Lampiran C.
Spesifikasi Alat
8. Reactor Fixed Bed Multitube (R-01)
Fungsi : Mereaksikan benzena dengan propilen untuk menghasilkan cumene
Bentuk : Fixed Bed Shell & Tube Reactor
Gambar :
Kondisi operasi : Reaksi dalam fase gas dan bersifat eksotermis
Isotermal pada, Tekanan, P2 = 25 atm
Temperatur,T2 = 350 oC = 623 K
R = 0.08205 atm.m³/kmol.K
Laju alir molar (Fv)
= 18.943 kmol/jam = 1250.88 kg/jam = 2757.7
campuran
Laju alir molar = 5068.008 kg/jam = 11173.03134 lb/jam
pendingin
Beban panas, Q = 1059720.4292 kJ/jam = 1004421.038 Btu/jam
Space time, τ = 0.0043 jam = 15.48 detik
Katalis : Jenis = Solid Phosphoric Acid
Bentuk = bola
Ukuran = 0.6 cm = 0.25 in
Porositas = 20 % = 0.2
Bulk density = 1000 kg/m³
Desain Reaktor
1. Menghitung Volume Reaktor
Kondisi STP : T1 = 273 K
P1 = 1 atm
I mol = 22.4 Liter
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
Fv = 18.943 kmol/jam
Fv = 18.943 kmol x 1000 mol x T2 x P1 x 22.4 liter
jam kmol T1 P2
Fv = 18.943 kmol x 1000 mol x 623 K x 1 atm x 22.4 liter
jam kmol 273 K 25.00 atm 1 mol
Fv = 38733.388 Liter x 1 jam = 10.759 Liter/s
jam 3600 s
τ = V katalis
Fv
V katalis = τ x Fv
V katalis = 15.480 sec x 10.759 Lt/s
V katalis = 166.554 Liter
Volume dirancang 20% berlebih sehingga :
V = 1.2 x Vkat Lite
V = 1.2 x 166.554 r
V = 199.864 Liter = 0.200 m3 = 7.058 ft3
2. Menghitung ΔT
Coulson vol. 6 hal. 655
T1 = 350 0C (T hot in shell) = 662 F
o
T2 = 348 0
C (T hot out shell) = 658 F
o
t1 = 25 0
C (T cold in tube) = 77 F
o
t2 = 75 0
C (T cold out tube) = 167 F
o
Fluida Panas (oF) Komponen Fluida Dingin (oF) Selisih
662 Suhu tinggi 167 585
658 Suhu rendah 77 491
selisih 94
LMTD = ΔT2 - ΔT1
ln (ΔT2 /ΔT1)
= 536.8407 0
F
Faktor Rasio
Coulson Hal. 656
S = t2 - t1 = 0.154 dan R = T1 - T2 = 0.04
T1 - t1 t2 - t1
Dari Fig.18 diperoleh nilai Ft = 0.8
ΔT = Ft x ΔTLM
ΔT = 429.47 0
F
3. Menghitung Tc dan tc
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
Tc = 1/2 ( 662 + 658 ) = 660.2 o
F
tc = 1/2 ( 167 + 77 ) = 122 o
F (Kern, 1965)
4. Menentukan Rencana Spesifikasi Ukuran Pipa
Panjang Tube (L) = 8 ft = 2.438 m
Dari Tabel 10, untuk tube 3/4 in diperoleh:
Outside Diameter (OD) = 0.75 in = 0.062 ft = 0.019049 m
Inside Diameter (ID) = 0.62 in = 0.052 ft = 0.015747 m
BWG = 16
Pass = 2
Pt = 1 in Triangular Pitch
a'' = 0.1963 ft2/[Link]
Jumlah Tube (Nt) = Vkatalis
= 7.058 ft3
0.0168 ft3
= 421.02 tube
Dari Tabel 9 Kern untuk 421.02 tubes, 2 passes, OD 3/4 in, 1 in triangular pitch diperoleh:
Jumlah Tube terdekat, Nt = 452 buah
