) little time

some** + plural some books

Beberapa several + plural several days

enough enough time

sufficient sufficient evidence
Cukup adequate adequate research

each + singular each class

Setiap every + singular every group

Kebanyakan most + plural/ uncountable most jewelry

a majority of*** + plural a majority of birds

the majority of + plural the majority of the voters

Semua all + plural/ uncountable all participants

Sejumlah/ a number of**** + plural a number of accidents

 sebagian
Catatan:
* Few dan little tanpa a menunjukkan kelangkaan atau ketiadaan dan hampir mempunyai arti
negatif. Few lebih sedikit dari pada a few, dan little lebih sedikit dari pada a little. Contoh:
There was little time for consultation. (Hampir tak ada waktu untuk berkonsultasi.)

Few towns have such splendid trees. (Jarang sekali ada/ sedikit sekali kota yang memiliki pohon-pohon
rindang.)
**  Selain memiliki arti “beberapa” atau “sebagian”, some bisa diartikan “sekedar”, khususnya dalam
kalimat tanya yang mengharapkan jawaban “ya”. Contoh:
They bought some honey. (Mereka membeli [sekedar] madu.)

Do you want some bread? (Apakah kamu mau [sekedar] roti?)

*** A majority of menggunakan singular verb (is, was, has, does, takes, ..) dan the majority
of menggunakan plural verb (are, were, have, do, take, ..). Contoh:
A majority of two hundred votes was enough to win.

The majority of the two hundred votes were for peace.

**** A number of menggunakan plural verb (are, were, have, do, take, …). Contoh:
A number  of the applicants have already been interviewed. (Sebagian pelamar telah diinterview.)
Selain yang telah menggunakan of di tabel di atas, indefinite quantity lainnya juga dapat ditambahkan
dengan of. Namun penggunaan of tersebut mempunyai aturan. Lihat perbandingan berikut.
Tanpa of        nonspecific noun

Many books are written in English.

Most books have an index.
A few books are good.
Indefinite quantity tanpa of digunakan untuk menunjukkan kata benda yang sifatnya umun (tidak
spesifik), pada contoh ini, buku pada umumnya. Bedakan dengan contoh dibawah ini.
Dengan of        specific noun

Many of my books are written in English.

Most of those books have an index.
A few of the books on the shelf are good.
Indefinite quantity dengan of HANYA digunakan ketika noun yang dijelaskan telah jelas (specific
noun), contoh: my books, your books, those books, these books, the books on the table, the books I
bought yesterday, dll. Dan noun dikatakan jelas ketika diikuti oleh:
a) possessive dan posessive proper adjectives (kepemilikan)
my, our, their, her, John’s, Alex’s, the girls’, the men’s
b) demonstative adjectives
this, that, these, those
c) definite article
the
Fungsi Adjective
Secara garis besar, fungsi adjective dalam bahasa Inggris adalah sebagai:
1. Subjective complement (penjelas subjek)
His idea is brilliant.
2. Objective complement (penjelas objek)
Let’s make it possible.
3. Modifier of noun phrase (penjelas noun phrase)
Full-scare economic war
4. Head of adjective phrase (inti adjective phrase)
Completely new
5. Comparison degrees (perbandingan)
This version is better than the previous one.

Adjective order in English Grammar

In English Language, the right sequence for adjectives is called as the Royal Order of Adjectives. The
following is the Royal Order of Adjectives:
1. Determiner (Although not an adjective, determiners encompass article, possessive, and demonstrative)
are included in the Royal Order of Adjectives. Adjectives and the nouns they alter must always appear
before them.)
Then, your, our, these
2. Quantity
One, seven, six, five, many, and few.
3. Opinion
Tasty, brave, foolish, beautiful, lovely, and priceless.
This group is sometimes separated into two parts: broad and specific opinion, with broad or general
opinion coming first. For instance, you could advertise a certain iPad as a popular and ideal choice for
graphic designers. The overall opinion here is that it is well-liked, and this is an opinion shared by many.
The more precise opinion is that it's ideal for digital illustrators-this is your personal view, but it may not
be as generally held as the public one.
4. Size
Big, teeny-tiny, average, huge, small, tiny, and little.
5. Age
Fresh, young, old, half a century old, second-newest
6. Shape
Circular, square, spherical, triangular, rectangular
7. Color
Purple, white, yellow, orange, and Green
8. Origin/materials
Asian, Italian, steel, wooden, iron, cotton, silk, African, Russian
9. Qualifier
Dracula bat, hound dog, leather skirt, sleeper cab

