10.2.

Karakteristik Operasi Transportasi Laut

REKAYASA ANTAR MODA 1. Klasifikasi Fungsi Kargo Laut:
1) Bulk cargo:
1. Pendahuluan, Transportasi Antar Moda i. Cair
2. Karakteristik Operasi Transportasi Laut ii. Kering
3. Prasarana Sisi Laut dan Darat Pelabuhan 2) General cargo:
i. Break bulk
4. Sistem Perencanaan Pelabuhan Neo bulk
10. Karakteristik Operasional ii.

5. Analisis Pergerakan Lalu Lintas iii. Containerized

Transportasi Laut
6. Perancangan Prasarana Sisi Laut 2. Jenis Kapal
7. Analisis Kebutuhan Prasarana Pelabuhan, Terminal Catatan:
Petikemas Lumber adalah kayu yang telah diolah menjadi ukuran yang seragam dan berguna,
termasuk balok dan papan atau papan. Kayu terutama digunakan untuk
pembingkaian konstruksi, serta finishing.

Types of Maritime Cargo

10.2.1 Klasifikasi Kargo Laut menurut Fungsi
Drums, bags, pallets, boxes
[Link] Bulk Kargo
i. Kargo Cair
Break Bulk
Lift-on/lift-off (1.0 day average port time)
7% of tonnage
General Cargo
Neo Bulk Lumber, paper, steel, vehicles
Lift-on/lift-off, roll-on/roll-off (1.0 day average port time)
— Tekanan dan temperatur normal:
Unitized Cargo
5% of tonnage • Crude oil,
Containerized Containers
Lift-on/lift-off (0.9 days average port time) • most oil products,
13% of tonnage
• wine,
Liquid Bulk Petroleum, LNG, chemicals, vegetal oils
• slurried coal (bubur batubara)
Pumps and pipelines (1.1 to 1.3 days average port time)
Bulk Cargo
35% of tonnage

Loose Cargo Dry Bulk Coal, iron ore, grains, bauxite, sand
— Tekanan dan temperatur yang lain:
Grabs / suction and conveyors (2.7 days average port time)
• Liquefied gases (LNG),
40% of tonnage
• heavy oils (kandungan mineral tinggi),
Port Time didefinisikan sebagai perbedaan waktu saat kapalmasuk batas pelabuhan (di luar pelepasan jangkar)
dan waktu saat kapal keluar batas pelabuhan. Terlepas apakah kapal datang dalam rangka operasional kargo • latex,
atau operasional lain (mis. Mengisi BBM, perbaikan, pemeliharaan, penyimpanan, istirahat dll.), port time
termasuk waktu sebelum berlabuh, waktu yang dihabiskan di tempat berlabuh (waktu tunggu dan bekerja) dan
• bitumen,
4 waktu yang dihabiskan untuk melepas dok dan transit di luar batas pelabuhan • vegetable oils

[Link] General Cargo

ii. Kargo Kering i. Break Bulk:
• karung,
— Flowing: Commodity
type
Examples
Maritime
Transshipment
Inland distribution
• karton,
• Grain (biji-bijian) • peti, Liquid
A. Normal pressure Crude oil, most oil products, wine, Pump/pipe Pipeline
• Gula • drum, and temperature slurried coal
• palet,
• Bubuk (alumina, semen) • tas. A. Other pressure Liquefied gases (LNG), heavy oils, Pumps, temperature Temperature controlled pipelines
and temperature latex, bitumen, vegetable oils controlled pipelines
• pupuk ii. Neo-bulk: Dry Bulk
• kayu,
— Irregular: • kertas,
A) Flowing Grain, sugar, powders (alumina,
cement)
Pneumatic / suction,
conveyor, grabs
Pipes, conveyors, barge, rail
wagon, lorry

