BASIC ENGLISH

LEARNING
HANDBOOK
CHAPTER ONE: NOUN
Pengertian, Fungsi, Jenis dan Contoh Noun (Kata Benda)
Noun (atau kata benda) adalah satu dari salah satu parts of speech dalam bahasa inggris. Parts of speech merupakan
jenis-jenis kata dalam bahasa inggris. Noun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menamai suatu objek seperti orang,
benda, tempat, serta konsep/ide. Noun bisa berbentuk singural (tunggal) atau plural (jamak).
Fungsi Noun:
Noun memiliki fungsi sebagai berikut:
1. Sebagai subjek di suatu kalimat.
Contoh: Joni has read the book for 3 hours. The Lion ate a goat.
2. Sebagai objek pelengkap di suatu kalimat.
Contoh: Mr. Jhon is a doctor. She was a chef.
3. Sebagai objek langsung (direct object)
Contoh: He bought a car last week. Messi kicks the ball.
4. Sebagai objek tak langsung (indirect object)
Contoh: She gave her mother a flower. My father brought my sister a cute doll.
5. Sebagai kata keterangan (preposition)
Contoh: She has arrived at the airport. Students study English at the school.

Jenis-jenis Noun
Noun terdiri dari beberapa jenis, berikut adalah jenis-jenis noun:
1. Countable dan Uncountable Noun
Countable Noun merupakan jenis kata benda yang dapat di hitung dan memiliki jumlah. Contoh:
 Mango —> Mangoes (Mangga—> beberapa mangga)
 Apple—-> Apples (Apel—> beberapa apel)
 Man—–>Men (Laki-laki—-> beberapa laki-laki)
Uncountable Noun merupakan jenis kata benda yang tidak dapat di hitung jumlahnya kecuali menggunakan media.
Contoh:
 Sugar (gula)  water (air)
 oil (minyak)  sand (pasir)
Jika menggunakan media, maka uncountable noun tersebut dapat di hitung. Contoh:
 A spoon of sugar (sesendok gula)  A glass of water (satu gelas air)
 A bottle of oil (sebotol minyak)  A sack of sand (satu sak pasir)
Perbedaan Countable dan Uncountable Noun
 Countable noun adalah kumpulan benda-benda yang dapat di hitung dan uncountable noun adalah
kumpulan benda yang tidak dapat di hitung.
 Countable noun tak perlu menggunakan media untuk bisa di hitung sedangkan uncountable noun harus
menggunakan media
 Setiap noun yang berbentuk countable noun bisa berjumlah tunggal (singular) atau jamak (plural) sedangkan
uncountable noun tidak.
 Jika tunggal (singular) dalam countable noun tidak di tambah akhiran ‘s’ atau ‘es’ jika jamak (plural) maka di
tambah akhiran ‘s’ atau ‘es’ sedangkan dalam uncountable noun tidak ada penambahan.

Contoh Countable dan Uncountable noun dalam Kalimat

COUNTABLE NOUN (KATA BENDA
CONTOH KALIMAT
YANG DAPAT DI HITUNG)

Watermelons My mother buys some watermelons in the market (ibuku

membeli beberapa semangka di pasar)

House I will show you where is my grandfather’s house (aku akan

menunjukan padamu dimana rumah kakek ku)

Men Do you know where the men toilet is? (Apakah kamu tau
dimana toilet untuk laki-laki?)
 COUNTABLE NOUN (KATA BENDA
CONTOH KALIMAT
YANG DAPAT DI HITUNG)

Markets I know more than 2 markets in this village (aku tau ada lebih
dari 2 pasar di desa ini)

Uncountable noun (kata benda yang Contoh kalimat

tak dapat di hitung)

Sugar I need a little sugar into my coffee (aku membutuhkan

sedikit gula di kopiku)

Oil please buy me a bottle of oil there (tolong belikan aku

sebotol minyak di sana)

Coffee Do you need a cup of coffee? (Apakah kamu membutuhkan

secangkir kopi?)

Money I need much money for my life (aku membutuhkan banyak

uang untuk hidupku)

2. Proper Noun dan Common Noun

Proper noun merupakan jenis kata benda yang dalam penggolongan nya sangat spesifik (biasanya menggunakan
huruf kapital pada huruf awalnya) Contoh:
 Gramedia
 Jakarta
 Jogjakarta
 Indonesia
Common noun merupakan jenis kata benda yang penggolongannya sangat umum atau secara umum. Contoh:
 city (kota)
 shop (toko)
 market (pasar)
 town (kota)
Perbedaan Proper Noun dan Common Noun
 Proper noun merupakan penggolongan kata benda secara spesifik atau khusus sedangkan Common noun
adalah penggolongan kata benda secara umum
 Proper noun di awali dengan huruf kapital di setiap kalimat sedangkan common noun tidak menggunakan
huruf kapital.

Contoh Proper Noun dan Common Noun dalam kalimat

PROPER NOUN (KATA
CONTOH KALIMAT
BENDA KHUSUS)

Jakarta I live in Jakarta now (aku tinggal di Jakarta sekarang)

Gramedia Will you accompany me to look for book in Gramedia (maukah kamu
menemaniku mencari buku di gramedia?)

Jogjakarta I will go to Jogjakarta with my family (Aku akan pergi ke Jogjakarta

dengan keluargaku)

Medan Medan is the beautifull city that I like (Medan adalah kota yang indah
yang aku suka)
 PROPER NOUN (KATA
CONTOH KALIMAT
BENDA KHUSUS)

Common Noun (kata benda Contoh Kalimat

Umum)

Market my mother asks me to go to market (ibuku menyuruhku untuk pergi

ke pasar)

City Do you love this city? (Apakah kamu mencintai kota ini?)

Mall my mother doesn’t like buys something in mall (ibuku tidak suka
membeli sesuatu di mall)

Toilet Do you know where the toilet is? (apakah kamu tau dimana toilet)

3. Abstract Noun dan Concrete Noun

Abstract noun merupakan kata benda yang tidak dapat diamati dengan panca indra. Contoh:
 Love : cinta  feel : perasaan
 Hate : benci  idea : ide
 romance : romansa romantis
Concrete Noun merupakan kata benda yang dapat diamati dengan panca Indra. Contoh:
 Book : buku  bread : roti
 school : sekolah  people : orang-orang
 house : rumah

Perbedaan Abstract Noun dan Concrete Noun

 Abstract noun merupakan kata benda yang tidak dapat diamati dengan pancaindra sedangkan concrete
noun adalah kata benda yang dapat diamati dengan pancaindra.
 Abstract noun biasanya hanya bisa dirasakan atau di pikirkan tidak dapat di sentuh, sedangkan concrete
noun dapat di sentuh maupun di lihat.

Contoh Abstract Noun dan Concrete Noun dalam kalimat

ABSTRACT NOUN (KATA BENDA YANG TIDAK
CONTOH KALIMAT
BISA DI PANCA INDRAKAN)

Love many people say that love is blind (banyak orang

yang berkata bahwa cinta itu buta)

Hate please loose your hate to them (tolong hilangkan

kebencian mu pada mereka)

Idea Do you have any idea for this? (apakah kamu

memiliki ide untuk ini)

Romance Do you like this romance? (Apakah kamu menyukai

romansa ini?)
 Concrete Noun (Kata benda yang dapat di Contoh Kalimat
panca indrakan)

Book we can look for the book in library (kita bisa mencari
buku di perpustakaan)

Bag my sister needs new bag (adik perempuan ku

membutuhkan tas baru)

House my mothers love this new house (ibuku sangat

menyukai rumah baru ini)

People I see many people in the mall (aku melihat banyak orang
yang berada di mall)

4. Collective Noun
Collective noun merupakan kata benda yang terdiri dari nama kelompok. Contoh:
 Class : kelas  bucket : buket
 Team : tim  pair : sepasang

Contoh Collective Noun dalam kalimat

COLLECTIVE NOUN (KATA BENDA YANG
CONTOH KALIMAT
TERDIRI DARI NAMA KELOMPOK)

Team I like this football team (aku suka tim sepak bola ini)

Pair Do you like this pair of shoes? (Apakah kamu suka

sepasang sepatu ini?)

Class We need a class of student in this competition (kami

membutuhkan sekelas siswa untuk pertandingan ini)

Bucket I like a bucket of rose ( aku suka sebuket mawar)

Exercise 1
Identify the Common Nouns in the following sentences.
1. They arrived early but at the wrong station. 6. My mother is singing a religious song in the
2. We counted only six different colours in the kitchen.
rainbow. 7. He threw some salted nuts to the monkeys.
3. The man was trying to steal a horse with a cart 8. The children are kicking a ball around in the field.
full of apples. 9. That temple was built before my grandfather was
4. They have gone to the zoo to see the black born.
sheep. 10. He bought balloons for his children and their
5. She put her head on her arms and cried loudly. friends.
Exercise 2
Underlined the Proper Nouns in the following sentences.
1. Ms. Brown told me that Paris is the capital of France. 4. Jack and Jill had so much fun at Disney Park.
2. William Shakespeare was a famous English author. 5. John's two dogs are named Adam and Eve.
3. 'War and Peace' was written by Leo Tolstoy. 6. David will travel to Italy next week.
 7. Suez Canal joins the Red sea and the Mediterranean 9. Mick Jagger is the lead singer of Rolling Stones.
Sea. 10. Mount Fujiyama is the highest mountain in Japan.
8. Republic of Liberia is on the west coast of Africa.
Exercise 2
Rewrite the following sentences making them plural.
1. The child asks for a toy hippopotamus. 11. A passerby stops to watch a dwarf performs a
2. The baby cries; but his mother is missing. dance.
3. I look up, and a leaf falls from a branch and lands on 12. She likes to cook spicy octopus with tomato.
my forehead. 13. My mother-in-law owns a buffalo.
4. The lady uses a knife to cut a potato and a chili. 14. The trio has been playing a piano for an hour.
5. The man is sure a mouse bit his foot while he was 15. The child's pet is a gold fish.
asleep. 16. The tribal chief tells his wife to learn mathematics.
6. I took this photo of an ox that is not mine. 17. The farmer has a sheep, a deer and a rhinoceros on
7. That goose belongs to his wife. his farm.
8. My loaf of bread is enough to feed the fish. 18. He has a tattoo of a beauty on his arm.
9. His lorry nearly collided with the boy's bicycle. 19. He uses a lasso to catch an elephant calf.
10. He lost a tooth in a fight with a bully. 20. The life of a fly and a mosquito is rather short.
Exercise 3
Choose the best answer related to abstract noun
1. Money is not everything, the most important one is a/an ……where we can be with our lovely family and friend
around us.
a. happy c. happiness e. great
b. happier d. lovely
2. There is a job for you. You must apply in this company, you must make a written job…..
a. applicant c. apply e. to apply
b. application d. applying
3. This company’s …… is good enough, the products are always sold and many consumers need it.
a. marketing c. to market e. remark
b. market d. markets
4. The teacher asks us to enter the laboratory, he wants to make a/an …. about an egg, yesterday he had announced all
the students to bring an as their object.
a. experience c. expert e. experiment
b. experiencing d. exposition
5. Fairuz, our class leader is in the teacher office, there can be a/an ……. about our trip to Jogjakarta next holiday.
a. announce c. announcing e. announcer
b. announced d. announcement
CHAPTER II: VERB
Verbs (kata kerja) adalah kata (word) dan merupakan salah satu unsur part of speech, yang
menunjukkan tindakan (bring, kick, read) atau kejadian (happen, become) atau keadaan (to be, exist), dan sikap
(agree, disagree, blame). Verb merupakan salah satu elemen penting berbagai bahasa termasuk bahasa Inggris,
sehingga unsur ini mendapatkan tempat yang khusus dan perlakuan yang lebih dalam setiap tata bahasa. Dalam
bahasa Inggris sendiri, verb merupakan tata bahasa yang banyak dibingungkan oleh para peserta didik bahkan oleh
native speaker sendiri karena beberapa di antaranya tidak mengikuti bentuk baku dan hanya dapat kita hafalkan.
Jenis Verb dan Fungsinya.
1. Transitive Verb
Adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek kalimat. Jika kalimat verbal menggunakan transitive verb maka
harus ada objek kalimat untuk bisa dikatakan sebuah kalimat yang sempurna (dapat memberikan pemahaman).
Yang termasuk transitive verb di antaranya adalah:
a. She opened the window every morning.
b. I always drink a glass of water before going to sleep.
c. Cristiano Ronaldo kicked the ball in to the goal.
2. Intransitive Verb
Adalah kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan objek kalimat.
Yang termasuk dalam kategori intransitive verb adalah:
o My son is sleeping soundly.
o The bus can run over 100 mil per hour.
o Radit screamed since a ghost appeared in front of him.
3. Linking Verb
Yaitu kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subjek dengan complement (pelengkap). Kata yang
dihubungkan dengan subjek tersebut dinamakan subject complement.
Yang termasuk linking verb adalah appear, be (am, is, are, was, dll.), become, feel, look, taste, stay, remain,
seem, smell.
Contoh:
o You are the most beautiful women I ever meet.
o The food tasted delicious.
o I don’t feel confident to deliver a speech.
4. Auxiliary Verb (kata kerja bantu)
Adalah kata kerja yang bertugas untuk membantu kata kerja utama dalam sebuah kalimat. Jika kata kerja Bantu
tersebut dihilangkan, maka ia tidak menghilangkan substansi dasar dari kalimat tersebut. Yang termasuk
Auxiliary verb adalah Is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, can, could, may, might, will, would,
shall, should, must, ought to, had better.
Contoh:
o You should not swim in the river.
o I must go right now.
o You may take all your money on the bank every time via ATM.
5. Regular Verb
Yaitu kata kerja yang berubah secara teratur karena tenses kalimatnya berubah. Biasanya sebuah kata kerja yang
teratur diberi tambahan -ed.
Yang termasuk regular verb adalah: call > called, kick > kicked, crash > crashed dsb.
Contoh:
o Rahmat published an article on this page.
o I looked for an assistant for this job.
o Royhan walked on the boulevard in the morning yesterday.
 6. Irregular Verb
Yaitu kata kerja yang berubah karena tenses dalam bentuk yang tidak beratur, sehingga tidak dapat diketahui
bentuk II dan III nya kecuali melihat pada kamus.
Yang termasuk irregular verb adalah: sleep > slept, wake > woke > woken, go > went > gone dsb.
Contoh:
o She had gone before I came.
o Mr. Brown sang a song on the roof of my home.
o My teacher wrote the lesson on the blackboard.

