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Asuransi Hull & Machinery Kapal

Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang asuransi Hull & Machinery (H&M) yang memberikan perlindungan terhadap kerusakan atau kerugian kapal selama masa operasional, serta jenis-jenis asuransi dan cakupan perlindungannya seperti total loss, partial loss, general average."

Diunggah oleh

Imam Farhan Nabil
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107 tayangan37 halaman

Asuransi Hull & Machinery Kapal

Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang asuransi Hull & Machinery (H&M) yang memberikan perlindungan terhadap kerusakan atau kerugian kapal selama masa operasional, serta jenis-jenis asuransi dan cakupan perlindungannya seperti total loss, partial loss, general average."

Diunggah oleh

Imam Farhan Nabil
Hak Cipta
© All Rights Reserved
Kami menangani hak cipta konten dengan serius. Jika Anda merasa konten ini milik Anda, ajukan klaim di sini.
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online di Scribd

MINGGU KE-3

Hull & Machinery (H&M) Insurance


Protection & Indemnity (P&I) Insurance
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Hull & Machineries (H&M) Insurance

Asuransi Hull & Machinery. Asuransi yang memberikan perlindungan terhadap


resiko laut  kerugian/kerusakan kapal dalam masa
“Asuransi Marine Hull & Machinery operasional, meliputi:
adalah asuransi yang memberikan  Kapal Penumpang (Passenger, Ferry Cepat, RoRo
perlindungan terhadap resiko Ferry)
kerugian/kerusakan kapal dalam masa
operasional (termasuk single voyage),  RoRo Cargo, Landing Craft Transportation (LCT)
meliputi Rangka Kapal (Hull) dan mesin-  Tanker (Oil Tanker, Chemical Tanker, Liquefied Gas
mesinnya (include equipment). Carrier), Bulk Carrier, General Cargo, Container Ship
MIA (Marine Insurance ACT) 1906  (Offshore) Supply Ship, Dredger (Kapal Keruk)
 Floating Storage Oil, Tongkang/Barge/Pontoon, Oil
Barge, Crane Barge, Accomodation Work Barge
 Tugboat, Towboat, Pilot Boat, Salvage Tug
 Jet Foil, Catamaran, Floating Dock, dan lain-lain

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Underwriting Info – Hull & Machinery

 Surat Ukur • Tipe kapal, Tahun pembuatan kapal


 Surat Laut • Ukuran kapal
• Status kapal (owner/ operator/ charter)
 Classification or last docking • Sejarah kepemilikan kapal.
 Sertivikat keselamatan • Klasifikasi kapal (klass, non klass atau dual klass)
 Loss record • Docking ( last docking, next docking, last docking report, shell expansion )
 Informasi trading area, main • Maintenance kapal (maintenance plan for M/E & A/E and machineries, apakah maintenance
cargo, dll dilakukan oleh crew kapal atau pada saat kapal docking saja?)
• Crew list dan sertifikasinya
• Penggunaan kapal ( pilot boat, crew boat , tug boat, membawa batu bara … dsb)
• Trading area kapal (ocean going, inter-insuler, apakah liner/tramper?)
• Jumlah fleet kapal yang dimiliki ?
• Cargo yang diangkut secara rutin.
• Status crew kapal (kontrak atau tetap, apakah ada gaji selama didarat ?)
• Berapa lama seorang crew kapal ada diatas kapal ?
• Fasilitas yang didapat oleh crew kapal dari perusahaan pelayaran dan bila mungkin
salerynya.
• Apakah perusahaan pelayaran ini memiliki dock yard sendiri ?