• Gravel • besi, B) Irregular Coal, iron ores, non-ferrous ores,

phosphate rock
Grab, conveyor Conveyor, barge, rail wagon,
lorry
• mobil
• Batubara Neo Bulk Forest products, steel products,
baled scrap
Lift-on/lift-off, roll-on/roll-
off
Barge (tongkang), rail wagon,
lorry
iii. Containerized:
• Biji besi, arang besi
• Containers, Wheeled Units Cars, lorries, rail wagons Roll-on/roll-off Rail wagon, lorry

• Biji non-besi, • Lift On/Lift Off (LO/LO, Refrigerated/chi Meat, fruit, dairy produce Lift-on/lift-off Rail wagon, lorry
lled cargo
• phosphate rock • Roll On/Roll/Off (RO/RO
 Karakteristik Kargo, Perdagangan dan Kapal World Tonnage by Cargo Vessel Type, (millions dwt)
Angkutan Kargo (Miliar Ton-mil) 1.600
Cargo Type Trade Characteristics Vessel Size
General Cargo 1.400
Conventional Varied small consignments, Numerous consignees, Slow handling Small
rates, Various routes, Numerous ports 1.200
Unitized (containers) More uniform cargo, Rapid handling, Many ports Medium to large Other
1.000
Dry Bulk Containerships
800
Grain Small to medium consignments, Varied handling rates, Many Small to medium General cargo
restrictive ports Dry Bulk
600
Ores/coal Large consignments, Long hauls, Moderate handling rates, Specialized Medium to very large
terminals, Few ports Oil tankers
400
Liquid
Crude oil Very large consignments, Long hauls, Few routes, Specialized Very large to ultra large 200
terminals, Few ports
Oil products Small shipments, Numerous consignees, Many ports Small to medium 0
1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Tons Shipped by Maritime Transportation (millions metric tons) International Seaborne Trade International Seaborne Trade (millions of tons loaded)
7.000 12.000
Crude Oil
Oil Products
Iron Ore 6.000
Coal 10.000
Grain 5.000
8.000
4.000
Oil and gas
6.000 5 Main Bulk
3.000
Other Dry Cargo
2.000 4.000 Container

1.000
2.000

0
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

1 metric tons = 7.33 barrels

Maritime shipping is part of a life cycle that includes five

The Maritime Transport Life Cycle and major phases (a “blue chain”) involving different
Main National Actors
Hong Kong, Netherlands,
Lanjutan……
UK & Scandinavia Singapore & UAE (44%) Philippines & Indonesia national actors.
Financing and Insurance Global Terminal Operators Seafarers 1) Operations. Transportasi laut dioperasikan oleh
1) Building. Setelah kapal dipesan, dibuat di galangan kapal
SUPPORT

khusus memerlukan waktu 2 bulan atau lebih, tergantung

perusahaan pelayaran besar yang menawarkan jasa
pada kelas kapalnya. Sebagian besar kapal dibuat oleh Korea transportasi kepada pelanggannya dan mengatur
Selatan dan China. penggunaan aset mereka di sepanjang rute pelayaran.
Denmark dan Swiss memiliki kantor pusat dari dua jalur
2) Ownership. Kapal dimiliki oleh perusahaan dan di negara pelayaran terbesar di dunia, Maersk dan MSC
tertentu, disebut sebagai lokasi Beneficial Ownership (Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A.).
(kepemilikan yang menguntungkan). Yunani, Jepang, dan
Cina merupakan lokasi Beneficial Ownership terpenting di 2) Scrapping. Setelah sebuah kapal menyelesaikan masa
dunia. komersialnya, sering kali dijual sebagai barang bekas,
1. Building 2. Ownership 3. Registration 4. Operations 5. Scrapping kapal tersebut akan dibawa ke scrapping yard untuk
CORE