ID Shell = 25 in
5. Menghitung Luas transfer panas (A)
A = Nt x L x a"
A = 709.821 ft2
UD = Q = 3.29 BTU/[Link]
(A.ΔT)
Dari Tabel 8,Kern hal 840 untuk fluida panas gas & fluida dingin air :
UD = 2 - 50 BTU/[Link] (nilai UD memenuhi)
maka Luas perpindahan panas, A = 709.82 ft2
6. Menghitung tebal tube
Diketahui :
Tekanan operasi = 25 atm = 367.5 psi
P desain = 1.2 x P op = 441 psi = 30 atm
Diameter dalam tube = 0.62 in
Jari – jari tube = 0.31 in
Joint efficiency (E) = 0.8 (Brownell & Young, 1959)
Allowable stress (f) = 11200 psi (Brownell & Young, 1959)
Faktor korosi (C) = 0.0098 in (Brownell & Young, 1959)
Tebal tube :
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
t = 0.02552 in
Tebal tube standar= 0.03 in = 0.00065 m
7. Menghitung Inside Diameter Shell (IDs), Tinggi Shell Reaktor, & Tebal Shell
Susunan tube = Tringular Pitch (Δ)
Shell Side
ID = 25 in = 0.635 m
Tube Pitch (PT) = 1,25 x Do
= 0.9375 in = 0.02381 m
Clearance (C’) = P T
– Do
= 0.1875 in = 0.00476 m
Tinggi shell Reaktor
T = L + (0,25 x IDS x 2)
T = 2.76 m = 108.4953 in
Tebal Shell Reaktor
Diameter shell = 25 in = 0.635 m
Jari-jari shell = 12.5 in = 0.3175 m
Tebal shell, ts =
= 0.644 in = 0.01635 m
8. Menghitung Diameter dan Tinggi Head
Diameter head = diameter shell = 25 in = 0.635 m
Rasio axis = 2 : 1
Tinggi Head = 0.159 m = 6.3 in
Fluida Dingin : Tube Side, Cooling Water
a. Menghitung total flow area dalam tube (at)
Flow area dalam tube at = 0.302 in2 (Tabel 10 Kern, 1965)
Total flow area (at) = Nt x at / 144 x n (Kern, 1965)
= 0.474 ft2
b. Menghitung kecepatan massa dalam pipa
Laju alir, Gt = w = 11173.031 lb/jam = 23573.17753 lb/jam.ft2
at 0.4740 ft2
c. Menghitung bilangan Reynold (Ret) dalam tube
Pada : Tavg = 122 o
F = 323 K
Data fisis dan termal air :
μ = 0.8 cP = 1.93528 lb/ft hr
Cp = 4.181 kj/kg Co
= 0.998841 BTU/[Link]
k = 0.8810 BTU/[Link]
Ret = ID . Gt = 1382.46 (Kern, 1965)
μ
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
d. Dari Fig.24 hal 834, untuk L/D = 154.84 , diperoleh
jH = 2.5 (Kern, 1965)
e. Menghitung nilai hi
Pada: Tavg = 122 o
F
Cp = 0.9988 BTU/[Link]
k = 0.881 BTU/[Link] (Tabel 5 Kern hal 802)
( (k (/Cp.μ∛))) = 2.194
0.14((^μ w (/)μ)) = Φt
hi = jH x (k/D) x ( (k (/Cp.μ∛))) x Φt
hi/Φt = 93.5 BTU/[Link]
hio/Φt = hi/Φt x (ID/OD) (Kern, 1965)
= 77.322 BTU/[Link]
Fluida Panas : Shell Side, Campuran Umpan Reaktor
a. Flow area pada shell (as)
T avg = 660.2 oF
ID Shell= 25 in = 2.083333 ft
Dari persamaan 11.4: Baffle spacing, B = ID/5 (Kern, 1965)
