1.

ABILITY

Pengertian Ability (Can, Could, Be Able) beserta Contoh dalam Kalimat Bahasa
Inggris

Can, could dan be able to ternyata memiliki penggunaan yang berbeda-beda. masing-masing
memiliki porsinya sendiri dalam pembentukan suatu kalimat pada bahasa inggris. Berikut
penjelasan masing-masing.

[Link]

Can memiliki arti dapat, disini can digunakan pada kalimat present tense atau waktu sekarang
dan bukan waktu lampau ataupun masa yang akan datang.

Contoh :

1. I can go to market and buy vegetable (aku dapat pergi ke pasar dan membeli sesuatu)
2. You can follow me if you trust me (kamu dapat mengikuti ku jika kamu percaya
padaku)
3. can you call me after dinner? (dapatkah kamu menelepon ku setelah makan malam?)
4. They can love you but they choose to hate you (mereka dapat menyayangi mu tetapi
mereka memilih untuk membenci mu)
5. she can introduce her boyfriend if father allows her (dia dapat memperkenalkan
pacarnya jika ayahnya telah menginzinkan nya)

[Link] Able

Be able juga memiliki arti dapat atau mampu. Namun, be able to dapat disandingkan dengan
dengan modal lainya seperti (will, would, shall, should) dan lainya.

Contoh :

1. I will be able to teach the children if they want (aku dapat mengajari anak-anak jika
mereka mau)
2. They will be able to call you after dinner (mereka akan dapat menelepon mu setelah
makan malam)
3. She will be able to forget you soon (dia akan dapat melupakan mu secepatnya)
4. Don’t worry, we will be able to meet again (jangan khawatir, kita akan dapat bertemu
lagi)
5. I will be able to help you today (aku akan dapat membantu mu hari ini)

[Link]

Could juga memiliki arti yang sama dengan can dan be able to yaitu dapat atau mampu.
Namun, could lebih digunakan pada masa lampau.

Contoh :

1. She could eat while I took a bath (dia bisa makan ketika aku sedng mandi)
2. They could invite you to the group (mereka dapat mengundang mu kedalam grup )
1
 3. I could remember you if you showed me your photo (aku dapat mengingatmu jika
kamu menunjukan foto mu)

Expression of Ability or Disability

 Asking if someone can do something:

 Can you…?
 Are you good at…?
 Is he able to…?
 Are you able to…?
 Are you capable of…?
 Do you know how to…?
 Do you think you can…?
 Do you know anything about…?
 Do you have the experience or ability to…?

 Saying you are able to do something:

 I can…
 I am able to…
 I know how to…
 I feel capable of…
 I might be able to…
 (Yes), no problem…
 I would I am able to…
 I know something about…
 I have the experience of…
 I am pretty good at the job…
 I would say I am capable of…
 (I think) I have the qualification or experience or ability to…

 Saying you can not to do something:

 I cannot…
 I am hopeless…
 I am not good at…
 I have no idea how…
 I have no experience of…
 No, I don’t know how to…
 I don’t know anything about…
 I am not sure I can/ know how to…
 (I am afraid) I cannot cope (with)…
 I would not know where to begin or start…
 I don’t think I have qualification or experience or ability to…

Example:

 Wildan : Hi, Jonathan! How are you today?

Jonathan : Oh, Hi Wildan...! I'm fine, thanks.

2
 Wildan : Do you have any planning for tomorrow?

Jonathan : No, I haven't, why?

Wildan : Would you like to going with me to my uncle's house?

Jonathan : Of course, I would.

Wildan : But, can you drive a car?

Jonathan : "Don't worry, It's easy. I've took a course and got a driving
license, but I am not able to drive a big car."

Wildan : It doesn't matter, My car is a carry. So, you don't need to drive
a big car.

Jonathan : Yeah. So, when we will go?

Wildan` : Wait on your home, I will come there...

Jonathan : OK!
Analyse:
Wildan use “can you drive a car? “ = • asking if someone can do
something:

Jonathan use” I am not able to drive a big car” = saying you can not to
do something

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present continuous tense adalah bentuk tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan
bahwa suatu aksi sedang berlangsung selama waktu tertentu pada waktu sekarang
(present). Bentuk ini menunjukkan bahwa aksi tersebut terjadi sebelum (begins
before), selama (is in progress at the present), dan berlanjut setelah (continues
after) waktu atau aksi lainnya.

Contoh kalimat:

It is 16.00. They are discussing something right now.

Penjelasan:

3
 Mereka mulai berdiskusi sejam yang lalu. Sekarang jam menunjukkan pukul 16.00
dan mereka masih berdiskusi. Ini menunjukkan bahwa diskusi mereka dimulai pada
masa lampau (begins before), masih berlangsung pada saat sekarang (is in progress at
the present), dan mungkin akan berlanjut sampai nanti (continues after).

Rumus Present Continuous Tense

Untuk membentuk kalimat present continuous tense, kita harus menerapkan rumus be
+ present participle (-ing) pada kata kerja utama.

Bentuk Rumus Present Continuous Tense Contoh Kalimat

Positif She is sleeping right now

Subjek + be (am/is/are) + verb (-ing) + …
(+)
We are studying today
Negatif Subjek +be (am/is/are) + not + verb (-ing) + She is not sleeping right now
(-) …
We are not studying today
Interrogatif Is she sleeping right now?
Be (am/is/are) + subjek + verb (-ing) + …?
(?)
Are we studying today?

Penggunaan

Bentuk present continuous tense secara khusus digunakan untuk keadaan sebagai berikut:

Penggunaan Contoh Kalimat

It is raining and I am waiting for my mother to

pick me up.

Penjelasan:

Sekarang sedang hujan dan saya sedang

menunggu ibu saya untuk menjemput saya.
a) Untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi yang
sedang berlangsung dan terjadi sekarang Berarti, hujan dan aksi menunggu yang
dilakukan subjek sudah terjadi sebelum subjek
berbicara, berlangsung selama subjek berbicara,
dan mungkin masih akan terjadi setelah subjek
selesai berbicara. Oleh karena itu, digunakan
present continuous tense (be + present
participle).

b) Untuk membicarakan aksi yang terjadi This semester Arnold is taking five classes.

4
sekitar waktu pembicaraan

Penjelasan:

Arnold mengambil lima kelas pada semester

ini. Kejadian ini terjadi sekitar waktu
pembicaraan.
She is spending her holiday in Bangkok next
week.

c) Untuk membicarakan rencana yang sudah Penjelasan:

pasti akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat
Dia akan menghabiskan liburannya di Bangkok
minggu depan. Ini berarti rencana liburannya di
Bangkok pada minggu depan kemungkinan
besar akan terjadi.

Mengingat present continuous tense tidak hanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian
yang berlangsung sekarang tetapi juga masa depan yang dekat, maka penggunaan keterangan
waktu sangatlah penting untuk diperhatikan. Umumnya, keterangan waktu berikut digunakan
pada kalimat present continuous tense:

Pada saat terjadi pembicaraan (at the time of Pada waktu sekitar waktu pembicaraan
speaking) (around the time of speaking)
 Right now  This month
 At the moment  This year
 Today  This week
 At present  This semester
 Etc.  Etc.