3) Registration. Karena hukum maritim, kapal didaftarkan

China, South Korea & Greece, Japan & Panama, Liberia Denmark & India, Bangladesh, China & menggunakan bendera negara yang memberi kenyamanan. dibongkar dan didaur ulang. India dan Bangladesh
Japan (91%) China (38%) & Marshall Islands
(42%)
Switzerland (30%) Pakistan (95%)
Panama, Liberia, dan Kepulauan Marshall merupakan merupakan lokasi paling signifikan untuk pembongkaran
negara pendaftaran kapal yang paling signifikan. kapal.
 10.2.2 Jenis Kapal
• Selain itu, siklus hidup transportasi laut didukung oleh Klasifikasi Jenis Kapal 1) Bulk Carriers
kegiatan tambahan. Misalnya, pengiriman, seperti gedung
atau operasi, perlu dibiayai dan diasuransikan. Muatan Jenis Kapal — Perdefinisi, bulk carriers adalah kapal yang dibuat untuk mengangkut
kargo dalam bulk, bukan dalam paket atau bungkusan.
• Inggris dan negara-negara Skandinavia telah Kargo Bulk carrier · Container ship · Hopper barge · Reefer ship ·
Padat RORO ship · Heavy lift ship — Dibedakan dalam kapal dry-bulk (kapal curah) dan kapal liquid-bulk
mengembangkan spesialisasi di sektor ini. (kapal tanker)
Kargo Cair Oil tanker · Chemical tanker · LNG carrier · Coaster · FPSO unit
• Operasi maritim membutuhkan pelaut, banyak di — Kapal tanker dapat mengangkut minyak mentah, bahan kimia atau
antaranya direkrut dari Filipina dan Indonesia. Penumpang Cruise ship · Cruise ferry · Ferry · Ocean liner gas cair.
• Bagian dari terminal pelabuhan dunia dioperasikan oleh Pendukung Dive support · Fireboat · Supply ship · Tender · Tugboat
— Varian lain dari jenis kapal ini adalah “OBO” dan “O/O”. “OBO” untuk
kapal yang dapat mengangkut Ore (biji) , Bulk, dan Oil (minyak).
operator terminal global, Hong Kong, Belanda, Singapura, Cable layer · Crane vessel · Drillship · Dredger · Fishing vessel · Sedangkan “O/O” adalah kapal yang dapat mengangkut kombinasi
dan Uni Emirat Arab merupakan yang terbesar. Lain2 Icebreaker · Merchant submarine · Research vessel · Semi- Oil (minyak) dan Ore (Bijih).
submersible
— Pada umumnya kapal bulk carriers berkapasitas besar dan berukuran
besar, sehingga dimasukkan dalam kelompok "VLOC (very large ore
carrier)," "VLBC," "ULOC (very large ore carrier)," dan "ULBC“.

Sabrina I merupakan salah satu contoh kapal modern Handymax dg 5 holds, 5

hatches and 4 cranes. Kapal ini dibuat oleh Tsuneishi Heavy Industries di Galangan
Bulk Carrier Dimensi Dasar Kapal
SWL = Safe Working Load Bulk Carriers
Length Overall (LOA) : panjang keseluruhan kapal dari ujung ke ujung.
Kapal Cebu Filipina 2005. Length on the Waterline (LWL) : panjang dari kedua titik ujung kapal pada garis
Dimensi Kapal : LOA : 190.00m Beam: 32.26m (panamax) Cranes: 4 x 30 metric tons permukaan air.
SWL cargo hold capacity: about 67,500 cubic metres Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP or LPP) : panjang antara kedua ujung dasar kapal.
Beam or breadth (B) : lebar badan kapal.
Beam on the Waterline (BWL) : maksimum lebar badan kapal pada garis permukaan air.
Depth or moulded depth (D) : jarak vertikal antara dasar kapal ke permukaan kapal.
Draft (d) atau (T) : jarak vertikal dari dasar kapal ke garis permukaan air.
Freeboard (FB) : Depth dikurangi draft. • Bulk carriers, like oil tankers (huge capacity)
• These ships transport goods such as ores, coal and cereals.
• The principal routes for ore shipments are from South America to
Europe and Japan as well as from Australia to Japan.
• The major shipping routes for coal are from the major exporters of
Australia and South Africa to Western Europe and Japan.