sehingga, B = 5.000 in = 0.417 ft
Clearance (C') = Pt - OD
= 0.188 in = 0.016 ft
as = (ID x C' x B)
(144 Pt)
= 0.1736 ft2
b. Laju alir massa dalam shell, Gs
Gs = W
as
Gs = 2757.713 lb/jam = 15884.426 lb/ft2 hr
0.1736 ft2
c. Bilangan Reynold, Res
Pada Tavg = 660.2 oF = 622 K
Data fisis dan termal campuran umpan reaktor
Massa Fraksi μ Cp
Komponen μ campuran Cp campuran
(kg/jam) (x) lb/ft hr BTU/[Link]
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
propilen 251.944 0.201 0.0408 0.0082 0.6209 0.1251
propana 13.892 0.011 0.0379 0.0004 0.7084 0.0079
benzena 985.044 0.787 0.0378 0.0298 0.4995 0.3934
Jumlah 1250.879 1.000 0.0384 0.5263
k
Komponen k campuran
(Btu/[Link].F)
propilen 0.0352 0.0071
propana 0.0365 0.0004
benzena 0.0246 0.0194
Jumlah 0.0269
Menghitung viskositas gas campuran umpan reaktor
µ gas = A+B*T+C*T^2 (μP)
μ
Komponen A B C μ (μP)
lb/ft hr
propilen -7.2303 0.3418 -9.5E-05 168.803 0.0408
propana -5.4615 0.3272 -1.1E-04 156.769 0.0379
benzena -0.1509 0.2571 -9.0E-06 156.291 0.0378
De = 0.73 in = 0.06083 ft (Kern. Fig 28 Hal 838)
Gs = 15884.43 lb/ft hr
2
Res = Gs De = 25152.53
μ
d. Dari Fig.28 hal 838, diperoleh
jH = 100
e. Menghitung nilai ho
Pada : Tavg = 660.2 o
F = 622 K
Menghitung Kapasitas Panas Gas
Cp = A + BT + CT2 + DT3 + ET4 (Yaws Handbook)
Cp
Komponen A B C D E
(kJ/kmol K)
propilen 31.298 0.0724 1.95E-04 -2.16E-07 6.30E-11 109.1906
propana 28.277 0.116 1.96E-04 -2.33E-07 6.87E-11 130.5052
benzena -31.368 0.4746 -3.1E-04 8.52E-08 -5.05E-12 163.1252
Cp Cp
kmol/jam kg/jam
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
kmol/jam kg/jam
(kJ/kmol K) BTU/[Link]
109.1906 5.999 251.944 0.6209
130.5052 0.316 13.892 0.7084
163.1252 12.629 985.044 0.4995
Menghitung Thermal Conductivity of Gas (k)
k = A + BT + CT2 (Yaws Handbook)
k k
Komponen A B C
(W/m K) (Btu/[Link].F)
propilen -0.01116 0.00008 6.56E-08 0.0609 0.0352
propana -0.00869 0.00007 7.88E-08 0.0631 0.0365
benzena -0.00565 0.00003 6.93E-08 0.0426 0.0246
μ = 0.038418 lb/ft hr
Cp = 0.52629 BTU/[Link]
k = 0.02689 BTU/[Link]
( (k (/Cp.μ∛))) = 0.751975
0.14((^μ w (/)μ)) = Φs
ho = jH x (k/D) x ( (k (/Cp.μ∛))) x Φs
ho/Φs = 39.133199 BTU/[Link]
ho = ho/Φs x Φs (Kern, 1965)
f. Tube-wall temperature
tw = tc + ho/Φs x (Tc - tc)
hio/Φt + ho/Φs
tw = 302.856 o
F
pada tw = 302.856 o
F = 423.475 K
Tube side
pada Tw = 302.856 oF = 423.475 K
μw = 0.800 cP = 1.93528 lb/ft hr
sehingga : Φt = 0.14((^μ w (/)μ)) = 1.0000
hio = hio / Φt x Φt = 77.322 BTU/[Link]