1. BENTUK KATA KERJA PERTAMA (VERB 1/PRESENT)

Bentuk kata kerja pertama disebut verb 1 (V1) atau present. Kata kerja ini adalah kata kerja bentuk asal (infinitive)
yang biasa digunakan dalam kalimat simple present tense.
Bentuk kata kerja ini sama dengan bentuk kata kerja asal, tetapi selalu diakhiri oleh akhiran -s, -es, -ies untuk subyek
orang ketiga singular (he, she, it) dalam kalimat simple present tense.
Contoh bentuk kata kerja pertama (verb 1/present) antara lain:
Kata kerja pertama Kata kerja pertama (verb 1)
(verb 1) orang ketiga tunggal (he, she it)
Sleep Sleeps

Watch Watches

Go Goes

Cry Cries

Study Studies
2. BENTUK KATA KERJA KEDUA (VERB 2/PAST)
Bentuk kata kerja kedua disebut verb 2 (V2) atau past. Kata kerja ini biasa digunakan dalam kalimat simple past
tense. Bentuk kata kerja kedua dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu regular verb (kata kerja beraturan) dan irregular verb (kata
kerja tidak beraturan).
Contoh bentuk kata kerja kedua (verb 2) beraturan (regular):
Kata kerja asal Kata kerja kedua (Verb 2)

Achieve achieved

Call called

Clean cleaned

Enjoy enjoyed
Contoh bentuk kata kerja kedua (verb 2) tidak beraturan (irregular):
Kata kerja kedua
Kata kerja asal
(Verb 2)

Begin began

Eat ate

Speak spoke

Choose chose
3. BENTUK KATA KERJA KETIGA (VERB 3/PAST PARTICIPLE)
Bentuk kata kerja ketiga disebut verb 3 (V3) atau past participle. Kata kerja ini biasa digunakan dalam kalimat perfect
tense dan passive voice.
Sama seperti bentuk kata kerja kedua, bentuk kata kerja ketiga dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu regular verb (kata kerja
beraturan) dan irregular verb (kata kerja tidak beraturan).
Contoh bentuk kata kerja ketiga (verb 3) beraturan (regular):

Kata kerja asal Kata kerja ketiga (Verb 3)

Achieve achieved

Call called

Clean cleaned

Enjoy enjoyed

Contoh bentuk kata kerja ketiga (verb 3) tidak beraturan (irregular):

Kata kerja asal Kata kerja ketiga (Verb 3)

Begin Begun

Eat Eaten

Speak Spoken

Choose Chosen
4. BENTUK KATA KERJA ‘SEDANG’ (VERB -ING/PRESENT PARTICIPLE)
Bentuk kata kerja ‘sedang’ disebut verb -ing atau present participle. Kata kerja ini biasa digunakan dalam
kalimat continuous tense. Dalam penggunaannya, bentuk kata kerja ini didahului oleh auxiliary verb (kata kerja
bantu) be (is, am, are, was, were).
Contoh bentuk kata kerja ‘sedang’ (verb-ing/present participle):
Kata kerja 'sedang'
Kata kerja asal
(Verb-ing)

Walk Walking

Sing Singing

Write Writing

Cook Cooking

Play Playing
Contoh penggunaan present participle dalam kalimat:
 He is walking alone.  She was cooking.
 They are singing.  They were playing football.
 I am writing a letter.
Exercise 1
Decide whether the verbs in bold are transitive or intransitive
 She was crying all day long
 We showed her the photo album
 The doctor advised me to exercise regularly
 It was raining at that time.
 She laughed at the joke
 She gave a cookie to the child.
 They slept in the street
 I ate the cherries
 My father doesn't drink coffee.
 He always keeps his money in a wallet.

Exercise 2
Change the verbs in the bracket into a correct form!
1. My father…………….(talk) to him last night.
2. The police…………….(arrest) the thief yesterday.
3. I……………..(build) my house last year.
4. We……………..(wash) the dishes last night.
5. I………………..(see) Miss Jenny last week.
6. They……………..(watch) the movie together two days ago.
7. She…………….(arrive) at the office two hours ago.
8. I………………(meet) my uncle at the restaurant just now.
9. He……………(hurt) his leg in an accident last week.
10. We……………..(marry) in Turkey last month.
11. I……………….(look) the beautiful dress at the shop yesterday.
12. They……………..(continue) their job last night.
13. I………………….(write) the poem a hour ago.
14. He………………..(play) the basketball well last afternoon.
15. She…………………..(prepare) everything to go to Japan.

Choose the best auxiliary verb to be used in the a) am b) was c) have

sentence! 9. … you know where John lives?
1. I will go to Chicago after I … finished my work here. a) have b) do c) does
a) has b) have c) had 10. I … admit that I was wrong.
2. She … playing the piano when I entered her room. a) do b) have c) was
a) was b) is c) has 11. I always feed the dogs before I … breakfast.
3. The patient … died before the doctor came. a) have b) has c) had
a) has b) did c) had 12. Before he … community service, he went to
4. … you ever been to Kashmir? university.
a) were b) have c) had a) did b) had c) has
5. That is what he … not seem to understand. 13. After he … finished school, he went to England.
a) did b) does c) has a) had b) has c) did
6. They … say that they would pay up. 14. We … to get a 10 per cent wage rise in May.
a) does b) do c) did a) was b) are c) have
7. I will call you when dinner … ready. 15. Why don’t you … a good boy and sit down?
a) is b) was c) has a) be b) is c) was
8. She asked where I … going.
 CHAPTER III: PRONOUN
Pengertian dan Fungsi Pronoun
Maksud dari pronoun adalah sebuah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan sebuah kata benda (noun). Pronoun
ini digunakan ketika kita ingin menghilangkan pengulangan kata yang sifatnya monoton.
Sesuai dengan penggunaannya tadi, pronoun dapat menggantikan kata benda (noun) seperti; manusia/orang,
hewan, benda-benda, tempat, dan lain sebagainya.

Jenis Pronoun Beserta Contoh Kalimatnya

Berikut ini adalah “5 kinds of pronouns”:
1. Personal Pronouns 4. Demonstrative pronouns
2. Possesive pronouns 5. Indefinite Pronoun
3. Reflexive pronouns

a. Personal Pronouns
Pronouns yang pertama ini digunakan ketika kita ingin menunjukkan:
a) Si pembicara, biasa juga kita kenal dengan istilah ‘orang pertama’ atau ‘first person’. Ada dua bentuk utama
untuk first person, yaitu; singular dan plural. Singular nya adalah I yang berarti saya dan di tulis menggunakan
huruf kapital. Sedangkan bentuk plural nya adalah we yang digunakan ketika si pembicara lebih dari 1 orang.
b) Orang pertama berbicara kepada orang lain, atau sering disebut second person. Bentuk singular dan plural nya
sama, yaitu; YOU
c) Yang terakhir adalah orang ketiga, teridri dari SHE (bentuk tunggal untuk wanita), HE (bentuk tunggal untuk
pria), dan IT (untuk benda). Sedangkan bentuk jamaknya adalah THEY (untuk benda hidup maupun mati).

Contoh kalimat:
Subject Pronouns
 I like eating  It is net  She trusted you all
 We went to theatre  They are drinking water  He gives you a flower
 You are the students  Object Pronouns  Everyone likes him
 You are so beautiful  He loves me  They leave her alone
 He is handsome  Mr. Adian picks us up on  I bring It
 She is clever time  She makes them happy
b. Possesive pronouns
Possesive pronouns tidak hanya bisa digunakan untuk menggantikan possesive noun tetapi juga dapat kita gunakan
untuk menggantikan possesive adjective.
Kita tidak perlu meletakkan kata benda (noun) sebelum possesive pronouns, namun kita dapat menggunakan
kata of sebelum possesive pronouns nya. Contoh:
 The students of the school
 The car of the police
 My father’s new office is at the fifth floor.
 The horse’s tail is very long.

Contoh Kalimat Possessive Adjective

Singular
 This is my book  That is your chair  It is their car
 This is her pen  It is our house
Plural
 These are our books  Those are your chairs  They are their cars
 These are their pencils  They are our houses
Contoh Kalimat Possessive Pronouns
Singular
 This pen is mine  This book is hers  This novel is ours
 This pencil is his  That house is yours
Plural
 These pens are ours  These books are theirs  These novels are ours
 These pencils are theirs  Those houses are yours
c. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns adalah pronoun yang digunakan ketika kita ingin menunjukkan orang/benda yang sama dalam
sebuah kalimat bahasa Inggris. Dengan pronoun ini maka kegiatan yang dilakukan akan menunjuk balik kepada
orangnya. Bingung? Langsung aja deh, lihat tabelnya berikut ini:

Reflexive pronouns mempunyai 2 fungsi utama, yaitu:

6. Menggantikan subjek yang sama dalam sebuah kalimat. Baik orang ataupun benda. Contoh:
 They behaved themselves for a change.
 You will hurt yourself.
7. Memberikan tekanan kepada noun phrase. Contoh kalimatnya:
 She herself spoke to me.
 He wrote to me himself.
 Anto appealed to the captain himself.
Berikut ini beberapa kata yang sering digunakan bersama dengan reflexive pronouns!
 Amuse: The man amuses himself by reading a  Hurt: The elephant is hurting itself by hitting the
comic wall
 Cut: My sister cut herself with the sharpest knife  Introduce: the girl introduces herself in front of the
 Enjoy: I enjoyed myself at the party last night. class
 Dry: The cat dries itself under the sun  Pride: The boy prides himself by winning the
 Blame: The man blamed himself for the accident audition

Setelah kata”dress, hide, shave dan wash” kita juga biasanya dapat menggunakan reflexive pronoun. Mengapa? Hal
ini digunakan untuk menekankan atau menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu yang dilakukan tersebut, dilakukan sendiri oleh
subjeknya tanpa bantuan orang lain.
 He has learned to dress himself.
 He tries to shave himself.
d. Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns digunakan ketika kita ingin membuat sebuah relative clauses.
 Who adalah bentuk formal untuk subjective and objective cases
 Whom hanya digunakan dalam bentuk formalnya.
(Kita menggunakan who dan whom ketika kita ingin membicarakan tentang orang.)
 Whose adalah bentuk formal dimana kita fokus pada benda sebagai klu utama
 That mungkin bisa kita hilangkan dalam keadaan tertentu.
 Which dapat membicarakan personal atau non personal
 That biasanya digunakan hanya untuk non-personal nya saja.
 Where adalah bentuk yang akan digunakan jika kita membicarakan tentang tempat
 When adalah bentuk relative pronoun yang digunakan jika focus utamanya adalah waktu

For examples:
 The coach who taught me the rules of this game.  The car which we bought.
 The person whom they appointed. (formal)  The smart student that you gave a book.
 The person who they appointed. (less formal)

Selain yang disebutkan diatas, kita juga dapat menemukan jenis pronoun lainnya yaitu; nominal relative pronouns.
Berikut ini adalah tambahannya:
Whoever Whomever Whichever Whatever
Contoh kalimatnya:
 You may take what you wish.  Whatever I need is a long holiday
 You may take whatever you wish.  I will speak to whoever in Beach
 You may take whichever you wish.

e. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns adalah jenis pronoun yang paling banyak jika dibandingkan dengan pronoun jenis
lainnya. Indefinite pronouns kita gunakan ketika kita ingin menunjukkan orang lain atau sesuatu yang kita tidak ketahui
dengan baik atau tidak kita anggap penting.

*Keterangan:
 Secara umum kita menggunakan someone, somebody and something” ketika kita ingin mengungkapkan sebuah
statements/kalimat positif.
 Sedangkan “anyone, anybody and anything” biasanya kita gunakan untuk statements yang negatif.
Contohnya:
She has some close friends She doesn’t have any close friends
 Indefinite pronouns yang diakhiri dengan “thing” biasanya kita gunakan ketika kita ingin menjelaskan mengenai
benda, ide, atau aktifitas.
  Sedangkan indifinite pronoun yang diakhiri dengan kata “-one” atau “-body” kita gunakan untuk
menjelaskan/menerangkan mengenai orang/person.
Contohnya:
I did not see anything when I was here last night. Nobody beleived what the man said.

Penggunaan indefinite one- mempunyai arti yang berbeda.

Generic: one umumnya mempunya arti orang secara umum atau ‘people in general’.
Contohnya:
If one is concerned about the increasing deterioration of the environment, one must be prepared to accept a lower
standard of living.
Subtitute: one bisa juga digunakan untuk menggantikan sebuah kata benda (noun). Contohnya:
A: Do you want ice cream?
B: I’ll have a small one

f. Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative Adjectives are adjectives that have a special, simple function within the English language. They will
help us to indicate a noun and are within close proximity of that noun in a sentence. They are especially helpful
when you want to make it clear which noun/which thing you would like to talk about.
Jenis Demonstrative Adjective
Dalam bahasa Inggris, demonstrative adjectives ini dapat dikategorikan menjadi 2 bagian, yaitu:
1. Demonstrative Adjectives dalam bentuk tunggal/singular
 This —> ini (jaraknya dekat)
 That —> itu (jaraknya jauh)
 Yonder —> disebelah sana (jauh)
 Yon —> disana
 Former —> yang dulu
 Latter —> yang terakhir/belakangan
2. Demonstrative Adjectives dalam bentuk jamak/plural
 These —> ini (maknanya INI jaraknya dekat dan bendanya lebih dari satu/jamak)
 Those —> itu (maknanya ITU jaraknya jauh dan bendanya lebih dari satu/jamak)
Contoh Kalimat Demonstrative Adjective dan Artinya
 Those cars are mine.
 That car is mine.  Give me those books!  These documents must be
 This table is so rare.  Give me that pen! analyzed by him.
 These tables are new.  I need those data to prove my  This file must be analyzed by
 I asked my parents to buy that thesis. him.
ball.  I need this datum to finish my  Andika got those marbles from
 I asked my parents to buy those paper. his father.
balls.  What do you think about that  Andika got that computer from
 I bought this flower for you. supercar? his father.
 Anton arranged these  What do you think about those
flowers in the vase. supercars?

Perbedaan Antara Demonstrative Adjective Dan Demonstrative Pronoun

Jadi, demonstrative adjectives adalah kata sifat yang berada sebelum kata benda dan memiliki fungsi untuk
menerangkan noun. Sedangkan demonstrative pronouns hanya berfungsi untuk menggantikan kata benda/noun nya
baik dalam bentuk tunggal maupun jamak.
Perbedaan Demonstrative Adjective Dan Demonstrative Pronoun
 Choose the best answer! 10. I have so many plans. I am afraid that I can’t realize
1. In spite of her friends’complaints, she decided to live ___.
with ___ grandmother in Los Angeles. a. us c. you e. him
a. him c. her e. his b. them d. me
b. our d. us Exercise 2
2. If you to see my family next weekend, give ___ my best 1. Vina’s brother … is extremely dilligent, named his new
regards and don’t forget to bring the gifts. baby Tommy.
a. us c. them e. we a. That b. whom c. who
b. its d. it 2. The car … was bought by Adam two year ago has
3. I can’t understand ___ when they speak Spain. They broken down so many times.
seem weird. They should study more. a. Whom b. which c. whose
a. me c. his e. them 3. The man … is eating ramen noodles on the
b. her d. my convenience store lives near my house.
4. We can find the magazine in the library. ___ is very a. Which b. who c. whom
complete. We can find various books there. 4. The poor boy is sleeping on the mattress … is too dirty
a. my c. they e. it and old.
b. we d. she a. Which b. that c. whose
5. Nana felt worried about the children, so she asked ___ 5. The worker … you are looking won’t be back to the
husband not to go abroad for the job. office today.
a. his c. their e. him a. Whom b. for whom c. to whom
b. her d. its 6. Marie Curie, husband worked as a laboratory
6. We meet ___ friends at the mall yesterday. instructor, was a pioneer in the field of radiology.
a. our c. its e. me a. Whose b. who c. whom
b. your d. it 7. It was Sarah … couldn’t stop fooling around.
7. I can’t find ___ pencil. Can I borrow ___ , Diana? a. Whom b. that c. which
a. my, their c. my, your e. yours, mine 8. People … eat fruits and vegetables may have more
b. me, your d. my, yours attractive skin color.
8. Will you lend me your book? I will return ___ tomorrow. a. That b. which c. whom
I promise. 9. The software … maker was unknown was used by
a. me c. him e. us many retailers.
b. her d. it a. That b. whom c. whose
9. This building is so expensive for ___. We can’t pay such a 10. The person … I want to send this package has moved
high rent. We need to think again. to unknown location.
a. them c. us e. him a. to whom b. whom c. from whom
b. her d. it
10. I think ________ birds are back. I hear their sound
Exercise 3 fill the blank spaces with correct outside the house.
demonstrative pronoun Exercise 4 choose the correct reflexive pronoun
1. ________ book here is mine, but ________ one over 1. “You can make … happy every day.” said the therapist
there is hers. to her patients.
2. ______ pens here are his, but ____ over there are theirs. a. Yourself b. yourselves
3. My kid can’t eat all of ________ ice cream. 2. “Don’t harm …!” Wenny shouted to him.
4. A: (on the telephone) Hello? a. Himself b. yourself
B: Hi, Jack? 3. I think we need to allow … to grow stronger.
A: Yes, ________ is Jack speaking. Who is calling? a. Ourselves b. ourself
B: Hi, 4. My friends were talking among … and ignoring me.
5. Jack, ________ is Paul. a. Themselves b. ourselves
6. I found ________ necklace in the bedroom. Is it your 5. Susy and I will buy … something nice.
mom’s? a. Ourselves b. myself
7. ________ fried fish are delicious, Teddy. Would you like 6. Her son used to doubt … a lot.
a. Himself b. herself
to give me the recipe?
7. It is important that ones take time to understand …
8. I can’t complete ________ articles today. I’ll ask for a
before choosing a career.
help to my sister to work on them tonight. a. Oneselves b. themselves
9. ________ clothes here was made in China
 CHAPTER IV: ADJECTIVE
Pengertian & Fungsi Adjective
Menurut kamus Oxford ‘Adjectives are used to describe or specify a noun or pronoun’. Adjective adalah kata sifat.
Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa adjective merupakan kata yang berfungsi untuk mensifati atau menjelaskan keadaan
suatu kata benda (noun) maupun kata ganti (pronoun) dalam sebuah kalimat atau frasa. Untuk lebih jelasnya
perhatikanlah contoh adjective dalam tabel berikut ini.

