Sentence

Compound sentence
Complex sentence
SENTENCES
Pengertian Sentence (Kalimat). Menurut Ilmu Bahasa, sentence (kalimat)
adalah sekumpulan kata yang mempunyai paling sedikit satu subjek dan satu
predikat serta mengandung pengertian yang sempurna (lengkap). Sebuah
kalimat diawali dengan huruf besar dan diakhiri dengan titik. Atau di dalam
wikipedia ada dijelaskan akan tetapi saya tidak mendapati yang berbahasa
Indonesia dan hanya mendapati yang berbahasa Inggris. Adapun yang tertulis
didalam wikipedia adalah sebagai berikut : In linguistics, a sentence is a
grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing minimal syntactic relation to the
words that precede or follow it, often preceded and followed in speech by
pauses, having one of a small number of characteristic intonation patterns, and
typically expressing an independent statement, question, request, command,
etc. Sentences are generally characterized in most languages by the presence of
a finite verb.
Pembagian Kalimat
Simple Sentence (Kalimat Sederhana) yaitu kalimat yang hanya mengandung
satu verb (kata keja) utama yang mencerminkan adanya satu gagasan saja.
Compound Sentence (Kalimat Majemuk) yaitu kalimat yang mengandung
dua verb utama atau lebih yang menggambarkan 2 gagasan atau lebih yang
disambungkan dengan kata sambung (conjunctions).
Complex Sentence (Kalimat Sempurna) yaitu kalimat yang mengandung 1
main clause (kalimat induk) dan 1 atau lebih anak kalimat yang dihubungkan
dengan Kata Ganti Penghubung (Relative Pronouns).
Complex-Compound Sentence (Kalimat Majemuk Sempurna) yaitu kalimat
gabungan antara kalimat majemuk dan kalimat sempurna yaitu kalimat yang
terdiri dari 1 atau lebih kalimat utama dan 1 atau lebih anak kalimat.
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut ini:
Jean is in the house (simple sentence)
Its starting to rain and I have left my deck-chair outside (Compound Sentence)
The suspect denied that he had been in the neighborhood (Complex Sentence)
The man stole the jewelry and he did it in his home until he could safely get out
of town. (Complex-Compound Sentence)

Simple Sentence. A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one

independent clause and no dependent clauses. A simple sentence, also called an
independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete
thought
In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.
The singer bowed.
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject,
singer, and one predicate, bowed.
Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
that sentence contains a compound subject.
Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
that sentence contains a compound verb.

Compound sentence. A compound sentence is composed of at least two

independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are
joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative
conjunction (with or without a comma), or a semicolon that functions as a
conjunction. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. The use
of a comma to separate two independent clauses in a sentence is accepted as
part of the English language.
In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green,
and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.
I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.
The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains
two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma
preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the
relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical
except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first?
Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went
shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro
played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or
because "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change
the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of
"yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

Complex sentence. A complex sentence is a sentence with an independent

clause and at least one dependent clause (subordinating clause). The dependent
clause is introduced by either a subordinate conjunction such as although, or
because or a relative pronoun such as who or which.
In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green,
and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.
When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.
When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and
D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the
independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in
sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the
subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.
Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the
dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the
independent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent
clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often
hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when
the independent clause begins the sentence.

Complex-compound sentence. In syntax, a sentence with at least two

independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is referred to as a
complex-compound sentence. Sometimes also called a compound-complex
sentence.
Examples
"The cat lived in the backyard, but the dog, who knew he was superior, lived
inside the house".
Independent clauses: The cat lived in the backyard.
Dependent clause: who knew he was superior

Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex

Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting
and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound choppy and
immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to
understand.

This page contains definitions of simple, compound, and complex sentences with
many simple examples. The purpose of these examples is to help the ESL/EFL
learner to identify sentence basics including identification of sentences in the
short quizzes that follow. After that, it will be possible to analyze more complex
sentence varieties.

Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a
verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences,
subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.

Some students like to study in the mornings.

Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence 2
contains a compound subject, and sentence 3 contains a compound verb. Simple
sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete
thought, but they can also contain compound subjects or verbs.

Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator.
The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The
first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short
sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following

compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the
coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.

I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.

Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.
The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains
two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma
preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the
meaningof the sentences. Sentences 2 and 3, for example, are identical except
for the coordinators. In sentence 2, which action occurred first? Obviously,
"Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping."
In sentence 3, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence 3, "Alejandro played
football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because
"Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the
relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of "yet"
or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?

Complex Sentence

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more

dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as
because, since, after, although, or when (and many others) or a relative pronoun
such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in
yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when
required) are in red.

When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies
Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.
When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences 1 and 4,
a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent
clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences 2, 3,

and 5, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in

sentences 2, 3, and 5, it is wrong.

Note that sentences 4 and 5 are the same except sentence 4 begins with the
dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence 5 begins with the
independent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent
clause in sentence 4 is required, and experienced listeners of English will often
hear a slight pause there. In sentence 5, however, there will be no pause when
the independent clause begins the sentence.

Complex Sentences / Adjective Clauses

Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also
complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause.
The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous
sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.

The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics.

The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.
The house which Abraham Lincoln was born in is still standing.
The town where I grew up is in the United States.
Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to
know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

Conclusion and Quizzes

Take our quick [Link] you sure you now know the differences between simple,
compound, and complex sentences? Click QUICK QUIZ (will open in new window)
to find out. This first quiz is just six sentences. The key is to look for the subjects
and verbs first. After taking the quiz, you will see your score, and you will also
have an opportunity to LISTEN TO THE AUDIO (four minutes) explaining why the
sentences are simple, compound, or complex.