Modul Bahasa Inggris USM-STAN

BAHASA INGGRIS
BAB I : TENSES

A. Pengantar
Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam kalimat yang berhubungan dengan
Waktu (saat kejadian). Dalam bahasa inggris secara lengkap terdapat 16 macam tenses,
namun yang sering digunakan hanya 12 macam.

Pada bahasa Inggris terdapat 3 pembagian waktu:

Past-Present-Future (Lampau-Sekarang-masa Depan)
Jadi, Tensesnya pun dibagi berdasarkan waktu-waktu ini, yaitu :

B. Present
1. Simple Present Tense
a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + V1 +___ SUBJECT + v +s,es + ___

I He
You She
We It
They

They go to work by bus everyday.

He earns his living by selling books.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum
The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west.
2. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung
We watch television in the evening
3. Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya.
When Lisa Reading a novel, the phone rings, she picks it up and listens
quietly…..
c. Keterangan waktu
Every morning/day/week/month/year
Once, twice, three times, four times
Occasionally, now and then, on and off, nowadays, habitually, frequently
Juga sering digunakan keterangan keseringan, seperti : always, ussually,
Sometimes, often, never, seldom.

2. Present Continuous Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

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SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing
(is, am, are)

Mother is still cooking in the kitchen now.

b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu
sekarang.
They are still playing at moment.
2. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang
berlangsung ketika pernyataan dikemukakan.
She is studying English and learning French this year.

Catatan :
Beberapa kata kerja tidak dapat dipakai dalam bentuk continuous antara lain:
Kata kerja berhubungan dengan panca indera (feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe)
Kata kerja berhubungan dengan perasaan atau emosi (adore, appreciate, care, detest
fear, hate, like, love, mind, want, wish)
Kata kerja berkaitan dengan aktivitas mental (agree, believe, expect, forget, mean,
perceive ,realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand)
c. Keterangan Waktu
Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today.
Kata kerja seperti : Look !, Listen !, Watch !, Notice !(imperative)

3. Present Perfect Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + V-3 + ____

I have seen the wolves in the forest.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau
(waktunya tidak tertentu)
John Smith has written a number of short stories.
2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan
lagi di waktu yang akan datang.
I have gone to Bali.
3. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja
berakhir waktu bicara.
I haven‟t met you for a month.(sekarang sudah bertemu)
c. Keterangan Waktu
Since, for,….,just (baru saja),lately, recently, as yet, (hingga kini), so far(hingga
kini) up to the present (hingga sekarang).

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ing

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We have been studying English for six years.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau
Sekarang masih berlangsung dan mungkin masih akan dilanjutkan.
[Link] has been listening to the radio for an hour.
2. Untuk kata kerja “live” present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama
dengan Present Perfect.
I have been living in Jakarta for two years = I have lived in Jakarta for two
years
(I still live in Jakarta now)
c. Keterangan Waktu
For …,since….,the whole day,all the morning, for the last…., for…now.

C. Past
1. Simple Past Tense
a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + V-2 + O + ____

He presented his paper at seminar yesterday.
Mother bought a new carpet last Sunday.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa
lampau.
He met Lina yesterday.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
He always carried his umbrella last season.
c. Keterangan Waktu
Last week/month/year,…ago, this morning, this afternoon, just now, yesterday
[Link] Continuous Tense
a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + was / were + V-ing

She was reading the magazine when he came.
While they were talking the guests knocked on the door.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
His wife was cooking in the kitchen.
2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu
lampau di mana kejadian laimterjadi dan biasanya disertai anak kalimat yang
diawali dengan When/While/as.
When I was walking to school, I met Ana.
As she was having breakfast the phone rang.
Dalam contoh diatas dapat kita melihat bahwa “When I was walking to
school,as she was having breakfast, while they were playing,” peristiwa-
peristiwa tersebut sedang berlangsung peristiwa lain terjadi.

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c. Bentuk was / were going to dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan di
masa lampau tetapi keinginan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan.
I was going to publish my book (but I didn‟t).
They were going to climb the mountain (but it was cloudy).
3. Past Perfect Tense
a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAD + V-3

The thief had escaped when police came.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya
muncul di masa lampau .
They went home after they had finished the work.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga
kedua terjadi pada waktu lampau.
The family had waited for an hour when the doctor arrived.
3. Untukmenyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa
kedua muncul di waktu lampau.
His mother had given him medicine for three days before she took him to the
hospital.
c. Keterangan Waktu
When + clause (past tenses).
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense menyatakan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung hingga
peristiwa lain muncul di waktu lampau. Perbedaan Past Perfect Continuous Tense,
Past Perfect Continuous Tense lebih menekankan pada proses berlangsungnya suatu
peristiwa.
a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ing

He had been working in that company for two years when the World War II
Broke out.
b. Fungsi
Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sudah berlangsung terjadi sebelum saat
tertentu pada waktu lampau peristiwa itu masih berlangsung atau tepat berhenti
sebelum peristiwa lain menyertai.
Contoh :
1. John had been working there for five years when the world war II ended.
John worked there.
He worked there for five years.
Then the world war II ended and John was still working there and (we don‟t know
whether John would still work there or not after the war).

D. Future
1. Future Tense

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a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + V-1 + ____

The examonation will start next week.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan pendapat, anggapan, spekulasi, tentang kejadian yang akan
datang, biasanya diikuti probably, possible, perhaps, surely.
(I‟m sure ) he will pass the exam.
2. Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi.
I‟ll come back the day after tommorow.
3. Untuk menyatakan maksud / kemauan
I will not see her again (saya menolak bertemu dia).
4. Untuk mengumumkan suatu rencana formal dalam radio atau surat kabar yang
akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang.
The Prime Minister will open the museum next week.
5. Untuk menyatakan kehendak
Dalam penggunaan ini „pronoun‟ menggunakan „will‟.
She will study hard.
6. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa yang mendatang bukan karena
keinginan atau kehendak subjek (pelaku).
I dan We menggunakan shall sedang lainnya menggunakan will.
He will be twenty-five next month.
2. Future Continuous Tense
a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + shall / will + be + V-ing _____

She will be watering the flowers at four tommorow.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika
peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu yang akan datang masih berlangsung sesudahnya.
This time next week U will be studying hard.
2. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada preiode waktu yang
sama mendatang. Kedua kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi main claus
(induk kalimat) yang berbentuk Future Continuous
The family will be thinking about farm while they are sitting in the sea shore.
c. Keterangan Waktu
When + Clause (present), at the usual next week, at this time tommorow, at three
o‟clock tommorow.
3. Future Perfect Tense
a. Pola Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-3 + _____

By the end of this week she will have finished reading the novel.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi sebelum peristiwa
berikutnya terjadi yang akan datang.