24

Bulk Carrier Bulk Carriers Kategori Bulk Carrier

Propulsion: 2-stroke diesel engine and 1 propeller
Capacity: up to 364,000 DWT
Notes: Rear house, full hull, series of large hatches

Subclasses Handymax, Handysize, Panamax, Capesize

:
Built:
Active:
c. 1850–present
6,225 vessels over 10,000 long tons of deadweight (DWT)[
1. Cargo hold
2. Penutup (Hatch cover )
3. Upper hopper , berfungsi sbg ballast, dan juga bisa digunakan untuk
menyimpan air atau minyak
4. Double bottom
5. Lower hopper tank, sbg ballast
 Kategori Bulk Carriers
Handymax Vessel Capesize Vessel
— Kapal kargo dibedakan dalam enam kelompok ukuran, yaitu : small,
handysize, handymax, panamax, capesize, and very large.
— Kategori lain dikenal dalam perdagangan regional, yaitu :
Kamsarmax , Setouchmax, Dunkirkmax, dan Newcastlemax.
— Kapal Handysize dan Handymax merupakan kapal multi kargo.
Kapal Handymax memiliki panjang 150–200 m dan bobot 52,000 –
58,000 DWT dengan lima kantong kargo dan empat crane.
— Ukuran kapal Panamax dibatasi oleh dimensi terusan Panama yang
bisa mengakomodir kapal dengan beam sampai 32.31 m, lebar
294.13 m, dan draft sampai 12.04 m.
— Kapal Capesize terlalu besar untuk dapat melewati terusan Suez
atau Panama . Kapal Capesize biasanya diperuntukkan bagi
angkutan biji besi atau batu-bara. Kategori kapal ini memiliki bobot
sampai 200,000 DWT.

Tarif Angkutan Bulk Carriers 2) Tanker Minyak

— Berbagai faktor mempengaruhi biaya angkut kargo dengan kapal. — Dikenal sebagai petroleum tankers, merupakan kapal yang
Oil Tanker
— Pasar angkutan kargo sangat fluktuatif. Kondisi tersebut, ditambah dirancang untuk mengangkut minyak.
lagi dengan faktor rute dan ukuran kapal sangat mempengaruhi
besarnya biaya angkut. — Dibedakan daam dua tipe :
— Dengan menggunakan kapal capesize untuk mengangkut batubara — Kapal Tanker Minyak Mentah (crude tanker), dan
dari Amerika Selatan ke Eropa akan membutuhkan biaya $15 sampai — Kapal Tanker prouk minyak (product tanker).
$25 per ton di tahun 2005. — Crude tankers mengangkut minyak mentah dalam jumlah
— Dengan menggunakan kapal tipe Panamax untuk mengangkut yang banyak ke kilang-kilang minyak. • The capacity of the global oil tanker fleet is huge
material aggregate dari Teluk Mexico ke Japan akan membutuhkan
— Product tankers, biasanya memiliki ukuran yang lebih kecil, • This makes oil tankers the most important cargo ships in the global fleet
biaya $40 sampai $70 per ton.
next to bulk carriers.
— Selain menggunakan sistem tarif seperti di atas, juga berlaku dirancang untuk mengangkut produk minyak dari kilang-
• Interestingly pollution from tanker accidents has reduced considerably in
penyewaan kapal, yaitu dengan membayar harga charter per hari. kilang minyak ke titik-titik pemasaran.
past decades, despite the increased volumes of oil transported.
— Di tahun 2005, biaya sewa kapal tipe Handymax sekitar $18,000 – — Kapal Tanker minyak diklasifikasikan berdasarkan dimensi • This can mainly be traced back to improvements in shipping technology.
$30,000 per hari. atau kapasitasnya. Tipe yang terbesar adalah supertankers
— Kapal tipe bisa dicarter dengan biaya $20,000 – $50,000 per hari, dan yang memiliki bobot mati 550,000 DWT.
Kapal tipe Capesize disewa sebesar $40,000 – $70,000 per hari 33