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Resiko Laut (Insured Perils)
Loss or damage caused by: Cover H&M Insurance
a) Fire, explosion
 Kapal sendiri
b) Violent theft by persons from
outside the vessel  Machineries
c) Jettison  Disbursement
d) Piracy  Freight
ITC – Hulls Clause 6.1
 Collision liability
Subject to due diligence - loss or
damage
caused by:
a) Accidents
b) Bursting of boilers
c) Negligence of master/crew
d) Negligence of
repairers/charterers
ITC – Hulls Clause 6.2
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Scope of Cover / Luas Jaminan

• Bahaya-bahaya dari laut, sungai danau atau perairan lainnya yang dapat dilayari;
• Kebakaran, Peledakan;
• Tindak kekerasan pencurian oleh orang-orang dari luar kapal;
• Pembuangan barang/bagian kapal ke laut;
• Pembajakan;
• Kerusakan atau kecelakaan pada instalasi/reaktor nuklir yang menjadi tenaga
penggerak kapal;
• Gempa Bumi, letusan gunung berapi atau sambaran petir;
• Meledaknya boiler, patahnya shaft atau cacat tersembunyi dari mesin/ bahan kapal;
• Kelalaian dari Nakhoda, Staff kapal, Anak Buah Kapal atau Pilot (Pandu);
• Kelalaian Repairers/Pencharter dengan ketentuan Repairers/Pencharter tersebut
bukan sebagai Tertanggung pada Polis;

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Scope of Cover / Luas Jaminan
Ketentuan Pilihan Jaminan
1) ITC (Institute Time Clauses) Hull 1.10.83 Clause 280 (Comprehensive)
2) ITC (Institute Time Clauses) Hull 1.10.83 Clause 284 – Total Loss, General Average and
3/4 Collision Liability (Including Salvage, Savage Charges and Sue and Labour)
3) ITC (Institute Time Clauses) Hull 1.10.83 Clause 289 – Total Loss Only (Including
Salvage, Savage Charges and Sue and Labour)

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Scope of Cover
1) Institute Time Clauses Hulls (CL.289) - Total 2) Institute Time Clauses Hulls (CL.284) - Total Loss, General Average
Loss Only 1/10/83 (including Salvage, & 3/4ths Collision Liability 1/10/83, meliputi cover terhadap:
Salvage Charges and Sue & Labour),
meliputi cover terhadap: • General Average Contribution: GA expenditure dan GA sacrifice.
• Salvage Charges • Salvage Charges
Segala biaya-biaya yang dapat diperoleh
pihak penolong (salvor) sesuai dengan Segala biaya-biaya yang dapat diperoleh pihak penolong (salvor)
hukum laut; sesuai dengan hukum laut (no cure no pay)
• Sue & Labour Charges • Sue and Labour Charges
Biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk Biaya-biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk perbaikan sendiri oleh anak
perbaikan sendiri oleh anak buah kapal buah kapal terhadap kerusakan kapal
terhadap kerusakan kapal; • 3/4ths Collision Liability Claims
• Total Loss
Tanggung jawab dalam hal tubrukan antar kapal, dimana
 Shipowner permanently deprived of tanggung jawab terhadap kerusakan kapal lain sebesar ¾ bagian
use of ship.
• Total Loss
 Actual total loss or constructive total
loss.  Shipowner permanently deprived of use of ship.
 Actual total loss or constructive total loss.

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Scope of Cover
3) Institute Time Clauses - Hulls (CL.280) 1/10/83, meliputi cover terhadap:
• Particular Average
Kerusakan sebagian atas obyek asuransi yang disebabkan oleh sesuatu bahaya (perils)
yang dijamin dalam polis, kerusakan/kerugian mana tidak termasuk kepada General
Average.
• General Average (Sacrifice and Expense)
General Average yang meliputi kerugian berupa pengorbanan dan kerugian berupa
pengeluaran biaya
• General Average Contribution
Kontribusi akibat terjadinya General Average
• Salvage Charges
Segala biaya-biaya yang dapat diperoleh pihak penolong (salvor) sesuai dengan hukum
laut (no cure no pay)

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Scope of Cover: Total Loss

Total Loss: Shipowner permanently deprived of use of ship


1. Actual Total Loss
Ship is lost and cannot be salvaged
2. Constructive Total Loss
Recovery and repair would exceed the ships insured value
Recovery is unlikely