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Future Perfect digunakan untuk kegiatan yang lebih dulu terjadi.
The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts.
2. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas dalam periode waktu tertentu sebelum aktivitas
lain terjadi yang akan datang.
He will have run for five hours by the time of finish.
c. Keterangan Waktu
By then : menjelang waktu
By ……= menjelang, by next week/month/year
By the end of = …= menjelang akhir…
Into two weeks/months/years = dalam dua minggu/bulan/tahun.
Before + clause (present), when + clause (present).
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan
telah berlangsungselama periode waktu tertentu sebelum kegiatan lain muncul di
waktu yang akan datang.
[Link] Kalimat

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing +_____

We will have been studying English for six years next year.
b. Keterangan Waktu
By + keterangan waktu ______ for + keterangan waktu
Next + keterangan waktu ____ for + keterangan waktu
When + Keterangan waktu ___ for + keterangan waktu

Penggabungan 2 kalimat di waktu lampau bisa 4 kemungkinan:

1. While
While+Past Continuous, Past Continuous/Simple Past
“While I was walking down the street, it began to rain”
“While I was studying in my room, my brother was having a party in the other room”
2. When
Simple Past/ Past Continuous/Past Perfect/ Past Perfect Continuous +When+Simple Past
“I stood under a tree when it began to rain”
“I was standing under a tree when it began to rain”
“She had already eaten when Ted arrived”
“He had been reading novel for two hours when his parents came”
3. Before
Past Perfect/ Past Perfect Continuous+before+Simple Past
“Sam had gone to bed before the guess left”
“He had been reading novel for two hours before his parents came”
4. After
Simple Past+after+Past Perfect
“The guess left after Sam had gone to bed”

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SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1.„What are you looking for?‟

„My wallet; I don‟t know where I ____ it‟.
[Link] been putting
[Link] putting
[Link] put
[Link] putting
[Link] put

2. „Anwar was promoted president of your company last week wasn,t he?
[Link] worked
[Link] been working
[Link] working
[Link] work
[Link]

3. She____the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off.
[Link] only wearing.
[Link] only wearing.
C. had only been wearing.
[Link] only been wearing.
[Link] wearing
.
4. „So, you have finished typing those letters!
When did you do it?”
„When you ____the meeting.‟
[Link] attending
[Link]
[Link] attended
[Link]
[Link] attended

5. „Several hotels in this region are closing down.‟

„That‟s because tourism itself____since last year.‟
[Link] declining
[Link] declining
[Link]
[Link] declining
[Link] been declining

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BAB II : SUBJUNCTIVE
A. Pengantar
Sesuai dengan ruang lingkup materi, kalimat subjunctive yang diperkenalkan dalam
bab ini adalah kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’(ingin), ‘if only’ (jika,hanya
jika),’would rather’(lebih suka) dan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ (seolah-olah). Kalimat
subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’,’if only’ dan ‘would rather’ digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu keinginan. Sedang kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau
‘as though’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya.
Kata kerja atau ‘to be’ yang digunakan dalam kalimat subjunctive selalu dalam bentuk
Past Tense, baik Simple Past maupun Past Perfect Tense.

[Link] Kalimat Subjunctive Dan Fakta

a. Present Subjunctive
Kalimat subjunctive ini menunjukkan pada keadaan sekarang. Kata kerja yang
digunakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense. To be untuk semua kata ganti adalah
„were‟.
Contoh :
1. I wish she were here.
(faktanya : she isn‟t here).
2. He wishes I went to the meeting .
(faktanya : I don‟t go to the meeting).
3. If only they were my friends.
(faktanya : They aren‟t my friends)
4. If only he didn‟t ask me
(faktanya : He asks me).
5. I would rather you told me the news.
(faktanya : You don‟t tell me the news).
6. He behaves as if he were the owner of the hotel.
(faktanya : He isn‟t the owner of the hotel).
7. She stares at me as though she didn‟t know me.
(faktanya : She knows me)
b. Past Subjunctive
Past Subjunctive menunjukkan pada keadaan waktu lampau.
Kata kerja yang digunakan bentuknya Past Perfect Tense.
Contoh :
1. I wish she had been here.
(faktanya : She wasn‟t here).
He wishes I had gone to the meeting.
(faktanya : I didn‟t go to the meeting).
2. If only they had been my friends.
(faktanya : They were not my friends).
3. If only he hadn‟t asked me.
(faktanya : He asked me).
4. She would rather he had been at home with me yesterday.
(faktanya : He wasn‟t at home with me yesterday)

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I would rather you had told me the news.
(faktanya : You didn‟t tell me the news).
5. He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel.
(faktanya : he wasn‟t the owner of the hotel).
She stared at me as thogh she hadn‟t known me.
(faktanya : She knew me).