Kapal Tanker Minyak : Evolusi Dimensi Berbagai Ukuran Kapal Tanker Kategori Kapal Tanker Minyak
Lebar Draft
Bobot Mati Nama Bobot Mati Harga Baru Harga
29 m 16 m (ton) DWT Bekas
< 50.000
Seawaymax 10,000-60,000
34 m 20 m $43M $42.5M
80.000 Panamax 55,000-80,000
Modern VLCC (305 m) 1975
T2 Tanker (153 m) 1942 Aframax 80,000-120,000
45 m 23 m $58M $60.7M
160.000 Suezmax 120,000-200,000

55 m 28 m VLCC 200,000-320,000
300.000
ULCC over 320,000 $120M $116M
63 m 35 m V Plus over 440,000
550.000
 Kapal Tanker
LNG Kapal Tanker LNG
3) Kapal Tanker LNG
— Kapal Tanker LNG dirancang khusus untuk mengangkut
liquefied natural gas (gas cair LNG). Hal ini sejalan dgn
tumbuhnya pasar LNG,
— Kapal Tanker LNG pertama “Methane Princess” dioperasikan
pada 1964 dan tetap beroperasi sampai thn 1998.
— Sampai akhir 2005 ada 203 kapal yang telah dibuat, dimana
193 diantaranya masih aktif digunakan.
— Saat ini jumlah armada tanker LNG tumbuh terus. Ada sekitar
140 kapal telah dipesan di beberapa galangan kapal. Kapal2 39

yang dipesan dalam ukuran antara 120,000 m³ - 140,000 m³.

4) Kapal General Cargo Kapal General Cargo Kapal General Kargo menurut Ukuran
— break bulk cargo atau general cargo adalah
terminologi yang digunakan untuk berbagai jenis barang
yang harus dibongar/dimuat secara individual.
— Barang-barang yang masuk kelompok ini bisa dalam
bentuk kantong, drum, barrel dll.
— Kapal General Kargo adalah kapal yang khusus • A large proportion of the goods they transport are awkwardly-
diperuntukkan untuk mengangkut jenis barang2 ini. shaped and bulky, and do not fit into standard containers.
— Karena bentuk dan ukuran yang berbeda-beda dari • Their cargo includes heavy goods and project cargo for major
masing-masing barang, maka proses bongkar muat building projects such as power stations, offshore installations and
mining. Some pieces of cargo weigh more than 1000 tonnes.
membutuhkan penanganan yang khusus
41

Kapal General Kargo menurut Ukuran 5) Kapal peti kemas History

• Containerization has its origins in early coal mining regions in
England beginning in the late 18th century.
• Containerization has increased the efficiency of moving traditional break-
bulk cargoes significantly, reducing shipping time by 84% and costs by
35%.
• IDEAL X was the first commercial successful container ship in 1956.
Capacity = 58 ctnrs
• The container shipping industry has grown considerably in Nowadays containerships capacity reaches 18’000 TEUs (MAERSK Triple E-
importance over past decades. class)

• Standard container sizes have led to significant savings of time

spent on unloading and transferring cargo to trucks and rail.
• In terms of capacity per ship, container ships left general cargo
ships behind long ago.

44
 Speeds Evolution of Containerships
Early Containerships (1956-)
500 – 800 TEU
137x17x9
meters
(LOA – Beam – Draft)
Containers across
4
6

8
Evolution of Containerships
A 200x20x9 4
10
Fully Cellular (1970-)
Containers high on deck 5
1,000 – 2,500 TEU 215x20x10
Containers high below deck 4
22
13
Panamax (1980-) 6 VLCS (2006-) 10
250x32x12.5
3,000 – 3,400 TEU 5
B
§ In 1972/73 Sea-Land took delivery of eight 33- Panamax Max (1985-)
8
11,000 - 15,000 TEU
397x56x15.5 8

knot containerships capable of carrying 1900 3,400 – 4,500 TEU 290x32x12.5 17 bays 6 E
23
TEU. This speed was realized by installing two 15 24 bays
Post Panamax I (1988-)
SS Regulus steam turbines and two screws. 17 bays
9 10
4,000 – 6,000 TEU 300x40x13 ULCS (2013-)
§ However, they turned out to be an economic 5