Simple Present vs Present Continuous

Untuk memudahkan dalam membedakan penggunaan simple tense dan present continuous,
perhatikan penjelasan berikut:

Simple Present Present Continuous

a) Untuk aksi yang terjadi berulang-ulang
a) Untuk aksi yang terjadi selama waktu
atau secara reguler.
pembicaraan.
Contoh kalimat:
Contoh kalimat:
o Alan reads one book a day.
 Alan cannot pick up the phone right
now because he is reading his book.
o Shella usually walks to her campus.
Untuk aksi yang berlangsung sekitar waktu
o The odd semester starts on September.

5
 pembicaraan

Contoh kalimat:

 Alan is reading three books a day these

days because he needs to catch up to
his personal reading goal.

b) Present continuous tense untuk menyatakan

b) Untuk menyatakan fakta, situasi, dan situasi dan aksi yang terjadi hanya sementara
keadaan yang kita tidak harapkan untuk atau kita harapkan untuk berubah.
berubah.
Contoh kalimat:
Contoh kalimat:
 Shella is living in Depok for the time
o Shella lives in Bogor. being due to her study.
 Alan is working at a library this two
o Alan reads book everyday. weeks because his classes are on break.

Kata Kerja yang Tidak Digunakan pada Present Continuous Tense

Beberapa kata kerja tidak biasanya digunakan pada kalimat present continuous tense. Ini
dikarenakan kata kerja tersebut menunjukkan keadaan atau situasi yang kita tidak harapkan
untuk berubah dan tidak menggambarkan aksi atau tindakan. Kata kerja ini lebih dikenal
dengan nama kata kerja statis (stative verbs). Berikut contoh kata kerja statis:

a) Kata kerja yang menunjukkan perasaan I prefer tea than coffee

dan emosi, seperti:
Tidak mungkin berbentuk:
Love, prefer, hate, like, appreciate, want,
dislike I am prefering tea than coffee

b) Kata kerja yang menunjukkan penggunaan The cake tastes delicious

indra, seperti:
Tidak mungkin berbentuk:
Hear, taste, smell, see, The cake is tasting delicious
c) Kata kerja yang mengekspresikan I believe in his opinion
pengetahuan, pendapat, dan kepercayaan,
seperti: Tidak mungkin berbentuk:

Think, believe, understand, know, recognize I am believing in his opinion

The car belongs to that bulky guy
d) Kata kerja yang menunjukkan kepemilikan
Tidak mungkin berbentuk:
Own, have, possess, belong
The car is belonging to that bulky guy

6
 Plant needs the sun to survive
e) Kata kerja statis lainnya
Tidak mungkin berbentuk:
Seem, be, exist, need, cost
Plant is needing the sun to survive

EXAMPLE:

a. Hi, my name is Luna Ariesta. School holidays are about to come. I usually
spend my holidays with my family. But this time will be different. I am going to
join one adventure holiday in Bali with my cousins and other teenagers. Here
are the arrangements.

It’s a camping holiday for two weeks in Bali. I am leaving on Sunday, July 30.
Then, I am going home on Sunday, August 13. On the first day, we are putting
on backpacks then hiking to Mount Batur. It is the second highest point of Bali
with 1.717 meters above sea level. We’re setting up our tents at 1.500 meters.
Then we’re enjoying stunning sunset at peak of the mount.

Next day, we are going down and enjoying beautiful view with amazing
sunrise. Finally, we’re visiting Batur Natural Hot Spring to relax and
recharge our mind at the natural hot spring.

Then, the organizers are providing other adventure activities like paint battles,
flying fox, trekking through forest and being close to nature. On other days,
we’re meeting a Balinese family. We’re helping them to plant fruit and
vegetables. They say the locals are kind and friendly.

After enjoying nature in a week, we are having water activities in Tanjung

Benoa Beach. Yay, finally we’re going to the beach. They’re providing many
water activities and we’re joining four water activities; they are Parasailing
Adventure, Jet Ski, Banana Boat, and Diving. Our experience and knowledge
about life under water will be upgraded soon.

On the next day, we’re learning about Balinese culture. We’re visiting some
temples and interacting with Balinese people. The culture is one of the big
reasons why tourists love visiting Bali. I’m very excited and can’t wait to be
there soon.

ANALYSE : THAT PARGRAPH USE Present Continuous Tense

3. PERMISSION
 Permission : n. the right or ability to do something that is given by someone
who has the power to decide if it will be allowed or permitted..
 Modal verb : -a verb (such as can, may, could, and be allowed to) that is
usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibility, necessity,
and permission.

7
ASKING PERMISSION

 We use can, could, or may to ask permission.

1. Can i use your thermometer?
2. Could i borrow your tensimeter, please?
Well, i’m using it at the moment.

3. May i see the invitation letter?

Certainly

NOTE :

Could often sounds more polite than can.

May is rather formal.

 How to use modals to make request and give permission.

 Some common modals for expressing permission are may, can, and could.
 But these modals have multiple meanings that can be confusing for
English learnrs.

Informal form

 Can I ...
 Can I go out tonight?
 Can I play the XBOX now?
 Can I go to toilet?
 Can Rudi go with us?
 Can Sheila eat the shrimp?

Note:
The use of "Can I do something?" is very informal, and considered incorrect
by many. However, it is used in everyday informal speech and for that reason,
has been included in daily conversation.

Catatan: (translate to Bahasa Indonesia)

Penggunaan "Can I do something?" Sangat informal, dan dianggap salah oleh
banyak orang. Namun, ini digunakan dalam pidato informal sehari-hari dan
oleh karena itu, ungkapan ini disertakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari

Formal form

 May I ...
 May I go now?
 May I have the book?

Note:
Traditionally, the use of "May I do something?" has always been used for

8
 asking permission. In modern society, this form has become more formal and
is often replaced with other form such "Can I.." or "Could I.."

Catatan: (translate to Bahasa Indonesia)

Secara tradisi, penggunaan "May I do something?" Selalu digunakan untuk
meminta izin. Di masyarakat modern, bentuk ini menjadi lebih formal dan
sering diganti dengan bentuk lain seperti "Can I.." atau "Could I.."

 Could I please...
 Could I please go with you to the concert?
 Could we go on trip next week?
 Could you please accompany her to the zoo tomorrow?
 Do you think I could...
 Do you think I could use your laptop?
 Do you think I could borrow your camera?
 Do you think I could take your sister to the exhibition?
 Would it be possible for me...
 Would it be possible for me to use your computer for few minutes?
 Would it be possible for me to study in this room?
 Would you mind if I... (verb in past)
 Would you mind if I stayed here a few for minutes?
 Would you mind if I took a five minutes break?
 Would you mind if I... (Verb+ing+your+object)
 Would you mind my using your phone?
 Would you mind my playing your guitar?

Contoh Percakapan Tentang Asking for Permission

Gibran, seven years old, is asking his father for permission to use the mobile
phone.
Gibran : Please daddy, can I use the mobile phone?
His father : No, dear you can’t. It’s time to go to bed.
Gibran : May I read a story before I sleep?
His father : Sure! But try to sleep early.
Gibran : Thanks a lot mummy.

Language for asking permission.

Question head subject verb phrase with base infinitive

Can
Could i

9
He
she
they borrow your pen?

use your phone charger?

take the day off tomorrow?

ask you something?

have one of your sandwiches?