3. Subjunctive “would rather” untuk pilihan lebih suka

a. Present tense

subject + would rather (that) + subject + past tense

¶ I would rather you told me the news (faktanya : You don‟t tell me the news)

¶ Ali would rather it were not cold now (faktanya : It is cold now)

¶ He would rather you came to the party (faktanya : You don‟t come to the party)

¶ I would rather you paid by cash (faktanya : You don‟t pay by cash)

b. Past tense

subjek + would rather (that) + subjek + past perfect

¶ Ali would rather Ahmad had gone to class yesterday (faktanya : Ahmad didn‟t go to
class yesterday)

¶ Budi would rather that it had not been cold last night (faktanya : It was cold last night)

4. Indikator subjunctive

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subject + verb (that) + subject + present verb

Jenis kata kerja yang sering digunakan adalah:

Advise

Ask

Command

Decreed

Desire

Demand

Insist

Move

Order

Prefer

Propose

Recommend

Require

Stipulate

Suggest

Urge

¶ When a patient‟s blood pressure is much higher than it should be, a doctor usually
insist that he not smoke (asalnya … should not smoke)

¶ The doctor suggested (that) his patient stop smoking (asalnya … his patient should not
smoke)

¶ The manager asks that people in the theatre not smoke (asalnya … should not smoke)

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¶ Ali‟s advisor moves that the meeting be adjourned (penasehat Ali mengusulkan agar
pertemuan ditunda)

@ Catatan

Kata that dapat dihilangkan dari kalimat tersebut

Juga dapat digunakan dengan pola

It + be + adjective verb + (that) + subject + present verb

Adapun verb/ adjective yang sering digunakan untuk susunan kalimat ini

Advised

Important

Mandatory

Necessary

Obligatory

Proposed

Recommended

Required

Suggested

Urgent

Imperative

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¶ It is necessary that he find the books (asalnya … his patient should find the books)

¶ It was suggested that the meeting be adjourned (asalnya … should be adjourned)

¶ It was urgent that she leave at once (asalnya … she should leave at once)

¶ It is important that you remember this rule (asalnya … you should remember this
rule)

¶ It has been proposed that we not change the topic (asalnya … we should not change
the topic)

Subjunctive digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian , keinginan ataupun kenyataan

yang bertentangan dengan apa yang sesungguhnya ada atau terjadi .

1. Wish

a. Future

Pola : [Subject + wish(that) + subject + would/could + V1]

¶ I wish you would stop saying that .

b. Present

Pola : [Subject + wish(that) + subject + V2/were]

¶ We wish that you were old enough to come with us .

c. Past

Pola : [Subject + wished(that) + subject + had + V3]

¶ She wished that she had had more time during the exams .

2. As if / as though

a. Present

Pola : [S1 + V1 + as if / as though + S2 + V2 + S + V2]

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¶ The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in summer .

b. Past

Pola : [S + V2 + as if / as though + S + had + V3]

¶ Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost .

3. Would Rather

a. Present

Pola : [S1 + would rather + S2 + V2 + ket. Waktu sekarang]

¶ Jane would rather it were winter now .

b. Past

Pola : [S1 + would rather + S2 + had V3 + ket. Waktu past]

¶ Baby would rather Ahmad had gone to class yesterday

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. Fatimah wished … to buy the book.

A. she had enough money
B. she had had enough money
C. she has had enough money
D. she will have enough money
E. she has enough money

2. If only she … me about her problem yesterday.

A. told
B. has told
C. had told
D. tells
E. was telling

3. I am thirsty. The subjunctive is ….

A. I wish I am not thirsty.

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B. I wish I was not thirsty.
C. I wish I were not thirsty.
D. I wish I were thirsty
E. I wish I was thirsty.

4. He wishes it … a holiday today.

A. had been
B. were
C. was
D. be
E. is

5. His daughter wished he … a motorcycle.

A. will have bought
B. had bought
C. bought
D. buy
E. buys

6. My uncle wishes I had not gone to the cinema. It means ….

A. I am going to go to thecinema.

B. I went to the cinema.

C. I would go to the cinema.

D. I have not gone to the cinema.

E. I did not go to the cinema.

7. Bram would rather his father … at BAC now.

A. has taught

B. is teaching

C. had taught

D. teaches

E. taught

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8. She acts as though she … the manager of the store.

A. is being

B. is

C. has been

D. were

E. was

9. Most insurance agents would rather you … anything before an investigation.

A. don‟t do

B. didn‟t do

C. didn‟t

D. do

E. haven‟t don

10.”I am sorry I don‟t know the answer , but I really wish I ….

A. had knew

B. will knew

C. knew

D. know

like=> suka
to be+like => seperti
as if => subjunctive

yg arti'a meskipun :
in spite of/despite+N/Noun Clause
although+S+P

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yg arti'a karena/dikarenakan :
because of+N/Noun Clause
because+S+P

BAB III : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A. Pengantar
Setiap kalimat conditional terdiri atas dua klausa, yaitu Main Clause dan if Clause.
Sususnan atau letak Main Clause dapat berada di depan dan juga dibelakang.
Perbedaan letak main Clause ini sama sekali tidak mempengaruhi arti.

Main Clause dalam kalimat pengandaian selalu memiliki modal, sedang If Clause
tidak. Modal yang paling sering digunakan adalah : “will” atau “shall” an Modal yang
lain adalah “can”,”may”,”must”,”have to” dan “ought to”. Modal ini bisa dalam
bentuk present atau past tense sesuai dengan tipe kalimat pengandaiannya.

Sesuai dengan namanya, kalimat pengandaian menyatakan suatu hal yang

diharapakan terjadi, akan tetapi kenyataan belum atau tidak terjadi sebagaimana yang
diharapakan.
Contoh : Main Clause If Clause
1. I will come to the party if Susi invites me
2. We shall go together if We have enough time
Susunan kalimat di atas bisa diubah dengan memindahkan Main Clause di bagian
belakang kalimat, sehingga susunannya menjadi :
1. If Susi invites me, I will go to the party
2. If we have enough time, we shall go together.

B. Tipe-Tipe Kalimat Kondisional

a. Tipe I (Future Conditional Sentences)
Kalimat pengandaian tipe I menunjuk pada peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi pada
waktu yang akan datang, sehingga mungkin terjadi atau tidak. Modal pada Main
Clause dan kata kerja pada If Clause semuanya dalm bentuk present.
Contoh :
1. They will visit you if you meet them.
(Artinya : They may visit you, you may meet they).
2. I can go for a swim the weather is not bad,
(Artinya : I may go for a swim, the weather may not be bad).
[Link] II
Kalimat pengandaian tipe II untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan
fakta pada waktu sekarang sehingga tidak mungkin terjadi atau kemungkinan kecil
terjadi pada waktu sekarang. Modal pada Main Clause dan kata kerja atau to be dan
If Clause semuanya dalam bentuk Past Tense. To be untuk semua pronoun adalah
“were”.