The Use of Commas with Adjectives

When multiple adjectives are in a statement, some require commas while others do not.
Isn't it confusing?
It's absolutely not that terrible; there is a logic to this one.
1. Whenever two or more adjectives from the same group are used, they must be separated by
commas:
They rode in a comfy, lavish car.
2. When the adjectives belong to different groupings, they aren't separated by commas:
She has a lush green lawn in the back.
3. A comma should never be used in between final adjectives and the noun it describes.
4. A comma must never be utilized between a noun's determiner and its adjectives. A determiner is a
term that appears at the outset of a statement or a phrase and conveys how many and which noun
is being described.
As an example:
1. That vehicle
2. Two swans
3. My college
When you combine these statements with some adjectives, you get:
1. That Blue rectangular vehicle.
2. Two chubby white swans.
3. My dynamic, robust old college.
If you're unsure whether to use a comma, try this simple trick: if you can add the word "and" in-between
adjectives and invert the order of the adjectives without compromising the sentence's coherence, you
wouldn't require a comma.
1. My profound, arduous, and esteemed college
2. My profound, esteemed, and arduous college
How Sentence Placement Affects Adjective Order
Adjectives come prior to the noun they describe or alter in a phrase. Usually.
Consider the following sentence:
The stage show was boisterous and packed.
In this statement, they come after the verbs ("to be," that is in the past tense here: was).
The sentence can be readily rewritten as follows:
It was a boisterous, packed stage show.
Both are true. However, when your adjectives come after your verb, as in the instance above, they do not
satisfy the same comma restrictions as to when they come before your noun. When the final word in a
phrase, clause, or sentence contains an adjective, it must be followed by "and":
Her cat was tiny and black; it was a Persian.
When there are three or more adjectives, the comma position is determined by whether your style
comprises the Oxford comma, often called as the serial comma. If the Oxford comma is not used, each
adjective preceding the second-to-last one must be distinguished by a comma:
Their home is small, cramped, and contemporary.
If you're using the serial comma, split each adjective with a comma:
Their home is small, cramped, and contemporary.
As an example:
1. I adore that really small old black vintage car that remains placed at the end of the colony.
2. My sister got a gorgeous huge white pit bull.
While there are two or more adjectives from the similar category, the term and is put in- between them:
1. The cottage is red and blue.
2. The institution has old and new publications.
Suppose there are three or more adjectives from the same adjective group, then in that case a comma
should be included in- between every coordinate adjective:
1. We reside in the huge red, blue and pink home at the end of the main road.
2. My buddy misplaced his grey, blue and white wristwatch.
A comma should not be used between an adjective and a noun.

Here are some more examples. These will help you better understand the concept of the order of
adjectives.
1. I adored the lovely old large golden antique Ferrari that remains parked at the end of the block.
[quality - age - size - color - proper adjective]
2. His brother has a huge lovely tan and black Labrador dog. [dimensions - quality - color - color]
3. A lovely ancient Italian clock. [opinion - age - place of origin]
4. A large blue rectangular container. [size - shape - color]
5. A horrible yellow plastic trinket. [Opinion - color - material]
6. Some sleek new Italian slacks. [dimension - age - origin]
7. A fantastic new Asian film. [opinion - age - origin]
8. I purchased a pair of brown suede bellies. [color - material]
9. I like huge brown dogs.[ [ size, color]
 10. Lisa was wearing a beautiful short golden dress. [opnion - size- color]
11. I bought a huge grey trolley.[size-color]
12. They have a few new American wall decor. [ quantity-age-origin]
13. That is a really beautiful wooden table. [opinion-material]
14. They purchased a new circular table. [ age-shape]
15. There are a lot of African participants in the class. [ quantity- origin]
Note: However, the precise sequence of adjectives is not agreed upon by all grammarians, and the
detailed rules are difficult. The criteria apply to adjectives in their "natural" order. These standards are not
restrictive, and you might just wish to modify the order for emphasis on occasion. Consider the following
discussions:
Dialogue 1:
1. "I would like to purchase a square desk."
2. "Would you like to buy a new square desk or an old square table?"
Dialogue 2
1. "I would like to buy an ancient table".
2. "Would you like a round ancient table or square antique table?"

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