Adjective Meaning Sentence

She is a beautiful girl
Beautiful Cantik
(Dia adalah seorang wanita yang cantik)
I just bring this small bag
Small Kecil
(Aku hanya membawa tas kecil ini)
I can’t bealive that he has become a strong man fast
Strong Kuat
(Aku tidak percaya bahwa dia sudah menjadi pria yang kuat dengan cepat)
Shinta is a diligent student in my class
Diligent Rajin
(Shinta adalah seorang siswi yang rajin di kelasku)
Peter is not a clever student
Clever Cerdas
(Peter bukanlah seorang siswa yang cerdas)
Take this dark ball!
Dark Gelap
(Ambil bola yang gelap ini!)
Are you crazy?
Crazy Gila
(Apa kau sudah gila?)
Contoh di atas adalah kata adjective dalam kalimat.
Order of adjectives – examples

Quantity Quality Purpose

Proper
Determiner or or Size Age Shape Color or Noun
adjective
number opinion qualifier

A beautiful old Italian sports car

The three beautiful little gold plates

heart- red
An amazing sofa
shaped and
white
More examples:
I love that really old big green antique car that always parked at the end of the street. [quality – age – size – color –
proper adjective]
My sister has a big, beautiful, tan and white, bulldog. [size – quality – color – color]
A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion – age – origin]
A big square blue box. [dimension – shape – color]
A disgusting pink plastic ornament. [opinion – color – material]
Some slim new French trousers. [dimension – age – origin]
A wonderful old Italian clock. [opinion – age – origin]
I bought a pair of black leather shoes. [color – material]

Jenis-Jenis Adjective
Pembahasan mengenai adjective tidak hanya sampai mengenai hal itu saja, akan tetapi adjective masih memiliki 2
pembagian lagi yaitu Limiting Adjective (LA) dan Descriptive Adjective (DA). Sebelum kita masuk ke contoh keduanya,
alangkah lebih baik jika kita mengenak terlebih dahulu apa itu limiting adjective dan descriptive adjective.
1. Limiting Adjective (LA)
Limiting adjective adalah kata sifat terbatas atau dapat disebut sebagai adjective yang memberikan batasan
terhadap noun dan tidak menunjukkan kondisi atau sifat dari noun tersebut.
Berikut yang merupakan bagian dari limiting adjective:
Article
Article (kata sandang)
Adjective Fungsi contoh
A (sebuah/ seorang) untuk kata yang mempunyai awalan kata konsonan a bowl, a can
An (sebuah/ seorang) kata yang mempunyai awalan kata vokal an artist, an action
kata yang menunjukkan benda tunggal, seperti: the
The The sun, the moon
sun

Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative Adjective (kata tunjuk)
Adjective Fungsi contoh
untuk menunjukkan kata benda bentuk tunggal yang
This (ini) This is my book
dekat
untuk menunjukkan kata benda bentuk jamak yang
These (ini) These dolls are cute
dekat
untuk menunjukkan kata benda bentuk tunggal yang
That (itu) That is whiteboard
jauh
untuk menunjukkan kata benda bentuk jamak yang
Those (itu) Those pens are ours
jauh

Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjective (kepemilikan)

Adjective Fungsi Contoh

untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan orang He has stolen my doll

My
pertama(kepunyaanku) (Dia sudah mencuri bonekaku)
untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan orang kedua Please put your bag on the table!
Your
(kepunyaanmu) (Tolong letakkan tasmu diatas meja!)
untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan orang ketiga lak- I didn’t kick his leg
His
laki (kepunyaannya lk) (Aku tidak menendang kakinya)
untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan orang ketiga Tommy is trying to get her love
Her
perempuan (kepunyaannya pr) (Tommy sedang mencoba untuk
untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan orang pertama Give mendapatkan cintanya)
back our books!
Our
jamak (kepunyaan kami) (Kembalikan buku-buku kami!)
untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan orang ketiga John didn’t take their pens yesterday
Their
jamak (kepunyaan mereka) (John tidak mengambil pulpen-pulpen
untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan benda atau mereka
I have a semalam)
pet and I love its cute eyes
Its
hewan (kepunyaannya benda mati atau hewan) (Aku punya hewan peliharaan dan aku
suka matanya yang lucu)
Indefinite Quantity
Indefinite Quantity (Jumlah tak tentu)
Adjective Fungsi contoh
untuk kata benda yang Countable atau dapat How many student in the school?
(Berapa banyak murid yang ada di
Many (banyak) dihitung, digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan
dalam kelas?)
introgatif saja
You don’t have much money
untuk kata benda yang Uncountable atau tidak
(Kamu tidak mempunyai cukup
Much (banyak) dapat dihitung, digunakan pada kalimat negatif
dan introgatif saja uang)
 Andy has bought a lot of toys
untuk kata benda yang Countable atau dapat (Andy sudah membeli banyak
A lot of (banyak)
dihitung, digunakan pada kalimat positif saja mainan)

Several polices come to his house

Several untuk kata benda yang Countable atau dapat (Beberapa polisi datang ke
(beberapa) dihitung rumahnya)

Numeral
Cardinal Number
seperti: 0 (zero), 1 (one), 2 (two), 3 (three), 4 (four),
(bilangan pokok)
5 (five), 6 (six), etc.
Ordinal Number
seperti: first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd), fourth
(bilangan bertingkat)
(4th), fifth (5th), sixth (6th), etc.

Numeral 1/2 = a half

2/4 = two-fourth
1/3 = a third
3 ½ = three and a half
Fraction Number (bilangan pecahan)
1/4 = a fourth / a
2/3 = two-third
quarter

2. Descriptive Adjective (DA)

Descriptive adjective merupakan adjective yang memberikan gambaran mengenai kondisi noun yang
disebutkan. Ada beberapa macam descriptive adjective yang perlu kalian ketahui. Berikut akan kamu uraikan
dalam tabel di bawah ini.
a. Jenis Descriptive Adjective
Descriptive Adjective
Macam Fungsi Contoh
good (baik), Ugly (jelek),
yang menunjukkan kualitas dari
Quality (kualitas) handsome (tampan), Bad
noun tersebut
(buruk), dan lain sebagainya
narrow (sempit), big (besar),
yang menunjukkan ukuran dari
Size (ukuran) short (pendek), tall (tinggi), dan
noun tersebut
lain sebagainya.
new (baru), old (tua), ancient
yang menunjukkan umur dari
Age (umur) (kolot), young (muda), dan lain
noun tersebut
sebagainya.
untuk menjelaskan suhu dari dingin (cold), panas (hot), hangat
Temperature (suhu)
noun tersebut (warm), dan lain sebagainya.
bulat (circle), segitiga (triangle),
untuk mejelaskan bentuk dari
Shape (bentuk) persegi (square), dan lain
noun tersebut
sebagainya.
brown (coklat), gray (abu-abu),
untuk menunjukkan warna dari
Colour (warna) green (hijau), dan lain
noun tersebut
sebagainya.
Malaysian (orang malaysia),
untuk menjelaskan kebangsaan
Nationality (kebangsaan) Brazilian (orang brazil), dan lain
dari noun tersebut
sebagainya.
Penggabungan antara adjective dan noun disebut dengan Noun Phrase (NP), serta memiliki rumus dasar sebagai
berikut:
LA + DA + Noun
Contoh:
Examples Meaning
A new car sebuah mobil baru
That old woman wanita tua itu
My handsome guy lelaki tampanku

b. Adjective Clause
Adjective clause adalah subordinate clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagaimana adjective, yakni
menjelaskan atau membatasi (pro) noun. Adjective clause selalu terletak setelah (pro) noun. Ada beberapa Relative
pronoun (kata penghubung) yang berada dalam adjective clause. Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikanlah kata yang
terdapat dalam tabel berikut ini.
That When
Where Which
Who Whom
Whose Why
Contoh:
Examples Meaning
The visitors who sit in front us are from Bangkok Para pengunjung yang duduk di depan kita berasal dari Bangkok
Gadis yang memakai pakaian hitam di pojok adalah mantan
The girl who wears black on the corner is my ex
pacarku
The guy who wears blue bag there is my best
Laki-laki yan memakai tas hitam di sana adalah sahabatku
friend

Ada beberapa fungsi relative pronoun yang perlu kalian ketahui.

Relative pronoun who, which, dan that berfungsi sebagai subjek dalam sebuah kalimat. Untuk lebih jelasnya
perhatikanlah contoh dalam tabel berikut ini.
Relative
Sentence sentence (Using adjective clause)
pronoun
 I taught the boy I taught the boy who came here
 He came here Who (Saya mengajari anak yang datang kemari)

 The pen is mine The pen which is on the table is mine

 It is on the table Which (Pulpen yang ada di atas meja adalah punya
saya)
 Peter loves the girl Peter loves the girl that is sitting in front of us
 The girl is sitting in front of us That (Peter menyukai wanita yang sedang duduk di
depan kita)
Catatan: ‘Who’ digunakan untuk menerangkan manusia (people), dan ‘which’ digunakan untuk menerangkan
sesuatu (things), sedangkan ‘that’ dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan (manusia atau sesuatu)

Relative pronoun whom, which, dan that memiliki dua fungsi, yang pertama ia berfungsi sebagai object of verbdan
yang kedua ia berfungsi sebagai object of preposition.
Adapun yang berfungsi sebagai object of verb akan kami uraikan dalam tabel di bawah ini.

Relative
Sentence sentence (Using adjective clause)
pronoun
Whom
 The girl is Susan
The girl whom you love is Susan
(Wanita yang kamu cintai adalah Susan)
 You love her
That
The girl that you love is Susan
 (Wanita yang kamu cintai adalah Susan)

The movie which I saw last night wasn’t

very good
Which
(Film yang aku tonton tadi malam tidak
 The movie wasn’t very good terlalu bagus)
 I saw it last night
The movie that I saw last night wasn’t
very good
That
(Film yang aku tonton tadi malam tidak
terlalu bagus)

Catatan:
Relative pronoun yang berfungsi sebagai objek dalam adjective clause sering kali dihilangkan. ‘Whom’ digunakan
untuk menerangkan manusia (people), dan ‘Which’ digunakan untuk menerangkan sesuatu (things), sedangkan ‘that’
dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan keduanya.
Adapun yang berfungsi sebagai object of verb diuraikan dalam tabel di bawah ini.

Relative
Sentence sentence (Using adjective clause)
pronoun
They are the students about whom I
Whom told you
(Mereka adalah murid-murid yang aku
ceritakan padamu)

 They are the students They are the students whom I told you
 I told you about them (Mereka adalah murid-murid yang aku
ceritakan padamu)

They are the students that I told you

That (Mereka adalah murid-murid yang aku
ceritakan padamu)

The music to which I listened yesterday

was good
Which (Musik yang aku dengarkan semalam
bagus)

The music which I listened to yesterday

 The music was good was good
 I listened to it yesterday (Musik yang aku dengarkan semalam
bagus)

The music that I listened to yesterday

That was good
(Musik yang aku dengarkan semalam
bagus)

Catatan:
Contoh pertama yang terletak sebelum adjective clause, digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Jika preposisi terletak
sebelum adjective clause, maka hanya menggunakan ‘Whom’ atau ‘Which’. Preposisi tidak dapat diikuti oleh ‘that’
atau ‘who’.
‘Whose’ digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan dan selalu diikuti oleh noun. ‘Whose’ dan noun yang
mengikutinya selalu terletak di permulaan adjective clause. ‘Whose’ tidak dapat dihilangkan. Untuk lebih jelasnya
perhatikanlah contoh dalam tabel berikut ini.
Relative
Sentence sentence (Using adjective clause)
pronoun
 I know the old man  I know the old man whose car was stolen
Whose
 His car was stolen (Aku kenal kakek yang mobilnya dicuri)
 Mary has a painting whose value is
 Mary has a painting inestimable
whose
 Its value is inestimable (Mary mempunyai sebuah lukisan yang
nilainya tidak terhitung)

‘Where’ digunakan dalam adjective clause yang menerangkan tempat. Sebelum ‘where’ selalu noun yang
menunjukkan tempat, seperti: bangunan, kota, negara, ruangan, dan lain sebagainya. Jika menggunakan ‘where’,
maka tidak perlu menggunakan preposisi. Jika tidak menggunakan ‘where’, maka harus menggunakan preposisi.
Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikanlah contoh dalam tabel berikut ini.