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Contoh :
1. They would visit you if you met them.
(Artinya : They don‟t visit you because you don‟t meet them).
2. I could go for a swim if the weather were not bad.
(artinya : I can‟t go for a swim because the weather is bad).
c. Tipe III
Kalimat pengandaian tipe III menunjuk pada peristiwa yang akan terjadi di waktu
lampau, digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan
pada waktu lampau sehingga tidak mungkin terjasi pada waktu sekarang. Modal
pada Main Clause dalam bentuk Past Tense ditambah dengan „have‟ dan kata kerja
atau „to be‟ bentuk ketiga, sedang kata kerja If Clause dalam bentuk Past Perfect
Tense.
Contoh :
1. They would have visited you if you had met them.
(Artinya : They didn‟t visit you because you didn‟t meet them).
2. I could have gone for a swim if the had not been bad.
(Artinya : I couldn‟t go for a swim because the weather was bad).

C. Kalimat Kondisional Tanpa If

If Clause pada kalimat pengandaian tidak harus selalu dimulai dengan kata if. Kata-
kata lain yang mempunyai makna setara adalah :
„on condition that‟ (dengan syarat bahwa), „provided that‟ (asalkan) dan „unless‟
(kecuali jika).

If juga bisa dihilangkan dengan menggubnakan inversi atau susun balik. Bentuk
inversi ini hanya bisa digunakan pada kalimat pengadaian tipe II yang memiliki to be
„were‟ dan kalimat pengandaian tipe-III.
Contoh :
1. We shall go if we have enough time.
We shall go on condition that we have enough time.
We shall go provided that we have enough time.
We shall not go unless we have enough time.
2. If she were sick, she couldn‟t do the work.
Were she sick, she couldn‟t do the work.
3. If we had had enough time, we should have gone together.
Had we had enough time we should gone together.

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. He ___ come if you call him.

A. would
B. would have
C. would rather
D. will
E. will have

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2. I won‟t come if you ___ me.
A. don‟t invite
B. did not invite
C. have been invitation
D. has been invited
E. have invite

3. You ___ go this afternoon if you want to.

A. can
B. would
C. should
D. would have
E. would have been

4. She wouldn‟t have arrived at the station on time unless her father had driven her there.
It means .___.
A. She arrives at the station on time
B. She came late to the station
C. She did not miss the train
D. Her father did not drive her to the station
E. She didn‟t go to the station

5. If it ___ today, I would not go to the school.

A. rained
B. rains
C. had rained
D. rain
E. will rain

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BAB IV : CAUSATIVE HAVE AND GET

Pengantar
Causative “have”adalah sususnan kalimat menggunakan “have” yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dikerjakan orang lain untuk “subject”. Jadi “have”
ini berarti menyuruh atau memerintah. Kata kerja lain yang dapat untuk
menggantikan “have” adalah kata kerja “get”. Dari dua kata kerja tersebut terdapat
sedikit perbedaan dalam susunannya.

A. Susunan causative Have dan Get

a. Causative have dan get dengan objek aktif
Di sini obyek melakukan kegiatan sesuai dengan keinginan subjek. Adapun susunan
kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + HAVE + O-1 + V-1 + O-2

Contoh :
I have the mechanic repair my car
(Saya menyuruh montir itu memperbaiki mobil saya).
Apabila mengunakan “get” susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + GET + O-1 + to V-1 + O-2

Mother gets my sister to tidy up her room.

(Ibu menyuruh adik saya merapikan kamarnya).
b. Causative have dan get dengan objek pasif
Dalam susunan ini subjek menghendaki seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu
terhadap objek penderita. Adapun susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + HAVE + O + V-3

Contoh :
The manager had the letter typed soon.
(Manajer itu menyuruh surat itu diketik segera).
Apabila menggunakan “get” pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

S + get + O + V-3

Contoh :
I get my trousers shortened
(Saya menyuruh celana panjang saya dipendekkan)

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SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. I can‟t accompany my little sister to go to school, but I‟ve got to have her ___.
A. accompanied
B. to accompany
C. accompanying
D. to accompanying
E. accompany

2. I‟ll get my sister ___ my new dress.

A. sew
B. sewed
C. sews
D. to sew
E. sewing

3. Lisa had the gardener ___ the grass.

A. plant
B. plants
C. planted
D. planting
E. to plant

4. Rangga forgot to bring his glasses, so he had somebody ___ the announcement.
A. reading
B. to read
C. to reading
D. reads
E. read

5. “Choki is a lazy boy.”

“Yes, he always wants ___ for him.
A. to have everything done
B. everything having been done
C. have everything done
D. to has everything done
E. everything has done

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BAB V : INFINITIVE
A. Pengantar
Pada prinsipnya infinitive adalah kata kerja yang meggunakan to maupun yang tidak
menggunakn to. Pembahasan mengenai infinitive dalam bab ini hanya terbatas pada
arti dan pemakaian kata kerja, baik yang menggunakan to maupun yang tidak
menggunakan to secara khusus. Untuk mempermudah pembahasan digunakan istilah
„to infinitive’ yang menggunakan to dan „infinitive tanpa to (bare infinitive)‟ untuk
infinitive yang tidak menggunakan to.

B. Penggunaan To Infinitive
a. Sebagai Subjek
Contoh : To drive fast needs a lot of pratice.
b. Sebagai Modifier (penjelas / pembatas)
To-infinitive digunakan sebagai modifier (penjelas) dari :
1. Kata benda (modifier of a noun)
Contoh : We need a lot of water to drink.
2. Kata sifat (modifier of an adjective)
Contoh : She was sad to hear that terrible news.
3. Kata kerja (modifier of a verb)
Contoh : The president was invited to open yhe conference.
4. Kata tanya atau frase yang dimulai dengan kata tanya (modifier of a WH-
Word
Or a WH-Phrases).
Contoh : She was conviced when to start the business.

C. Kata Kerja Yang Harus Diikuti To-infinitive

Kata kerja berikut ini harus diikuti to-infinitive
Advise force mean want
Allow hope need wish
Ask intend permit would like
Bag invite promise tell
Decide instruct propose teach
Expect learn warn urge
Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :

1. S + V + TO-INFINITIVE + ___
Contoh : The Lady decided to go abroad
2. S + V + O + TO-INFINITIVE + ____
Contoh : The headmaster asked us to wear the uniform every Saturday.