Language for asking permission 2

Question head subject verb phrase with present simple

Would it be OK if

Would it be alright if

I
he
she
they

borrow/s your pen?

use/s your phone charger?

take/s the day off tomorrow?

ask/s you to help me?

have/has one of your sandwiches?

Language for asking permission 3

Question head subject verb phrase with past subjunctive

Would it be OK if

Would it be alright if

10
I

he
she
they

borrowed your pen?

used your phone charger?

took the day off tomorrow?

asked you to help me?

had one of your sandwiches?

Giving Permission

If you would like to say "Yes" to someone who ask permissions, you can give
permission using these phrases:

(Translate to Bahasa Indonesia => Jika kamu ingin mengatakan "Ya" kepada
seseorang yang meminta izin, kamu dapat memberi ijin menggunakan kalimat
berikut ini:)

 Yes, of course.
 Sure.
 No problem
 Go right ahead
 Refusing Permission

If you do not want to give permission, you can deny it with these responses:

(Translate to Bahasa Indonesia => Jika kamu tidak ingin memberikan ijin,
kamu dapat menolaknya dengan kalimat seperti ini:)

 I'm afraid I'd prefer if you didn't / don't

 Sorry, but I'd rather you not do that
 Unfortunately, I need to say no
 I'm afraid that's not possible

Refusing Permission

Sederhananya, ini adalbah bentuk penolakan izin terhadap sesuatu. Berikut

beberapa ekspresinya:

Unfortunately, you can’t do that.

11
 Sorry, I think it’s impossible for you.

I have to say no for this case.

You cannot do that.

You could not do that.

I am afraid not.

Yes, certainly (Ya, tentu)

Yes, please (Ya, silakan)

Yes, you may do that (Ya, Anda dapat melakukannya)

Yes, of course (Ya tentu saja)

Of course you can (Tentu saja Anda bisa)

Please feel free (Silahkan)

No problem (Tidak ada masalah)

EXAMPLE

a. Dion : Hi Bob, how are you doing?

Bobi : I’m good. How about you?

Dion : I’m fine. I heard that you bought a PlayStation 4, didn’t you?

Bobi : Yeah, I just bought it last week. Who told you?

Dion : Tino told me yesterday. Is it okay if I come to your house and take a
look of it? I have a plan to buy a PlayStation 4 also.

Bobi : Yes, why not? Go ahead.

Dion : Thank you Bob. I want to see the features and the specification.

Bobi : Alright, I’m free this Saturday, can you come?

Dion : Yeah, sure. I will go to your house this Saturday. Thanks again.

12
 Bobi : Okay, see you Dion.

Dion : See you Bob.

Analyse :

Bobi ask and giving a permission to dion if dion want to see the
playstation, dion can come to bobi’s house. And dion accepted it.

b. Noni : Morning, Rin.

Rina : Hi morning, Noni.

Noni : Do you still have the newest novel of Harry Potter?

Rina : Yeah, I still have it. What’s wrong, Noni?

Noni : I really want to buy and read it. However, the novel is sold out. Can I
borrow your Novel?

Rina : Oh I see, but I’m afraid you can’t. My cousin still borrowed it.

Noni : That’s okay, Rina, maybe next time.

Rina : I’m sorry Noni, but I will let you know when she has returned it.

Noni : Sure, thank you so much.

Rina : Anytime Non.

Analyse :

Noni use “can i borow...” to asking permission that she allowed or no to

borrow rina’s novel. And rina refusing permission with “i’m afraid you can’t”
because that novel still borrowed rina’s cousin.

4. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The
time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested
in the result than in the action itself.

13
 BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but
the meaning is probably NOT the same.

The Present Perfect is used to describe

 An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have
lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
 An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the
cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
 A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have
visited Portugal several times.
 An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'. I have
just finished my work.
 An action when the time is not important. He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the
result of his reading is important)

Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the
simple past

Rumus/Pola Present Perfect Tense

Berikut adalah rumus atau pola present perfect tense:

Kalimat Positif

Pola:
Subject + Have/has + verb 3

(verb: teach)
I have taught English.
You have taught English.
We have taught English.
They have taught English.
He has taught English.
She has taught English.

 Gunakan have untuk subject I, you, we dan they.

 Gunakan has untuk subject he, she dan it.

Kalimat Negatif

14
 Pola:
Subject + Have/has + NOT + verb 3

(verb: teach)
I have not taught English.
You haven't taught English.
We haven't taught English.
They haven't taught English.
He hasn't taught English.
She hasn't taught English.

 Untuk subject I, you, we dan they, gunakan have not (haven’t).

 Untuk subject he, she dan it, gunakan has not (hasn’t).

Kalimat Tanya

Pola:
Have/has + subject + verb 3

(verb: teach)
Have I taught English?
Have you taught English?
Have we taught English?
Have they taught English?
Has he taught English?
Has she taught English?

Penggunaan Present Perfect Tense

Kapan kita menggunakan present perfect tense?

Contoh kalimat:

 My sister has written two books. (Pada saat berbicara, dia sudah menulis dan
menghasilkan dua buku.)
 I have studied two chapters. (Pada saat berbicara, saya selesai belajar dua bab sebagai
hasilnya.)

Kedua, untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan masa lalu yang waktunya tidak pasti atau
tidak spesifik.

Contoh kalimat:

15
  I have read that book.
 She has been to Bali.

Ketiga, untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang baru saja selesai (completed
action) menggunakan keterangan waktu just (baru saja).

Contoh kalimat:

 He has just gone to school.

 We have just arrived home.

Keempat, untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang dimulai dan selesai dimasa lalu
yang memiliki efek atau pengaruh pada saat ini.

Contoh kalimat:

 They have had a car accident. (Mereka mungkin sedang dirawat di rumah sakit.)
 He has lost his keys. (Dia tidak bisa masuk ke rumah.)

Kelima, untuk menyatakan tindakan yang terjadi dalam periode waktu yang belum
selesai pada saat berbicara.

Contoh kalimat:

 I haven’t seen her this week. (Saya berbicara misal di hari jumat.)
 They have played football twice this month. (Saya berbicara misal pada tanggal 20.)

Keenam, untuk menyatakan tindakan yang dimulai dimasa lalu dan masih berlanjut
sampai sekarang (uncompleted action), biasanya menggunakan for dan since.

 For (selama) menunjukkan berapa lama tindakan itu telah berlangsung;

 Since (sejak) menunjukkan waktu dimulainya suatu tindakan dimasa lalu.

Contoh kalimat:

 We have lived here for four years. (Kita masih tinggal disini.)
 I have known him since 2012. (Saya masih mengenalnya.)

Penanda waktu dalam Present Perfect Tense

Beberapa penanda waktu (adverb of time) yang biasa digunakan dalam present perfect
tense, antara lain: just, already, ever, never, for, since, this week, this month, etc.

For dan Since

16
Pada kalimat present perfect tense, keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan adalah
for dan since. Penjelasannya adalah sebagai berikut:

For Since
· Digunakan untuk menunjukkan berapa lama
periode waktu berlangsung. Contoh kalimat:

I have lived in New York for five years.

Artinya, lima tahun adalah berapa lama

· Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kapan suatu
subjek I sudah tinggal di New York.
periode waktu dimulai.