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Scope of Cover: Partial Loss
Partial Loss: Loss other than a total loss
1. Particular average
Damage caused to the ship by an insured “peril”
Cover includes reasonable costs for:
 Repair
 Removing ship to place of repair
Cover does not include:
 Wear and tear (aus)
 Ordinary use

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Scope of Cover: General Average
2. General average Principles of General Average
o Compensates parties who suffer a loss to save a 1. A common danger: a danger in which vessel,
common venture cargo and crew all participate; a danger
o Extraordinary sacrifice or extraordinary expenditure imminent and apparently 'inevitable‘, except
o Voluntarily and reasonably made or incurred for the by voluntarily incurring the loss of a portion of
common safety made at time of peril the whole to save the remainder.
o Purpose of preserving the property imperilled in a 2. There must be a voluntary jettison, or casting
common adventure away, of some portion of the joint concern for
Examples of General Average acts include: the purpose of avoiding this imminent peril,
or, in other words, a transfer of the peril from
 Cargo jettisoned for common safety the whole to a particular portion of the whole.
 Fire on board and damage is caused to the ship 3. This attempt to avoid the imminent common
and/or the cargo by the fire fighting measures peril must be successful.
 Ship is a ground and the main engine is damaged in
efforts to refloat

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Scope of Cover: General Average

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Scope of Cover: Salvages

Salvages: Payment for services rendered voluntarily to save ship, its cargo or its
property
Save the ship, its cargo or other property on board
Rescue property from a ship
Salvage award assessed on salved value and the element of danger involved

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Scope of Cover: Collision Liabilities

Liabilities covered by H&M insurance under standard


collision (RDC) clause:

 3/4 of Damage to other vessel


 3/4 of Cargo & property on other vessel
 3/4 of Detention of other vessel
 3/4 of General Average and Salvage contributions of
other vessel
 4/4 Damage to own vessel
 4/4 General Average and Salvage contributions of
own vessel

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Pengecualian

• War perils (war exclusion clause). Apabila ini ingin turut dijamin (diperluas)
harus ditambahkan tersendiri.
• Strikes, locked-out workmen, labour disturbances, riot or civil commotions,
terrorist or political motive (strikes exclusion clause). Apabila risiko (war
and) strikes ingin dijamin (diperluas), harus ditambahkan tersendiri dengan
memasukkan “Institute War and Strikes Clause”.
• The detonation of an explosive, any weapon of war, any person acting
maliciously or from political motive. (malicious acts exclusion).
• Akibat dari nuclear or other like reaction or radioactive force or matter
(nuclear exclusion clause)
• Biaya-biaya untuk pengecatan scraping bagian bawah kapal (bottom),
kecuali untuk hal-hal yang secara jelas disebutkan dalam jaminan. (bottom
treatment clause)

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Scope of Cover
Berdasarkan Pola Pelayaran:
1) Time Cover
2) Voyage Cover

Jenis Charter

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Contoh Polis Hull & Machinery

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Contoh Polis Hull & Machinery

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Contoh Polis Hull & Machinery
Contoh Schedule Polis Hull & Machinery

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P&I Insurance
• Memberikan perlindungan terhadap kemungkinan kerugian dalam pengoperasian kapal, khusunya
yang berkaitan dengan tanggungjawab hukum kepada pihak ketiga
• Sebagai akibat dari tidak penuhnya scope of cover serta pengecualian yang ada dalam asuransi hull &
machinery
• Jenis:
 Mutual P&I Club  P&I Club
 Fixed Premium P&I  Perusahaan Asuransi

 UNDANG-UNDANG NO.21 TAHUN 1992 TANGGAL 17.09.1992 TENTANG PELAYARAN (PASAL 17-20)
• keharusan memindahkan bangkai kapal yang tenggelam di perairan yang kedalamannya kurang
dari 100 m
• keharusan mengatasi pencemaran laut oleh muatan yang diangkutnya
 PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NO.7 TAHUN 2000 TANGGAL 21.02.200 TENTANG KEPELAUTAN (PASAL 28-
31)
 keharusan bertanggungjawab terhadap berbagai musibah dan kecelakaan yang dialami anak
buah kapal.