Relative
Sentence sentence (Using adjective clause)
pronoun
Where  The building where they live is very
old
(Bangunan yang mereka tinggali
sangat tua)
In which  The building in which they live is
very old
(Bangunan yang mereka tinggali
 The building is very old
sangat tua)
 They live there
Which  The building which they live is very
old
(Bangunan yang mereka tinggali
sangat tua)
That  The building that they live is very old
(Bangunan yang mereka tinggali
sangat tua)

c. Adjective dalam “Degree of Comparison”

Degree of comparison adalah membandingkan kualitas sifat (adjective) atau kualitas pekerjaan (adverb) dari dua
pelaku atau lebih. Misal:
1. Kamu lebih cantik dari pada saya. Kalimat tersebut membandingkan dua pelaku dari segi kualitas kecantikan
wajahnya.
2. Dani berjalan lebih cepat daripada Dono. Kalimat tersebut membandingkan kualitas pekerjaan (berjalan) dua
pelaku dimana Dani lebih cepat (faster) daripada Dono.
Macam-Macam Degree of Comparison
Degree of comparison dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi 3 jenis tingkatan: Positive, Comparative dan
Superlative.
1. Positive adalah membandingkan dua atau lebih orang atau sesuatu yang mempunyai kualitas kerja atau sifat
yang sama.
Contoh:
– Tono walks as fast as Toni (adverb). – Tini is as tall as Tina (adjective).
2. Comparative adalah membandingkan dua atau lebih orang atau sesuatu yang mempunyai kualitas kerja atau
sifat yang tidak sama, dimana salah satunya lebih jika dibanding yang lainnya.
Contoh:
– he is taller than me (adjective) – Jono plays piano as well as Joni (adverb)
3. Superlative untuk membandingkan seseorang atau sesuatu dengan group atau kelompoknya.
Contoh:
– I am the most handsome in Gembiraloka zoo (adjective)
 – Captain America runs the slowest super hero I ever see (adverb)

C. Peraturan Degree of Comparison

1. Penggunaan comparative dan superlative tergantung dari jumlah suku kata adjective-nya (kata sifatnya).
e.g: Tall (1 suku kata), Famous (2 suku kata), Beautiful (3 suku kata)
 1 suku kata: tinggal nambahi -est/-er di belakangnya.
Contoh: I am slimer than you. My father is oldest in my family.
 2 suku kata. Ada yang menggunakan more ada yang menggunakan -er untuk comparative. Untuk superlative
ada yang menggunakan -est ada yang menggunakan most.
Contoh: Tukul more famous than Gogon atau boleh juga Tukul cleverer than Gogon; We are the
cleverest/most clever creation of God.
 3 atau lebih. Musti wajib bin harus pake Most dan More.
Contoh: She is the most beautiful girl in my life.
2. Pengecualian:
 Beberapa kata sifat dalam comparative dan superlative akan mengalami pen-double-an huruf terakhir.
Seperti: big>bigger dan biggest; sad> sadder dan saddest.
 Kalau kata sifat diakhiri dengan huruf “y”, maka diganti dengan “i”. Seperti: happy>happiest dan happier
 Pengecualian alias khusus kata-kata di bawah ini perubahannya adalah sebagai berikut:
Positive Comparative Superlative

badly worse worst

far further furthest

little less least

much more most

well better best

Bad Worse worst

Good Better Best

Little Less Least

Perubahan Bentuk pada Comparative dan Superlative Degree (Adverb)

Regular Form
Adverb mengalami perubahan bentuk ketika digunakan sebagai perbandingan. Pada regular form, perubahan
bentuk kata sifat ini mengikuti pola tertentu.
Aturan Contoh Kalimat

One Syllable (Satu Suku Kata)

Pada comparative degree, He drove faster than I did.

adverb yang terdiri dari satu (Dia mengemudi lebih cepat dari saya.)
suku kata
ditambahkan suffix (akhiran) In order to pass the exam, she must study harder than ever.
–er. Sedangkan (Agar lulus ujian, dia harus belajar lebih keras dari sebelumnya.)
pada superlative degree,
ditambahkan -est. He drove the fastest in the country.
Contoh Comparative (Dia mengemudi tercepat di negaranya.)
Degree:
 fast-faster In order to get the best score, she must study the hardest of all her
 hard-harder classmates.
Contoh Superlative Degree: (Agar mendapatkan nilai terbaik, dia harus belajar lebih keras dari semua
 fast-fastest teman sekelasnya.)
 hard-hardest

More than One Syllable (Lebih dari Satu Suku Kata)

Pada comparative I can speak English more fluently than you can.
degree, adverb yang lebih dari (Saya dapat berbicara bahasa Inggris lebih fasih dari kamu.)
suku kata,
ditambahkan more didepannya. My mother said that she can cook breakfast more quickly than usual.
Sedangkan pada superlative (Ibu saya mengatakan bahwa dia dapat membuat sarapan lebih cepat dari
degree, ditambahkan most. biasanya.)
Contoh Comparative Degree:
 fluently-more fluently She speaks English the most fluently in the office.
 gently-more gently (Dia berbicara bahasa Inggris terfasih di kantor tsb.)
 quickly-more quickly
Contoh Superlative Degree:
 fluently-most fluently
 gently-most gently Of all my assistants, he can write a report the most quickly.
 quickly-most quickly (Dari semua asistenku, dia dapat menulis laporan tercepat.)
1. Rita can walk … than you think.
a. more far b. further c. furthest
2. I hope tomorrow will be … than today.
a. Best b. better c. good
3. He runs as … as molasses in January.
a. Slow b. slowest c. slower
4. The modern wind turbine works the …
a. more efficiently b. most efficiently c. efficiently
5. He has the … house among all his friends.
a. Big b. biggest c. bigger
6. I have no idea why he spoke … than before.
a. more gently b. gently c. gentlier
7. Krystal is as … as her sister.
a. more beautiful b. most beautiful c. beautiful
8. If only I could find the … path from node x to node y.
a. Easiest b. more easy c. easier
9. The man treated his stepchildren … than animals.
a. Badly b. worst c. worse
10. Your spicy ramen noodle is … than mine.
a. Hot b. hotter c. hottest
11. He works ... (hard) than anyone else.
Harder more hard
12. I was told to drive ... (carefully).
Carefullier more carefully
13. Wawan struck the golf ball well, but his brother struck it ... (well)
Better more well
14. She wakes up ... (early) than she used to.
Earlier more early
15. Do really men talk ... (little) than women?
more little less
16. They arrived ... (late) than us.
more late later
17. Why did the toddlers act ... (badly) than before?
Worse more badly
18. Pronghorns run ... (fast) than springboks.
more fast faster

Choose the best answer for each sentence.

1. The house is __________________.
a. large and white
b. white and large
c. large white
2. They live in a __________________ house.
a. large and white
b. white and large
c. large white
3. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
a. We took a ride on a blue, old Chinese bus.
b. We took a ride on a Chinese, old, blue bus.
c. We took a ride on an old, blue Chinese bus.
4. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
a. I’d like three good reasons why you don’t like spinach.
b. I’d like a good three reasons why you don’t like spinach.
c. I’d like good reasons three why you don’t like spinach.
5. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
a. I like that really big red old antique tractor in the museum.
b. I like that really big old red antique tractor in the museum.
 c. I like that old, red, really big antique tractor in the museum.
6. Which sentence uses the correct order of adjectives?
a. My brother rode a beautiful big black Friesian horse in the parade.
b. My brother rode a beautiful Friesian big black horse in the parade.
c. My brother rode a big, black, beautiful Friesian horse in the parade.

For each of the following sentences, choose the correct order of adjectives to fill in the blank.
7. My grandmother lives in the ________________________ house on the corner
a. little blue, green and white
b. little blue and green and white
c. little, blue, green, and white
8. The store carries an assortment of _____________________ objects.
a. interesting new, old and antique
b. new, old, interesting and antique
c. interesting, old and new and antique
9. We went for a two-week cruise on a __________________________ ocean liner.
a. incredible brand-new, huge Italian
b. incredible, huge, brand-new Italian
c. Italian incredible, brand-new, huge
For each of the following sentences, choose the correct order of adjectives to fill in the blank.
10. I bought a pair of _________________ boots.
a. new, nice, red rain
b. nice new red rain
c. red nice new rain
11. My dad was thrilled with his gift of ______________________ bowties for his clown act.
a. three squirting new nice big polka-dotted
b. three polka-dotted nice new squirting
c. three nice big new polka-dotted squirting
12. Please put the marbles into that ______________________ box.
a. round little old red
b. little old round red
c. little old red round
13. I was surprised to receive a __________________ puppy for my birthday.
a. little, cute, eight-week-old golden retriever
b. cute eight-week-old little golden retriever
c. cute little eight-week-old golden retriever
14. Our work uniform consists of black pants, black shoes, and a ________________ shirt.
a. yellow baggy big polo
b. big baggy yellow polo
c. baggy yellow big polo
15. I’ve been spending a lot of time in antique shops looking for the perfect _______________ clock.
a. little silver Italian cuckoo
b. little Italian silver cuckoo
c. silver little Italian cuckoo
 CHAPTER V: ADVERBS
A. Pengertian dan jenis Adverb
Adverb (kata keterangan) adalah merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech yang digunakan untuk
mendeskripsikan atau menerangkan verb (kata kerja), adjective (kata sifat), maupun adverb lain. Jika kamu mendapati
sebuah kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris mengandung kata yang belakangnya diakhiri dengan -ly seperti quickly, slowly
dan lain sebagainya, nah kemungkinan besar itu adalah adverb, dan ketika ada adverb, tentu ada salah satu dari ketiga
unsur di atas (verb, adjective, adverb) yang diterangkan. Namun ingat, banyak juga adverb yang memang terlahir
sebagai adverb sehingga tidak membutuhkan akhiran –ly seperti fast, well dsb. Dalam percapakan maupun tulisan kata
adverb banyak sekali digunakan. Oleh karena itu, jika ingin mahir berbahasa Inggris, materi adverb merupakan salah
satu grammar yang harus dikuasi dengan baik.
Adverb merupakan kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan verb, adjective, ataupun adverb lain.
Kata ini dapat dibedakan menjadi:
adverb of time (waktu), manner(cara), degree (derajat), modality(kemungkinan), frequency(frekuensi), place &
direction(tempat & arah), dan focus (fokus).
Adverb Position
Adverb dapat menempati berbagai posisi didalam suatu kalimat. Kata keterangan ini mungkin dapat ditempatkan di
awal, di tengah, atau di akhir kalimat. Penempatan adverb di tengah kalimatpun dapat dibedakan lagi menjadi:
setelah linking verb be, setelah auxiliary verb, atau sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama). Penjelasan dan beberapa
contohnya adalah sebagai berikut.
Adverb Position Contoh Kalimat Adverb

Time (contoh: finally, recently, today)

Tita finally found a solution to solve her academic problem.)

Sebelum verb (Tita akhrinya menemukan sebuah solusi untuk mengatasi
masalah akademiknya.)

The children have recently gone home.

Diantara auxiliary verb dengan main verb
(Anak-anak baru saja pulang.)

Rita arrives from Osaka today.

atau
Di akhir/awal kalimat
Today, Rita arrives from Osaka.
(Hari ini Rita tiba dari Osaka.)

Frequency (contoh: always, rarely, sometimes)

I usually wake up at 4 a.m.

sebelum verb
(Saya biasanya bangun jam 4 pagi.)

That man isalways angry.

setelah be
(Pria itu selalu marah.)

She has rarely prepared a delicious breakfast in 5 minutes.

diantara auxiliary verb dengan main verb
(Dia jarang telah menyiapkan sarapan lezat dalam 5 menit.)
di akhir/awal kalimat
(berlaku
untuk: usually, often, frequently, sometimes,
dan occasionally;tidak berlaku Sometimes I feel bored with my work.
untuk: always, ever, rarely, seldom, (Kadang-kadang aku merasa bosan dengan pekerjaanku.)
dannever; namun always & never dapat
berada di awal kalimat ketika digunakan
pada kalimat imperative.

Manner (contoh: automatically, fast, gently)

He always drives fast.

setelah main verb jika tidak ada object
(Dia selalu mengemudi dengan cepat.)

setelah main verb + object I will wipe my LCD screen gently.

(transitive) (Saya akan melap layar LCD-mu dengan lembut.)

diantara auxiliary verb dengan main The toaster will automatically turn off.
verb (Pemanggang roti akan mati secara otomatis.)

Modality (contoh: certainly, definitely, maybe)

The organic brown rice is definitely great for your health.

setelah be (Beras merah organik tersebut pasti bagus buat
kesehatanmu.)

You will likely regret your decision one day.

diantara auxiliary verb dengan main verb (Dia mungkin akan sangat menyesali keputusannya suatu hari
nanti.)

I certainly want to come to my birthday party.

sebelum main verb
(Aku tentunya ingin kamu datang ke perta ultahku.)

Maybe I call her tonight.

di awal kalimat (maybe, perhaps)
(Mungkin saya akan meneleponnya nanti malam.)

Place & Position (contoh: above, here, north, there)

The jet plane flew above.

setelah main verb jika tidak ada object
(Pesawat jet terbang di atas.)

setelah main verb + object He watched the football match there.

(transitive) (Dia menonton pertandingan bola di sana.)
B. Jenis Adverb.
Adverb of Manner.
Aturan pada Adverb of Manner
Pada kalimat yang menggunakan transitive verb (membutuhkan object), adverb of manner tidak diletakkan
diantara verb dengan object.
Contoh:
 He read carefully the instructions. [SALAH]
 He read the instructions carefully. [BENAR]
Beberapa Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Manner
Contoh Adverb of
Arti Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Manner
Manner

secara The toaster will automatically turn off.

automatically
otomatis (Pemanggang roti akan mati secara otomatis.)

The rich woman learned from experts how to arrange

dengan flowers beautifully.
beautifully
cantik (Wanita kaya tersebut belajar dari para ahli bagaimana
cara merangkai bunga dengan cantik.)

Students have to walk calmly in the school.

dengan
calmly (Para siswa harus berjalan dengan tenang di dalam
tenang
sekolah)

Please read the instructions carefully before you filling the

secara hati- form.
carefully
hati (Tolong baca instruksi tersebut dengan hati-hati sebelum
kamu mengisi formulir.)

He said that he always drives fast.

dengan
fast (Dia mengatakan bahwa dia selalu mengemudi dengan
cepat
cepat.)

The requirement to join the program is can speak

dengan English fluently.
fluently
lancar (Syarat untuk bergabung program itu adalah dapat
berbicara bahasa inggris dengan lancar.)

secara You will wipe my LCD screen gently, will you?

gently
lembut (Kamu akan melap layar LCD-ku dengan lembut kan?)

The new young married couple live happily in their small

dengan cottage.
happily
bahagian (Pasangan pengantin muda baru itu hidup dengan bahagia
di pondok kecil mereka.)
 He wanted to know the difference between
dengan working hard and working smart.
hard
keras (Dia ingin tau perbedaan antara bekerja keras dengan
bekerja cerdas.)

I prefer to live peacefully to hate other people even

secara though they tease me.
peacefully
damai (Saya lebih memilih hidup secara damai daripada
membenci orang lain meskipun mereka menjahati saya.)

dengan My mother got up early and cooked breakfast quickly.

quickly
cepat (Ibuku bangun pagi dan memasak sarapan dengan cepat.)

dengan She carried out the homework slowly.

slowly
lambat (Dia mengerjakan PR dengan lambat)

The rain came suddenly without little warning.

secara tiba-
suddenly (Hujan datang secara tiba-tiba tanpa peringatan
tiba
sedikitpun.)

bersama- Let’s do over this report together.

together
sama (Ayo ulangi laporan ini bersama-sama.)

Chewing our food well may be one of the simple acts to

help our digestion.
well dengan baik
(Menguyah makan dengan baik mungkin satu dari
tindakan sederhana untuk membantu pencernaan kita.)
1. Adverb of Time.
Pengertian Adverb of Time
Adverb of time adalah adverb (kata keterangan) yang digunakan untuk menyatakan waktu terjadinya suatu
kegiatan atau peristiwa. When merupakan kata tanya yang dapat digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan untuk
menunjukkan adverb of time.
Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Time
Contoh Adverb of Time Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Time

I, together with my pals, already have eaten lunch.

already (sudah)
(Saya bersama para sahabat sudah makan siang.)

Tita finally found a solution to solve her academic problem.)

finally (akhirnya) (Tita akhrinya menemukan sebuah solusi untuk mengatasi
masalah akademiknya.)

The children recently went home.

recently (baru saja)
(Anak-anak baru saja pulang.)

Please call me later, I’m studying now.

now (sekarang)
(Tolong hubungi lagi nanti, saya sedang belajar sekarang.)

Athiya arrives from Osaka today.

today (hari ini)
(Athiya tiba dari Osaka hari ini.)

She’ll prepare for the final test from now to the next
from … to/until saturday.
… (dari…sampai) (Dia akan mempersiapkan tes akhir dari sekarang sampai
sabtu depan.)