Contoh kalimat:
· For dapat dihilangkan dalam suatu kalimat
I have lived in New York since five years ago.
present perfect tense karena keterangan waktu
ini masih bisa dimengerti meskipun tidak
Artinya, subjek I mulai tinggal di New York sejak
disertai dalam kalimat
lima tahun yang lalu.
Contoh:
· Since tidak dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat
present perfect tense karena bisa
(+) He has worked here (for) several years.
menghilangkan fungsi keterangan waktu itu
sendiri dan makna kalimat.
(-) He has not worked here (for) several
years.
Contoh:
(?) (For) how long has he worked here?
(+) He has worked here since June.

BUKAN: He has worked here June.

· Ada beberapa kata kerja yang tidak bisa
(-) He has not worked since June
digunakan bersamaan dengan kata for,
seperti:
Bukan: He has not worked June.
began arrive meet end leave stop

(?) Since when has he worked here?

She has arrived in New York for two years.
Bukan: when has he worked here?

Kalimat ini tidak benar karena kata arrive

menggambarkan kejadian yang terjadi sekali
dan tidak berlanjut untuk suatu periode waktu
[Link] yang benar seharusnya
berbentuk simple past sebagai berikut:

She arrived in New York three years ago.

17
 Penggunaan

Kita telah mengetahui pengertian dan rumus present perfect tense. Untuk bisa
menggunakan dan mengenalinya dengan tepat, kita juga harus memahami
penggunaannya, yaitu sebagai berikut:

Penggunaan Contoh Kalimat

· We have lived in New York for three years.

a) Untuk menjelaskan suatu kejadian yang · She has studied in Melbourne since two years
ago.
dimulai pada masa lampau (past) dan masih
berlanjut sampai sekarang. Kedua kejadian tersebut dimulai pada masa
lampau dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.
Artinya, We masih tinggal di New York dan She
masih belajar di Melbourne sampai saat ini.
· I have tasted the cake

· Alan has lied to all of us

b) Untuk menjelaskan kejadian yang dimulai
Kedua kejadian tersebut dimulai dan berakhir di
dan berakhir di masa lampau dan efeknya
masa lampau dan efeknya masih bisa dirasakan
masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.
sampai sekarang. Artinya, I masih bisa merasakan
rasa kue tersebut meskipun sudah mencicipinya
pada masa lalu. Dan, kebohongan Alan masih bisa
dirasakan meskipun Alan berbohong pada masa
lalu juga. Jadi, gunakan present perfect tense.
· Alex has called you five times
c) Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu
· I have read the book several times
kejadian terjadi berulang kali di masa
lampau. Semua kejadian tersebut merupakan kejadian yang
terjadi berulang kali di masa lampau. Biasanya
menggunakan adverb of number.
· My father has just gone to the office.

d) Untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang · They have just announced the winner.
baru saja terjadi atau dilakukan.
Semua kejadian tersebut baru saja terjadi.
Biasanya kata adverb just digunakan untuk tujuan
ini.

Perlu diingat bahwa present perfect tense digunakan pada kejadian yang menghubungkan
antara masa lalu (past) dan masa sekarang (present). Apabila kita bisa mengingat hal ini,
present perfect tense adalah hal yang mudah untuk dimengerti.

18
 EXAMPLE:

Juna : By the way, have you had your lunch?

Tere : No, I haven’t.

Juna : Let’s eat.

Tere : But I haven’t finished my tasks yet. I have to submit it today.

Juna : No worries. I am going to help you after eating. Come on!

Tere : But I haven’t felt hungry yet.

Juna : Hey, you need to eat. Your body needs energy to finish all of the tasks.

Tere : But I…

Juna : It’s my treat. No worries about money. I have just received my writing fee.

Wow, you have been a rich woman… Hopefully your writing business runs
Tere :
successfully.

JUna : Oh, thank u. I hope so.

Tere : So… you’ll buy me lunch everyday. Ha ha…

Juna : If I have become a boss by 2020, I will pay your lunch everyday.

Tere : Hey, I am just kidding.

Juna : I am serious. You’re my best friend.

Tere : Oh, so sweet. Thanks, Juna.

JUna : Ah, don’t mention it.

Analys : that sentence use present perfect tense

5. POSSIBILITY AND CERTAINTY

19
- We use will to express a strong possibility that something is true, especially when
we don’t have actual evidence at the moment.

That will be Maria on the phone - she said she’d call.

- We use must to express complete certainty.

That must be Maria on the phone - she’s the only person with my new number.

- We can always use had to be meaning “must have been” to express certainty in
the past.

She had to be the person I saw on the train.

- We use can/could or will/would to form questions.

Who can that be on the phone?

Who would have phoned so late?

- We can use modals of possibility to refer to the past, present or future.

Don’t drink it - it could/may/might be poisonous. (= present; I'm not sure about
poison)
It can’t/could/may/might have been poisonous. (= past; ... but luckily it wasn't.)
We may/ought to/might/should get a reply tomorrow. (= future)

- There is sometimes a change in meaning.

20
It may have/might have rained. (= I’m not sure)

It could have rained. (= but luckily it didn’t)

We also use modal verbs in the following situations

1. Making requests

Can I ask you to do me a favour?

Could I ask you to do me a favour? (polite)

May I use your telephone? (polite)

Would you do me a favour? (polite)

Would you help me carry these bags?

Will you please be quiet in here.

2. Giving and refusing permission

You can have the day off.

You can’t borrow my car.

21
You may register for the exam until the end of March.

3. Asking for advice

Shall I take the exam now or wait till later?

Should I go by car or by train?

Would you accept the job if you were me?

4. Giving advice

You should get your hair cut.

You should have had less to drink. (past)

You cought to use a decent dictionary.

You cought to have revised a bit more. (past)

5. Making offers

Shall I help you clear the table?

Can I give you a hand with your luggage?

Would you like a lift to the airport?

6. Making suggestions

Shall we open a window here?

We can hire a video an stay in tonight.

We could hire a video and stay in tonight. (a more polite suggestion)

7. Complaining

You could at least have asked me before taking the money. (past)
You should make less noise while other people are asleep.
You shouldn't have taken the car without asking me. (past)
You cought to have turned up on time. (past)
You might at least have helped with the washing up! (past)

22
EXAMPLE:

THE WISE LITTLE GIRL

Once upon a time in the immense Russian steppe, lay a little village where
nearly all the inhabitants bred horses. It was the month of October, when a big
livestock market was held yearly in the main town. Two brothers, one rich and the
other one poor, set off for market. The rich man rode a stallion, and the poor brother a
young mare.

23
 At dusk, they stopped beside an empty hut and tethered their horses outside,
before going to sleep themselves on two heaps of straw. Great was their surprise,
when, next morning they saw three horses outside, instead of two. Well, to be exact
the newcomer was not really a horse. It was a foal, to which the mare had given birth
during the night. Soon it had the strength to struggle to its feet, and after a drink of its
mother's milk, the foal staggered its first few steps. The stallion greeted it with a
cheerful whinny, and when the two brothers set eyes on it for the first time, the foal
was standing beside the stallion.

"It belongs to me!" exclaimed Dimitri, the rich brother, the minute he saw it. "It's my
stallion's foal." Ivan, the poor brother, began to laugh.

