bdkbZ 11 jl[kku dk dkO;

bdkà dh :ijs[kk

11-0 mn~ns';

11-1 çLrkouk

11-2 jl[kku dk thou o`Ùk

11-3 jl[kku dh jpuk,¡

11-4 jl[kku esa —".k-çse vkSj HkfDr

11-5 jl[kku dk çsen'kZu

11-6 jl[kku dh Hkk"kk vkSj dkO; lkSan;Z

11-7 jl[kku ds dkO; dk okpu vkSj vkLoknu

11-8 lkjka'k

11-9 'kCnkoyh

11-10 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

11-11 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

11-0 mn~ns';

;fn ge Çgnh dfork ds lzksrksa dh f'kuk[r djsa] rc mlesa 'kkfey vusd varjorÊ èkkjkvksa

ls gekjk ifjp; gksrk gSA njvly ;g èkkjk Hkkjrh; yksdra= ds fodflr gksus vkSj

fof'k"V psruk ds fuekZ.k dh Hkh dgkuh gSA vCnqjZ jgeku] vehj [kqljks] efyd eqgEen

407
tk;lh tSls jpukdkjksa dk Çgnh dfork ds bfrgkl esa çeq[k Lojksa ds :i esa 'kkfey gksuk

bl ckr dk çek.k gS fd Çgnh dfork vius vkjafHkd nkSj ls gh LoHkkor% ,d ,sls o`gr

o`Ùk dk fuekZ.k dj jgh Fkh] ftlesa fofHkUu izdkj dh vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds fy, LFkku gksA ;g

dsoy mnkjrk dk ladYi gh ugÈ gS] cfYd vusd rjg dh gncafn;ksa ls vlger gksus

dk foosd Hkh gSA bl bdkà esa —".kHkfDr èkkjk ds ,d çeq[k Loj jl[kku dh dforkvksa

dh fofHkUu fof'k"Vrkvksa ls vki ijfpr gksx

a sA bdkà ds vè;;u ds ckn vki %

 jl[kku dh thou ;k=k ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxs(

 muds jpukRed vonku dks tku ldsaxs(
 muds —".k çse vkSj HkfDr dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dks le> ik,¡xs(
 jl[kku ds çsen'kZu ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks le> ik,¡xs(
 jl[kku dh dfork ds f'kYi i{k dks tku ldsax(s rFkk
 jl[kku dh pqfuank dforkvksa ds lk{; ij viuh le> dks vkSj Hkh fodflr dj
ik,¡xsA

11-1 çLrkouk

HkfDrdky ds çfl) —".kHkDr dfo lS;n bczkfge jl[kku dh yksdfç;rk ds vusd fdLls

e'kgwj jgs gSaA dqN ckrsa ckj-ckj m)`r dh tkrh gSaA elyu mudh dfork,¡ rqylhnkl

vkSj lwjnkl dh gh rjg yksxksa dh tqcku ij p<+ xbZ FkÈA Hkkjrsanq gfj'paæ us fy[kk gS

fd bu eqlyeku gfjtuu ij dksfVu fganw okfj;s! vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us jl[kku dh

yksdfç;rk ds csgn jkspd igyw dh rjQ gekjk è;ku vkdÆ"kr fd;k gS] mUgksaus vius

^Çgnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* esa ntZ fd;k] ^^çse ds ,sls lqna j mn~xkj buds loS;ksa esa fudys

fd tulkèkkj.k çse ;k Ük`axkj lacaèkh dfoÙk loS;ksa dks gh ^jl[kku* dgus yxs] tSls dksbZ

408
jl[kku lqukvksA** ,sls çfl) dfo dh yksdfç;rk dk ftruk foLrkj vius thou dky

esa gqvk mruh gh O;kfIr Çgnh dfork dh fojklr esa Hkh gqÃA —".kHkfDr 'kk[kk vkSj

eè;dkyhu çse dh dksà Hkh O;k[;k budh ppkZ ds fcuk tSls vèkwjh gSA jl[kku dh

dfork esa dsoy vuU; çse dk eksgd :i gh oÆ.kr ugÈ gqvk] yksd ds fofoèk jax Hkh

vius fof'k"V vankt+ esa çdV gq, gSaA mudh dfork,¡ gesa çse dh vuar xgjkb;ksa ds lkFk

gh o`ankou dh dqat-xfy;ksa] igkM+ksa iBkjksa] ou-miou] i'kq-i{kh] ozr-R;ksgkj vkfn dk

lgpj cuus dk lq[k Hkh nsrh gSaA jl[kku dh cztHkk"kk yksdjax esa ixh gS] ftlesa laokn

dh vn~Hkqr yyd gSA os vius le; esa çpfyr dkO;:iksa dk lèkk vkSj lVhd ç;ksx

djrs gSaA mudh dfork gesa cs[kqnh ds ml lalkj esa ys tkrh gS] tgk¡ b'd dh [kqekjh esa

Quk gksus dk tquwu eq[kj gSA ;g cs[k+qnh laØked gS] ;gk¡ yqHkkus okys [kqn yqHk tkrs gSa]

dkUgk xk;ksa dks Hkwy tkrk gS vkSj jkèkk dks xkxj mBkus dh lqfèk ugÈ jgrh %

vktq gkSa fugkj~;ks chj dÇynh rhj]

nksmu dks nksmu lksa eqfj eqldkbcksA

nksÅ ijS iS;k¡ nksÅ ysr gSa cyS;k¡ bUgSa

Hkwfy xb± xS;k¡ mUgSa xkxj mBkbcksAA

çse dk ;g Lo:i viwoZ vkSj mYys[kuh; gSA vkxs jl[kku ds thou vkSj dkO; ds fofHkUu

i{kksa dh tkudkjh nh tk jgh gSA

409
11-2 jl[kku dk thou o`Ùk

jl[kku HkfDrdky ds ,sls dfo ds :i esa [;kr gSa] ftuds thou ds ckjs esa ijLij fojksèkh

è[Link],¡ ekStwn gSaA muds thou ds cfglkZ{; vkSj varlkZ{; nksuksa miyCèk gSaA cfglkZ{;

;kuh muds nkSj dh jpukvksa esa muds ckjs esa tks çek.k miyCèk gSa rFkk varlkZ{; ;kuh

jl[kku dh jpukvksa ls D;k jk; lkeus vkrh gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd nksuksa

rjg ds lk{;ksa dks vkèkkj ekudj [Link] fu"ifÙk;ksa rd igq¡pus dk ç;kl fd;k tk;A

jl[kku fnYyh ds iBku ljnkj FksA muds thou dh vusd >yfd;k¡ mudh jpukvksa esa

miyCèk gSA tSls ^çseokfVdk* esa mudh mfDr gS %

nsf[k x+nj fgr lkgch] fnYyh uxj elkuA

fNufga cknlk-ca'k dh] Bld Nksfj jl[kkuAA

çsefudsru JhcuÇg] vkb xkscèkZu-èkkeA

yg~;ks lju fprpkfg ds] tqxyl:i yykeAA

Åij mfYyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa ^x+nj* vkSj ^fnYyh ds 'e'kku cu tkus* ds le; dk fo'ks"kKksa

us fuèkkZj.k fd;k gSA vuqeku ds eqrkfcd+ ;g o"kZ 1555 Ã- gSA blh o"kZ eqxy ckn'kkg

gqek;w¡ us fnYyh ds lwjoa'kh; iBku 'kkldksa ls viuk [kks;k gqvk 'kklukfèkdkj fQj ls