D. Pengunaan Infinitive Tanpa To (Bare Infinitive)

a. Setelah Modal (can, could, may; might, shall, should, ought to, will, would,
must).

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b. Setelah kata : need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had
better
(sebaiknya) dan would sooner (lebih suka)
Contoh :
1. We had better tell him that you list it.
2. she would rather go than stay at home
c. Setelah kata kerja sensasi, presepsi dan causative-have, kecuali dalam bentuk
passive.
Contoh :
1. She saw the boy steal the money
2. The teacher has his students clean the classroom
3. Birth Control has helped decrease the population growth.
Jika digunakan dalam bentuk pasif kata kerja tersebut harus diikuti oleh bto-
infinitive (dalam bentuk pasif).
Contoh :
1. She was heard to leave the house
2. He was found to smoke in the class
KECUALI : let
Contoh :
1. They let him go
Passive : He was let go
2. He lets Amir enter the room.
Passive : Amir is let enter the room
d. Beberapa katakerja yang bisa diikuti infinitive tanpa to :
Feel hear see look at
Get make watch let
Have notice know listen to
Help observe
Kata kerja presepsi dan sensasi di atas juga bisa diikuti kata kerja bentuk –ing,
kecuali : let have, know, dan help.
Contoh :
1. They saw the thief run away.
I saw the thief running away.
2. I notice him sleep under the tree.
3. She heard the boy call for help.
Perbedaan bentuk infinitive tanpa to dan kata kerja bentuk –ing dalam pemakaian
ini terletak pada sempurna tidaknya peristiwa yang dilakukan. Kata kerja bentuk –
ing (V-ing) menunjukkan sedang berlangsungnya peristiwa kapan dimulai dan
kapan berakhirnya tidak diketahui. Sedang bentuk infinitive tanpa to menunjukkan
lengkapnya peristiwa tersebut, sejak dari awal sampai akhir
e. Dalam dependent clause setelah adjective yang mengandung arti penting
Misal : important, necessary, essential, etc.
Contoh : It is important that she take the course
Kadang-kadang infinitive tanpa to dalam dependen tclause semacam di atas
didahului oleh “should”.
Contoh :

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1. I suggest that they should take a vacation
2. It is important that we should take a vacation

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. I called you up this morning ___ you about the news.

A. tell
B. telling
C. to tell
D. told
E. to telling

2. It‟s difficult ___ to English correctly if you don‟t practice.

A. spelling
B. spelled
C. spells
D. to spell
E. spell

3. The girl begged the robber ___.

A. not to take her money
B. don‟t take my money
C. do not take my money
D. didn‟t take my money
E. did not take my money

4. “What did Ali promise you yesterday?”

“ ___ together in library.
A. We study
B. Studying
C. In studying
D. Studied
E. To study

5. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife __.
A. crying
B. to cry
C. cry
D. cried
E. has been cried

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BAB VI : MODAL AND MODAL PERFECT

Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) sehingga dapat diperlakukan
seperti kata kerja bantu. Adapun fungsinya memberikan tambahan arti pada kata kerja.
Modal selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk I tanpa to (infinitive without to).

A. Modal
1. Can 2. Could
a. Menyatakan kemampuan (ability) Menyatakan kemampuan pada waktu
Contoh : She can speak three languages lampau.
b. Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : She couldswim well when
Contoh : Can I borrow your dictionary? She was young.

3. May 4. Might
a. Menyatakan ijin (permission) a. Bentuk lampau dari may
Contoh : May I read this book? Contoh : She said that I might go
b. Menyatakan kemungkinan (possibility) home early
Contoh : He may come late this morning b. Menyatakan kemungkinan besar
(strong possibility).
Contoh : She might be at home
today.
5. Must
a. Menyatakan kebutuhan (necessity)
Contoh : We must eat nutrious food.
b. Menyatakan kesimpulan (conclusion)
Contoh : He has been in England for year. He must speak English fluently

B. Modal Perfect
1. Must + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan suatu kepastian atau kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi
pada waktu lampau. (past conclusion).
Contoh : The oil was frozen. It must have been very cold last night.
2. Might + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan kemungkinan pada waktu lampau (past possibility).
Contoh : Lany came late this morning, she might hve missed the bus.
3 .Should + have + V-3 = ought to + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan saran yang seharusnya dilakukan pada waktu lampau (past
suggestion).
Contoh : Lena has an examination today but she saw the film last night, She should
have been studying for her exam.
4. Could + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan kemampuan (capability) untuk melakukan sesuatu pada waktu
lampau tetapi tidak digunakan.
Contoh :

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We didn‟t go out last night ; we could have gone to the cinema but we decided to
stay at home.
[Link] was rich; she could have bought a motor car if she wanted.

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. It ___ rain tomorrow.

A. may
B. should
C. would
D. shouldn‟t have
E. bring

2. You‟ve got a lot of time. You ___ to hurry.

A. don‟t have
B. do
C. have
D. may
E. can

3. They were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We ___ have bought them in advance.
A. wouldn‟t
B. must not
C. might not
D. could not
E. shouldn‟t

4. They ___ discussing the matter when I came.

A. are
B. was
C. were
D. had
E. been

5. I ___ to sit on the bus this morning because it was too crowded.
A. can‟t
B. couldn‟t
C. isn‟t able to
D. wasn‟t able to
E. had been

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BAB VII : CONCORD (AGREEMENT)

A. Pengantar
Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kata, frase
atau kalimat sesuai dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa.

B. Jenis-Jenis Concord :
a. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang)
Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang
yang menunjukkan.
Contoh :
1. John is my brother. He is a doctor.
(Concord : John … he )
2. The girl under the tree waved her hand.
(Concord : went…last week)
b. Concord of tense (persesuaian tenses)
dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kata
keterangan waktu yang mengikutinya.
1. They go to the movie every week
(Concord : go……everyweek)
2. They went to the movie last week.
(Concord : went …last week)
c. Concord of number (persesuaian jumlah)
Concord ini meliputi persesuaian antara :
1. Subjek dan Predikat :
PREDIKAT
SUBYEK to be to do to have to verb
I am do have go
We, You, They are do have go
He, She, It is does has goes
Contoh :
1. He has finished reading the book
(Concord : He…has)
2. We go to school by bus
(Concord : Betty…goes)
Collective nouns dapat berpredikat tunggal atau jamak. Dianggap tunggal apabila
dipandang kesatuannya dan dianggap jamak bilamenunjuk kepada anggota-
anggotanya.
Contoh :
1. The team is good.
2. The team are playing seriuously.
3. The village has been visited by the president.
4. The Village have worked hard for a week.
Everybody, everyone, nobody, no one,anybody dan anyone, menggunakan predikat
bentuk tunggal tetapi kata gantinya jamak.