In the 20th century, there are so many social networking

in the 20th century (abad
websites.
keduapuluh),
(Pada abad keduapuluh, ada begitu banyak website jejaring
in the past (dulu)
sosial.)

ago (yang lalu), They sent a box of tiramisu cake to me eleven days ago.
two days ago (dua hari lalu), (Mereka mengirim sekotak kue tiramisu untukku sebelah
a month ago (satu bulan lalu) hari yang lalu.)

last tuesday (selasa lalu)

last week (minggu lalu), I paid a call my friend in the hospital last week.
last month (bulan lalu), (Saya menjenguk teman di rumah sakit minggu kemarin.)
last year (tahun lalu)

yesterday (kemarin),
yesterday morning (kemarin
pagi),
He got the birthday surprise party yesterday.
yesterday afternoon (kemarin
(Dia mendapat kejutan pesta ulang tahun kemarin.)
siang),
yesterday night (kemarin
malam)

The factory has operated since 1983.

since 1983 (sejak 1983)
(Pabrik tersebut telah beroparasi sejak 1983.)
 She was poor then.
then (pada saat itu)
(Dia miskin pada saat itu.)

tomorrow (besok), She’ll have dinner at the cafe near her home tomorrow.
tomorrow morning (besok pagi) (Dia akan makan malam di kafe dekat rumah besok.)

2. Adverb of Frequency.
Pengertian Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of Frequency adalah adverb (kata keterangan) yang menyatakan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan atau
peristiwa dilakukan atau terjadi. Kata keterangan ini terdiri dari adverb of quantity dan adverb of number.
How often dapat digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan untuk menunjukkan quantity sedangkan how many
times untuk number.
Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of Frequency Contoh Kalimat

I always eat hygiene food to avoid stomach ache.

(Saya selalu makan makanan higienis untuk menghindari
always (selalu) sakit perut.)

My mother often surprises me with her ideas.

often (sering/75-90%) (Ibu saya sering mengejutkan dengan ide-idenya.)

She frequently rearranges her bedroom.

frequently(seringkali) (Dia seringkali menata ulang kamar tidurnya.)

I usually wake up at 4 a.m.

usually (biasanya) (Saya biasanya bangun jam 4 pagi.)

The worker sometimes feels bored with his work.

sometimes(kadang- (Pegawai tersebut kadang merasa bosan dengan
Adverb kadang) pekerjaannya.)
of
Quantity The old man, her prospective father-in-law, hardly ever goes
to the mall.
hardly ever(hampir tidak (Pria tua itu, calon bapak mertuanya, hampir tidak pernah ke
pernah) mall.)

Tina seldom washes her shoes by herself.

seldom (jarang (10-25%) (Tina jarang mencuci sepatunya sendiri.)

The rich man is rarely at home.

rarely (jarang/1-10%) (Pria kaya itu jarang ada di rumah.)

He occasionally climbs a mountain and sleeps in a tent.

occasionally(sekali-kali) (Dia sekali-kali mendaki gunung dan tidur di tenda.)

She never sheds tears in front of other people.

never (tidak pernah) (Dia tidak pernah menetaskan air mata di depan orang lain.)

I do the exercise three times a week to gain my muscle

Adverb once(sekali), mass.
of twice/two times(dua (Saya berlatih tiga kali seminggu untuk menambah massa
Number kali), otot.)
 three times (tiga kali),
four times (empat kali)

3. Adverb of Degree.
Pengertian Adverb of Degree
Adverb of degree adalah adverb (kata keterangan) yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sampai seberapa jauh
(tingkatan atau derajat) suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa.
Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Degree
Adverb of degree pada dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb lain pada suatu kalimat.
Contoh adverb of degree berdasarkan posisi dan maknanya adalah sebagai berikut.
Berdasarkan Posisi
Posisi dan Contoh Adverb of
Fungsi Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Degree
Degree

sebelum main verb atau He strongly recommended the book.

diantara auxilliary dan main verb
(completely, strongly, entirely,
Menerangkan positively, totally) I will totally support you.
verb

setelah main verb

(a lot, much, a great deal) She talked a lot.

sebelum adjective
(extremely, really, very) The weather is very cold.

Menerangkan sebelum & sesudah adjective She is so generous that the poors
adjective (so…that, too…to) love her.

sesudah adjective
(enough) The juice is sweet enough.

sebelum adverb She was swimming so beautifully at

(extremelly, so, too) this time yesterday.

Menerangkan sebelum & sesudah adverb The student studied too hard to pass
adverb (so…that, too…to) the test.

sesudah adverb
(enough) He drives slowly enough.
Berdasarkan makna
Contoh Kalimat Adverb of
Fungsi Makna dan Contoh Adverb of Degree
Degree

sangat … sekali
(absolutely, fully, I absolutely agree with your
highly) opinion.

seberapa sangat A mother is a person

banyak (moderately, really, who really
trully) loves you.

kurang She barely plays basketball

(barely, hardly) before.
Menerangkan
verb
keseluruhan
(completely, entirely, Your parents
totally) will totally support your goal.

sebagian
seberapa complete
(almost, partly,
somewhat) The task is almost finished.

hampir tidak
(barely, hardly) He barely helps his mother.

sangat … sekali atau

berlebihan
(awfully, extremely, The student
too) is extremelydilligent.

sangat
(rather, really, so) The man is rather unfaithful.
seberapa banyak
sedang
(moderately,
somewhat) She is moderately stressful.
Menerangkan
adjective kurang
(fairly, hardly) His room is hardly clean.

keseluruhan
(completely, Your design
practically) is practicallyperfect.

seberapa complete sebagian My project

(partially, somewhat) is partially complete.

hampir tidak Your hypothesis

(barely, hardly) was hardlyacceptable.

Menerangkan berlebihan
seberapa banyak
adverb (excessively, too) He works too hard.
 sangat The fat woman
(extremely, really, so) walks extremelyslowly.

sedang The defendant

(relatively, somewhat) spoke relativelyhonestly.

kurang The boy learned

(fairly, slightly) math fairlyquickly.

4. Adverb of Place & Direction.

Pengertian Adverb of Place and Direction
Adverb of place and direction adalah adverb (kata keterangan) yang digunakan untuk menyatakan tempat dan
arah terjadinya suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa.
Adapula adverbial berupa prepositional phrase (berupa preposition of place) yang dapat berfungsi seperti adverb
of place.
Where dapat digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan untuk menunjukkan adverb of place and direction.
Contoh Kalimat Adverb (ial) of Place and Direction
Contoh Adverb(ial) of Place and
Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Place
Direction

here (di sini/ke sini) He is watching the football match there.

there (di sana/ke sana) (Dia sedang menonton pertandingan bola di sana.)

Alma works in Bandung for a while.

in bandung (di Bandung)
(Alma bekerja di Bandung untuk sementara.)

north (utara)
south (selatan) My apartment faces north.
east (timur) (Apartemen saya menghadap utara.)
west (barat)

north of… (utara dari…)

south of… (selatan dari…) They built a house ten miles west of Cilegon.
east of… (timur dari…) (Mereka membangun rumah sepuluh kilometer ke barat dari
west of Cilegon (barat dari Cilegon.)
Cilegon)

I’m on a flight to Jakarta.

to Jakarta (ke Jakarta)
(Saya sedang dalam penerbangan ke Jakarta.)

above (di atas)

upstairs (di atas)
The jet plane flew above.
below (di bawah)
(Pesawat jet terbang di atas.)
back (di belakang)
around (sekeliling)

She lives away from her parents.

away (jauh)
(Dia tinggal jauh dari orangtua nya.)

somewhere (di suatu tempat) You can find the mineral water everywhere.
everywhere (dimana-mana) (Kamu dapat menemukan mineral water itu dimana-mana.)
 Give a suitable adverb to fill the blank space!
1. The snail crawled…..along the path
2. The sun shone…..through the window
3. The children in the choir sang…..
4. The twins played…in the park.
5. James ran…..and won the race.
6. The giant…..ate up all the cows in the field.
7. The rain fell…..and we all got very wet.
8. You must play…..or someone will get hurt.
9. The witch…..turned Adam into a toad.
10. The dog…..after the ball.
Choose the best adverb regarding to the sentence!
11. Indonesia … (always, celebrate) its Independence Day in August.
12. She … (never, be) ready when I pick her up.
13. The workers … (seldom, be) late for work.
14. He … (often, feel) overly tired after eating.
15. I … (usually, double-check) my front door before leaving for work.
16. Rafista … (never, drink) coffee in the morning.
17. The swimming pool … (rarely, be) busy, so I feel that I have it.
18. We … (hardly ever, see) each other because of our different routines.
19. How … (often, do) you exercise? At least once a week.
Translate these sentences !
20. I was born in Lampung Timur ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
21. My mother standing here ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
22. I saw Lisa was standing there ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
23. Santo’s house faces east ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
24. I went to Bali ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
25. He run away from Lidia ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
26. You can find the sign everywhere ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
27. Alya meet with Robi in somewhere ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
28. They can get the book from upstairs of building ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
29. He standing back of the black car ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
CHAPTER VI: PREPOSITIONS
PENGERTIAN PREPOSITION
 Preposition adalah kata yang dikombinasikan dengan noun atau pronoun, membentuk phrase (frasa) yang
menerangkan verb, noun, atau adjective. Kata ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech yang berfungsi
menunjukkan hubungan antara object of preposition (berupa noun, pronoun, gerund, atau noun clause yang
mengikuti preposition) dengan elemen kata lain di dalam suatu kalimat.
 At, in, on, above, dan below antara lain merupakan contoh common preposition (kata depan yang sering digunakan
dalam bahasa inggris).
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Kombinasi antara preposition dengan object (noun, pronoun, gerund, atau noun clause) membentuk prepositional
phrase. Preposition-nya sendiri dapat hanya terdiri dari satu kata (simple — at, on, in), atau gabungan dengan part of
speech lain (complex — along with, as well as, by means of).
Contoh Prepositional Phrase:
 Under the bridge
 At school
 Because of you
MACAM DAN CONTOH PREPOSITION
Berdasarkan fungsinya, ada beberapa macam preposition. Berikut diantaranya.
 Preposition of time: untuk memberi petunjuk waktu (at night, after lunch, during the storm),
 Preposition of place and position: untuk memberi petunjuk tempat atau posisi (among his friends, inside my
pc, outside the auditorium),
 Preposition of movement: untuk memberi petunjuk arah pergerakan (towards the post office, go up stairs, out
of the hall).

PREPOSITION VS CONJUNCTION
Ada beberapa yang mungkin membingungkan, mana yang subordinate conjunction dan mana yang kata depan
karena kemiripan struktur dan/atau maknanya. Contohnya antara lain: after, before, since, dan until yang dapat
digunakan baik sebagai subordinate conjunction maupun preposition.

a. Pengertian Preposition of Time

Preposition of time adalah preposition yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu. Waktu itu ditampilkan dalam
gabungan preposition dengan kata benda yang mengikutinya (object of preposition) membentuk prepositional
phrase.
Contoh Preposition of Time
Beberapa preposition of time yang umum digunakan beserta makna dan contoh kalimat dapat dilihat pada tabel
sebagai berikut.
Contoh
Abjad Preposition of Makna Contoh Prepositional Phrase
Time

after sesudah after lunch

jam at 9 in the morning, at09:00, at 9 o’clock

A hari, bagian hari at midday, at noon, atnight, at midnight

at
hari libur dan raya at lebaran, at new year, [ENG]at weekend

at the end (pada saat semua berakhir)

B by menjelang (pada/sebelum waktu) by the end of this month

D during selama during the trip

F for selama for a week

 untuk jam (tertentu) for 7 pm

from dimulai pada.. from morning to night

Waktu yang terentang lama: tahun, bulan,

in 1987
dan abad

at some time during, at the time of in the morning

dalam periode waktu mendatang in 3 months

I In
durasi (dalam, selama…) in two weeks

[phrase]In time
(pada waktunya)

[phrase]In the end

((pada) akhirnya)

of sebelum five minutes of nine o’clock

to or at a particular distance away in time

off several minutes off
or space

on tuesday morning, on Juli 23,

O nama hari, tanggal, hari libur, & hari raya
1987, on lebaran day
on
[phrase]on time
(tepat waktu; tidak telat)

over selama (periode) over holiday, over earth hour

P past melebihi 45 past eight

S since sejak since yesterday

till sampai, hingga till wednesday morning

T
to kurang 5 to nine

hingga; situasi yg berlangsung dan akan

U until berakhir pada waktu tertentu di masa until morning
depan

Pengertian Preposition of Place and Position

 Preposition of place and position adalah preposition yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tempat atau posisi.
Tempat atau posisi itu ditampilkan dalam gabungan preposition dengan kata benda yang mengikutinya (object of
preposition) membentuk prepositional phrase.
 Preposition of place and position digunakan untuk menunjukkan posisi object of preposition terhadap kata benda
lain yaitu subject atau object of sentence.
Contoh Preposition of Place and Position
Beberapa contoh preposition of place and position yang umum digunakan adalah sebagai berikut.
Contoh Preposition of
Abjad Makna Contoh Prepositional Phrase
Place and Position

aboard di atas, naik ke atas aboard the roof

about di seputar, di dekat about my home

benda diam di atas benda lain above us

above
sebelumnya/diatasnya (tulisan) see above

di atas/lebih tinggi dari above/over his fence

above/over
tidak menyentuh; kontradiksi dengan on above/over the floor

against menempel pada against the wet floor

along di sepanjang along the Surapati street

alongside di tepi alongside Mahakam river

amid(st) di tengah amid(st) of the dinning room

[tempat]diantara: seragam, diantara tiga atau

lebih
A
among among his friends
[tempat]diantara: satu dari, sebagian dari,
termasuk

dekat, berada di daerah bersangkutan, di

around/about around/about this street
sekeliling, di sekitar

terletak pada suatu ukuran/batasan yang at Bandung Super Mall,at the top
tidak jelas of the page

dipakai dengan benda-benda yang sulit

at the door
ditempati di atas/dalamnya

at tempat (umum) beraktivitas at home, at work, atschool

titik tertentu at the bus stop, at the airport

tempat (posessive) at Edi’s house

tempat (posisi) at the bottom, at the top

away from jauh dari away from home

behind di belakang behind the bookstore

B
beside pinggir, di samping beside Andy
 below di bawah

beneath di bawah, lebih rendah daripada beneath the highway

diantara: berbeda dan terpisah, diantara dua;

between between Rian and his brother
perbedaan diantara satu dengan lainnya

dekat; benda/hal lebih dekat ke benda

by stand by her
lainnya

bermakna “di dalam” (memiliki panjang x

in a box, in the class, inthe sea
lebar x tinggi atau ruang tertutup)
In
a position surrounded by an area with and in the street, in the window, in the
not beyond an open space garden

inside (berada) di dalam inside my PC

I
Tedi sits in front of me
in front of [tempat]di depan
(Tedi duduk di depanku)

The table is put in the middle of

the dinning room
in the middle [tempat]di tengah
(Meja tersebut diletakkan di
tengah ruang makan)

near dekat, di pinggir near the market and bank

N
next to di sebelah next to me

on the floor, on the ground, on the

posisi sesuatu yang menyentuh permukaan
grass

on the right place, on the first

bermakna “di” (posisi)
floor, on the top
on
jalan on Ciung Street

di atas/puncak pada permukaan horizontal on top of the page

O di pinggir on the lake, on the border

punya penekanan batas (wadah, tembok, dll):

outside outside the auditorium
(berada) di luar

menutupi benda lain over my bedroom’s floor

over
[phrase]see over
(lihat berikutnya)

over/above lihat above

R round disekeliling round the tent

 letak, posisi yang memiliki arti lebih rendah
under under the car
(umum), di bawah
U
letak benda yang berada pada posisi di bawah
underneath underneath the Tenses book
benda lain, di bawah