çkIr fd;k FkkA bl x+nj ds nkSjku Hkkjh jDrikr gqvk FkkA bl x+nj dk vlj jl[kku

ij gqvk vkSj os fojDr gks x,A jl[kku us ftl ckn'kkg oa'k dh Bld dk ft+Ø fd;k

gS] og 'ksj'kkg lwjh dk gSA lwjh dk mn; 1528 Ã- esa gqvk Fkk] vkSj bl oa'k dk var

bczkfge [kku vkSj vgen [kku ds ikjLifjd dyg ds pyrs 1555 bZ- esa gks x;kA bl

410
x+nj ds le; jl[kku dh mez ;fn chl-ckÃl lky eku yh tk; rks muds tUe dk o"kZ

1533 Ã- ekuk tk ldrk gSA ,d le; ;g è[Link] cyorh Fkh fd jl[kku figkuh ds

lS;n bczkfge dk gh miuke gSA ckn ds 'kksèkksa us bl ij iquÆopkj dk volj miyCèk

djk;kA ^çseokfVdk* ds ftl in dk Åij mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] mlds lk{; ij ;g

dguk lgh gS fd ftl rjg mUgksua s fnYyh NksM+dj xksoèkZu tkus dk mYys[k fd;k gS

mlds eqrkfcd+ muds tUe LFkku dks fnYyh ekuuk pkfg,A

,slk e'kgwj gS fd os fnYyh fuoklh ,d lkgwdkj ds csVs ij vklDr gks x, FksA ^nks lkS

ckou oS".kou dh okrkZ* ds vuqlkj Hkh bl rF; dh iqf"V gksrh gSA bl vk[;ku ds vuqlkj

jl[kku us ,d ckj nks vknfe;ksa dks ;g cfr;krs gq, lquk fd Ã'oj esa ,sls è;ku yxkuk

pkfg, tSlh jl[kku dh cfu, ds csVs ls çhr gSA ,d nwljh dgkuh Hkh e'kgwj gS] ftlds

eqrkfcd+ mudh çsfedk cM+h ekfuuh Fkh vkSj vDlj mudk frjLdkj djrh jgrh FkhA ,d

fnu tc os ^Jhen~Hkkxor* dk Qkjlh vuqokn i<+ jgs Fks rc mlesa xksfi;ksa dk —".k ds

çfr çse ns[kdj muds eu esa vk;k D;ksa u mUgÈ —".k ij ykS yxkbZ tk; ftu ij bruh

xksfi;k¡ mRlxZ gks jgh gSaA fQj os viuh ryk'k fy, o`ankou igqp
¡ x,A ^nks lkS ckou

oS".kou dh okrkZ* ds eqrkfcd+ mudh vklfDr oS".ko HkDrksa ds çksRlkgu ls cfu, ds csVs

ls —".kHkfDr esa :ikarfjr gks xbZA oS".koksa us bUgsa —".k-fp= nh Fkh] ftUgsa ysdj os fnYyh

ls czt çns'k igq¡ps FksA —".k dks ns[kus dh pkg fy, os eafnj-eafnj HkVdrs jgsA varr%

xksfoan-dqM
a esa JhukFk th ds eafnj esa HkDroRly Hkxoku —".k us mUgsa n'kZu fn,A dFkk

ds vuqlkj] fQj Lokeh foV~ByukFk us jl[kku dks eafnj ds vanj cqyk;kA jl[kku ds

thou esa Hkkjh cnyko vk;k vkSj os xksih Hkko dh HkfDr esa fu".kkr gks x,A lR;nso feJ

411
us fy[kk gS] ^^oLrqr% mDr okrkZ esa oÆ.kr ?kVuk-pØ lacèa kh dqN ladsr jl[kku dh jpukvksa

esa Hkh feyrs gSa & ;Fkk] ^çse-okfVdk* esa Nfo n'kZu dk mYys[k rFkk ^lqtku-jl[kku* dk

yhyk [Link]** mUgksua s xksLokeh foV~ByukFk dk f'k";Ro xzg.k fd;k FkkA

^uo HkDreky* ds jpukdkj Jh jkèkkpj.k xksLokeh vkSj ^mÙkjkèkZ HkDreky* ds jpf;rk

Hkkjrsanq gfj'paæ us Hkh jl[kku dk mYys[k fd;k gSA çlaxo'k Hkkjrsna q dk ;g dguk

jl[kku dh çflf) dk c;ku djrk gS fd bu eqlyeku HkDr dfo;ksa ds Åij djksMk+ sa

fganqvksa dks U;ksNkoj fd;k tk ldrk gSA f'koflg lsaxj us jl[kku dks lS;n oa'k dk

ekuk vkSj fuokl LFkku figkuh Bgjk;kA feJ caèkqvksa vkSj vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us jl[kku

dks fnYyh ds 'kkgh oa'k dk iBku ljnkj ekuk vkSj foV~ByukFk dk iV~V f'k"; Lohdkj

fd;kA feJ ca/kq rFkk vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy dh ekU;rk dks gh lokZf/kd Lohd`fr feyhA

jl[kku dh fo}rk vkSj yksdfç;rk dk vkye blls Hkh vkadk tk ldrk gS fd

[Link]/konkl }kjk 1755-56 Ã- esa jfpr ^ewyxqlkb±pfjr* esa xksLokeh rqylhnkl }kjk

Lojfpr ^jkepfjrekul* dh dFkk loZçFke jl[kku dks lqukus dk ft+Ø gS %

tequk rV iS =; oRlj ykSa] jl[kkuÇg tkb lqukor HkkSA

jl[kku-dkO; ds lHkh vè;srk bl ckr ij lgefr O;Dr djrs gSa fd mudh vafre jpuk

^çseokfVdk* ¼1614 bZ-½ gSA dqN gh lky ckn 1618 bZ- esa mudk nsgkolku gks x;kA

cksèk ç'u

1- fuEufyf[kr iz’uksa dk mÙkj ,d-,d iafDr esa nhft,A

412
 ¼d½ jl[kku dk iwjk uke D;k Fkk\

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¼[k½ fdl vkykspd us jl[kku ij djksM+ksa fganqvksa ds U;ksNkoj djus dh ckr

dh\

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2- jl[kku ds vkfoHkkZo dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe crkb,A ¼mÙkj ik¡p iafDr;ksa esa nhft,½

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3- fuEufyf[kr iz’uksa dk mÙkj ,d-,d iafDr esa nhft,A

¼d½ ^jkepfjrekul* jl[kku dks fdlus lquk;k Fkk\

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¼[k½ jl[kku ds nh{kk xq# dk uke crkb,A

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413
4- jl[kku ds çse ls tqMh+ dgkuh D;k gS\ ¼mÙkj ik¡p iafDr;ksa esa nhft,½