Shell Side
Massa Fraksi μw
Komponen μw camp
(kg/jam) (x) lb/ft hr
propilen 251.944 0.201 0.0374 0.0075
propana 13.892 0.011 0.0368 0.0004
benzena 985.044 0.787 0.0267 0.0210
TOTAL 1250.879 1.000 0.0290
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
μw = 0.0290 lb/ft hr
sehingga : Φs = μ (/)μ)) = 1.0404
ho = 0.14ho /((^
Φs w x Φs = 40.714 BTU/[Link]
7. Clean Overall Coefficient for Preheating, Uc
Uc = hio x ho (Kern, 1965)
hio + ho
= 77.322 x 40.714
77.322 + 40.714
= 26.670 BTU/jam [Link]
8. Dirt Factor, Rd
Rd = UC - UD (Kern, 1965)
UC x UD
=26.6704 - 3.295
26.6704 x 3.295
Rd = 0.266
≈ 0.000
PRESSURE DROP
Tube Side
Untuk Ret = 1382.46
Dari Fig.26, diperoleh faktor friksi, f = 0.0006 (Kern, 1965)
Dari Fig.6, diperoleh s = 0.8698
1) ∆ Pt = f Gt L n
2
(Kern, 1965)
5.22 x 1010 x De s φt
∆ Pt = 0.0019 psi
2) Dari Fig.27 untuk Gt = 23573.18 lb/jam.ft2 diperoleh:
V2/2g' = 0.001 (Kern, 1965)
∆ Pr = (4n/s) (V2/2g')
= 0.0091975 psi
3) ∆P total = ∆ Pt + ∆ Pr (Kern, 1965)
= 0.0019 + 0.009198
= 0.0111 psi
Shell Side
Untuk Res = 25152.5
Dari Fig.29, diperoleh faktor friksi, f = 0.015 (Kern, 1965)
Dari Fig.6, diperoleh s = 0.8698
Number of cross, (N + 1)
1) N + 1 = 12 L/B (Kern, 1965)
= 230
2) Ds = ID/12 (Kern, 1965)
= 25 in / 12
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
= 2.083 ft
3) ∆ Ps = f Gs Ds (N + 1)
2
5,22 x 1010 x De s φs
∆ Ps = 0.6322 psi
Kesimpulan Hasil Perhitungan
Spesifikasi Keterangan
Nama : Fixed Bed Shell & Tube Reactor
Fungsi : Mereaksikan propilen dan benzene yang berisi katalis
asam
asam posfat
posfat
Bentuk : 1-2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Volume : 199.86 dm3
Kondisi operasi : - Fluida Panas (campuran umpan)
W = 1250.88 kg/jam
T1 = 350 o
F
T2 = 348 o
F
Pop = 25 atm
Laju alir = 15884.426 lb/[Link]
Res = 25152.53
ho = 40.714 BTU/[Link]
- Fluida Dingin (Cooling Water)
W = 5068.008 kg/jam
t1 = 25 o
C
t2 = 75 o
C
Laju alir = 23573.18 lb/[Link]
Ret = 1382.46
hi = 77.322 BTU/[Link]
Kondisi design : Temp. = 385 o
C
P = 30.0 atm
Uc : 26.670 BTU/jam ft . F2 o
UD : 3.29 BTU/jam [Link]
Tebal tube reaktor : 0.03 in
Tebal shell reaktor : 0.64 in
Diameter head : 25 in
Tinggi head : 6.25 in
Bahan konstruksi : Carbon Steel
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
lb/j
Lampiran C. Spesifikasi Alat
Kebutuhan katalis
10.759 Lt x 10^3 kg x 1 m3 = 10.759 kg x 3600 s x 24 jam x 330 hari
s m3 10^3 Lt s 1 jam 1 hari 1 tahun
= 77466.7752 kg x 1 ton
tahun 10^3 kg
= 77.4667752 ton/thn