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Underwriting Info – Protection & Indemnity

• Jenis Kapal, Usia dan Tonase (GRT)


• Trading area atau navigasi
 Mengisi form
• Klasifikasi Kapal  Dilakukan survey
• Luas Jaminan dan Limit of Liability
• Manajemen dan Kepemilikan Kapal, dan
• Pengalaman Asuransi dan Klaim (Loss Record)
• Crew list dan sertifikasinya,
• Cargo yang diangkut secara rutin.
• Status crew kapal (kontrak atau tetap, apakah ada gaji
selama didarat ?)
• Berapa lama seorang crew kapal ada diatas kapal ?
• Fasilitas yang didapat oleh crew kapal dari perusahaan
pelayaran dan bila mungkin gajinya.

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P&I Club

• P&I Club adalah suatu bentuk organisasi atau institusi


mutual dimana yang berasosiasi di dalamnya adalah
para pemilik kapal atau pengelola kapal
 Providing third party liability insurance cover
 On a mutual basis (sharing of risks)
 Non-profit making
• Tidak seperti Perusahaan Asuransi, di mana institusi
ini hanya memberikan layanan kepada anggotanya
saja
• Member P&I Club:
 Ship owners
 Ship operators
 Charterersip owners

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P&I Club
• Japan  Japan Shipowners P&I Association
• Norway  Assuranceforenigen Gard, Assuranceforenigen Skuld
• Singapore Standard Steamship Owners Protection & Indemnity Association (Asia)
• Sweden  Sveriges Angfartys Assurans Forening
• United Arab Emirates  Michael Else & Co
• United Kingdom :
 London Steam-Ship Owners Mutual Insurance
 Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association
 Michael Else & Co
 North of England P&I Association
 West of England Shipowners Insurance Service
 Shipowners P&I Association
 Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association
 United Kingdom Mutual Steam Ship Assurance Association (Bermuda)
 Standard Steamship Owners Protection & Indemnity Association (London)
 Standard Steamship Owners Protection & Indemnity Association (Europe)
 Standard Steamship Owners Protection & Indemnity Association (Bermuda)
 The Liverpool & London P&I Club (which insured the Titanic) is no longer operating.
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P&I Club Worldwide

INTERNATIONAL GROUP TONNAGE

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Jenis P&I Insurance
1) Mutual P&I Club  P&I Club
 Mutual Premium / Advance Call
Premi awal perhitungan sementara yang harus dibayar terlebih dahulu oleh member pada
saat penutupan disetujui oleh P&I Club.
 Supplementary Call / Contribution
Jika advance premium yang terkumpul tidak mencukupi untuk menutup biaya operasional
serta pembayaran klaim-klaim dari para member pada masa tahun buku maka para member
akan dikenakan kontribusi premi tambahan atau Supplementary Call
 Overspill Call
P&I Club berhak mengajukan premi tambahan kepada member, jika pembayaran klaim
melampaui limit penutupan (treaty agreement) dalam satu kali pembayaran klaim (any one
occurrence)
 Release Call
Jika member memutuskan untuk tidak memperpanjang lagi penutupan untuk tahun
berikutnya atau pindah ke club atau asuransi lain, maka mantan member ini wajib membayar
terlebih dahulu sejumlah pembayaran premi tertentu yang disebut Release Call