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11-3 jl[kku dh jpuk,¡

jl[kku jfpr rhu jpukvksa dks lHkh ç[Link] ekurs gSa& ^lqtku-jl[kku*] ^çse-okfVdk*

vkSj ^nkuyhyk*A fo|kfuokl feJ ds vuqlkj] ^^ukxjh ç[Link] lHkk ds laxzgky; esa mDr

jpukvksa ds vfrfjDr ^jl[kku nksgkoyh* vkSj ^jl[kku dforkoyh* uked nks jpuk,¡

jl[kku ds uke ls feyrh gSAa ^jl[kku nksgkoyh* dh vjch-Qkjlh 'kCnksa ls cksf>y 'kSyh

jl[kku dh ugha gks ldrhA --- ^jl[kku dforkoyh* esa jl[kku dk dksbZ in lax`ghr ugha

gSA**

vly esa] jl[kku dh dforkvksa dh Nkuchu yacs vjls ls gksrh jgh gSA Hkkjrsanq gfj'paæ

ds le; bl [kkstchu esa rsth+ vkbZA jl[kku dh jpukvksa dk çdk'ku lcls igys

fd'kksjhyky xksLokeh us fd;kA rc ls vc rd jl[kku dh vusd jpukvksa dk çdk'ku

gqvkA fd'kksjhyky xksLokeh }kjk ladfyr ^lqtku-jl[kku*] ^çse okfVdk*( ^jl[kku

414
inkoyh*& ladyu % çHkqnÙk czg~epkjh( ^jl[kku jRukoyh* & ladyu % nqxkZ'kadj feJ(

^jl[kku vkSj ?kukuan* & ladyu % ckcw vehj Çlg( ^jl[kkfu xzaFkkoyh* & laiknu %

vkpk;Z fo’oukFk çlkn feJ vkfn dk bl lanHkZ esa mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA T+;knkrj

fo}kuksa us vius-vius ladyuksa esa vius igys ds ladyuksa ls ,d-nks vfèkd inksa dks nsus

dk ç;kl fd;k gSA vkpk;Z fo’oukFk çlkn feJ ds ladyu dks lokZfèkd çfr"Bk çkIr

gSA muds ladyu dks blfy, [Link] ekuk tkrk gS fd mUgksua s igys ds çdkf'kr laxzgksa

dh vis{kk vius laxgz esa dfoÙk] loS;ks]a nksgksa vkfn dh la[;k esa c<+ksÙkjh dhA ukxjh

ç[Link] lHkk dh fjiksVZ vkSj [Link] dks è;ku esa j[kdj miyCèk ikaMqfyfi;ksa dk lgkjk

ysdj vkpk;Z fo’oukFk çlkn feJ us ^lqtku-jl[kku* esa nks lkS pkSng dfoÙk-loS;s] ^çse-

okfVdk* esa frjiu nksgsa rFkk ^nkuyhyk* esa X;kjg inksa ds lkFk-gh-lkFk ç[Link] ds varxZr

nks in gksyh vkSj lxqukSrh ds Hkh ladfyr fd, gSaA ia- fo|kfuokl feJ vkSj lR;nso feJ

ds laiknu esa Hkh ^jl[kku jpukoyh* dk çdk'ku fd;k x;k] ftlesa jl[kku ds [Link]

dkO; dks lekfgr djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA vkxs jl[kku dh rhu izeq[k jpukvksa dk

ifjp; fn;k tk jgk gSA

lqtku-jl[kku

^lqtku-jl[kku* lacaèkh lokZfèkd in fo’oukFk çlkn feJ dh ^jl[kkfu xzaFkkoyh* eaa 'kkfey

gSA buls igys ds ladyuksa esa inksa dh la[;k chl ls ,d lkS pkSarhl rd gh jghA feJ

th us vius vuFkd ç;kl ls nks lkS pkSng inksa dk ladyu fd;kA bl xzFa k esa —".k ds

yhyk-foykl dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA fofHkUu yhykvksa dh jpuk vyx-vyx le;ksa esa

415
dh xbZ gS] fygktk muesa fdlh fuf'pr rkjrE; dks <w¡<u+ k laHko ugÈA blesa 'kkfey dkO;

ds dF;ksa dk mYys[k djsa rks ge bu Hkkon'kkvksa ls lacafèkr in ikrs gSa& çse] HkfDr] cky-

yhyk] xkspkj.k] phjgj.k] dqat-foykl] iu?kV-çlax] ou yhyk] xksjl yhyk] o;%lafèk]

lqdqekjrk] jkèkk-:i [Link]] oa'khoknu] iwoZjkx] vfHkyk"kk] :iekèkqjh] psrkouh] mins'k]

çseyhyk] nfèknku] mikyaHk] liRuhHkko] feyu ]fo;ksx] pkSiM+] fj>okj] ekuorh fç;k]

fonXèkk] lwjr] lqjrkar] gksyh] Hkzej] ehr] gfj'kadjh] HkfDr-Hkkouk] vykSfddRo] —".k lkSan;Z]

uV[kV —".k] dkfy;k-neu] Qkx-yhyk] l[kh-f’k{kk] m)o-mins’k vkfnA ;g lwph bl

rF; dks çdV djrh gS fd jl[kku yksd esa çpfyr fofHkUu —".k çlaxksa dks viuh dfork

dk mithO; rks cuk jgs Fks] ysfdu flyflysokj <ax ls çcaèk ;kstuk lqfuf’pr djuk

mudh dfork dk mn~ns’; ugÈ FkkA

çse-okfVdk

^çse-okfVdk* frjiu nksgksa dk ladyu gSA blesa —".k pfjr ls lac) fofHkUu çse-çlaxksa

dks vkèkkj cuk;k x;k gSA

nku-yhyk

^nku-yhyk* X;kjg dfoÙk-loS;ksa dk ladyu gSA bl jpuk dk dysoj y?kq gSA bldh

'kSyh laoknewyd gSA ;g laokn nks :iksa esa feyrk gSA fo}kuksa dk ,d oxZ bl jpuk dks

vç[Link] ekurk gSA vç[Link] ekuus ds ihNs mudk rdZ gS] ^^jl[kku dh ço`fÙk loS;k-

jpuk dh vksj vfèkd jgh gS vkSj blesa dqy ik¡p loS;k gh gSAa jl[kku us çk;% vius

416
lHkh inksa esa vius uke dh Nki nh gSA ^nku-yhyk* ds X;kjg inksa esa ek= ,d ckj ¼in

la- 2 esa½ mudk uke vk;k gSA**

jpuk dh ç[Link] ds ckjs esa fQygky ;g ekuuk lgh gS fd ^nkuyhyk* dk mYys[k

jl[kku dh jpuk ds :i esa dk'kh ukxjh ç[Link] lHkk dh [kkst fjiksVZ esa fo|eku gSA

;gh ugÈ] Çgnh dh eè;dkyhu LoPNan dkO;èkkjk ds vU;re vuql?a ksrk vkpk;Z fo'oukFk

çlkn feJ us bls jl[kku dh ç[Link] jpuk ekudj vius laxzg ^jl[kkfu-xzFa kkoyh* esa

lekfo"V fd;k gSA

mfYyf[kr rhu jpukvksa dks vkèkkj ekudj fofHkUu jl[kku-xzFa kkofy;ksa dh jpuk dh xbZ

gSA

11-4 jl[kku esa —".k-çse vkSj HkfDr

jl[kku dh dfork dk çèkku mithO; —".k-çse vkSj HkfDr gh gSA muds ckjs esa ,d

fdLlk e'kgwj gS fd os fnYyh ls cztHkwfe vk,A fnYyh ds ;q) vkSj jDrikr ls mudk

eu mpkV gks x;k vkSj muds thou esa ,d gh lp cpk & —".k-çse vkSj HkfDrA tuJqfr

gS fd budh —".kHkfDr esa vfr'k; [Link];rk ns[k bUgsa fdlh us psrkouh nh fd ^rqEgkjh

fj;klr fNu tk,xhA* bl ij tks mUgksua s tokc fn;k] og —".kHkfDr dk csgrjhu mnkgj.k

gSA mUgksaus dgk]