Pengertian Preposition of Movement

 Preposition of movement adalah preposition yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan gerakan. Gerakan itu
ditampilkan dalam gabungan preposition dengan noun yang mengikutinya (bertindak sebagai object of
prepositions) membentuk prepositional phrase.
 Kata ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan gerakan subject atau object of sentence (subjek atau objek dari kalimat)
terhadap object of preposition (objek daripreposition).
Contoh Preposition of Movement
Beberapa contoh preposition of movement yang umum digunakan serta contoh prepositional phrase-nya adalah
sebagai berikut.
Abjad Contoh Prep. of Movement Makna Contoh Prepositional Phrase

around/about mengelilingi/sekitar around/about the world

A away from menjauh dari away from me

away to melaju ke/menuju ke away to fitness center

B by/past melewati past the train station

D down menuruni down the hills

inside punya penekanan batas (wadah, tembok, dll) come inside

I
into (menuju) ke dalam, ke arah into the gymnasium

off lepas/copot; kontradiksi dengan onto take off

onto (menuju) ke atas onto the hill

O keluar dari batas yang diijinkan out of the hall

out of
keluar dari dalam out of home

over benda yang menyebrangi benda lain over the sea

P past lihat by

to ke, menuju, kepada to Phuket

T
toward(s) menuju towards the bank

U up naik ke go up stairs
1. She has no control (with / over / on) that dog!
2. He was somewhere (along / between / among) Berlin and München.
3. Which way (up / about / over) does this box go?
4. They walked (up / beyond / aside) to the end of the street.
5. He failed (through / for / with) lack of work.
6. The car went (against / past / around) us at a very high speed!
7. They sang (throughout / along / over) the long walk home.
8. He managed to pass (from / with / by) studying hard.
9. Be careful! Don’t go (beyond / without / over) the trees.
10. Don’t feel guilty (with / about / from) being late.
11. My brother is really (for / over / into) snowboarding – he goes every winter.
12. You should be pleased (over / for / with) the results.
13. It was sunny all (round / between / through) the summer months.
14. The bus stops just (to / down / before) the traffic lights.
15. The shares have risen (at / up / to) six euros each.
16. I have spent three years (to / at / for) that company.
17. The proposal is (with / for / under) consideration at the moment.
18. The shopkeeper chased (behind / after / along) the thieves.
19. We were delighted (of / for / by) her news.
20. From the house we could walk (below / beyond / down) to the sea.
21. The project will be finished (from / under / inside) two weeks.
22. We live within a mile (to / by / of) the school.
23. He recovered (from / with / over) his illness quickly.
24. She was very upset – she looked (near / about / around) to tears.
25. I want to improve (by / with / on) my last exam results.
26. The break (around / without / between) lectures lasts 15 minutes.
27. He was proud (in / of / for) his achievements.
28. The company used consultants from (around / without / outside).
29. We swam deep (below / under / beneath) the sea to the coral beds.
30. They put the chairs (along / up / about) the back wall of the hall.
31. It is one (in / of / from) my favorite songs.
32. Do not wait – go ahead (before / without / beside) me.
33. It is easy to get a job (through / in / for) searching the internet.
34. The umbrella can be used (in / by / as) a sunshade.
35. Talk about it (from / among / around) yourselves.
36. We shared the cake (between / around / among) all of us.
37. The shares have fallen (under / down / below) 150 pence.
38. (with / at / upon) your arrival, you will be taken directly to your hotel.
39. The weather will remain good (across / round / inside) the south.
40. What are you hoping to achieve (for / as / in) your new job?
41. Great news – I am so pleased (to / for / by) you!
42. There were six of us (outside / round / about) the table.
43. She took the shopping (out / outside / without) of the bags.
44. You must hand it to me (inside / by / on) 7 pm.
45. I am totally (beside / opposite / against) the proposals to cut costs.
 CHAPTER VII: CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions atau kata sambung adalah kata yang menghubungkan klausa setara maupun klausa bertingkat. Oleh
karena itu, kelompok kata ini secara umum dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian, yaitu:

A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Yaitu kelompok kata hubung koordinatif digunakan untuk menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat yang setara.
1. Cumulative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya tambahan informasi tentang subjeknya. Kelompok ini meliputi:
Cumulative Conjunctions Arti
and dan
again lagi
also juga
as well as dan juga
besides selain itu
both … and dan…juga
further selanjutnya
furthermore selanjutnya, lagi pula
likewise seperti itu pula
moreover lebih-lebih lagi, lagi pula
no less than tidak kurang dari
not only…but also tidak/bukan hanya…tetapi juga
secondly yang kedua
Contoh :
- He drinks orange juice and apple juice.
(Dia minum jus jeruk dan jus apel.)
- He likes both badminton and football.
(Dia suka bulu tangkis dan sepak bola juga.)
2. Alternative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya pilihan diantara dua hal. Kelompok kata ini meliputi :
Alternative Conjunctions Arti
either…or …atau
neither…nor tidak/bukan…dan juga bukan
else kalau tidak
or atau ; kalau tidak
otherwise kalau tidak
Contoh :
- We don't know it's right or wrong.
(Kami tidak tahu ini benar atau salah.)
- They can't either send or receive letter.
(Mereka tidak dapat mengirim atau menerima Surat.)
3. Adversative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan adanya perbedaan dan kontras antara bagian yang satu dengan yang lainnya.
Kelompok kata ini meliputi:
Adversative Conjunctions Arti
but tetapi
however namun, tetapi
nevertheless namun
notwithstanding meskipun
on the contrary sebaliknya
only cuma, hanya
still namun ; tetapi…masih
whereas sedangkan, sebaliknya
while sedangkan, walaupun, ketika
 yet namun, sekalipun begitu
Contoh :
- She wants to finish it on time, however, she still has to do some other things.
(Dia ingin menyelesaikan itu tepat waktu, tetapi, dia masih memiliki sesuatu yang harus dikerjakan.)
- He looks bigger than others but actually he is weakest.
(Dia terlihat besar dibanding yang lain tetapi sebenarnya dia sangat lemah.)

4. Relative Conjunctions
Kelompok kata hubung ini menunjukan kesimpulan. Kelompok kata ini meliputi:
Relative Conjunctions Arti
so maka
accordingly jadi, karena itu, maka
consequently oleh karenanya
hence sebab itu, karena itu, karenanya
thus jadi, maka
wherefore mengapa
Contoh :
- I am sick, so I don't go to school.
(Saya sakit, maka saya tidak pergi ke sekolah.)
- They come late, consequenly they miss the class.
(Dia datang terlambat, oleh karenanya dia ketinggalan pelajaran.)

B. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Yaitu kata hubung subordinatif adalah kata hubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat yang
bertingkat, yaitu yang menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan induk kalimatnya.
Sebuah induk kalimat membutuhkan kehadiran anak kalimat. Kehadiran anak kalimat tersebut memiliki beragam
cara, yaitu:
1. Sebab atau alasan
Contoh:
She cannot finish her job because she is sick.
(Dia tidak dapat menyelesaikan pekerjaannya karena dia sakit.)
2. Keterangan tambahan (apposition)
Contoh :
We all know that you need some help.
(Kami semua tahu bahwa kamu membutuhkan pertolongan.)
3. Maksud atau tujuan
Contoh :
We drink a lot so we can live healthly.
(Kami minum banyak sehingga kami dapat hidup sehat.)
4. Akibat atau pengaruh
Contoh :
We have finished reading the novel that we know the story.
(Kami telah selesain membaca novel sehingga kami mengetahui ceritanya.)
5. Perbandingan
Contoh :
She is as beautiful as her sister.
(Dia secantik kakaknya.)
6. Taraf
Contoh :
The train hasn't arrived yet, as far as I know.
(Kereta belum tiba, sejauh yang saya tahu.)
7. Waktu
Contoh :
You can play the game while I have my lunch.
(Kamu dapat memainkan permainan itu ketika saya makan siang.)
8. Syarat
Contoh :
I will call him, if I know his number.
(Saya akan menghubungi dia jika saya mengetahui nomornya.)
9. Kontras
Contoh :
They have tried hard, however they cannot solve the problem.
(Mereka sudah mencoba semaksimal mungkin, tetapi mereka tidak dapat menyelesaikan masalah itu.)
 Exercise not … but not only … but also
1. Our new classmate is not bad; …, he’s very kind. 12. Lia and I discussed … to attend the meeting … have a
Furthermore rather representative attend in our place.
2. The more you prepare yourself for the Job Interview, between … or whether … or
… stress you may feel. 13. … had hotel housekeeper left … the guests entered
the more the less the room.
3. Neither Indah … her friends ate lunch here yesterday. hardly … than no sooner … than
Nor or 14. The more you smile, … you will get positive reactions
4. To stay … to leave your job is your prerogative. from others.
Nor or the less the more
5. It wasn’t my will, … yours. 15. Neither the woman … her daughter has a posititive
but also but attitude.
6. Kim eats many egg whites before work out … he Nor or
wants to gain weight. 16. I would like to try both the classic tiramisu … creamy
Because so that cheesecake recipes.
7. … you gave him 10 great reasons to never give up, he Or and
wouldn’t listen. 17. She would rather wash clothes by hand … use a
even though as dishwasher.
8. Sammy had someone handle her passport … he went To than
to abroad. 18. Choosing between staying at home … working full-
When before time were not easy for her.
9. The used car is very cheap; … , I want to buy it. And to
However therefore 19. Do you know the distance from Earth … Mars?
10. The weather was cold, … Bobby wore a jacket and And to
gloves. 20. You can either wear open-toe sandals … shoes to
Yet so work at the office.
11. Whales, dolphins, and walruses are … fish … Or nor
mammals.
Contoh Soal Coordinating Conjunction
1. I would go to my friend’s party, … I have a lot of homework. (Aku ingin pergi ke pesta temanku, … aku mempunyai
banyak tugas)
2. Many students failed in the mid test, … you should study hard. (Banyak murid gagal dalam ujian tengah semester,
… kamu harus belajar lebih rajin)
3. Toni doesn’t like wasting his money … he has a lot of money. (Toni tidak suka menghabiskan uangnya, … dia
memiliki banyak uang)
4. … I was eating fried chicken, my little sister came. ( … saya sedang makan ayam goreng, adik perempuanku datang)
5. Diah is very smart, … the teacher likes her. (Diah sangat pintar, … para guru menyukainya)
6. Thomas says nice words, … you don’t trust him. (Thomas mengucapkan kata-kata yang baik, … kau tidak
mempercayainya)
7. Does Ben have any brothers … sisters? (Apakah Ben mempunyai saudara laki-laki … saudara perempuan?)
8. I have got a home, … I haven’t got a car. (Aku mendapatkan rumah, … tidak mendapatkan mobil)
9. … my father … my mother supported me. (… ayahku … ibuku mendukungku)
10. Please calm down. Let’s wait … see. (Tenanglah. Mari tunggu … lihat)
11. She is tired … she works really hard. (Dia lelah … dia bekerja sangat keras)
12. I love watching drama … action movies. (Aku suka menonton drama … film aksi)
13. Aji doesn’t smoke, … drink. (Aji tidak merokok, … minum-minum)
14. Mia likes cakes … hates cookies. (Mia menyukai kue, … benci biscuit)
15. We can eat pizza … steak for dinner. (Kita bisa makan pizza … daging panggang untuk makan malam)
CHAPTER VIII: TENSE(S)
Macam-Macam, Penggunaan, Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Tenses
Penjelasan Tense Contoh Kalimat Tense

Simple Present Tense

Rumus:
S + V-1
 We agree with the speaker’s opinion.
(Kami setuju dengan opini pembicara.)
Penggunaan:
 She is so beautiful.
Simple present (Dia sangat cantik.)
tense untuk menyatakan Soal Simple Present Tense
fakta, kebiasaan, dan
kejadian yang terjadi
pada saat sekarang ini.

Present Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + am/is/are
+ present participle/V-
ing
 I’m driving a car to Bandung now.
(Saya sedang menyetir mobil ke Bandung sekarang.)
Penggunaan:
 The buses are arriving in an hour.
Present continuous (Bus-bus tersebut tiba dalam satu jam.)
tense untuk Soal Present Continuous Tense
membicarakan aksi
yang sedang
berlangsung sekarang
atau rencana dimasa
depan.

Present Perfect Tense

Rumus:
S + have/has
+ past participle/V-3

Penggunaan:
 I’ve read this book.
Present perfect (Saya sudah membaca buku ini.)
tense digunakan untuk  I have lived in Cilegon for 3 months.
mengungkapkan suatu (Saya telah tinggal di Cilegon selama 3 bulan.)
aktivitas atau situasi Soal Present Perfect Tense
yang telah dimulai di
masa lalu dan
telah selesai pada suatu
titik waktu tertentu di
masa lalu atau masih
berlanjut sampai
sekarang.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + have/has + been +
present participle/V-ing

Penggunaan:
Present perfect  The toddlers have been playing a ball for an hour.
continuous tense untuk (Balita-balita itu telah bermain bola selama satu jam.)
mengungkapkan aksi  The construction labors are thirsty since they have been removing the
yang telah selesai pada scaffoldings.
suatu titik dimasa (Pekerja konstruksi haus karena mereka telah memindahkan perancah.)
lampau atau aksi telah Soal
dimulai di masa lalu
dan terus berlanjut
sampai sekarang.
Biasanya aksi tersebut
ada durasi waktu
tertentu dan ada
relevansinya dengan
kondisi sekarang.

Simple Past Tense

Rumus:
S + V-2
 The party started at 10.00 a.m.
Penggunaan: (Pesta dimulai jam 10 pagi.)
Soal Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense untuk
menunjukkan bahwa
suatu kejadian terjadi
di masa lampau.

Past Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + was/were + present
participle/V-ing

Penggunaan:
 The team was playing basketball all day yesterday.
Past continuous (Tim bermain basket sepanjang hari kemarin.)
tense digunakan untuk Soal Past Continuous Tense
mengungkapkan bahwa
suatu aksi sedang
terjadi pada waktu
tertentu di masa
lampau.

Past Perfect Tense

Rumus:
S + had + past
participle/V-3

Penggunaan:  When he came last night, the cake had run out.
(Ketika dia datang semalam, kue sudah habis.)
Past perfect Soal Past Perfect Tense
tense untuk
menyatakan bahwa
suatu aksi telah selesai
pada suatu titik di masa
lalu sebelum aksi
lainnya terjadi.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + had + been +
present participle/V-ing

Penggunaan:
 The labors had been demonstrating for an hour when the manager
Past perfect continuous came.
tense digunakan untuk (Pekerja telah berdemonstrasi selama satu jam ketika manager datang.)
mengungkapkan suatu Soal Past Perfect Continuous Tense
aksi (dengan durasi
waktu tertentu) telah
selesai pada suatu titik
waktu tertentu dimasa
lalu.

Simple Future Tense

Rumus:
 S + will
+ bare infinitive
 S + be (is/am/are) +
going to + bare
infinitive)  You will win the game.
(Kamu akan memenangkan permainan tersebut.)
 I am going to meet him tomorrow.
Penggunaan:
(Saya akan menemuinya besok.)
Simple future Soal Simple Future Tense
tense untuk
menyatakan bahwa
suatu aksi terjadi
dimasa depan,
secara spontan atau
terencana.

Future Continuous Tense

Rumus:  He will be sleeping at 10 p.m.

(Dia akan sedang tidur pada jam 10 malam.)
S + will + be + present Soal Future Continuous Tense
participle/V-ing

Penggunaan:
Future continuous
tense untuk
mengungkapkan aksi
yang akan sedang
terjadi pada waktu
tertentu di masa depan.

Future Perfect Tense

Rumus:
S + will + have + past
participle/V-3

 At this time next month, I’ll have finishedmy English course.