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Jenis P&I Insurance

1) Mutual P&I Club  P&I Club


Rated on Individual Performance
Pada “Fixed Premium P&I” premi didasarkan pada individual performan
masing-masing tertanggung dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh loss ratio tertanggung
atau members lainnya seperti di “Mutual P&I Club”
 Flexible Lower Limit
Pada “Fixed Premium P&I” perusahaan yang memiliki kapal dengan GRT kecil
yang hanya 10,000 GRT atau hanya 1,000 GRT ton atau bahkan kurang, bisa
memilih “lower limit” untuk mendapatkan premi yang lebih murah.
di “Mutual P&I Club”Limit of Liability untuk mereka diperlakukan sama seperti
halnya “big cruise” atau “big tanker” owners

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Jenis P&I Insurance

2) Fixed Premium P&I  Perusahaan Asuransi


 No supplementary call
 No overspill call
 No release call
 Rated on Individual performance
 Flexible lower limit

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MV Wakashio, yang kandas pada 25 Juli di lepas pantai Mauritius, membawa 4.000 ton BBM

Operator kapal Jepang yang membuat minyak tumpah di lepas pantai Mauritius berjanji
memberikan uang pertanggungjawaban setidaknya 9,4 juta dollar AS (Rp 140,4 miliar)

1) Personal Injuries (Penumpang, Kru, Pihak Ketiga)


2) Collision Liability (Kewajiban hukum akibat tabrakan)
Scope of 3) Pollution Liability (Kewajiban hukum akibat polusi)
Cover P&I 4) Cargo Liability (Kewajiban hukum akibat kerusakan atau kerugian muatan)
Insurance 5) Wreck Removal Liability (Kewajiban hukum akibat bangkai kapal)

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Scope of Cover P&I Insurance

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Scope of Cover P&I Insurance

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Scope of Cover P&I Insurance

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Cover P&I Insurance

Personal Injuries Cargo loss Ship to Pier collision

Ship to Ship collision Spillage Salvages

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Cover P&I Insurance

People Claims: Ship Claims: FFO Claim = Physical Pollution Claims:


• Collisions Damage + • Oil – Cargo and
• Crew (Seamen)
Consequential Bunkers (MARPOL
• Supernumeraries • Damage to Property
Losses Annex I)
(FFO)
• Passengers Damage to fixed and • Noxious Liquid
• Non-contact Damage
• Third Parties floating objects Substances
• Wreck Removal (FFO):
 Stevedores • Towage
• in Bulk (Annex II)
• Cranes
 Surveyors • Harmful Substances in
• Pollution • Quays/Berths
 Pilots • Packages (Annex III)
• Salvage and General • Buoys
Average • Sewage (Annex IV)
• Port Facilities
• Garbage (Annex V)
• Air Pollution (Annex VI)
• Ballast Water (BWM)

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Limit of Financial Liability

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P&I Claim

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H&M vs P&I Liability

Liabilities to the other ship & other parties Liabilities to the own ship & other parties

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TERIMA KASIH
See the Future, Sea is the Future
#KULIAHSEATRANS
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Common questions

Didukung oleh AI

The Institute Time Clauses differentiate between total loss and partial loss by outlining specific coverages and conditions. For total loss, coverage involves situations where the shipowner is permanently deprived of the ship, either through actual total loss, where the ship cannot be salvaged, or constructive total loss, where repair costs exceed the ship's insured value . Partial loss coverage includes particular average, which refers to partial damages resulting from insured perils, and reasonable repair costs but excludes wear and tear. These distinctions define the extent of financial recovery for shipowners after incidents and drive premium calculations .

Hull & Machinery (H&M) insurance primarily covers the physical loss or damage to the ship's hull and machinery, offering protection against perils such as fire, explosion, and accidents including collisions. It also covers disbursements and freight and is primarily concerned with the ship itself . On the other hand, Protection & Indemnity (P&I) insurance covers third-party liabilities including personal injuries, collision liabilities, pollution liabilities, and wreck removal liabilities. P&I insurance generally addresses the shipowner's legal liabilities to other parties and covers gaps not included in H&M policies .