C 17
18,000 – 21,000 TEU 400x59x16 8
failure when fuel prices went skyward and the Post Panamax II (2000-)
9
vessels were sold to the U.S. military. 6,000 – 8,500 TEU
340x43x14.5
20 bays
6
§ Nowadays service speed is in the 24-26 knot
19-20
range.
New-Panamax (2014-)
D 22 bays
10
12,500 TEU
366x49x15.2 6

The Largest Available Containership (in TEUs)

Komponen Proses Logistik
“Triple E” Class
25.000 (18,000 TEU)
Komponen Uraian
E “Emma” Class
20.000 (12,500 TEU)
Produksi Proses perubahan kualitatif dari barang
Ship Size in TEU

15.000 S “Sovereign” Class Konsilidasi/ Angkutan barang disatukan ataupun dipecah

(8,000 TEU) Dekonsolidasi
C10 Class
10.000 L “Lica” Class (4,500 TEU)
(3,400 TEU) R “Regina” Class Penyimpanan Barang disimpan sampai nanti digunakan dalam
(6,000 TEU) proses angkutan berikutnya ataupun digunakan
5.000 pembeli

0 Konsumsi Barang dikonsumsi ataupun diubah dalam

proses perubahan kualitatif

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) Disposal Barang dibuang sebagai sampah
is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations.
Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Multi-Step System Combined System

Single-Step System
Titik Titik
Dekonsolidasi Dekonsolidasi

Titik Pasok Titik Titik Pasok Titik Pasok

Tujuan

Titik Titik
Titik
Penerimaan Penerimaan
Konsolidasi
Titik Pasok

Pengiriman Langsung dan Pengiriman

Titik Tak-langsung
Penerimaan
 Containerization and the Changing Operational
Characteristics of Transport Terminals The Disadvantages of Scale in Maritime Shipping
Main Physical Characteristics of Containers
Conventional
Small terminal surface
Type Cubic Capacity Tare Weight Payload Weight Gross Weight Length / Width / Height
Direct transshipment possible 20 Footer 33.2 cubic meters 2,150 kg - 2,220 kg 21,850 kg - 28,160 kg 24,000 kg - 30,480 kg 6.058 m / 2.438 m / 2.591 m
Limited mechanization and automation 40 Footer 67.7 cubic meters 3,720 kg - 3,740 kg 26,760 kg - 28,760 kg 30,480 kg - 32,500 kg 12.192 m / 2.438 m / 2.591 m

Improvisation in terminal operations 40 Footer 76.4 cubic meters 3,730 kg - 3,950 kg 26,750 kg - 28,550 kg 30,480 kg - 32,500 kg 12.192 m / 2.438 m / 2.896 m
High Cube
Maritime / Port Operations Yard Operations Gate / Hinterland
40 Footer 67.7 cubic meters 4,810 kg 29,190 kg 34,000 kg 12.192 m / 2.438 m / 2.896 m • Semakin sedikit pelabuhan yang • Lonjakan di halaman Operations
High Cube dapat mengakomodir kapal penumpukan. • Lonjakan di pintu masuk.
besar. • Lonjakan di halaman • Peningkatan kemacetan
Container Reefer
• Reduction in ship call frequency. penyimpanan.
45 Footer 86.5 cubic meters 4,740 kg 28,280 kg 33,020 kg 13.716 m / / 2.438 m / 2.896 m setempat.
Large terminal surface High Cube • Navigasi intra-port lebih lama. • Lonjakan dalam penggunaan • Penyesuaian rantai pasokan
• Dermaga lebih panjang dan tempat pendingi. (waktu tunggu dan inventarisasi
Indirect transshipment (modal separation in time 48 Footer
High Cube
98.8 cubic meters 5,140 kg 25,340 kg 30,480 kg 14.630 m / 2.591 m / 2.908 m
waktu berlabuh lebih lama. • Masalah keamanan dan lebih lama).
and space) • Produktifitas crane berkurang. pemeriksaan pabean. • Resiko Cargo (asuransi).