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Contoh
1. Everybody was running as fast as they could
2. No one knows where their king puts the crown
Beberapa kata benda yang bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat
(to be atau kata kerja) bentuk tunggal, antara lain : cards, billiards, dominos,
mathematics, mechanics, physics, economics, phonetics, optics, statistics.
Contoh :
Billiards is an easy game.
Ukuran jarak, waktu dan uang dianggap tunggal.
Contoh :
Five hundred miles is quite far for them.
Nama judul buku (buku, cerita, film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap
tunggal.
Contoh :
Romeo and Juliet is a good story.

Tetapi :
1. The number of workers takes a rest.
2. A number of cards are painted red.
Noun and attributive :
No. Attributive Noun
Uncountable Tunggal Jamak
1. a / an - v -
2. the v v v
3. some v - v
4. many - - v
5. much v - -
6. few - - v
7. little v - -
8. a lot of v - v
9. this / that v v -
10. these / those - - v
11. each / every - v -
12. all of v v v
13. one - v -
14. two / three / four - - v
Contoh :
This man is my brother.

Nama bilangan tidak boleh ditulis dalam bentuk jamak, kecuali jika menunjukkan
kelipatan dari bilangan tersebut.
Contoh :
Two hundred two hundred books
d. Concord of gender (persesuaian jenis kelamin)
Contoh :
John is my brother. He is a good student.

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SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. Each girl must contribute ___ share of the expenses.

A. hers
B. no word added
C. herself
D. her
E. she

2. The committee has begun ____ meeting.

A. her
B. his
C. their
D. its
E. ours

3. The name of a river passing through some big towns ___ the title of a very popular
Indonesian song.
A. has become
B. have become
C. it has become
D. to have become
E. having become

4. An increase in the number of students ___ expected next year.

A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
E. will

5. Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/1999 ___.
A. it needs reviewing
B. needs to be reviewed
C. need to review
D. is needed to be reviewed
E. needs review

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BAB VIII : GERUND

A. Pengantar
Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund
bisa digunakan sebagai subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya.

B. Fungsi Gerund
1. Sebagai Subjek
Contoh : Cooking is a good hobby.
2. .Sebagai Objek
Contoh : I don‟t like smoking
Beberapa kata yang mengikuti gerund :
Admit (mengakui) fancy (menghayalkan)
Appreciate (menghargai) forgive (memnfaatkan)
Avoid (menghindari) keep (terus menerus)
Anticipate (mengantisipasi) mind (berkeberatan)
Consider (mempertimbangkan) neglect (meremehkan)
Continue (meneruskan) practise (mempraktekkan)
Deny ( menyangkal) postpone (menunda)
Delay (menunda) pardon (memaafkan)
Detest (membenci) prevent (mengcegah)
Enjoy (menikmati) resist (menahan)
Excuse (menolak) risk (mengambil resiko)
Finish (menyelesaikan) understand (memahami)
b. Objek kata depan (preposisi)
Contoh : He gave up drinking beer
Beberapa preposisi yang perlu diketahui adalah : at, after, before, from, in, on, of,
under, up, though, about, without, for, and to.
Preposisi yang paling sulit dikenali adalah : „to‟ karena di samping „infinitive‟.
Karena itu untuk mempermudah memahaminya, hafalkanlah bentuk „to‟ yang harus
diikuti gerund dalam kelompok kata berikut ini :

To be used to (terbiasa) to take to (menyukai)

To be accustomed to (terbiasa) to look forward to (menanti-nanti)
To object to (berkeberatan) to be averse to (terbiasa)

Contoh :
1. I am used to drinking coffe.
c. Sebagai Komplemen
Contoh : My hobby is drawing.
Gerund sebagai komplemen selalu diletakkan setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were)
d. Sebagai penjelas kata benda noun modifier :
Contoh : the waiting room is very large.
e. Sebagai menyatakan larangan
Contoh : No smoking

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C. Perbedaan Gerund dan To Infinitive

Beberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive :
Advise intend
Allow love
Attempt prefer
Begin regret
Continue remember
Forget start
Hate stop
Like try

Diantara kata kerja diatas, ada kata kerja yang memiliki perbedaan yang sangat
kontras apabila diikuti oleh gerund dan to-infinitive.
Contoh : I stop to smoke
(Artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu baru kemudian
merokok).
I stop smoking.
(Artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk kemudian melakukan
perbuatan yang lain).

D. Perbedaan Gerund dan Active Participle :

Gerund dan Active Participle memiliki bentuk yang sama, yaitu kata kerja bentuk –ing
Sekalipun bentuknya sama, keduanya memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Dari segi arti,
gerund mengandung makna : “peristiwa yng sedang berlangsung”.
Contoh :
1. The running boy is anwar, (active Participle)
(The boy who is running is Anwar= Anak yang sedang berlari itu Anwar)
2. The running shoes are very expensive.(gerund)
(Sepatu yang digunakan untuk berlari itu sangat mahal)
3. The walking man wants to meet you. (Activeparticiple)
(orang yang sedang berjalan itu ingin menemuimu)
4. The old man needs a walking stick. (gerund)
(orang tua itu memerlukan tongkt untuk berjalan)
E. Gerund setelah Possesive Adjective :
Seperti umumnya kata benda, gerund bisa diletakkan setelah possesive adjective dan
pronoun bentuk object.
Contoh :
Her coming late makes her mother angry.

