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<div id="header">

<h1>

git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page

</h1>

<h2>NAME</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<p>git-commit-tree -

Create a new commit object

</p>

</div>

</div>

<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent commit&gt;)&#8230;] &lt; changelog</p></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See

<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and

emits the new commit object id on stdout.</p></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one

parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes

the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)

commits have no parents.</p></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working

directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how

to get there.</p></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git

doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we

tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by

<tt>.git/HEAD</tt>, so that we can always see what the last committed

state was.</p></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="dlist"><dl>

<dt class="hdlist1">

&lt;tree&gt;

</dt>

<dd>

<p>

An existing tree object

</p>

</dd>

<dt class="hdlist1">

-p &lt;parent commit&gt;

</dt>

<dd>

<p>

Each <em>-p</em> indicates the id of a parent commit object.

</p>

</dd>

</dl></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>

<div class="ulist"><ul>

<li>

<p>

all parent object ids

</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>

author name, email and date

</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>

committer name and email and the commit time.

</p>

</li>

</ul></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and

committer information is taken from the following environment variables,

if set:</p></div>

<div class="literalblock">

<div class="content">

<pre><tt>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME

GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL

GIT_AUTHOR_DATE

GIT_COMMITTER_NAME

GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL

GIT_COMMITTER_DATE

EMAIL</tt></pre>

</div></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>(nb "&lt;", "&gt;" and "\n"s are stripped)</p></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information

is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not

present, system user name and fully qualified hostname.</p></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog

entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait

for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p>The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables

support the following date formats:</p></div>

<div class="dlist"><dl>

<dt class="hdlist1">

Git internal format

</dt>

<dd>

<p>

It is <tt>&lt;unix timestamp&gt; &lt;timezone offset&gt;</tt>, where <tt>&lt;unix

timestamp&gt;</tt> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.

<tt>&lt;timezone offset&gt;</tt> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.

For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is <tt>+0200</tt>.

</p>

</dd>

<dt class="hdlist1">

RFC 2822

</dt>

<dd>

<p>

The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example

<tt>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</tt>.

</p>

</dd>

<dt class="hdlist1">

ISO 8601

</dt>

<dd>

<p>

Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example

<tt>2005-04-07T22:13:13</tt>. The parser accepts a space instead of the

<tt>T</tt> character as well.

</p>

<div class="admonitionblock">

<table><tr>

<td class="icon">

<div class="title">Note</div>

</td>

<td class="content">In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:

<tt>YYYY.MM.DD</tt>, <tt>MM/DD/YYYY</tt> and <tt>DD.MM.YYYY</tt>.</td>

</tr></table>

</div>

</dd>

</dl></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_diagnostics">Diagnostics</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="dlist"><dl>

<dt class="hdlist1">

You don&#8217;t exist. Go away!

</dt>

<dd>

<p>

The passwd(5) gecos field couldn&#8217;t be read

</p>

</dd>

<dt class="hdlist1">

Your parents must have hated you!

</dt>

<dd>

<p>

The passwd(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer.

</p>

</dd>

<dt class="hdlist1">

Your sysadmin must hate you!

</dt>

<dd>

<p>

The passwd(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer.

</p>

</dd>

</dl></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>

<div class="ulist"><ul>

<li>

<p>

The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects

are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.

What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared

with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected

to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such

thing as pathname encoding translation.

</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>

The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences

of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core

level.

</p>

</li>

<li>

<p>

The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL

bytes.

</p>

</li>

</ul></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded

in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to

force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular

project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git

does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in

mind.</p></div>

<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">

<li>

<p>

<em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues

a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look

like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your

project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to

have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:

</p>

<div class="listingblock">

<div class="content">

<pre><tt>[i18n]

commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>

</div></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value

of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to

help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header

implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>

</li>

<li>

<p>

<em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the

<tt>encoding</tt> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the

log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can

specify the desired output encoding with

<tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:

</p>

<div class="listingblock">

<div class="content">

<pre><tt>[i18n]

logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>

</div></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of

<tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log

message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit

object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a

reversible operation.</p></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a></p></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_author">Author</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p>Written by Linus Torvalds &lt;<a href="mailto:torvalds@osdl.org">torvalds@osdl.org</a>&gt;</p></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_documentation">Documentation</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;.</p></div>

</div>

<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>

<div class="sectionbody">

<div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>

</div>

<div id="footer">

<div id="footer-text">

Last updated 2010-11-06 00:41:57 UTC

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