"Whoever heard of a stallion having a foal? It was born to my mare!"

"No, that's not true! It was standing close to the stallion, so it's the stallion's
foal. And therefore it's mine!" The brothers started to quarrel, then they decided to go
to town and bring the matter before the judges. Still arguing, they headed for the big
square where the courtroom stood. But what they didn't know was that it was a special
day, the day when, once a year, the Emperor himself administered the law. He himself
received all who came seeking justice. The brothers were ushered into his presence,
and they told him all about the dispute.

Of course, the Emperor knew perfectly well who was the owner of the foal. He
was on the point of proclaiming in favor of the poor brother, when suddenly Ivan
developed an unfortunate twitch in his eye. The Emperor was greatly annoyed by this
familiarity by a humble peasant, and decided to punish Ivan for his disrespect. After
listening to both sides of the story, he declared it was difficult, indeed impossible, to
say exactly who was the foal's rightful owner. And being in the mood for a spot of
fun, and since he loved posing riddles and solving them as well, to the amusement of
his counselors, he exclaimed.

"I can't judge which of you should have the foal, so it will be awarded to
whichever of you solves the following four riddles: what is the fastest thing in the
world? What is the fattest? What's the softest and what is the most precious? I
command you to return to the palace in a week's time with your answers!" Dimitri
started to puzzle over the answers as soon as he left the courtroom. When he reached
home, however, he realized he had nobody to help him.

"Well, I'll just have to seek help, for if I can't solve these riddles, I'll lose the
foal!" Then he remembered a woman, one of his neighbors, to whom he had once lent
a silver ducat. That had been some time ago, and with the interest, the neighbor now
owed him three ducats. And since she had a reputation for being quick-witted, but
also very astute, he decided to ask her advice, in exchange for canceling part of her
debt. But the woman was not slow to show how astute she really was, and promptly
demanded that the whole debt be wiped out in exchange for the answers.

24
 "The fastest thing in the world is my husband's bay horse," she said. "Nothing
can beat it! The fattest is our pig! Such a huge beast has never been seen! The softest
is the quilt I made for the bed, using my own goose's feathers. It's the envy of all my
friends. The most precious thing in the world is my three-month old nephew. There
isn't a more handsome child. I wouldn't exchange him for all the gold on earth, and
that makes him the most precious thing on earth!"

Dimitri was rather doubtful about the woman's answers being correct. On the
other hand, he had to take some kind of solution back to the Emperor. And he
guessed, quite rightly, that if he didn't, he would be punished.

In the meantime, Ivan, who was a widower, had gone back to the humble
cottage where he lived with his small daughter. Only seven years old, the little girl
was often left alone, and as a result, was thoughtful and very clever for her age. The
poor man took the little girl into his confidence, for like his brother, he knew he
would never be able to find the answers by himself. The child sat in silence for a
moment, then firmly said.

"Tell the Emperor that the fastest thing in the world is the cold north wind in
winter. The fattest is the soil in our fields whose crops give life to men and animals
alike, the softest thing is a child's caress and the most precious is honesty."

The day came when the two brothers were to return before the Emperor. They
were led into his presence. The Emperor was curious to hear what they had to say, but
he roared with laughter at Dimitri's foolish answers. However, when it was Ivan's turn
to speak, a frown spread over the Emperor's face. The poor brother's wise replies
made him squirm, especially the last one, about honesty, the most precious thing of
all. The Emperor knew perfectly well that he had been dishonest in his dealings with
the poor brother, for he had denied him justice. But he could not bear to admit it in
front of his own counselors, so he angrily demanded:

"Who gave you these answers?" Ivan told the Emperor that it was his small
daughter. Still annoyed, the great man said.

"You shall be rewarded for having such a wise and clever daughter. You shall
be awarded the foal that your brother claimed, together with a hundred silver ducats...
But... but..." and the Emperor winked at his counselors.

"You will come before me in seven days' time, bringing your daughter. And
since she's so clever, she must appear before me neither naked nor dressed, neither on
foot nor on horseback, neither bearing gifts nor empty-handed. And if she does this,
you will have your reward. If not, you'll have your head chopped off for your
impudence!"

The onlookers began to laugh, knowing that the poor man would never to able
to fulfill the Emperor's conditions. Ivan went home in despair, his eyes brimming with
tears. But when he had told his daughter what had happened, she calmly said.

"Tomorrow, go and catch a hare and a partridge. Both must be alive! You'll
have the foal and the hundred silver ducats! Leave it to me!" Ivan did as his daughter

25
 said. He had no idea what the two creatures were for, but he trusted in his daughter's
wisdom.

On the day of the audience with the Emperor, the palace was thronged with
bystanders, waiting for Ivan and his small daughter to arrive. At last, the little girl
appeared, draped in a fishing net, riding the hare and holding the partridge in her
hand. She was neither naked nor dressed, on foot or on horseback. Scowling, the
Emperor told her.

"I said neither bearing gifts nor empty-handed!" At these words, the little girl
held out the partridge. The Emperor stretched out his hand to grasp it, but the bird
fluttered into the air. The third condition had been fulfilled. In spite of himself, the
Emperor could not help admiring the little girl who had so cleverly passed such a
test, and in a gentler voice, he said.

"Is your father terribly poor, and does he desperately need the foal."

"Oh, yes!" replied the little girl. "We live on the hares he catches in the rivers
and the fish he picks from the trees!"

"Aha!" cried the Emperor triumphantly. "So you're not as clever as you seem
to be! Whoever heard of hares in the river and fish in the trees! To which the little girl
swiftly replied.

"And whoever heard of a stallion having a foal?" At that, both Emperor and
Court burst into peals of laughter. Ivan was immediately given his hundred silver
ducats and the foal, and the Emperor proclaimed.

"Only in my kingdom could such a wise little girl be born!"

Analysis :
In paragraph 13 and 20, in the last sentence, use “couldn’t / could not” to say
that something is impossible.

6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before
now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did
not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the
result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

Actions that started in the past and continue in the present

She has been waiting for you all day (= and she's still waiting now).

I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= and I still haven't
finished it).

26
 They have been travelling since last October (= and they're not home yet).

Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results

She has been cooking since last night (= and the food on the table looks delicious).
It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).
Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).

Contoh Present Perfect Continuous

Rumus
Tense

She has been driving

positif (+)
The toddlers have been sleeping
S + have/has + been + V1-ing/present participle
She has not been driving
negatif (-)

S + have/has + not + been + V1-ing/present The toddlers haven’t been sleeping

participle
Has she been driving
interogatif (?)
Have the toddlers been sleeping
have/has + S + been + V1-ing/present participle

Beberapa Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Contoh Kalimat Present Perfect
Fungsi
Continuous Tense
The construction labors are thirsty
since they have been removing the
scaffoldings.
(Pekerja konstruksi haus
karena mereka telah memindahkan
perancah.)
Present perfect continuous tense untuk Mandy feels full as she’s been eating
menunjukkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik a half of the tart.
dimasa lampau diikuti relevansinya dengan kondisi (Mandy kenyang karena dia
saat ini (present). telah memakan separuh kue tart.)
I have been working with my
computer all day, and now I want
some delicious foods.
(Saya telah bekerja dengan komputer
sepanjang hari, dan sekarang saya
ingin beberapa makanan lezat.)
Present perfect continuous tense untuk It has just been snowing in Japan.
menunjukkan aksi yang baru saja selesai. Biasanya (Baru saja turun salju di Jepang.)