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1. Would you mind___your pet snake somewhere else?
A. to put
B. to putting
C. putting
D. put

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E. puts
2. X : “Do you like swimming?”
Y : “NO, I prefer___to swimming.
A. play badminton
B. played badminton
C. playing badminton
D. has played badminton
E. had played badminton

3. This knife needs___ it is dull.

A. to be sharpening
B. to sharpen
C. sharpen
D. sharpens
E. sharpening

4. We were astonished at ___ a good score for TOEFL in spite of his poor English.
A. her could get
B. his being able to get
C. to be able to get
D. being able to get
E. be able to get

5. She was very sad because her father did not approve of___too often.
A. I saw her
B. me to see her
C. my seeing her
D. me seeing her
E. that I see her

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BAB IX : PARTICIPLE
A. Pengantar
Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua macam participle :
* Present Participle (Active Paticiple) dan
* Past Participle
Active Participle dan Past Participle memiliki bentuk dan arti berbeda. Active
Participle adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk –ing dan artinya menunjuk kepada
aktivitas yang bersifat aktif (melakukan pekerjaan), sedang Past Participle adalah
kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat pasif
(dikenai pekerjaan).
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini :
1. Active (Present Participle) :
Running water = air yang sedang mengalir
2. Past Participle :
Poured water = air yang tertumpah / ditumpahkan

B. Penggunaan Active (Present) Participle

a. Sebagai Adjective
Contoh : 1. The boiling water is very hot.
2. the waiting man reads a magazine.
b. Untuk membentuk Continuous Tense.
Contoh : 1. We are studying English now.
2. You have been dreaming.
c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception).
Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :

S + V + O + Active Participle + ……
Contoh :
I hear the girl singing a new song.
Kata kerja yang bisa digunakan dalam pola seperti ini adalah :
See hear feel notice
Watch leave find catch
Smell observe keep
d. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara simultan (bersamaan) dan dilakukan
oleh seorang subyek.
Contoh :
He rode away. He wishtled as he went.
=He rode away whistling.
=Whistling, he rode away.
e. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang dilakukan oleh seorang subyek secara berurutan,
maka peristiwa yang terjadi lebih dulu bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active
participle.
Contoh : He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.
=Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver.

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Modul Bahasa Inggris USM-STAN
f. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari peristiwa yang
pertama, peristiwa yang kedua bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle
Contoh :
As he knew her address, he sent her a letter.
=Knowing her address, he sent her a letter.

C. Penggunaan Past Participle

a. Sebagai Adjective
Contoh : The stolen money has been found.
b. Untuk membuat kalimat pasif.
Contoh : She was asked to open the meeting.
c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception) apabila obyeknya pasif.
Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :

S + V + O + PAST PARTICIPLE + ……
Contoh :
You will see the work finished on time.
[Link] menggantikkan subjek + kata kerja pasif apabila subyek tersebut disebutkan
secara berulang.
Contoh :
Beny came in. He was followed by his wife.
=Beny came in, followed by his wife.
D. Present Participle dan Past Participle Sebagai Adjective
Contoh :
They play was boring.(Permainan itu membosankan).

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1. They watched the soldiers ___ down the secret.
A. marched
B. marching
C. to march
D. be marching
E. are maching

2. I heard him ___ very carefully in order not to wake the others.
A. is unlocking the door
B. unlocked the door
C. when unlocking the door
D. he unlock the door
E. unlock the door

3. “Having finished her work, the maid went home”.

The underlined words mean ___.
A. Although she had finished her work
B. After she had finished her work
C. She had to finish her work

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D. If she had finishing her work
E. She was finishing her work

4. Students ___ to attend a student conference in the United States should be able to
speak English fluently.
A. choose
B. were chosen
C. chosen
D. they choose
E. have been chosen

5. The window pane ___ by Edi has not been repaired yet.
A. was broken
B. broken
C. be broken
D. breaking
E. broke

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BAB X : CONJUCTION
Konjungsi atau kata penghubung ber fungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok
kata dalam suatu kalimat. Konjungsi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu co-
ordinate conjuction (konjungsi setara) dan subordinate conjuction atau konjungsi
bertingkat.
Konjungsi setara (co-ordinate conjuction) seperti misalnya and, but, or dan nor. Jenis
konjungsi ini menghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda, kata kerja dengan kata
kerja, kata dengan kelompok kata, klausa dengan klausa dan sebagainya.
Contoh :
I lost my books and my pens.

Konjungsi seperti di atas dapat digabungkan dengan kata-kata lain seperti misalnya :
both … and, not only …, but also, either …or, neither….nor ….
Dalam bab ini akan dibahas konjungsi bertingkat (subordinate conjuction) karena hal
ini sangat penting dan perlu dikuasai bagi para siswa.
1. Accordingly : karena itu
Contoh : STAN is famous college in indonesia; accordingly many students wants
to
study there.
2. After all : bagaimanapun juga
Contoh : There are many good school; after all our school is the best.
3. All the same : namun demikian
Contoh : The government has given them a new market places; all the same some
of
them keep selling their things at dirty place.
4. Consequently : akibatnya
Contoh : His father died five years ago; consequently all the responsiblities to
raise the children fell or his mother.
5. For = Since = because = as = Karena
Contoh : Everyone is looking for him, for he is the only person who knows where
the keys is.
6. Hence : karena alasan itu, dengan demikian, mulai saat ini.
Contoh : He was born when his parents woerked in Irian, hence he is named
Irianto.

7. In order that : supaya

Contoh : We must study hard;in order that we can pass the exam.
8. In case : kalau-kalau
Contoh : You‟d better take an umbrella;in case it rains.
9. In the meantime : sementara itu, dalam waktu yang bersamaan.
Contoh : Go to the shop and buy me a magazine;in the mean time I‟ll take bath.
10. Moreover = futhermore = lagipula = terlabih lagi
Contoh : Desy is beautiful; moreover she is very bright.
11. Namely : yaitu

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Contoh : There is only one student who fails the exam,namely Lena.
12. Nevertheless : however = namun demikian
Contoh : She is poor;nevertheless she is happy.
13. On the contrary = on the other hand = sebaliknya
Contoh : He loves rock music; on the contrary his father hates very much.
14. Otherwise : jika tidak
Contoh : Please study hard;otherwise you‟ll fail the exam.
15. Say : taruhlah
Contoh : Can you lend me money;say five thousand rupiahs.

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1. I was late because I chugat the wrong bus.