^dgk djS jl[kku dks] dksÅ pqxqy yckjA

tks iS jk[kugkj gS] ek[ku pk[kugkjAA*

417
;kuh jktlÙkk ds Å¡p-uhp vkSj >wB-Qjsc ls jl[kku dks D;k ysuk-nsukA muds jk[kugkj

rks ek[ku ds pk[kugkj gSaA mUgksaus lkalkfjd ;k ikjykSfdd çse ij ,slh —".kHkfDr dks

rjthg nh] ftls ik ysus ij u cSdaBq dh pkg jg tkrh gS u cSdqaBukFk dhA jl[kku

dgrs gSa %

tsfg ik, cSdaBq v#] gfjgw¡ dh ufg pkfgA

lksb vykSfdd] lq)] lqHk] ljl] lqçse dgkfg AA

jl[kku dh çse vkSj HkfDr ds vusd jax gSAa muds —".k-çse dh O;kfIr ftl czt esa gS]

ml czt dk tSlk fp=.k jl[kku us fd;k gS] oSlk [Link] 'kk;n gh fdlh vkSj —".kHkDr

dfo us fd;k gksA euq"; dk tUe gks rks xksdqy esa] i'kq tUe gks rks uan dh xk; ds :i

esa] iRFkj dk tUe gks rks xkso)Zu ds iRFkj ds :i esa ftls —".k us baæ ds dkj.k viuh

m¡xyh ij èkkj.k dj fy;k Fkk] ;fn i{kh tUe feys rks ;equk ds fdukjs dnac dh Mky

ij esjk clsjk gksA bl vn~Hkqr loS;s esa —".k ds çfr ftl vlhe vuqjkx dk [Link] gS]

mldh jl[kku ;w¡ vfHkO;fDr djrs gSa %

ekuql gkSa rks ogh jl[kkfu] clkSa czt xksdqy xk¡o ds XokjuA

tks i'kq gkSa rkS dgk cl esjks pjkSa fur uan dh èksuq e¡>kjuAA

ikgu gkSa rks ogh fxfj dks tks /kj~;ks dj N= iqjna j èkkjuA

tks [kx gkSa rkS clsjks djkSa fefy dkÇynh dwy dnac dh MkjuAA

blh rjg jl[kku vius ,d loS;s esa rhuksa yksd dh laink dks ml lEifÙk ds lkeus

rqPN le>rs gSa] tks Xoky-cky ds lax-lkFk ls cuh gS] cdkSy jl[kku %

418
 ;k ydqVh v# dkefj;k ij jkt frgw¡ iqj dks rft MkjkSaA

vkBgq¡ flf) uoks fufèk dks lq[k uan dh xkb pjkb fclkjkSaAA

jl[kkfu dckSa bu vk¡f[ku lksa czt ds cu ckx rM+kx fugkjkSaA

dksfVd jkS dyèkkSr ds èkke djhy ds dqatu Åij okjkSAa A

vFkkZr Xokyksa dh ykBh vkSj dacy ds fy, rhuksa yksdksa dk jkt Hkh R;kxuk iM+s rks dfo

mlds fy, rS;kj gSA uan dh xk; pjkus dk ekSdk fey tk, rks vkBksa flf) vkSj uoksa

fufèk ds lq[k os Hkqyk nsaxsA viuh vk¡[kksa ls czt ds ou miou vkSj rkykc dks thou Hkj

fugkjrs jguk pkgrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd czt dh dk¡Vns kj >kfM+;ksa ds fy, os lkS egyksa dks

Hkh U;ksNkoj dj nsx

a sA

—".k ds fy, ftl cs[kqnh dk jl[kku ft+Ø djrs gSa] mlds jax-:i gt+kj gS]a ftuesa çHkq

dh çHkqrk ds fy, ugÈ] cfYd [Link] O;kfIr ds vkReh; vk[;ku gSaA ysfdu mldh viuh

fof'k"Vrk gSA bl Ñ".k-çse dh O;kfIr ij fo|kfuokl feJ dh ut+j ;w¡ tkrh gS] ^^çse

Jh—".k dk og :i gS tks lcdks Nwrk gSA dHkh Nwdj rikrk gS] dHkh Nwdj g"kkZrk gSA

;g lk{kkr Jh —".k gSA ij ,sls vyx yxrk gS tSls lwjt ls èkwi vyx yxrh gSA lwjt

dh lkFkZdrk gS èkwi gksus esa] Jh—".k dh lkFkZdrk gS I;kj gksus esaA ,sls çse dks Jh—".k Hkh

cM+Iiu nsrs gSa vkSj D;k-D;k ugÈ lqurs! dHkh rks dksà dgrk gS & ^lc cs|r çkukS uan

ds NkSuks*A ^dHkh NfN;k Hkj NkN iS ukp upkrk gS*] dHkh dksà dgrk gS fd ;g ck¡lqjh

ugÈ ctkrk] fo"k cxjkrk gS %

nwèk nqg~;ks lhjks ij~;ks rkrks u tek;ks dj~;ks]

419
 tkeu n;ks lks èkj~;ks èkj~;ksbZ [kVkbxks A

vku gkFk vku ikb lcgh ds rcgha ras]

tcgÈ rsa jl[kkfu rkuu lqukbxksAA

T;kSagÈ uj R;kSagha ukjh rSlh ;s r#u ckjh]

dfg, dgk jh lc czt fcyykbxksA

tkfu, u vkyh ;g Nksgjk tlksefr dks]

ck¡lqjh ctkbxks fd fo"k cxjkbxksAA

blds ekjs lkjk czt O;kdqy gSA ,slh ck¡lqjh ctkrk gS fd çk.k [kÈp ysrk gSA dHkh bUgsa

mykguk feyrk gS fd pksj gS] cVekj gS] cjtksjh djrk gSA dHkh dksà dgrk gS ]^vjs gfj

psjh ds psjks Hk;ks gS*] dqcjh nklh ds nkl gks x, gSa Jh—".kk vkSj dHkh ml ij bruk

I;kj vkrk gS fd ^esjs cuekyh dks u dkyh rsa NqM+kogh* esjs cuekyh dks dkfy; ukx ls

dksà ugÈ NqM+krkA** Hkkjrh; dfork esa ftu Hkkjrh; rRoksa dh ckr dh tkrh gS mldk

dsaæh; rRo gS lexz vkSj fof'k"V Hkkjrh; lkSna ;Z –f"VA dguk u gksxk jl[kku dh dfork

bl Hkkjrh; lkSan;Z –f"V dk [kwclwjr vk[;ku is'k djrh gSA

—".k-çse dh ckr rc rd vèkwjh jgsxh] tc rd mlesa —".k-thou ds dfri; çlax

'kkfey u gksAa vkb, bls vkSj csgrjhu <ax ls ns[kus dk ç;kl djsaA lS;n bczkfge

jl[kku ds dkO; ds vkèkkj Hkxoku Jh—".k gSAa muds }kjk viuk, x, dkO; fo"k;ksa dks

rhu [kaMksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& Ñ".k-yhyk,¡] cky-yhyk,¡ rFkk xkspkj.k-yhyk,¡A