27
 menggunakan adverb just.
I’ve been driving a car through the
rain for an hour.
(Saya telah sedang mengendarai mobil
Present perfect continuous tense untuk menembus hujan selama satu jam.)
menunjukkan aksi yang telah dimulai di masa lampau The passangers have been waiting for
dan berlanjut sampai sekarang. the next flight since this morning.
(Para penumpang telah menunggu
penerbangan berikutnya sejak pagi
ini.)

EXAMPLE :

Adi has been living in Surabaya for all his life. He has a book. He has had that books
for three months. Now, he wants to read. Adi reads book in a room. Adi has a friend.
Her name is Anna. She is not from Surabaya. She has been living in Surabaya since
2012.

His mother has cooked and his father is taking a bath when Anna calls him. She wants
to play with him. Anna asks Adi, “Do you want to play with me?”

Adi answers, “Ok. Come here. I have finished reading a good book and I am watching
TV with my mom.”

Adi and Anna play together. After hours, Adi asks Anna, “Have you eaten already?”

Anna replies, “No, I haven’t. I am hungry.”

At last, they go to kitchen for eating. Adi does not like chicken. He eats vegetables.
Anna eats chicken but she does not like vegetables. They do not like eggs.

Adi’s mother comes and says, “What are you doing here? Don’t eat here.“

Adi and Anna go to dining room.

Analisa Cerita

Cerita diatas menggunakan bentuk waktu Simple Present Tense (SPT),

Present Continuous Tense (PCT), Present Perfect Tense (PPT) dan Present
Perfect Continuous Tense (PPC). PPC digunakan sebagai berikut:

 Untuk mengatakan kejadian yang telah terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung
sampai sekarang
 Contoh:

– He has been living in Surabaya for all his life

– I have been reading a book.

28
 Untuk menyatakan kejadian yang baru saja terjadi dalam kurun waktu tertentu
Contoh:
– He has been playing futsal recently.

– They have been working a lot

1. Positive sentence: Subject + has/have + been +V-ing

– I have been reading this book

– Your father has been working a lot

2. Negative sentence : subject + has/have + not + been + V-ing

– I have not been reading this book

– Your father has not been working a lot

3. Introgative sentence: Has/Have + subject + been + V-ing

– Have I been reading this book?

– Has your father been working a lot?

A Pretty Carpet

We have just moved into a new house and I have been working hard all morning. I have
been trying to get my new room in order. This has not been easy because I own over a
thousand books on the floor. At the moment, they cover every inch of floor space and
actually have to walk on them to get in or out of the room. A short while a go, my sister
helped me to carry one of my old bookcases up the [Link] went into my room and got a
big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor. "this is the prettiest carpet I have
ever seen," she said. She gazed at it for some time then added,"you don't need bookcase at
all. you can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet.

Analyse :

This paragraph use present perfect continuous tense

7. STATE AND ACTION VERBS

State verbs

State verbs express states or conditions which are relatively static. They include verbs of
perception, cognition, the senses, emotion and state of being:

29
Examples of state verbs

appear cost have need seem

believe doubt know owe suppose
belong exist like own suspect
consider fit love prefer understand
consist hate matter remember want
contain hear mean resemble wish

State verbs are not normally used in continuous forms:

I am needing a new phone. I need a new phone.

Who is this bag belonging to? Who does this bag belong to?

They are seeming tired. They seem tired.

Action verbs

Action verbs (also called dynamic verbs) express activities, processes, momentary
actions or physical conditions:

Examples of action verbs

ache dance have knock sing

arrive eat help leave speak
ask fall hit melt talk
call feel hurt read throw
change go itch say travel
cook grow kick shrink watch

They may be used in continuous forms:

Who was he dancing with?

Someone's knocking at the door.

I've been reading this book for weeks.

State verbs in the continuous form

Some state verbs may be used in the continuous form if they refer to a temporary
action or an action in progress at a certain moment, rather than a permanent attitude:

30
 I'm having second thoughts about moving abroad.

Jones is appearing in Hamlet this evening.

You're looking great in those jeans.

There are also state verbs which may be used in the continuous form, but with a
different, active meaning:

Stative meaning Active meaning

They are having dinner at the moment.

Do you have a car? (own)
(eating)

She's being silly again. (behaving in a silly

You are my best friend. (it's a fact)
way)

That soup smells good. (has a good

He is smelling the soup. (sniffing at)
smell)

This milk tastes sour. (has a sour

I was just tasting the food. (testing)
taste)

You look great! (your current He was looking out the window when I saw
appearance) him. (directing his eyes towards)

I'm seeing my dentist this afternoon.

What do you see? (notice with eyes)
(visiting)

The judge will be hearing the evidence later

I don't hear well. (pick up with ears)
this week. (listening to)

Are you expecting visitors this evening?

I expect that you are tired. (assume)
(waiting for them to arrive)

How have you been feeling? (asking about

I feel that you are wrong. (think)
physical state)

This melon weighs 2 kg. (its weight is He is weighing the melon. (measuring its
2 kg) weight)

Naturally, we can use the verbs with the active meaning in the simple form, too:

How often do you see your dentist?

31
They usually have dinner at 6.

But we cannot use the verbs with the stative meaning in the continuous form:

This melon is weighing 2 kilos.

The soup was smelling good.

HANSEL AND GRETEL

Once upon a time a very poor woodcutter lived in a tiny cottage in the forest with his
two children, Hansel and Gretel. His second wife often ill-treated the children and
was forever nagging the woodcutter.

"There is not enough food in the house for us all. There are too many mouths to feed!
We must get rid of the two brats," she declared. And she kept on trying to persuade
her husband to abandon his children in the forest.

"Take them miles from home, so far that they can never find their way back! Maybe
someone will find them and give them a home." The downcast woodcutter didn't
know what to do. Hansel who, one evening, had overheard his parents' conversation,
comforted Gretel.

"Don't worry! If they do leave us in the forest, we'll find the way home," he said. And
slipping out of the house he filled his pockets with little white pebbles, then went back
to bed.

All night long, the woodcutter's wife harped on and on at her husband till, at dawn, he
led Hansel and Gretel away into the forest. But as they went into the depths of the
trees, Hansel dropped a little white pebble here and there on the mossy green ground.
At a certain point, the two children found they really were alone: the woodcutter had
plucked up enough courage to desert them, had mumbled an excuse and was gone.

Night fell but the woodcutter did not return. Gretel began to sob bitterly. Hansel too
felt scared but he tried to hide his feelings and comfort his sister.

"Don't cry, trust me! I swear I'll take you home even if Father doesn't come back for
us!" Luckily the moon was full that night and Hansel waited till its cold light filtered
through the trees.

"Now give me your hand!" he said. "We'll get home safely, you'll see!" The tiny
white pebbles gleamed in the moonlight, and the children found their way home. They
crept through a half open window, without wakening their parents. Cold, tired but
thankful to be home again, they slipped into bed.

