Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

GEOSTATISTIK

Shalaho Dina Devy

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

STATISTIK VARIOGRAM (2)

(Course-4)

1
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Jenis variogram dan semi variogram

• Semivariogram Eksperimental
• semivariogram teoritis

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Gambar semivariance teoritis

2
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Variogram dan semivariogram teoritis

 Variogram teoritis mempunyai bentuk kurva yang

paling mendekati variogram eksperimental.
 Untuk keperluan analisis lebih lanjut variogram
ekperimental harus diganti dengan variogram
teoritis.
 Terdapat beberapa jenis variogram yang sering
digunakan, yaitu :
1. Model bola (spherical mode)
2. Model ekponensial (Exponential Model)
3. Model gauss (gaussion model)
5

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Model bola (spherical mode)

Bentuk variogram ini dirumuskan sebagai berikut

Dengan :
• H adalah jarak lokasi antar sampel
• Co+C adalah sill, yaitu nilai variogram untuk jarak pada saat besarnya
konstan (tetap). Nilai ini sama dengan nilai variansi data
• a adalah range, yaitu jarak pada saat nilai variogram mencapai sill

3
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Contoh Variogram spherical model

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Model eksponensial (Exponential Model)

 Pada model eksponensial terjadi peningkatan

dalam semivariogram yang sangat curam dan
mencapai nilai sill secara asimtotik, dirumuskan
sebagai berikut

4
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Contoh Variogram Exponential Model

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Model gauss (gaussion model)

 Model gaus merupakan bentuk kuadrat dari
eksponensial sehingga menghasilkan bentuk
parabolic pada jarak yang dekat dan dirumuskan
sebagai berikut

10

5
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Contoh Variogram gaussion model

11

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Fitting
Ada 2 metode yang umumnya digunakan untuk menfit
variogram ekperimental dengan variogram teoritis yaitu
1. metode visual dan
2. metode least square.
Dengan metode visual (manual) biasanya sudah cukup
memuaskan, dan banyak digunakan oleh para ahli
geostatistik. Karena sense yang banyak berperan dalam
melakukan fitting tersebut, maka dalam pekerjaan ini
pengalaman akan sangat menentukan kualitas fitting.

12

6
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Tujuan Fitting
• Tujuan utama dari fitting ini adalah untuk mengetahui parameter
geostatistik seperti a (range), C, Co.
Berikut beberapa pedoman penting dalam melakukan fitting
• Variogram yang mempunyai pasangan conto yang sangat sedikit agar
diabaikan
• Nugget variance (Co) didapat dari perpotongan garis tangential dari
beberapa titik pertama variogram dengan sumbu Y
• Sill (Co+C) kira-kira sama dengan atau mendekati varians populasi. Garis
tangensial diatas akan memotong garis sill pada jarak 2/3 a, Sehingga
selanjutnya dapat dihitung harga a.
• Interpretasi nugget variance untuk variogram dengan sudut toleransi 180o
(variogram rata-rata) akan sangat membantu untuk memperkirakan
besarnya nugget Variance
• Nugget variance diambil dari multiple variogram (dalam berbagai arah).
Dalam multiple Variogram, best spherical line sebaiknya lebih mendekati
13
variogram yang mempunyai pasangan conto yang cukup

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Metode Estimasi Kadar

1. Metode Kriging
2. Metode Invers Distance Square

14

7
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

What is kriging?

Optimal interpolation based on

regression against observed z
values of surrounding data points,
weighted according to spatial
covariance values.