420
—".k-yhyk,¡

yhyk dk lkekU; vFkZ [ksy gSA —".k-yhyk dk vfHkizk; —".k ¼çHkq½ dk [ksy gSA blh

[ksy dks l`f"V ekuk tkrk gSA l`tu vkSj èoal dks O;kidrk ds vkèkkj ij l`f"V dgk

tkrk gSA —".k-yhyk vkSj vkuanokn ,d-nwljs ls lacafèkr gSa] ftlus yhyk dks igpku

fy;k] mlus vkuan èkke rd viuh igq¡p cukbZ vkSj gfj yhyk ds n'kZu dj fy,A jl[kku

pw¡fd çse ds LoPNan xk;d Fks blhfy, bu yhykvksa esa mUgksua s çse dh vfHkO;fDr Hkxoku

Jh—".kdks vkèkkj ekudj dh gSA

—".k dh vusd yhykvksa ds n'kZu jl[kku us vius dkO; esa djk, gSaA bu yhykvksa esa dÃ

LFkkuksa ij vkè;kfRed >yd Hkh ikbZ tkrh gSA jl[kku dh dkO; jpuk esa ckyyhyk]

xkSpkj.k-yhyk] dq¡tyhyk] jklyhyk] iu?kVyhyk] nkuyhyk] ouyhyk] xkSjl yhyk bR;kfn

yhykvksa ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA

cky-yhyk,¡

jl[kku us —".k dh cky-yhyk lacaèkh dqN inksa dh jpuk dh gS] Çdrq muds in —".k ds

HkDr tuksa ds daBgkj cus gq, gSaA T+;knkrj —".kHkDr bu inksa dks çk;% xk;k djrs gSa %

dkx ds Hkkx cM+s ltuh gfj gkFk lksa yS x;ks ek[ku jksVhA

—".k ds ekuoh; Lo#i us jl[kku dks vfèkd çHkkfor fd;k] ysfdu jl[kku us vius inksa

esa muds czg~eRo dks [kkl LFkku fn;k gSA

421
bu cky-yhykvksa esa jl[kku us —".k dks ,d f'k'kq ds #i esa fn[kk;k gSA muds fy, NkSus

'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS %

vktq xà gqrh Hkksjgh gkSa jl[kkfu jà dfg uan ds HkkSaufgaA

ckdks ft;kS tqx yk[k djksj tlksefr dks lq[k tkr dg~;ksa uÇgAA

rsy yxkb yxkb dS vatu HkkSag cukb cukb fMBkSuÇgA

Mkfy gesyfu gkj fugkjr ckjr T;kSa pqpdkjr NkSauÇgAA

,d vU; in esa jl[kku us Jh—".k dks [ksyrs gq, lqanj ckyd ds #i esa fpf=r fd;k gS

èkwj Hkjs vfr 'kksfHkr ';ke tw rSlh cuh flj lqna j pksVhA

[ksyr [kkr fQjSa v¡xuk ix iSatuh cktrh] ihjh dNksVhAA

ok Nfo dks jl[kkfu fcyksdr ckjr dke&dyk fut dksVhA

dkx ds Hkkx cM+s ltuh gfj gkFk lksa yS x;ks ek[ku jksVhAA

jl[kku ds cky-yhyk ls lacèa k j[kus okys in cgqr gh lqna j vkSj [Link] gSaA —".k èkwy

Hkjs vk¡xu esa [ksyrs-[kkrs gq, fQj jgs gSaA ?kq¡?k: ct jgs gSaA gkFk esa ek[ku vkSj jksVh gSA

dkSvk vkdj dkUgk ds gkFk ls jksVh ysdj mM+ tkrk gSA dkx dh ;g vke vknr gS fd

og cPpksa ds gkFkksa ls dqN Nhu dj Hkkx tkrk gSA bl –'; dks jl[kku us ân;Li'kÊ

cuk fn;k gSA

422
xkspj.k-yhyk,¡

—".k-tc cM+s gksrs gS]a og Xokyksa ds lkFk xk;sa pjkus ou tkus yxrs gSaA —".k dh xkspj.k

dh reke vnkvksa ij xksfi;k¡ nhokuh gksus yxrh gSA —".k dkÇynh ds rhj ij [kM+s gks

xm,¡ pjk jgs gSaA xk,¡ ?ksjus ds cgkus xksfi;ksa ls vkdj vM+ tkrs gSa %

xkb lqgkb u ;k iSa dgwa u dgw] ;g esjh xjh fudj~;kS gSA

èkhjlehj dkÇynh ds rhj [kj~;ks jgS vktq jh MhfB ij~;kS gSA

tk jl[kkfu fcyksdr gh lglk <+fj jk¡x lks vk¡x <+j~;kS gSA

vkbu ?ksjr gsjr lks iV Qsjr Qsjr Vsjr vkfu ij~;kS gSA

—".k oa'kh ctkrs xk; pjkrs gq, dqt

a ksa esa Mksyrs gSAa xksfi;k¡ —".k ds xkspj.k- #i ij

çk.k nsus dks rS;kj gSA ftl fnu ls —".k us xk;sa pjkà gSa] mlh fnu ls xksfi;ksa ij Vksuk

lk gks x;k gSA dsoy xksfi;k¡ gh ugÈ] [Link] czt —".k ds gkFk fcd x;k gSAjl[kku us

—".k dh xkspj.k yhyk dks euksgj vkSj fp=kRed <ax ls çdV fd;k gSA

cksèk ç'u

5- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ds vkxs lgh ¼½ vFkok xyr ¼½ dk fu’kku yxkb,A

¼d½ ^nkuyhyk* dks jl[kku dh [Link] jpuk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ¼ ½

¼[k½ ^izse okfVdk* esa dqy ,d lkS nksgs gSAa ¼½

423
 ¼x½ jl[kku us Ñ".k dh xkspj.k yhyk dks izrhdkRed :Ik esa is’k fd;k gSA

¼½

¼?k½ jl[kku dh jpukvksa esa vjch& Qkjlh ds 'kCnksa dk Hkh iz;ksx gqvk gSA

¼½

6- jl[kku oÆ.kr —".k yhykvksa ds ckjs esa crkb,A ¼mÙkj ik¡p iafDr;kas esa nhft,A½

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7- jl[kku yhyk [Link] esa fdu ckrksa dk è;ku j[krs gSa\ ¼mÙkj ik¡p iafDr;kas esa

nhft,A½

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424
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8- jl[kku dh jpukvksa dk ifjp; nhft,A ¼mÙkj nl iafDr;kas esa nhft,A½