Penggunaan:
(Pada waktu yang sama bulan depan, saya akan telah menyelesaikan
Future perfect kursus bahasa Inggris.)
tense untuk Soal Future Perfect Tense
mengungkapkan
bahwa suatu aktivitas
akan sudah selesai pada
suatu titik waktu di
masa depan.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + will + have + been
+ present participle/V-
ing

Penggunaan:
 The cat will have been sleeping long when you get home.
Future perfect (Kucing itu telah lama tidur ketika kamu pulang.)
continuous tense untuk Soal Future Perfect Continuous Tense
mengungkapkan
bahwa suatu aksi akan
sudah berlangsung
selama sekian lama
pada titik
waktu tertentu di masa
depan.

Simple Past Future Tense

Rumus:
S + would + bare  He would forgive you.
infinitive (Dia akan memaafkanmu.)
Soal Simple Past Future Tense
Penggunaan:
Simple past future
tense untuk
menyatakan suatu
aksi yang akan
dilakukan, membuat
prediksi, dan membuat
janji di masa
depan pada saat berada
dimasa lalu.

Past Future Continuous Tense

Rumus:
S + would + be +
present participle

Penggunaan:
I would be attending the conference if I was in Jakarta.
Past future (Saya akan sedang menghadiri konferensi tersebut jika saya ada di Jakarta.)
continuous
tense adalah suatu
bentuk kata kerja untuk Fakta:
menyatakan aksi atau
situasi imajiner yang but I’m not in Jakarta (tapi saya tidak di Jakarta)
sedang berlangsung
apabila unreal
condition-nya
terpenuhi (present
continuous conditional
~ conditional sentence
type 2 dengan
continuous tense).

Past Future Perfect Tense

Rumus:
S + would + have +
past participle/V-3

If you had saved your jewelry and foreign currency in a safety deposit box,
Penggunaan: they wouldn’t have gone.
(Jika kamu telah menyimpan perhiasan dan mata uang asingmu di safety
Past future perfect
tense untuk deposit box, mereka tidak akan hilang.)
membicarakan suatu
aksi yang tidak terjadi
di masa lalu
(conditional sentence
type 3).

Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:
If his Visa had been approved, he would have been working abroad for a
S + would + have + week.
been + present
(Jika visa dia telah disetujui, dia akan telah bekerja selama seminggu.)
participle
 Penggunaan:
Fakta:
Past future perfect
continuous but his Visa wasn’t approved (tapi Visa-nya tidak disetujui)
tense adalah suatu
bentuk kata kerja untuk
menyatakan suatu aksi
atau situasi imajiner
sedang berlangsung
pada titik tertentu atau
selama periode tertentu
di masa lampau
(perfect continuous
conditional
~ conditional type
3dengan continuous)

Exercise 11. He ___ English every day.

1. Lisa ___ to market yesterday. a. study
a. went b. studies
b. goes 12. He did not ___ what I said.
2. Vera and Silvia ___ go to school. a. understand
a. don’t b. understood
b. doesn’t 13. Did he ___ new car yesterday?
3. She ___ come tonight. a. buy
a. will b. bought
b. would 14. He ___ live in Bandung next month.
4. Tono ___ a glass of milk yesterday. a. will not
a. drank b. would not
b. drunk 15. Nina is ___ now.
5. Yanti had ___ when Rina came. a. read
a. come b. reading
b. came 16. She ___ sick since yesterday.
6. He is going to ___ his grandmother tomorrow. a. has
a. visiting b. has been
b. visit 17. ___ she just sleep?
7. Mia is eating when Nia ___. a. has
a. call b. had
b. called 18. Maya ___ in the kitchen now.
8. Rudy was sleeping when Fahri ___. a. is cooking
a. came b. was cooking
b. come 19. He is not ___ now.
9. Do he ___ your house? a. sleeping
a. like b. sleep
b. likes 20. Hartono has ___ in Surabaya since 2010.
10. Anna ___ to school by bus. a. working
a. go b. worked
b. goes
 KINDS of QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH
In English, there are several different types of questions (also known as interrogative sentences) that you can ask.
Each elicits a slightly different response and is structured in a certain way. In this article, we’ll go over the following
types of interrogative structures:
 Yes-no questions
 Choice questions
 Wh-questions
 Question tags
 Indirect questions
 Rhetorical questions
As we go over these, make sure to pay special attention to two things: word and intonation. These can be the
hardest things to keep track of when asking questions in English.

1. YES-NO QUESTIONS
The simplest type of question in English is the yes-no question. Very simply, it’s a type of question that expects a YES
or NO as a response (though not limited to that). Take a look at the following statement:
IT IS GOING TO BE COLD TOMORROW.
Now, let’s change it into a yes-no question:
IS IT GOING TO BE COLD TOMORROW?
There are two things to note here. One, which you can’t know simply by reading this on a screen, is that when asking
this question, the speaker’s tone of voice rises at the end, as opposed to a normal falling pitch used during a
declarative sentence.
The second is the change in the word. When a declarative sentence becomes a yes-no question, the subject and its
corresponding auxiliary verb switch (in other words, they become inverted). Therefore, IT IS denotes a declarative,
while IS IT denotes a yes-no question. Here are some other examples of yes-no questions:
 Are you going to take the car today? (You’re going to take the car today.)
 Can you understand Cantonese? (You can understand Cantonese.)
 Would he mind switching seats with me? (He would mind switching seats with me.)
 Should I leave my things here while we’re gone? (I should leave my things here while we’re gone.)
 Will we be stopping by the gas station later? (We’ll be stopping by the gas station later.)
Now, look at the following question:
DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH?
The corresponding declarative sentences for this is: YOU SPEAK ENGLISH. However, in a yes-no question, we need to
add the verb TO DO because an inversion must occur between the subject and an auxiliary verb.
So, if you want to change YOU SPEAK ENGLISH into a question, you must first add the auxiliary TO DO (YOU DO
SPEAK ENGLISH), and then make the inversion (DO YOU SPEAK ENGLISH?). It would sound weird for you to ask,
SPEAK YOU ENGLISH? or YOU SPEAK ENGLISH?
Here are more examples of yes-no questions with the added TO DO auxiliary:
 Do you like chocolate?  Do I sound annoying when I talk?
 Does everything make sense?  Did Julie just walk out of the room?

2. NEGATIVE YES-NO QUESTIONS

Yes-no questions can also contain the word NOT, which would come after the subject in the question. For example:
DO YOU NOT HAVE ANY MONEY?
Answering this kind of question, however, can be tricky. In this situation, if you want to confirm that you have no
money, you would say, NO. If you answered with a YES on the other hand, this will probably confuse the person who
asked the question, and they will probably not know what you mean until you clarify your answer.
This may sound counterintuitive to many foreigners, and I find it to be a huge inconvenience of the English language.
A: Do you mind spotting me for dinner? (Normal yes-no question)
B: Yeah, sure. Do you not have any money? (Negative yes-no question)
A: No.
B: Okay, just pay me back later.
A: Do you mind spotting me for dinner?
B: Yeah, sure. Do you not have any money?
A: Yeah.
B: (Confused at A’s answer) Huh? So you do or you don’t have money?
A: I don’t.
3. UNINVERTED YES-NO QUESTIONS
So far, inversions seem pretty crucial to yes-no questions (and most questions in English). There are however, yes-no
questions where an inversion does not occur.
A: What are you doing this summer?
B: I’m going to Brazil.
A: Wait, you’re going to Brazil? My friend’s gonna be there too!
B: Oh, no way!

In this situation, Speaker A is asking a question not because he wants information, but because he is confirming
something he just heard out of surprise. You could still respond to this type of question with a YES or a NO, but it’s
not necessary, unless the speaker is trying to confirm that they heard something correctly.
For example, if you think you misheard a piece of information, you can restate it in the form of a question as a sign
that you didn’t hear it very clearly.

A: What are you doing this summer?

B: I’m going to Brazil.
A: (Didn’t quite catch what B said) Wait, you’re going to Brazil?
B: Yeah.
A: Oh, that’s so cool!
This type of uninverted yes-no question can also come in the negative form.
A: I’m going to stop by Starbucks. Do you want anything?
B: No, I’m fine. I don’t like coffee.
A: Wait, you don’t like coffee? I can’t go a day without it!

4. CHOICE QUESTIONS
A type of question that builds off from the yes-no question structure is the choice question, which asks the other
person to choose between two (or more) presented options. These options are connected using the conjunction OR.
 Do you like chocolate or vanilla better?
 Are you going to drive or do you want me to?
 Is it pronounced “care-uh-mel” or “car-mull”?
Another way to ask a choice question is to ask a wh-question followed by stating two or more options. We’ll get into
more detail about wh-questions later.
 Which do you like better? Chocolate or vanilla?
 What do you prefer? That I drive or that you drive?
 Which way is it pronounced? “Care-uh-mel” or “car-mull”?

IS IT REALLY A CHOICE QUESTION?

Sometimes, a yes-no question that happens to contain an OR might be confused for a choice question. For example,
pretend that the following is a conversation for text:
A: do you want to bring Remi or Alice to dinner?
B: umm I guess Remi?
A: lol I wasn’t asking you to choose. I was asking if you wanted to bring either of them. You can bring both if you
want.
B: ohh okay. I’ll ask them then lol

Here, Speaker A asked a yes-no question about whether speaker B wanted to bring one of his friends to dinner, but
Speaker B confused it for a choice question. A clarification was therefore needed.
If you see a choice question on paper or through text, you can use context to help determine whether it’s a true
choice question or not. When speaker, however, there’s an easy way to distinguish between a choice question and a
yes-no question: tone of voice.
As you may recall, the speaker’s voice usually rises at the end of a yes-no question. This goes for yes-no questions
that contain the word OR as well. Choice questions, meanwhile, will have a falling pitch at the end (while the speaker
presents the second option in the question).
This is hard to demonstrate in a written article, but if you hear these types of questions spoken out loud, you should
be able to note this important difference. In the dialogue above, however, there was no tone of voice to indicate
what kind of question was being asked, since the conversation was over text. Those are moments when ambiguities
like this can easily occur.
5. WH-QUESTIONS
While yes-no questions are usually answered with a YES or NO (or some variation of these words, e.g. YEAH or NAH),
a wh-question can expect any kind of information as a response. Wh-questions begin with WH-WORDS, which signify
that the speaker is asking a question.
Here is a list of wh-words (this includes HOW, which doesn’t begin with a WH). Also note that different wh-words fall
under different parts of speech, which will affect the way they are used in sentences.
 Who (asks about a person)—noun
o Whose (asks about possession)—adj
o Whom (variation of “who” depending on its case)—noun
 What (asks about a thing, sometimes a quality)—noun/adj
 When (asks about a time)—adv
 Where (asks about a place)—adv
 Why (asks about a reason)—adv
 How (asks about a method or quality)—adv
o How much/many (asks about an amount)—adj/adv/noun
o How + adj/adv (asks about an extent to which something is true)—adv
 Which (asks about a small set of choices)—adj/noun
The following will explain different ways to construct different wh-questions, as categorized by parts of speech.
Notice that many contain an inverted auxiliary verb and subject, just like in yes-no questions.
a) NOUN AS THE SUBJECT
Wh-words: who, what, how much/many, which
Formula:
WH-WORD + REST OF THE SENTENCE
(Notice that the wh-word simply replaces the subject of the sentence)
Examples:
 Who’s going to take care of the dog while we’re gone?
o (The neighbor is going to take care of the dog while we’re gone.)
 Who cooks the most in your family?
o (My mom cooks the most in my family.)
 Who ate the rest of my pizza?
o (Rohit ate the rest of your pizza.)
 What’s going on?
o Nothing’s going on.
 What’s on TV right now?
o ‘Keeping Up with the Kardashians’ is on TV right now.
b) NOUN AS THE DIRECT OBJECT
Wh-words: who(m), what, how much/many, which
Formula:
WH-WORD + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE SENTENCE
Examples:
 Who did they end up choosing for the lead role?
o They ended up choosing Erin for the lead role.
 Whom specifically will this new policy affect?
o This new policy will affect the working class, specifically.
 Who are you calling an idiot?
o I’m calling you an idiot.
 What are you cooking for dinner?
o I’m cooking pasta for dinner.
 Which do you like better? Jeans or sweats?
o I like jeans better.
Note: To be grammatically correct, the pronoun WHO should take the form WHOM if it is the direct or indirect
object of the sentence. This, however, is usually reserved for formal writing, and the word WHOM in everyday
speech is falling out of usage.
Often, it will sound much more natural to use WHO, no matter what case it takes (the case is the grammatical role a
noun plays in relation to other nouns, e.g. subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.).
c) NOUN AS A COMPLEMENT
Wh-words: who, what, how much/many, which
Formula:
WH-WORD + COPULA + SUBJECT
(The term COPULA simply refers to the linking verb TO BE)
Examples:
 Who are all these people in the streets?
o (All these people in the streets are protestors.)
 Sorry, who are you?
o (I’m Regan.)
 Who are you going to be in the play?
o (I’m going to be a supporting character in the play.)
 What is photosynthesis?
o Photosynthesis is a process by which plants make their own food.
 Which is the best option out of the two?
o The best option out of the two is the first one.
d) NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION
Wh-words: who, what, how/much/many, which
Formulas:
WH-WORD + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE SENTENCE + PREPOSITION (SOUNDS MORE CASUAL)
PREPOSITION + WH-WORD + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE SENTENCE (SOUNDS MORE FORMAL)
(If you are beginning the sentence with the word WHO, it’s normal to keep it as it is. However, if you choose to
precede it with a preposition, it’s best to change WHO to its object form WHOM.)
Examples:
 Who were you on the phone with?
o (I was on the phone with Jennifer.)
 With whom was Mr. Ramos seen with earlier this morning?
o (Mr. Ramos was seen with his wife earlier this morning.)
 Who are you sending that package to?
o (I’m sending this package to my cousin.)
 What is this world coming to?
o (Rhetorical question)
e) NOUN AS THE SUBJECT OF A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Wh-words: who, what, how much/many, which
Formula:
WH-WORD + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + REST OF THE SUBORDINATE
CLAUSE
Examples:
 Who do you think should be president?
o I think Elizabeth Warren should be president.
 Who did you say tends to gossip a lot?
o I said that Amity tends to gossip a lot.
 Who does Pierre want to win the World Cup?
o Pierre wants Barcelona to win the World Cup.
 What do you think will happen if I skip class again today?
o I think the professor will notice.
 Which do you think tastes better? Soymilk or almond milk?
o I think almond milk tastes better.
f) ADVERB
Wh-words: when, where, why, how, how much, how + adv
Other possibilities: how many times, which way, what time, etc.
Formula:
WH-WORD + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE SENTENCE
Examples:
 When are you flying back to the States?
o I’m flying back to the States on the 5th.
 When are you walking over to the party?
o I’m walking over to the party in an hour.
 When did you start wearing makeup?
o I started wearing makeup about a year ago.
 Where did you go while you were in China?
o While I was in China, I went to Beijing and Shanghai.
 Where on the map does this train go?
o This train goes to Wilmington on the map.
 Why do you hate cats so much?
o I hate cats so much because they scratch everything.
 Why do stars twinkle?
o Stars twinkle because of the way their light travels through our atmosphere.
 Why did your mom come to visit you last weekend?
o My mom came to visit me last weekend to celebrate her birthday.
 How are you?
o I’m fine, thank you.
 How did you finish your food so fast?
o I finished my food that fast by not talking.
 How can I become more productive?
o You can become more productive by meditating.
 How many times did you go on that rollercoaster?
o I went on that rollercoaster five times.
 How nicely do I need to dress for tonight?
o You need to dress nice enough for tonight.
 How well does she speak in public?
o She speaks decently well in public.
 Which way should I go to get to the market?
o You should go down the main road to get to the market.
 What time does the sun usually set nowadays?
o The sun usually sets around six nowadays.