It means I chaught the wrong bus: ___ I was late.
A. although
B. but
C. so that
D. since
E. when

2. ___ his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exams.
A. Unless
B. Although
C. Instead of
D. Even though
E. Despite

3. I told Tommy to take the recruiting test seriously,___ he would not be accepted.
A. but
B. and
C. so
D. for
E. or

4. “ His two last musical shows were not professionally conducted.”

“You‟re right; ___ , had contacted Kris, a professional in the entertainment
business, for his next show.”
A. so that
B. in addition
C. therefore
D. in spite of that
E. moreover

5. My uncle doesn‟t eaern much; ___ he can send his children to college.
A. however
B. and

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C. therefore
D. so
E. hence

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BAB XI : ADVERB
A. Adverb of frequency (keterangan keseringan)
Kelompok I = always rarely hardly, sometimes
Ever, scarcerly never, often
Generally, seldom occasionally

Adverb of frequency yang termasuk kelompok I penempatannya dalam kalimat adalah

sebelum kata kerja utama.
Contoh :
1. The sun always rises in the east
2. His wife never goes to the shop
3. I can hardly never hear such a song
4. They don‟t often go to bed late
5. He is never advised by this mother
6. Do you usually study last night?
7. Have you ever been to Paris?
8. Does she occasionally arrive at night?

Untuk memberikan jawaban pendek (short responses) bisa diletakkan sebelum to be,
to do atau modal.
Contoh :
X : Do you ussually go to school on foot?
Y : Yes, I usually do
: Yes, I sometimes do
: No, I never do
Atau : No, never
Adverb of frequency yang mengandung arti negative seperti : never, hardly, rarely,
bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat untuk menekankan arti, akan tetapi kalimatnya
bersususnan inversi.
Contoh :
1. Never has she met us
2. Rarely do we eat rice there
3 Hardly will he write love letters
Apabila kalimatnya memiliki “have to” (harus), adverb of frequency diletakkan di
depan suku kata tersebut.
Contoh :
I often have to cook my own breakfast.
Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan sebelum „used to‟ atau antaara „used dan to‟.
Contoh :
He always used to help his mother
Kelompok I : every day / week / month / year
Once (sekali) a week / month
Every other day
Now and then

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Again and again
Adverb of frequency yang termasuk dalam kelompok II pada akhir kalimat
Contoh :
We have English Lessons every week

B. Adverb of degree (keterangan tahapan, tingkatan) :

Contoh :
Almost quite nearly only
Enough soon fairly also
Just (hanya) rather extremely merely
Already too

Adverb jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective atau yang lain
diletakkan di depan kata yang diterangkan.
Contoh :
It was too hot to work.

„Enough‟ diletakkan setelah kata yang diterangkan, kecuali jika sebagai adjective
(untuk menerangkan kata benda).
Contoh ;
He didn‟t work quickly enough.

Adverb of degree juga bisa digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja dan diletakkan
sebelum kata kerja utama.
Contoh :
1. You nearly missed the bus
2. Leni still hopes to meet him
3. They soon found what they wanted
4. The students quite understand the lessons
5. We are merely waiting for the bus.
6. H e didn‟t only know you.
7. The post have already come.

„Only‟ memiliki posisi yang bervariasi, kata ini diletakkan berdekatan dengan kata
yang diterangkan.
Contoh :
He only had an apple (not anything else).

C. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara)

Pada umumnya adverb of manner dibentuk dari adjective + ly
Contoh : Adjective Adverb
Careful carefully
Lazy lazily
Kecuali :
Ada beberapa adjective yang dijadikan sebagai adverb tanpa harus menambahkan
akhiran-ly, yaitu:

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Deep early much
Far high little
Fast low leisurely
Hard late near
Contoh :
It is a fast train.(adj)
The train fast.(adv)
Adverb of manner diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah objek, jika kalimatnya
memiliki obyek.
Contoh :
He studies hard.
He studies English hard.

D. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat).

Adverb of place diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah obyek langsung jika
kalimatnya memiliki obyek.
Contoh :
They played there
They played football there.

Keterangan tempat yang spesifik diletakkan sebelum keterangan tempat yang lebih
luas.
Contoh :
They worked in room 10 in the hotel.

E. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu).

Contoh :
Then now everyday
Still soon at seven
Yet last week next week

Pada umumnya adverb of time diletakkan pada akhir kalimat, tetapi jika digunakan
untuk menekanakan makna bisa juga pada awal kalimat. Khusus untuk „still‟
diletakkan sebelum kata kerja atau setelah to be.
Contoh :
He will come here tommorow
Tommorow he will come here

Adverb of time yang lebih pendek jangka waktunya diletakkan sebelum adverb of
time yang lebih lama.
Contoh :
We arrived at five o‟clock yesterday.

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SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

1. I did not go anywhere last holiday ___.

A. I stayed at only home
B. I stayed only at home
C. I only stayed at home
D. I stayed only at home.
E. only I stayed at home

2. The days were short ___ it was December.

A. despite
B. in spite
C. so that
D. for
E. unless

3. He seems ___ that his eyes are red.

A. such a sad
B. such sad
C. such sadly
D. so sad
E. so sadly

4. Aisyah looks much ___ she really is.

A. young as
B. younger than
C. as young as
D. more young than
E. young than

5. She brings her umbrella ___ she goes.

A. because
B. so that
C. until
D. wherever
E. where

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

______,1994 Kurikulum dan GBPP Bidang Studi Bahasa Inggris Kelas 3 SMU
yang Disempurnakan. Jakarta.
Frank Matrcella, 1972, Modern English, Prentice-Hall. New Jersey.
Hoenby A.S. et. Al. 1954. The Adveted Learn’s London Dictionary of Current
English. Oxford University Press Amen House E.C.4.
Krohn Robert, 1971. English Sentence Srtucture, The University Press.
Murphy Raymond, 1986. English Grammar in Use, Gambridge University Press.
Quick Radolph & Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English, Longman
GroupLimited. England.
Thompson A.J. & University A.V, 1977, A Pratical English Grammar 2nd Edition.
Oxford University Press Walton Street. Oxford AXZ GDP.
Wilcox Peterson Praticia, 1980, Changing times Changing Tenses Teaching
Division Educational and Cultural Affair International Communication
Agency. United State of America.

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