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425
11-5 jl[kku dk çsen'kZu

,slk ekuk tkrk gS tks ykSfdd çse ds jkLrs çse dh O;kfIr dk vuar :i ns[kus esa lQy

gksrk gS mldh dfork dk ç[Link] ftl çsen'kZu dh lkèkuk djrk gS] og yktokc gksrk

gSA jl[kku blh çsen'kZu ds dk;y FksA ;g vdkj.k ugÈ gS fd muds çse dh vfHkO;fDr

esa tM+-psru dk lexz :i 'kkfey gksrk gSA jl[kku çse ds fo;ksx dks ftl xgjkà ls

ns[krs gSa] og vn~Hkqr gSA os çse dks ,d f'k[kk¼ckrh½ ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA ,d ,slh f'k[kk

tks fo;ksx dh rki esa lqyxrh jgrh gSA [kkSyrs gq, Lusg esa rirh jgrh gS] FkksM+h-FkksM+h

nsj ij HkHkdrh Hkh jgrh gSA ysfdu tc fç;re ds vkus dh [kcj lqurh gS rks tSls dksÃ

ckrh mdlk ns oSls gh mlesa var’kZfDr vk tkrh gS] Hkhrj dh vkx jkS'kuh cu dj ckgj

vkrh gS %

eksgu tw ds fo;ksx dh rki eyhu egk|qfr nsg fr;k dhA

iadt lksa eq[k xks eqj>k; yxSa yiVSa fojgkfx fg;k dhAA

,sls esa vkor dkUg lqus jl[kku lq ruh rjdh v¡fx;k dhA

;ksa tfx tksfr mBh rudh mdlk; nà eukSa ckrh fn;k dhAA

jl[kku ds çse [Link] esa vuU;rk dh fLFkjrk gSA bl vuU;rk ds dkj.k gh jl[kku ds

dkO; esa çsfedk dks og ck¡ljq h cSfju yxrh gS ftls —".k vius gksBksa ls yxk, jgrs gSaA

og fnu-jkr —".k dks vius cl esa fd, jgrh gSA xksfi;k¡ ck¡lqjh dks lkSr dgrh gSaA os

dgrh gSa fd lkSr dh lk¡lr ds t+qYe ls yxrk gS] czt NksM+uk iM+sxk %

tx dkUg Hk;s cl ck¡lqjh ds vc dkSu l[kh gedks pfggSA

426
 ;g jkfr fnuk l¡x ykxh jgS ok lkSfr fd lk¡lr dks lfggSAA

ftu eksfg fy;ks eu eksgu dks jl[kku lq D;ksa u geSa nfggSA

fefy vkvks lcS dfga Hkkfx pySa vc rks czt esa c¡lqjh jfggSAA

jl[kku ds dkO; esa çs;lh dks yksd dk Hk; ugÈ gS] Hk; bl ckr dk gS fd dkUgk dgÈ

fcljk u nsaA muds fy, b'd esa Quk gksus ds fy, gj dqckZuh tk;t+ gS %

MjS lnk] pkgS u dNq] lgS lcS tks gks;A

jgS ,d jl pkgdS] çse c[kkukS lks;AA

ysfdu dkUgk çse dks fcljkdj eFkqjk pys x,A vkSj bèkj vghju çs;lh [kqn dks gh lt+k

nsrh gS vkSj eu dks le>krh gS fd x+yrh rks mlls gqà gSA jl[kku dh çs;lh lksprh gS

og ek[ku-lk eu ysdj ek[ku pksj dh vksj xbZ gh D;ksa\ mls vglkl gh ugÈ jgk fd

mldk çseh f=Hkaxh gS] og f=Hkaxh çseh mls ckadk D;ksa u cuk, %

lqanj L;ke fljksefu eksgu tksgu esa fpr pksjr gSA

ck¡ds fcyksdfu dh voyksdfu uksdfu dS –x tksjr gSAA

jl[kkfu egkoj :i lyksus dks ekjx rSa eu eksjr gSA

xzgdkt lekt lcS dqy ykt yyk cztjkt ds rksjr gSAA

jl[kku dk çsen'kZu rFkkdfFkr e;kZnkvksa dks viuh osxorh èkkjk esa cgk ys tkrk gSA

e;kZnk dh 'kiFk fnyk, os lkjs opu ftuesa çs;lh dks ck¡èkk x;k Fkk ml le; HkksaFkjs gks

x;s tc dkUgk us eqLdqjkdj ns[kk] vc ;g ;kn gh ugÈ jgk fd fdl jkg ij pyuk Fkk

427
vkSj fdls NksM+uk ! ru dh lqfèk ugÈ jgh] ngh gkaMh QwVh] vk¡[kksa ls ykt dk inkZ Hkh

tkrk jgkA vc gksuk D;k Fkk] ogh ftldh pkgr Fkh] funZ;h eueksgu us ngh [kk fy;k]

eVdk QksM+ fn;k] ru-eu dk lkjk xksjl Nhu fy;k] vkSj og dkUgk lc dqN ys x;k %

HkkSag Hkjh c#uh lqFkjh vfrlS v/kjkfu j¡xh j¡x jkrkSA

[Link] yksy diksy egkNfc dqatfu rsa fudL;ks eqfldkrkSA

jl[kkfu y[kS ex NwfV x;ks Mx Hkwfy xbZ ru dh lqf/k lkrkSA

QwfV x;ks nfèk dks flj Hkktu VwfVxks uSufu ykt dks ukVkSAA

jl[kku dh dfork esa mifLFkr çsen'kZu ij iqf"VekxZ dh Nk;k gS] ftlesa bLyke ds

,ds’ojokn dk [Link] ;ksx gSA ;g Hkkjrh;rk dh og fo'kky unh gS ftlesa dà èkkjk,¡

vkdj lgt gh fey tkrh gSa] vkSj Hkkjr dh cgqjaxh nk'kZfud ijaijk dk fuekZ.k djrh

gSaA iqf"VekxZ esa —".kyhyk [Link] dk fo'ks"k egRo gS] ftldh lqna j ckuxh jl[kku dh

dfork esa Hkh mifLFkr gSA —".k leiZ.k dh ;g dfork ml nqfu;k dh ckjackj dkeuk

djrh gS ftldh lkalksa esa —".k cls gSa %

çku ogh tq jgSa fj> okij :i ogÈ fyÇg okfg fj>k;ksA

lhl ogh ftu os ijls in vad ogh ftu ok ijlk;ksAA

nwèk ogh tq nqgk;ks jh okgh us ngh lq lgh tks ogh <jdk;ksA

vkSj dgk¡ ykSa dgkSa jl[kkfu jh Hkko ogh tq ogh euHkk;ksAA

428
11-6 jl[kku dh Hkk"kk vkSj dkO; lkSna ;Z

jl[kku dh Hkk"kk esa laokn dh vn~Hkqr lkeF;Z gSA vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us vius bfrgkl

esa ntZ fd;k] ^^budh Hkk"kk cgqr pyrh ljy vkSj 'kCnkMacjeqDr gksrh FkhA 'kq) cztHkk"kk

dk tks pyrkiu vkSj lQkà budh vkSj ?kukuan dh jpukvksa esa gS] og vU;= nqyZHk gSA**