Advanced mechanization and automation

Organization and planning

Characteristics of Some Historical Containerships

Capacity Specifications for Very Large Post-Panamax Containerships Average Draft by Containership Capacity
Year Name Yard Length (m) Width (m) Draft (m) Speed (knots)
(TEU)
1956 Ideal X 58 US 174.2 23.6 8.0 18.0 18
1968 Elbe Express 730 B&V 171.0 24.5 7.9 20.0
“Triple E Class” “E Class” (Emma “S Class” (Sovereign 16
1970 Sealand Navigator 2,361 247.6 27.5 11.1
(Maersk Mc-Kinney Maersk) Maersk)
1972 Liverpool Bay 2,961 B&V 248.6 32.3 13.0 23.0
Møller) 14

Draft in Meters
1981 Frankfurt Express 3,430 HDW 271.0 32.3 11.5 23.0
1991 Hanover Express 4,407 Samsung 281.6 32.3 13.5 23.0 Capacity (TEU) 18,270 14,700 8,400
12
1995 APL China 4,832 HDW 262.0 40.0 12.0 24.6 Length (meters) 399 397 348
1996 Regina Maersk 6,700 Odense 302.3 42.8 12.2 24.6
Width (meters) 59 56 44 10
1998 Sovereign Maersk 8,200 Odense 332.0 42.8 14.5 24.7
Containers (across) 23 22 17 8
2001 Hamburg Express 7,506 Hyundai 304.0 42.8 14.5 25.0
2003 OOCL Shenzhen 8,063 Samsung 319.0 42.8 14.5 25.2 Draft (meters) 14.5 16 15
6
2005 MSC Pamela 9,200 Samsung 321.0 45.6 15.0 25.0 Deadweight (tons) 194,150 156,900 105,000
2006 Emma Maersk 14,700 Odense 397.0 56.0 16.0 24.5
Speed (knots) 23 (19 optimal) 25.5 25 4

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

8.000

9.000

10.000

11.000

12.000

13.000

14.000

16.000

18.000
2009 MSC Beatrice 13,798 Samsung 366.1 51.2 15.0 25.2
Insured value $140 M $100 M $50 M
2012 MSC Marco Polo 16,000 Daewoo 396.0 53.6 16.0 25.1
2013 Maersk Mc-Kinney Møller 18,270 Daewoo 399.0 59 14.5 23.0
Ship Capacity in TEU
2015 MSC Oscar 19.224 Daewoo 395.5 59 16.0 22.8

Evolution of the Containerized Carrying Capacity Potential Impacts of Larger Containerships on Average TEU per Port Call by Containership Size along a
Maritime Transport Systems Maritime Range
12.000
Shipping Network
• Aset kapal meningkat; Pemesanan pelabuhan berkurang; 10.000
Perubahan dalam frekuensi pelayanan; Pengirimam meningkat.

TEUs per Port Call

8.000

Minimum Required
Port Operations 6.000
3 Calls
• Pengerukan; Peningkatan peralatan; Halaman penyimpanan 4.000 4 Calls
lebih luas. 5 Calls
2.000

Hinterland 0
0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
• Kemacetan meningkat; Tekanan untuk berinvestasi dalam Containership Capacity (TEUs)
prasarana; pergeseran moda; Penataan sisi darat pelabuhan.
 Container Technical Aspects
— A port call is a port where a vessel loads/unloads
cargo or embarks/disembarks passengers 1. bridge castle front,
2. deck containers,
3. foremast and mast top,
— a “port of call” can be defined as the port of a country 4. forecastle,
5. insulated containers in holds,
where cargo or a passenger (cruise) ship halts to 6. container refrigeration ducts,
7. double hull composed by a complex
discharge or load the cargo or to embark or disembark arrangement of steel plates and
strengthening beams
passengers 8. passageway

Ship Container = complex engineering

project which should be taken in
— Port Call Marine Digital System - Port Management consideration:
Information System (PMIS) provide Pelabuhan peti kemas modern dapat Pelabuhan Singapura menangani
- Safety
- Balance and stability
intercommunication among ports, vessels, shipowner, membentang di wilayah yang luas dan beragam kargo, termasuk peti kemas dan - Resistance against the nature forces,
supplying services owners, maritime pilots and menangani jutaan ton kargo setiap tahun. kargo konvensional dan kargo curah - Profitability & Capacity, etc…

shipping agents. Port designed to attend the demand of shipper lines.