32
Next day, when their stepmother discovered that Hansel and Gretel had returned, she
went into a rage. Stifling her anger in front of the children, she locked her bedroom
door, reproaching her husband for failing to carry out her orders. The weak
woodcutter protested, torn as he was between shame and fear of disobeying his cruel
wife. The wicked stepmother kept Hansel and Gretel under lock and key all day with
nothing for supper but a sip of water and some hard bread. All night, husband and
wife quarreled, and when dawn came, the woodcutter led the children out into the
forest.

Hansel, however, had not eaten his bread, and as he walked through the trees, he left a
trail of crumbs behind him to mark the way. But the little boy had forgotten about the
hungry birds that lived in the forest. When they saw him, they flew along behind and
in no time at all, had eaten all the crumbs. Again, with a lame excuse, the woodcutter
left his two children by themselves.

"I've left a trail, like last time!" Hansel whispered to Gretel, consolingly. But when
night fell, they saw to their horror, that all the crumbs had gone.

"I'm frightened!" wept Gretel bitterly. "I'm cold and hungry and I want to go home!"

"Don't be afraid. I'm here to look after you!" Hansel tried to encourage his sister, but
he too shivered when he glimpsed frightening shadows and evil eyes around them in
the darkness. All night the two children huddled together for warmth at the foot of a
large tree.

When dawn broke, they started to wander about the forest, seeking a path, but all hope
soon faded. They were well and truly lost. On they walked and walked, till suddenly
they came upon a strange cottage in the middle of a glade.

"This is chocolate!" gasped Hansel as he broke a lump of plaster from the wall.

"And this is icing!" exclaimed Gretel, putting another piece of wall in her mouth.
Starving but delighted, the children began to eat pieces of candy broken off the
cottage.

"Isn't this delicious?" said Gretel, with her mouth full. She had never tasted anything
so nice.

"We'll stay here," Hansel declared, munching a bit of nougat. They were just about to
try a piece of the biscuit door when it quietly swung open.

33
"Well, well!" said an old woman, peering out with a crafty look. "And haven't you
children a sweet tooth?"

"Come in! Come in, you've nothing to fear!" went on the old woman. Unluckily for
Hansel and Gretel, however, the sugar candy cottage belonged to an old witch, her
trap for catching unwary victims. The two children had come to a really nasty place.

"You're nothing but skin and bones!" said the witch, locking Hansel into a cage. I
shall fatten you up and eat you!"

"You can do the housework," she told Gretel grimly, "then I'll make a meal of you
too!" As luck would have it, the witch had very bad eyesight, an when Gretel smeared
butter on her glasses, she could see even less.

"Let me feel your finger!" said the witch to Hansel every day to check if he was
getting any fatter. Now, Gretel had brought her brother a chicken bone, and when the
witch went to touch his finger, Hansel held out the bone.

"You're still much too thin!" she complained. When will you become plump?" One
day the witch grew tired of waiting.

"Light the oven," she told Gretel. "We're going to have a tasty roasted boy today!" A
little later, hungry and impatient, she went on: "Run and see if the oven is hot
enough." Gretel returned, whimpering: "I can't tell if it is hot enough or not." Angrily,
the witch screamed at the little girl: "Useless child! All right, I'll see for myself." But
when the witch bent down to peer inside the oven and check the heat, Gretel gave her
a tremendous push and slammed the oven door shut. The witch had come to a fit and
proper end. Gretel ran to set her brother free and they made quite sure that the oven
door was tightly shut behind the witch. Indeed, just to be on the safe side, they
fastened it firmly with a large padlock. Then they stayed for several days to eat some
more of the house, till they discovered amongst the witch's belongings, a huge
chocolate egg. Inside lay a casket of gold coins.

"The witch is now burnt to a cinder," said Hansel, "so we'll take this treasure with us."
They filled a large basket with food and set off into the forest to search for the way
home. This time, luck was with them, and on the second day, they saw their father
come out of the house towards them, weeping.

"Your stepmother is dead. Come home with me now, my dear children!" The two
children hugged the woodcutter.

34
"Promise you'll never ever desert us again," said Gretel, throwing her arms round her
father's neck. Hansel opened the casket.

"Look, Father! We're rich now . . . You'll never have to chop wood again."

And they all lived happily together ever after.

Analyse : in paragraph 8, 22 and 28 use action verb

In paragraph 12 use state verb

35
 A Dark Brown Dog

by Stephen Crane

A Child was standing on a street-corner. He leaned with one shoulder against a

high board-fence and swayed the other to and from the while kicking carelessly at the
gravel.

Sunshine beat upon the cobbles, and a lazy summer wind raised yellow dust which
trailed in clouds down the avenue. Clattering trucks moved with indistinctness
through it. The child stood dreamily gazing.

After a time, a little dark-brown dog came trotting with an intent air down the
sidewalk. A short rope was dragging from his neck. Occasionally he trod upon the end
of it and stumbled.

He stopped opposite the child, and the two regarded each other. The dog hesitated for
a moment, but presently he made some little advances with his tail. The child put out
his hand and called him. In an apologetic manner the dog came close, and the two had
an interchange of friendly pattings and waggles. The dog became more enthusiastic
with each moment of the interview, until with his gleeful caperings he threatened to
overturn the child. Whereupon the child lifted his hand and struck the dog a blow
upon the head.

This thing seemed to overpower and astonish the little dark-brown dog, and
wounded him to the heart. He sank down in despair at the child's feet. When the blow
was repeated, together with an admonition in childish sentences, he turned over upon
his back, and held his paws in a peculiar manner. At the same time with his ears and
his eyes he offered a small prayer to the child.

He looked so comical on his back, and holding his paws peculiarly, that the child
was greatly amused and gave him little taps repeatedly, to keep him so. But the little
dark-brown dog took this chastisement in the most serious way, and no doubt
considered that he had committed some grave crime, for he wriggled contritely and
showed his repentance in every way that was in his power. He pleaded with the child
and petitioned him, and offered more prayers.

At last the child grew weary of this amusement and turned toward home. The dog was
praying at the time. He lay on his back and turned his eyes upon the retreating form.

Presently he struggled to his feet and started after the child. The latter wandered in a
perfunctory way toward his home, stopping at times to investigate various matters.
During one of these pauses he discovered the little dark-brown dog who was
following him with the air of a footpad.

The child beat his pursuer with a small stick he had found. The dog lay down and
prayed until the child had finished, and resumed his journey. Then he scrambled erect
and took up the pursuit again.

36
On the way to his home the child turned many times and beat the dog, proclaiming
with childish gestures that he held him in contempt as an unimportant dog, with no
value save for a moment. For being this quality of animal the dog apologized and
eloquently expressed regret, but he continued stealthily to follow the child. His
manner grew so very guilty that he slunk like an assassin.

When the child reached his door-step, the dog was industriously ambling a few yards
in the rear. He became so agitated with shame when he again confronted the child that
he forgot the dragging rope. He tripped upon it and fell forward.

The child sat down on the step and the two had another interview. During it the dog
greatly exerted himself to please the child. He performed a few gambols with such
abandon that the child suddenly saw him to be a valuable thing. He made a swift,
avaricious charge and seized the rope.

He dragged his captive into a hall and up many long stairways in a dark tenement.
The dog made willing efforts, but he could not hobble very skillfully up the stairs
because he was very small and soft, and at last the pace of the engrossed child grew so
energetic that the dog became panic-stricken. In his mind he was being dragged
toward a grim unknown. His eyes grew wild with the terror of it. He began to wiggle
his head frantically and to brace his legs.