—".kHkDr dfo;ksa dh ijaijk ^xhrdkO;* dh Fkh] ij jl[kku us blls vyx nksgksa] loS;ksa

vkSj dfoÙk esa —".k dkO; dks xw¡Fkk ftldh O;kfIr vkSj xgjkà fof'k"V gSA jl[kku dk

fç; Nan loS;k vkSj ?kuk{kjh gSA

jl[kku ds dkO; dh lcls [Link] fo'ks"krk gS& fujya—frA ysfdu ;gÈ ;g le> ysuk

pkfg, fd ,slk ugÈ gS fd mUgsa vyadkjksa ls ijgst gSA os cgqèkk vfHkèkk esa viuh ckr

dgrs gSa] ysfdu os vko';drkuqlkj vyadkjksa dk ç;ksx Hkh djrs gSaA muds dkO; esa ;ed]

'ys"k] miek] :id] mRçs{kk vkfn ds mnkgj.k fey tkrs gSaA [Link]:Ik %

;ed

cSu ogh mudks xqu xkb vkS dku ogh mu cSu lksa lkuhA

---

R;ksa jl[kkfu ogh jl[kkfu tq gSa jl[kkfu lks gS jl[kkfuAA

;gk¡ fHkUu vFkks± ds lkFk jl[kkfu 'kCn dh vko`fÙk gSA blh rjg vFkkZyadkj&miek dh
ckuxh nsf[k tk ldrh gS %

frjNh cjNh le ekjr gS –x cku deku lqtku yX;kSA

---
429
 tkdks ylS eq[k pan leku lqdksey vaxfu :i yisVhA

mfYyf[kr dkO; iafDr;ksa esa ^frjNh cjNh le ekjr gS* vkSj ^tkdks ylS eq[k pan leku

lqdksey* esa miek vyadkj dh lqna jrk vfHkO;Dr gSA

jl[kku dh Hkk"kk dk yksd laLdkj mUgsa vius <ax dk fof'k"V jpukdkj cukrk gSA Hkys

gh mudh dfork esa ?kukuan dh rjg ç[Link] u fn[ks ;k fQj fcgkjh dh rjg ikafMR;!

mudk yksd laLdkj dfork esa ftl thou jkx dks laHko djrk gS] Çgnh dfork mlh dh

eqjhn gqÃA fo|kfuokl feJ us fy[kk gS] ^^'kCn-laink] vFkZ-xkSjo] Hkko-xfjek] çkatyrk]

laçs"k.k-'kfDr vkSj HkkokfHkO;atuk dh n`f"V ls jl[kku-dkO; [Link] ,oa fof'k"V gSA

;|fi jl[kku ?kukuan dh Hkk¡fr cztHkk"kk izohu vkSj fcgkjh dh Hkk¡fr cztHkk"kk-iafMr ugÈ

gSa rFkkfi mudh cztHkk"kk dh viuh fo'ks"krk gS vkSj og gS mldk xzkE; laLdkj] mldh

fujya—fr vkSj ljyrkA lgt vkSj ljy Hkk"kk vFkkZr fpj-ifjfpr 'kCnkoyh dk eknZo;qDr

ç;ksx os gh jpukdkj dj ikrs gSa ftudk lacy fu"Bk gSA fu"Bk 'kCnkMacj esa ugÈ gksrhA

dguk u gksxk fd jl[kku ,sls gh fu"Bkoku dfo gSaA** ftUgsa Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL= çlkn

xq.k dgrk gS] mldh mR—"V >yd jl[kku ds jpukRed lalkj esa ut+j vkrh gSA

cks/k iz’u

9- jl[kku dh HkfDr ds Lo:Ik dk [Link] dhft,A ¼mÙkj nl iafDr;kas esa nhft,A½

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430
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10- jl[kku dh Hkk"kk vkSj dkO;-lkSan;Z ij izdk’k Mkfy,A ¼mÙkj nl iafDr;kas esa

nhft,A½

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431
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11-7 jl[kku ds dkO; dk okpu vkSj vkLoknu

dkO; dk okpu

nsf[k,& ifjf'k"V

dkO; dk vkLoknu

 ekuq"k gkSa rks ogh jl[kkfu clkSa czt xksdqy xk¡o ds XokjuA ---

lanHkZ

izLrqr dkO; iafDr;k jl[kku jfpr ,d loS;k gS ftlesa mUgksaus Ñ".k ds izfr viuh

,dfu"Brk dh vfHkO;fDr dh gSA

O;k[;k

;gk¡ ij jl[kku us dUgS;k dh yhykHkwfe czt ds çfr vius vlhe yxko dk [Link] fd;k

gSA os dgrs gSa] pkgs euq"; dk 'kjhj gks ;k i'kq dk( gj gky esa czt esa gh fuokl djus
432
dh mudh pkgr gSA ;fn euq"; gksa rks xksdqy ds Xokyksa ds :i esa cluk pkfg,A ;fn

i'kq gksa rks uan dh xk;ksa ds lkFk pjuk pkfg,A ;fn iRFkj gksa rks ml xksoèkZu igkM+ ij

gksuk pkfg, ftls —".k us viuh ma¡xyh ij mBk fy;k FkkA ;fn i{kh gksa rks mUgsa ;equk

unh ds fdukjs dnEc dh Mky ij clsjk djuk ilan gSAa çlkn 'kSyh esa jfpr bl loS;s

dh Hkko Hkafxek ftruh yktokc gS] mruh gh f'kYi ;kstuk HkhA

fo'ks"k

¼I½ ;g loS;k Nan esa jfpr gSA loS;k cztHkk"kk esa jfpr dkO; dk vR;ar yksdçpfyr

Nan gSAblds çk;% ipkl Hksnksa dk ft+Ø feyrk gSA fdlh ,d y{k.k dk fuèkkZj.k

loS;s ds fy, laHko ugÈA ;gk¡ çR;sd iafDr pkSchl [Link]± ls ;qDr gSA

¼II½ jl[kku dh dfork fp=kRedrk ds fygkt ls vuwBh gS] ftldk ifjp; ;gk¡ Hkh

ekStwn gSA xks çseh czt vkSj mlds uk;d —".k ls ykxko dks çdV djus ds fy,

,slh –'; ;kstuk csgrjhu gSA ,slk yxrk gS] fofHkUu –';ksa ds ekè;e ls jl[kku

vkReh; laokn dj jgs gSaA

 laHkq èkjS è;ku tkdkS tir tgku lc] ---

lanHkZ

izLrqr dfork jl[kku }kjk jfpr ,d ofo= gSA

O;k[;k

jl[kku Hkkjrh; vkè;kfRed vkSj vkuq"Bkfud ijaijk ls vkReh; ifjp; j[krs gSa] ftldk
lk{; bl dfoÙk esa mifLFkr gSA blh rjg mudk —".k çse txtkfgj gSA bl in esa os
433
dgrs gSa] f'ko Lo;a ftUgsa vkjkè; eku mudk è;ku djrs gS]a lkjk lalkj ftudh iwtk
djrk gS] ftlls egku dksà nwljk nso ugÈA ogh —".k lkdkj :i èkkj.k dj vorfjr
gq, gSa vkSj viuh vn~Hkqr yhykvksa ls lcdks pkSadk jgs gSaA os fojkV nso viuh yhyk ds
dkSrqd esa uan ckck ds vk¡xu esa feV~Vh [kkrs fQj jgs gSaA