Source: [Link]

Operating Costs of Panamax and Post-

panamax Containerships (in USD)
Technical Aspects Lashing System
$16

Millions
$14

$12 Port charges

$10 Fuel
Administration
$8
Stores and lubes
$6 Insurance
à Numerous systems are used to secure containers aboard ships, depending on factors such as Repair and maintenance
à EFFICIENCY = ships are specially the type of ship, the type of container, and the location of the container. $4
constructed to speed loading and Vessel and Cargo Safe! Manning
à Cell Guides = strong
unloading, and to efficiently keep
vertical structures constructed à In general we have 3 systems: $2
containers secure while at sea. - lashing systems (secure containers to the ship)
of metal installed into a ship's
cargo holds
- locking systems (the effectiveness of lashings is increased by securing containers to each other ) $0
- buttress systems ( = pillar = used on some large container ships - system of large towers attached to the Panamax (4,000 TEU) Post-Panamax (6,000 TEU)Post-Panamax Plus (10,000 TEU)
à CARGO PLAN = Is the key to minimize the vessel time on ship at both ends of each cargo hold)
[Link] [Link]
berth

Multipurpose Vessel Roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ships Roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ships

— The roll-on/roll-off type of vessel was developed after the Second World War,
and is frequently termed a vehicle ferry. It was designed for the conveyance of
road haulage1 vehicles and private cars.
— At each terminal, a ramp or link span (i.e. hydraulic shore ramp) is provided
enabling the vehicle to drive on or off the vessel. This, of course, eliminates
cranage and allows a quick turn-round.
— It also permits throughtransits, eliminates cargo handling, and reduces pilferage
to a minimum. This type of vessel operates both in the deep-sea and short sea
trade.
— Types of RORO vessels include ferries, cruiseferries, cargo ships, barges, and
RoRo service for air deliveries.
— New automobiles that are transported by ship are often moved on a large type of
RORO called a pure car carrier (PCC) or pure car/truck carrier (PCTC).
 Jenis Kapal % jumlah % Tonnage
Oil Tankers 8,0 30,7
Gas/Chemical Tankers 0,7 1,1 World Tonnage by Cargo Vessel Type (in millions dwt) Aspek Ekonomi Angkutan Laut
Chemical Tankers 1,1 0,8
Liqquefied Gas Tankers 1,0 2,4
— Biaya
Bulk/Oil Carriers 0,5 5,3
Ore and Bulk Carriers 6,5 27,5 — Memiliki skala ekonomi
Miscellaneous Tankers 0,2 0,1 — Entry costs yang tinggi bagi operator baru
General Cargo Ships 26,9 17,9
— Sistem Operasi
Container Ships 1,4 4,8
Vehicle Carriers 0,4 1,1 Komposisi — Public :
Ferriers/PassengerShips 5,2 2,2 Armada Kapal — Guidance infrastructures (beacons and charts), public piers,
Passenger/Cargo ships 0,2 0,2
Dunia pengerukan, keamanan dan administrasi pelabuhan (di
Supply ships and tenders 2,9 0,3 bawah pengelolaan port authorities).
Tugs 10,5 0,7
— Private:
Fishing Ships 29,0 3,3
Miscellaneous 5,5 1,6 — Fasilitas khusus seperti piers, prasarana transshipment
Total Gross Register Tonnage 404.9 juta dan kapal, yang biasanya dimiliki oleh Perusahaan
Total Number of ships 75.266 Perkapalan.