The mutual structure of P&I Clubs is beneficial for shipowners because it allows for the sharing of risks and costs associated with maritime operations among the club members, which include shipowners, operators, and charterers. This structure is non-profit, meaning that any excess funds are returned to members or used to offset future premiums, effectively creating a cost-effective solution over the long-term. Additionally, the mutual model offers a flexible response to large and unpredictable claims, unlike fixed-premium P&I insurance which is rated on individual performance and might lack the comprehensive safety net found in mutual coverage .

The rationale behind excluding war perils from standard Hull & Machinery (H&M) insurance policies stems from the highly unpredictable and catastrophic nature of these events, which could result in devastating financial losses far exceeding typical maritime accidents. Insurers manage this risk with specific war risk policies or additional clauses like the 'Institute War and Strikes Clause' to separately cover these complex perils. This exclusion is necessary to maintain the financial viability of H&M insurance providers by preventing disproportionate loss potentials from destabilizing their coverage pools .

Potential exclusions in Hull & Machinery (H&M) insurance that could impact a shipowner's coverage include war perils, strikes, and labor disturbances unless these are specifically included with additional clauses like the 'Institute War and Strikes' Clause. H&M policies also exclude damages from nuclear or radioactive forces, malicious acts like terrorism, and routine maintenance tasks such as bottom painting unless specified in the policy . These exclusions are critical for shipowners to be aware of, as they represent significant risks that must be managed separately to ensure comprehensive coverage.

General Average principles apply in marine insurance by requiring shared financial responsibility among shipowners, cargo owners, and other involved parties for any losses incurred from voluntary sacrifices made for the common safety of the venture. For example, cargo jettisoned to save the ship from peril would be shared by all stakeholders. The principles dictate that for a loss to be considered a general average, there must be a common threat to the vessel, cargo, and crew, and the measures taken, such as jettisoning cargo, must be voluntary and necessary . This ensures equitable distribution of losses among those benefitting from the salvage or avoidance of the peril.

Shipowners are likely to rely on P&I Clubs for coverage in scenarios involving extensive third-party liabilities arising from the operation of ships, which may not be covered by traditional marine insurance policies. Situations including personal injury claims, pollution incidents, wreck removal, and significant collision liabilities are managed by P&I Clubs. Shipowners often choose P&I Clubs because they provide mutual, non-profit coverage tailored specifically for maritime third-party liabilities, and shipowners can share risks and premiums through these organizations . The clubs also offer legal and technical expertise in managing large claims.

Including the ITC (Institute Time Clauses) in Hull insurance policies allows the insurer to define specific terms and conditions for coverage. The ITC modifies standard marine policies to provide more comprehensive or specific insurance options, such as coverage for total loss, particular average, general average, salvage charges, and sue and labour costs. Different clauses like ITC Hulls 1.10.83 Clause 280 and 284 provide various coverages from full insurance to total loss only . This inclusion ensures that the specifics of each potential peril and coverage are delineated, providing clarity and avoiding disputes over claims.

A shipowner might benefit from opting into supplementary cover through Institute War and Strikes clauses by gaining protection against high-risk, unpredictable events such as war or terrorist activities that are excluded from standard policies. This coverage can safeguard against financial losses resulting from damage or liabilities occurring under such circumstances, providing comprehensive risk management. By choosing this additional coverage, shipowners can ensure that they are not financially vulnerable to geopolitical instability or civil disturbances affecting their maritime operations . This strategy protects their assets and operations by bridging coverage gaps inherent in traditional marine policies.

P&I insurance covers various third-party liabilities not typically included in Hull & Machinery (H&M) insurance. These include personal injuries affecting passengers, crew, and third parties, collision liabilities beyond the ship itself, pollution liabilities from oil spills and other pollutants, cargo liabilities concerning loss or damage to the cargo on board, and wreck removal liabilities necessary when a sunken ship must be cleared from navigable waters . H&M insurance focuses on direct damage to the vessel, not these extended liabilities.

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