The child redoubled his exertions. They had a battle on the stairs. The child was
victorious because he was completely absorbed in his purpose, and because the dog
was very small. He dragged his acquirement to the door of his home, and finally with
triumph across the threshold.

No one was in. The child sat down on the floor and made overtures to the dog. These
the dog instantly accepted. He beamed with affection upon his new friend. In a short
time they were firm and abiding comrades.

When the child's family appeared, they made a great row. The dog was examined and
commented upon and called names. Scorn was leveled at him from all eyes, so that he
became much embarrassed and drooped like a scorched plant. But the child went
sturdily to the center of the floor, and, at the top of his voice, championed the dog. It
happened that he was roaring protestations, with his arms clasped about the dog's
neck, when the father of the family came in from work.

The parent demanded to know what the blazes they were making the kid howl for. It
was explained in many words that the infernal kid wanted to introduce a disreputable
dog into the family.

A family council was held. On this depended the dog's fate, but he in no way heeded,
being busily engaged in chewing the end of the child's dress.

37
The affair was quickly ended. The father of the family, it appears, was in a
particularly savage temper that evening, and when he perceived that it would amaze
and anger everybody if such a dog were allowed to remain, he decided that it should
be so. The child, crying softly, took his friend off to a retired part of the room to
hobnob with him, while the father quelled a fierce rebellion of his wife. So it came to
pass that the dog was a member of the household.

He and the child were associated together at all times save when the child slept. The
child became a guardian and a friend. If the large folk kicked the dog and threw things
at him, the child made loud and violent objections. Once when the child had run,
protesting loudly, with tears raining down his face and his arms outstretched, to
protect his friend, he had been struck in the head with a very large saucepan from the
hand of his father, enraged at some seeming lack of courtesy in the dog. Ever after,
the family were careful how they threw things at the dog. Moreover, the latter grew
very skilful in avoiding missiles and feet. In a small room containing a stove, a table,
a bureau and some chairs, he would display strategic ability of a high order, dodging,
feinting and scuttling about among the furniture. He could force three or four people
armed with brooms, sticks and handfuls of coal, to use all their ingenuity to get in a
blow. And even when they did, it was seldom that they could do him a serious injury
or leave any imprint.

But when the child was present, these scenes did not occur. It came to be recognized
that if the dog was molested, the child would burst into sobs, and as the child, when
started, was very riotous and practically unquenchable, the dog had therein a
safeguard.

However, the child could not always be near. At night, when he was asleep, his dark-
brown friend would raise from some black corner a wild, wailful cry, a song of
infinite lowliness and despair, that would go shuddering and sobbing among the
buildings of the block and cause people to swear. At these times the singer would
often be chased all over the kitchen and hit with a great variety of articles.

Sometimes, too, the child himself used to beat the dog, although it is not known that
he ever had what could be truly called a just cause. The dog always accepted these
thrashings with an air of admitted guilt. He was too much of a dog to try to look to be
a martyr or to plot revenge. He received the blows with deep humility, and
furthermore he forgave his friend the moment the child had finished, and was ready to
caress the child's hand with his little red tongue.

When misfortune came upon the child, and his troubles overwhelmed him, he would
often crawl under the table and lay his small distressed head on the dog's back. The
dog was ever sympathetic. It is not to be supposed that at such times he took occasion
to refer to the unjust beatings his friend, when provoked, had administered to him.

He did not achieve any notable degree of intimacy with the other members of the
family. He had no confidence in them, and the fear that he would express at their
casual approach often exasperated them exceedingly. They used to gain a certain
satisfaction in underfeeding him, but finally his friend the child grew to watch the
matter with some care, and when he forgot it, the dog was often successful in secret
for himself.

38
So the dog prospered. He developed a large bark, which came wondrously from such
a small rug of a dog. He ceased to howl persistently at night. Sometimes, indeed, in
his sleep, he would utter little yells, as from pain, but that occurred, no doubt, when in
his dreams he encountered huge flaming dogs who threatened him direfully.

His devotion to the child grew until it was a sublime thing. He wagged at his
approach; he sank down in despair at his departure. He could detect the sound of the
child's step among all the noises of the neighborhood. It was like a calling voice to
him.

The scene of their companionship was a kingdom governed by this terrible potentate,
the child; but neither criticism nor rebellion ever lived for an instant in the heart of the
one subject. Down in the mystic, hidden fields of his little dog-soul bloomed flowers
of love and fidelity and perfect faith.

The child was in the habit of going on many expeditions to observe strange things in
the vicinity. On these occasions his friend usually jogged aimfully along behind.
Perhaps, though, he went ahead. This necessitated his turning around every quarter-
minute to make sure the child was coming. He was filled with a large idea of the
importance of these journeys. He would carry himself with such an air! He was proud
to be the retainer of so great a monarch.

One day, however, the father of the family got quite exceptionally drunk. He came
home and held carnival with the cooking utensils, the furniture and his wife. He was
in the midst of this recreation when the child, followed by the dark-brown dog,
entered the room. They were returning from their voyages.

The child's practised eye instantly noted his father's state. He dived under the table,
where experience had taught him was a rather safe place. The dog, lacking skill in
such matters, was, of course, unaware of the true condition of affairs. He looked with
interested eyes at his friend's sudden dive. He interpreted it to mean: Joyous gambol.
He started to patter across the floor to join him. He was the picture of a little dark-
brown dog en route to a friend.

The head of the family saw him at this moment. He gave a huge howl of joy, and
knocked the dog down with a heavy coffee-pot. The dog, yelling in supreme
astonishment and fear, writhed to his feet and ran for cover. The man kicked out with
a ponderous foot. It caused the dog to swerve as if caught in a tide. A second blow of
the coffee-pot laid him upon the floor.

Here the child, uttering loud cries, came valiantly forth like a knight. The father of the
family paid no attention to these calls of the child, but advanced with glee upon the
dog. Upon being knocked down twice in swift succession, the latter apparently gave
up all hope of escape. He rolled over on his back and held his paws in a peculiar
manner. At the same time with his eyes and his ears he offered up a small prayer.

But the father was in a mood for having fun, and it occurred to him that it would be a
fine thing to throw the dog out of the window. So he reached down and grabbing the
animal by a leg, lifted him, squirming, up. He swung him two or three times

39
hilariously about his head, and then flung him with great accuracy through the
window.

The soaring dog created a surprise in the block. A woman watering plants in an
opposite window gave an involuntary shout and dropped a flower-pot. A man in
another window leaned perilously out to watch the flight of the dog. A woman, who
had been hanging out clothes in a yard, began to caper wildly. Her mouth was filled
with clothes-pins, but her arms gave vent to a sort of exclamation. In appearance she
was like a gagged prisoner. Children ran whooping.

The dark-brown body crashed in a heap on the roof of a shed five stories below. From
thence it rolled to the pavement of an alleyway.

The child in the room far above burst into a long, dirgelike cry, and toddled hastily
out of the room. It took him a long time to reach the alley, because his size compelled
him to go downstairs backward, one step at a time, and holding with both hands to the
step above.

When they came for him later, they found him seated by the body of his dark-brown
friend.

Analiyse:

In paragraph 5 and 6 use state verbs

40