15

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

16

8
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Definisi kriging
 Kriging  merupakan teknik perhitungan
untuk estimasi suatu variabel teregional
yang menggunakan pendekatan  bahwa
data yang dianalisis dianggap sebagai
suatu realisasi dari suatu vriabel acak,
 Keseluruhan variabel acak yang dianalisis
tersebut akan membentuk suatu fungsi
acak menggunakan strukturak variogram

17

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Definisi kriging
 Kriging  Secara umum 
merupakan metode yang digunakan
untuk menganalisis data geostatistik,
yaitu untuk menginterpolasi suatu nilai
kandungan mineral berdasarkan data
sampel
 Data sampel  diambil dari lokasi
yang tidak beraturan

18

9
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Kegunaan kriging
 Kriging  digunakan untuk menonjolkan
metode khusus dalam rata-rata pergerakan
terbobot (weighted moving average) yang
meminimalkan variasi dari hasil estimasi
(Matheron, 1960)
 Estimasi besaran nilai karakteristik Z’ pada
titik tidak tersempel berdasarkan informasi
dari karakteristik titik tersempel Z yang
berada di sekitarnya dengan
mempertimbangkan korelasi spasial yang ada
dalam data tersebut 19

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Tujuan Kriging
 Mencari penaksir tak-bias linier
terbaik Kriteria terbaik: variansi
minimum.
 Memilih rata-rata berbobot dari
nilai sampel yang memiliki variansi
minimum.
 Interpolasi spasial.

20

10
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Kriging

Block Point

Simple Kriging

21

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Example-1
 Estimation of a variable at an
unmeasured location from observed
values at surrounding locations. For
example, estimating porosity at u = (2000
m, 4700 m) based on porosity values at
nearest six data points in our Zone A
data:

22

11
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

23

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Some advantages of kriging:

 Gives estimate of estimation error

(kriging variance), along with estimate
of the variable, Z, itself (but error map
is basically a scaled version of a map of
distance to nearest data point, so not
that unique)

24

12
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Kriging approach and terminology

25

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Ordinary kriging
 Salah satu metode kriging 
memiliki asumsi matematik khas
untuk penerapan  intrinsic
stationary
 Sifat-sifat ordainary kriging:
• Linear
• Unbiased
• Best/optimu
26

13
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Asumsi matematik ordinary kriging

27

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Ordinary Kriging

28

14
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Ordinary Kriging (point)

29

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Ordinary Kriging (point)

30

15
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Cara Mencari Invers Matriks Ordo 3x3

Untuk Mendapatkan matriks unsur invers 3x3 kita
perlu memahami matriks - matriks berikut :
1. Matriks Kofaktor
2. Adjoin
3. Nilai elemen
4. rumus invers Matriks ordo 3 x 3

31

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Matriks Kofaktor & Adjoin

 Matriks Kofaktor adalah matriks yang unsurnya diganti dengan
nilai determinan yang unsurnya tidak sebaris dan tidak sekolom
dengan unsur asal.

 Adjoin adalah matriks kofaktor yang di Transposkan ( baris jadi kolom ,

kolom jadi baris )

32

16
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Contoh soal invers matrik ordo 3 x 3

33

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Langkah-langkah
Langkah pertama maka kita harus mencari kofaktor dari A

34

17
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Langkah kedua, Setelah hasil dari Kofaktor A ditemukan , maka kita

mencari Adjoin nya

35

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Langkah ketiga , Mencari nilai determinan A

36

18
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Langkah terakhir adalah mencari invers matriks A dengan rumus

Invers Matriks nxn = 1 / nilai determinan X Matriks Adjoinnya

jadi matriks invers A

37

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Determinan (Soal)

1.

2.

38

19
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Jawaban Soal 1

39

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Jawaban Soal 2

40

20
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Determinan ordo 4 x4

1.

41

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

42

21
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Determinan ordo 4 x 4 (soal-2)

2.

43

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Jawaban Determinan ordo 4 x 4 (soal-2)

44

22
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Invers matrik ordo 3 x 3 (soal-1)

1.

45

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Jawaban Invers Matrik ordo 3 x 3 (soal-1)

46

23
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

47

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Invers matrik ordo 3 x 3 (soal-2)

2.

48

24
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Jawaban Invers Matrik ordo 3 x 3 (soal-2)

49

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

50

25
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Invers matrik ordo 4 x 4

51

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Determinan ordo 4 x 4

52

26
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

53

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

Conto soal

54

27
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

55

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

56

28
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

57

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

58

29
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

59

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

60

30
 Mining Engineering Department
Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

61

Mining Engineering Department

Mulawarman University Faculty of Engineering

62

31