¼I½ ;gk¡ Hkh –';ksa dk la;kstu yktokc gSA muds dkO; esa QksVksxzkQh vkSj twe dk

lqna j la;ksx ekuks la;ksftr gSA

¼II½ jl[kku dh cztHkk"kk bruh ljy gS tSls dksà yksdfprsjk csgrjhu vankt+ esa vius

vglkl dk c;ku dj jgk gksA

¼III½ dkO;'kkL=h; ijaijk ds fygkt ls ;g dfoÙk Nan esa jfpr gSA dfoÙk ,d çdkj

dk Nan gSA blesa pkj pj.k gksrs gSa vkSj çR;sd pj.k esa 16] 15 ds fojke ls 31

[Link] gksrs gSAa çR;sd pj.k ds var esa *xq#* [Link] gksuk pkfg,A Nan dh xfr dks Bhd

j[kus ds fy;s 8] 8] 8 vkSj 7 [Link]± ij *;fr* jguk vko';d gSA mfYyf[kr

fo'ks"krk,¡ bl mnkgj.k esa Hkh mifLFkr gSA

 cSu ogh mudks xqu xkb vkS dku ogh mu cSu lks lkuhA ---

O;k[;k

Ñ".k ds izfr viuh rUe;rk O;Dr djrs gq, jl[kku dgrs gSa fd mlh [Link] dh lkFkZdrk

gS tks mudk [Link] djrh gS rFkk dku ogh ljkgs tkus ;ksX; gS tks dsoy Ñ".k ds

[Link] dks lqurh gSA gkFk ogh [Link] gS tks muds 'kjhj dks ekyk igukrh gS rFkk

ik¡o ogh ljguk ds ;ksX; gS tks Ñ".k ds }kjk crk, x, ekxZ ij vuqxeu djrh gSA ogh

434
ftanxh lQy gS tks Ñ".k ds lax chrrh gS rFkk eku ogh lkFkZd gS tks Ñ".k dk vuqxzg

izkIr dj muds lkFk euekuh dj ldsA jl[kku dgrs gSa jl ds [kku vFkkZr Ñ".k izse

ds iw¡t rFkk izpjq vkuan iznku djus okys gSAa

 ,d lq rhjFk Mksyr gS bd ckj gtkj iqjku cds gSAa ---

O;k[;k

jl[kku bZ'oj ds izfr izse vkSj leiZ.k dks [Link] ekurs gS] ckg~;kMacj dks ughaA bl

loS;s esa os dgrs gSa fd dksbZ rhFkZLFkkuksa esa /kwe jgk gS( dksbZ gtkjksa ckj iqjk.k dh dFkk

dgrk gS] mldk ikB djrk gS( dksbZ ti dj jgk gS( dksbZ fl) gS ij lekf/k esa vVdk

gqvk gSA jl[kku dgrs gSa vxj lpsr gksdj ns[kk tk, rks lkjs ukle> gSa vkSj HkVd jgs

gSaA lR; dks ogh ikrk gS tks Lo;a dks Ñ".k ij U;kSNkoj dj nsrk gSA muds izse :ih

uhj dks ihdj eLr gSA

 izse izse lc dksm dgr] izse u tkub dksbZA ---

O;k[;k

lc yksx izse-izse dh jV yxkrs jgrs gSaA vFkkZr izse djus] izse ds egRo dks tkuus dk

nkok djrs gSa ij njvly izse ds okLrfod :Ik dks dksbZ ugha tkurkA vxj vkneh izse

dks tku ysxk rks lkalkfjdrk ds pDdj esa iM+dj D;ksa jks,xkA

435
11-8 lkjka'k

 jl[kku fnYyh ds iBku ljnkj FksA os ;q) esa gqbZ rckgh dks ns[kdj lkalkfjdrk ls

fojDr gks x, vkSj iwjh rjg Ñ".k dh HkfDr esa Mwc x,A

 mUgksaus Lokeh foV~ByukFk dk f'k";Ro xzg.k fd;kA

 jl[kku dh [Link] jpuk,¡ gSa& ^lqtku jl[kku*] ^izse-okfVdk* vkSj ^nkuyhyk*A

 mUgksaus Ñ".k ds thou ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu Hkkon'kkvksa & cky-yhyk] xkspkj.k] izseyhyk]

fo;ksx] Ñ".k lkSan;Z] Ñ".k HkfDr] vykSfddRo vkfn ls lacaf/kr eqDrdksa dh jpuk dhA

 mudh Ñ".k HkfDr esa xgjh jkxkRedrk ,oa rUe;rk dk Hkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

 jl[kku ds izsen'kZu ij iqf"VekxZ vkSj ,ds'ojokn dk izHkko gSA

 jl[kku dh Hkk"kk 'kCnkMacj ls eqDr gSA

1-9 'kCnkoyh

f'kuk[r & igpku

gncafn;ksa & lhekvksa

Quk & U;ksNkoj

tquwu & nhokukiu

cs[k+qnh & lqèk-cqèk [kks nsuk

cfglkZ{; & cká çek.k

varlkZ{; & Hkhrjh çek.k

436
x+nj & ;q)

dqat-foykl & ou esa ç.k; ¼çse½

o;%lafèk & fd'kksjkoLFkk

lqdqekjrk & dkseyrk

iquÆopkj & fQj ls fopkj

vk[;ku & dgkuh

ft+Ø & mYys[k

fonXèkrk & prqjrk iwoZd ij iq#"k dks vkdÆ"kr djus okyh ukf;dk

mithO; & ftlds vkèkkj ij rF; çdV gks

[Link];rk & vkd"kZ.k

mykguk & ç[Link] f'kdk;r djuk

cVekj & jkg esa ywVus okyk

cjtksjh & tcjnLrh

,ds'ojokn & ;g er fd txr dk lz"Vk vkSj lagkjd ,d gS

lk¡lr & vR;fèkd d"V

iqf"VekxZ & iks"k.k dk ekxZ vFkkZr Ã’oj ftlij Lo;e~ —ik djs

'kCnkMacjeqDr & 'kCnksa ds fn[kkos ls nwj

vkuq"Bkfud ijaijk & deZdkaM dh ijaijk

437
yksdfprsjk & yksd dk ltho fp=.k djusokyk

11-10 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

jl[kku jpukoyh % laiknd& fo|kfuokl feJ( la;qDr laiknd& lR;nso feJ( [Link]
çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh

Çgnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % jkepaæ 'kqDy( ukxjh [Link] lHkk] [Link]

11-11 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1- ¼d½ jl[kku dk iwjk uke lS;n bczkfge jl[kku FkkA

¼[k½ Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz us jl[kku ij djksMk+ sa fganqvksa dks U;ksNkoj djus dh ckr
dh gSA

2- nsf[k, & Hkkx 11-2

3- ¼d½ ^jkepfjrekul* jl[kku dks Lo;a rqylhnkl us lquk;k FkkA

¼[k½ jl[kku ds nh{kk xq# foV~Bynkl FksA

4- nsf[k, & Hkkx 11-2

5- ¼d½ 

¼[k½ 

¼x½ 

¼?k½ 

6- nsf[k, & Hkkx 11-4

438
7- nsf[k, & Hkkx 11-4

8- nsf[k, & Hkkx 11-3

9- nsf[k, & Hkkx 11-4

10- nsf[k, & Hkkx 11-6

439