g) ADVERB WITH A PREPOSITION

Wh-words: when, where
Formulas:
WH-WORD + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE SENTENCE + PREPOSITION (SOUNDS CASUAL)
PREPOSITION + WH-WORD + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE SENTENCE (SOUNDS FORMAL)
Examples:
 When do you plan on leaving the city by?
o I plan on leaving the city by 9 p.m.
 When will the after party go until?
o The party will go until three in the morning.
 By when do you think you’ll finish your application?
o I think I’ll finish my application by next week.
 Where did you pass by on the way here?
o I passed by the golf course on the way here.
 From where does the first chapter of the dissertation begin?
o The first chapter of the dissertation begins after the roman numerals.
h) ADVERB IN A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Wh-words: when, where, why, how, how much, how + adv
Formula:
WH-WORD + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE MAIN CLAUSE + REST OF THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Examples:
 When do they say is the best time to buy plane tickets?
o They say the best to buy plane tickets is 47 days before the flight.
 When do you think we should have lunch?
o I think we should have lunch around noon.
 Where did you say is your favorite restaurant?
o I said my favorite restaurant is Jin Ramen.
 Where do you think is the best place to live in California?
o I think the best place to live in California is the Bay Area.
 How much do you think you’re going to eat?
o I think I’m only going to eat a little bit.
 How quickly should I expect to be out of this meeting?
o You should expect to be out of this meeting within an hour.

i) ADVERB WITH AN ADJECTIVE

Wh-words: how + adj
Formulas:
WH-WORD + ADJ + COPULA + SUBJECT
WH-WORD + ADJ + OF + NOUN PHRASE + NORMAL RULES FOR NOUNS THAT WERE DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY
WH-WORD + ADJ + AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + REST OF THE SENTENCE (WITH A LINKING VERB)
Examples:
 How scary is the haunted house?
o The haunted house isn’t that scary.
 How tall is your boyfriend?
o My boyfriend is six feet tall.
 How cool is that?
o (Rhetorical question)
 How big of a space are we going to have for the performance?
o We’re going to have a fairly big space for the performance.
 How cheap of a souvenir are you looking to buy?
o I’m looking to buy a souvenir less than twenty dollars.
 How romantic did you expect that movie to be?
o I didn’t expect that movie to be too romantic.
 How cold is it going to be outside?
o It’s going to be very cold outside.
 How casual do you want this paper to sound?
o I want this paper to sound a little casual but not too much.

j) ADJECTIVE WITH A NOUN

Wh-words: What, whose, which
Formula:
IF THE WH-WORD YOU’RE USING IS AN ADJECTIVE MODIFYING ANOTHER NOUN, THAT NOUN FOLLOWS THE
NORMAL RULES FOR NOUNS THAT WERE DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY.
Examples:
 Which car model did you end up buying?
o I ended up buying a Toyota.
 Which runner on the team has the best stamina?
o Sophie has the best stamina on the team.
 Which one should I pick?
o You should pick the left one.
 What kind of laptop is the best for computer games?
o PCs are the best for computer games.
 What brand of clothing do you usually like to buy?
o I usually like to buy Zara.
  What person would ever buy a flight for four in the morning?
o Rhetorical question
 What area did you go to while visiting Brooklyn?
o I went to Williamsburg while visiting Brooklyn.

k) DETERMINER
Wh-words: how much/many
Formula:
A WH-WORD THAT SERVES AS A DETERMINER, WHETHER OR NOT IT IS MODIFYING A NOUN, FOLLOWS THE NORMAL
RULES FOR NOUNS THAT WERE DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY.
Examples:
 How much cash do you have in your wallet?
o I have about twenty dollars in my wallet.
 How many licks does it take to get to the center of a lollipop?
o It takes many licks to get to the center of a lollipop.
 A: Not a lot of people came to the reception.
B: Really? How many showed up?
o A: About twenty showed up.

6. INTONATION
As we have seen before, intonation is a very important part of asking questions in English. When asking yes-no
questions, the pitch of the voice usually rises at the end.
With wh-questions on the other hand, the tone of voice is usually identical to that of a declarative sentence. The
main indicator of the “interrogativeness” of the question is instead the wh-word.
There are, however, times when the pitch does rise at the end of a wh-question. This usually happens when the
speaker wants to confirm a piece of information, either out of surprise, lack of hearing, or forgetfulness.

A: What are you wearing to the dinner tonight?

B: A dress shirt.
A: Wait, what are you wearing? (Rising pitch)
B: (Enunciates) A dress shirt.
A: Oh, I thought you said a “dresser.”
A: Is Quinn coming with us tonight?
B: No, I think he has plans with his girlfriend.
A: What? Who is his girlfriend? (Pitch rises out of surprise)
B: Lina. They just started dating like two weeks ago.

Native speakers also tend to raise their pitch when asking extremely common questions like, WHERE ARE YOU
FROM? and WHAT TIME IS IT?, almost as if these questions are secondhand remarks.

A: Do you have any plans for the break?

B: Yeah, I’m going back home for most of it.
A: Oh, cool. Where are you from, by the way? (Pitch rises to make the question seem casual)
B: Texas.
Sometimes, speakers can even choose to sound annoyed by raising their pitch at the end of wh-questions.
A: (Phone rings) Hello?
B: Hi, could I order a pizza for delivery?
A: I’m sorry, who is this? (Pitch rises out of annoyance)
B: Oh, I think I have the wrong number. Sorry.
A: Hey, do you have a boyfriend?
B: No, not at the moment. Why are you asking me this? (Pitch rises to signal that the speaker finds the question
inappropriate.)

So far, we’ve seen wh-questions that all begin with a wh-word. Usually, the location where the wh-word’s part of
speech would usually occur comes to the beginning of the sentence, accompanied by a subject-auxiliary inversion.
However, it’s possible for a wh-word to come in a position you would find in a normal, declarative sentence. When
this happens, it serves the same functions as raising the pitch at the end of a wh-question—i.e., to show surprise or
seek confirmation. Placing a wh-word in its declarative position is usually accompanied by a rising pitch as well.
A: What are you wearing to dinner tonight?
B: A dress shirt.
A: Wait, you’re wearing a what? (Rising pitch)
B: (Enunciates) A dress shirt.
A: Oh, I thought you said a “dresser.”
A: (Needs a reminder) Hey, you’re going where again this weekend? (Rising pitch)

B: To New York to visit my friend.

A: Oh, okay. For some reason, I thought you were going to Baltimore.

7. ONE-WORDED WH-QUESTIONS
While wh-words can be used to construct fuller wh-questions, they can certainly be used by themselves in
conversation. The same rules of intonation apply here, especially with the word WHAT which can often be said as an
exclamation with a rising pitch.
A: Guess who I just ran into today.
B: Who?
A: Simon. I haven’t seen him in ages.
A: I’m going to do some shopping downtown soon.
B: Oh, when?
A: Probably around one o’clock.
A: Hey, I found your glasses.
B: What? (Rising pitch out of surprise) Where?
A: Under the couch.
A: Guess what.
B: What? (Normal falling pitch)
A: I’m moving to Denver in the spring.
B: Denver? Why?

8. QUESTION TAGS
Question tags (sometimes called disjunctive questions), are small questions that appear at the end of sentences to
seek confirmation from the other person. In other words, they expect the answer to be YES and are thus, a sort of
variation of the yes-no question.
You might know this type of function from other languages, like Korean or Japanese, where question tags are
represented through attached verb endings. In English, question tags are separate phrases that come at the end of
statements in several forms.
One way to form a question tag is to take the subject (converted to a pronoun) and its corresponding auxiliary verb
(if there is none, use the auxiliary verb TO DO) and form a negative yes-no question from them.
For example, IT IS will become ISN’T IT? and YOU CAN will become CAN’T YOU? Note that question tags are usually
contracted. You could say something like IS IT NOT? or CAN YOU NOT? at the end of a statement, but it would sound
strange.
Here are some examples of question tags:
 You’re old enough to drink, aren’t you?
 The president of the company retired last year, didn’t he?
 I should probably apologize, shouldn’t I?
Another common question tag is the word RIGHT. It, as well as any word that can be used to seek confirmation (no
matter how casual), can be considered a question tag.
 You’re old enough to drink, right?
 It’s going to be a long car ride, huh?
 Brian’s gonna be covering your shift tomorrow, yeah?
You can also turn an entire sentence into a question tag by inverting the subject and auxiliary verb within the actual
sentence, and similarly making it negative. Once again, always contract the auxiliary with the word NOT. Otherwise,
the sentence will sound like a negative yes-no question, which we talked about earlier.
 Aren’t you old enough to drink?
 Didn’t the president of the company retire last year?
 Doesn’t he like romantic comedies?
9. INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Indirect questions, also known as embedded questions, are questions not asked outright but nested within another
sentence/question. There are two main types of indirect questions, both with different functions: polite questions
and reported questions.

10. POLITE QUESTIONS

Instead of asking a question directly, you can make it more polite beginning with one of the following phrases:
 Could you tell me…?
 Do you know…?
 I was/am wondering…
 Do you have any idea…?
 I’d like to know…
The actual question you want to ask thus becomes embedded within a main statement. Asking a question indirectly
like this is extremely common for making requests, both with strangers and with friends.
To make a wh-question more polite, use the following formula:
MAIN QUESTION + WH-WORD + REST OF THE QUESTION (NO INVERSION)
Examples:
 Do you have any idea when the next bus arrives?
o (When does the next bus arrive?)
 Do you know where the bathroom is?
o (Where is the bathroom?)
 Could you tell me how this remote works?
o (How does this remote work?)
Notice that while a direct wh-question contains an inversion, an embedded wh-question does not. The subject and
auxiliary verb do not switch, and usually, you will end the question with the verb.
This is a very common mistake that foreigners make when speaking English and is the reason why inversions can be
so hard to keep track of. The following indirect questions, which contain inversions, are therefore incorrect:
 Could you tell me when does the next bus arrive?
 Do you know where is the bathroom?
 Do any of you know how does this remote work?
To make a yes-no question indirect, use one of the following formulas. Once again, no inversion of the subject and
auxiliary verb should take place.
MAIN QUESTION + IF + REST OF THE SENTENCE (+ OR NOT)
MAIN QUESTION + WHETHER (OR NOT) + REST OF THE SENTENCE
MAIN QUESTION + WHETHER + REST OF THE SENTENCE (+ OR NOT)
Examples:
 Do you know if Daniel is lactose intolerant (or not)?
 I was wondering if you could drop me off at work later.
 I’d like to know whether or not it’s possible to open an account.

11. REPORTED QUESTIONS

You may have heard of the term REPORTED SPEECH or INDIRECT STATEMENT, which looks something like this:
 I heard that the company’s having an open bar tonight. (The company’s having an open bar tonight.)
 Des told me that he started working at the bookstore. (Des started working at the bookstore.)
 I warned you that the roads were slippery! (The roads are slippery.)
Questions can similarly be reported, or restated, in the form of an indirect question. The same rules apply here as
with polite questions.
Wh-questions do not contain inversions, and yes-no questions are embedded beginning either with an IF or a
WHETHER (with an optional OR NOT). Choice questions can also be embedded, beginning with the word WHETHER.
 He asked me suspiciously what my favorite dessert was.
 I’ll ask her where we should drive in a second.
 The professor queried the student why he wasn’t showing up in class.
Notice that when the main clause, which contains a verb like ASK, is in the past tense, the reported question is also
placed in the past tense. This is known as backshift, and is often required for tense consistency. Notice the difference
between these reported questions:
 I’ll ask Kenny if he has any spare phone chargers.
 I’m asking Kenny if he has any spare phone chargers.
 I asked Kenny if he had any spare phone chargers. (Backshift occurs)
  I was asking Kenny if he had any spare phone chargers. (Backshift occurs)

12. OTHER INDIRECT QUESTIONS

While reported questions are often embedded within clauses that contain verbs like ASK or QUERY not all indirect
questions have to be like this. Many are embedded within main clauses that contain verbs like the following:
 To tell  To understand  To say
 To wonder  To sense  To explain
 To know  To predict  Etc.
The same rules of backshift and inversion apply.
 I wonder where my watch could be.  Can animals sense if it’s going to rain?
 I don’t think I understand what you’re talking  My mom can always predict when I’m going
about. to call her.
 I can’t tell whether you’re being serious or  Nobody should ever tell the boss what to do.
sarcastic.

13. RHETORICAL QUESTIONS

Rhetorical questions cannot be summed up into one grammatical category. Rather, they are questions that don’t
expect an answer and are used for mostly rhetorical or stylistic purposes. Almost any question, therefore, can be
considered a rhetorical question in the right context. That being said, here are some examples of common types of
rhetorical questions:
“WHAT?”
Instead of literally asking what something is, the question WHAT? can simply be used to express surprise or disbelief,
or indicate that you find something remarkable. Because of this, it’s sometimes written with an exclamation point
instead of a question mark.
A: My boyfriend just proposed to me!
B: What! That’s amazing, congratulations!
A: Hey, I think I’m gonna have to cancel on dinner tonight.
B: What…?
A: I’m sorry, something came up.
“ARE YOU KIDDING ME?” / “ARE YOU SERIOUS?”
These kinds of questions similarly express shock or disbelief. But even though they’re rhetorical, it’s often normal to
answer with a YES or NO
A: I think all of the project files got deleted somehow.
B: What? Are you kidding me?
A: No. I don’t know where they went.
B: This is a disaster…
A: According to the weather, it’s supposed to snow all next week.
B: Are you serious? Driving’s going to be a nightmare.
Here are some alternatives to this type of rhetorical question you can use:
 Seriously?
 (Are you) for real?
 Are you joking?
 Is this real?

14. TAG QUESTIONS THAT AREN’T REALLY TAG QUESTIONS

These are statements like ISN’T HE CUTE! or ISN’T THIS GREAT! They look like tag questions, except they differ in
three main ways: They don’t rise in pitch, they end in a period rather than a question mark, and they don’t expect an
answer of confirmation in return.
Not every statement can be turned into this kind of rhetorical question, and some are usually perceived as sarcastic,
while others are not. Here are some examples:
 Isn’t he adorable! (Often used with dogs, babies, etc.)
 Aren’t you smart. (Sarcastic—used to mean that somebody is a showoff)
 Isn’t that neat!
 Isn’t that cool!
 Isn’t that exciting!
 Isn’t that (just) great. (Sarcastic—used to describe an unfavorable situation)
 Isn’t that fantastic. (Similarly sarcastic)
A: I just got on A on my paper!
B: Well, aren’t you smart.
A: Oh, stop. What did you get?
B: I’d rather not say.
A: Do you want to see a picture of my dog?
B: Sure. Aw, isn’t she precious!
A: Yeah, she’s actually having puppies soon.
B: Well, isn’t that exciting!
A: The plumber just called. He says he’s going to be an hour late.
B: Well, isn’t that just great.
A: Yeah, unprofessional if you ask me.

15. QUESTIONS USED TO COMPLAIN

A common rhetorical question is one meant to complain a person, thing, or situation.
 Why does this store have to close so early?
 Who do you think you are?
 Why do you have to act like such a child?
 When can I catch a break around here?
 Why does everything always have to happen to me?

16. QUESTIONS THAT THE SPEAKER WILL ANSWER

Some questions are presented specifically so that the speaker can answer it themselves. These are often found in
the context of a speech, essay, article, advertisement, or anything else meant to make some persuasive argument.
 Many people consider justice to be a fundamental virtue. But what exactly is “justice”? Different
philosophers have found several answers…
 What’s the best way to lose weight fast? The answer might surprise you…
 Why do we call it “social media” when all it does is isolate people? Perhaps we should come up with a
better name for it…