© OpenEdition SEARCH Tout OpenEdition p, Journals Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 145.1 | 2021 Varia Report on the analysis of four authentic earth-based mortars and proposal for compatible repair mortars for the Archaeological site of Delos [Annexe a l'article précédent] YANNA DoGaNIs, AMERIMNI GALANOS ET NANTIA KALAMVOKA p. 233-245, [Link] é@ dated by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Cyclades were the characteristics and properties of four samples of its of ancient walls at the archaeological site of Delos, its, three variations of an earth-based mortar were ast compatible one in terms of characteristics and said structures. raterials2.1 Sampling 2 Four samples were taken from the site in July 2017 by archaeologists J.-Ch. Moretti and P. Karvonis, Samples Alki & AITk3 were taken from the area around the theatre, from residence VID (wall between ¢ and d) and residence IIB (wall between m and i), respectively. Samples ATTx2 & ATTxq were taken from the area of the coastal commercial istrict, from the commercial building with bathtub (room VII, east wall) and the ‘commercial building with columns (north stairwell, east wall) respectively (fig. 1). Fig. 1 — Location of sampling (a) samples AM«2 and ATix4 and (b) samples AMk1 and ANK3. EFA, JCh. Moret and P, Karvons d aprés MoRETT of a, EAD XLII (2015), 2.2 The experimental program The analysis of the authentic materials included: _ Mineralogical analysis by XRD Porosity measurement by mercury porosimeter é@ soluble salt analysis by conductivity measurement and spot Ce site utilise des cookies et sis by v " vous donne le contrdle sur fraction for fine particles @<75 um to determine the ceux que vous souhaitez size @<6 pm), activer t measurements of specific apparent weight, water or tensile strength on any samples, as they were not ‘mortars was based on the experimental results of the ental program for the proposed stabilization mortar at 28 dayss ‘ porosimeter menté ‘ing cycles’.XRD analysis was used to identify the crystalline phases of minerals, and in this case the content and type of alumnosilicates in order to determine their ability to expand. and contract and therefore affect the behavior of the material when subjected to wetting-drying cycles. Clay minerals are hydrated aluminum silicates, which give plasticity to soil and earth-based materials. They are the weathering products of igneous rocks which contain minerals such as mica, feldspars, muscovite ete. which through ion exchange induce the formation of secondary clays. These can be broadly divided in three categories, smectites, Kaolinites and illites, each category has different water absorption and expansion characteristics. Atterberg limits tests establish empirically the behavior of soils as correlated to moisture content as the material transitions from solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid states with the concomitant differences in strength, consistency and behavior. Atterberg, limit tests accurately define the boundaries between these states using moisture contents at the points where the physical changes occur. The Liquid limit (LL) is the boundary between fluid and soft soil, the plastic limit (PL) the boundary between soft and malleable soil at which stage the material can be rolled in rolls of @3 mm without breaking, The shrinkage limit lies at the end of the spectrum between malleable and rigid soil (WARREN 1999). The plasticity index is calculated by subtracting the value of the LL from the PL and can qualify cohesiveness, expansion and activity. ‘The most important parameters in assessing plasticity of a soil sample are (a) the ‘mineralogy and (b) the percentage of clay in terms of particle size which is defined as <6 ym which in turn affects water absorption and therefore expansion/contraction and cohesion. ‘The analyses were undertaken both at collaborating laboratories and as well as on our premises. XRD analysis of the fine material (0<75 jum) following wet sieving and porosity measurements were done at the Research Development and Quality Department of Titan Cement Co. by K. Koutsodontis and C. Naoumi as well as ‘measurements of mechanical strengths of proposed mortar by Dr N. Pistofides. The rest of the analyses (microscopy, simple mortar analysis by dry and wet sieving, aggregate granulometry and soluble salts analysis) as well as the casting of the proposed stabilization mortars were done on our premises. ‘Three repair mortar mixes with slight variations in the binder composition were tested in order to select the most compatible with the authentic material in term of appearance, texture and composition as well durability, hydric behavior and resistance to soluble salt deterioration. 3. Results and Discussion of earth mortars (figs. 2 and 3) were similar both in d@ ey were quite friable materials with a clay/silt content 's less plastic (table 1) and contained lighter colored nd Atterberg test results of authentic materials. ‘anutonety —___[Atoborg its Sond & frou] 2) ov fu] y 2mm (%) | (%) | (9%) ) ag | 08) a4 [rea [4a [- [-[- T2 [roe [ 143) a [707 | 174 a | 75 ‘obtained by the combination of sieving forthe particles >75 ym andFig. 2— Sample ANK2. a Fig. 3— Sample ANK3. EFA, Fisnstintditestisssbaesbial, EFA 12 All samples contain aggregates from the dissolution of granites and schist (figs. 4 and 5) which comprise the subsoil of the island (HtccINs M., Htco1ns R. 1996). XRD analusie af tha fone camnlac (table 2) yielded quartz (~23-30%), caleite (7,4-31%) and te and albite which are moderately expansive. The dé e and microcline (mica) present in relatively high ced to the aggregates, the erosion products of igneous Ce site utilise des cookies et —_ximum grain size was @10 mm, the median ranged vous donne le contréle sur all samples contained larger fragments of said rocks ceux que vous souhaitez tion under the microscope revealed the presence of selver (fig. 8) in all samples while in sample ATTK3 sea-shell ied. ‘The amount of binder (lime) which ranged from sy the weight loss during wet sieving, with a mild acid, It to aggregate ranged from 1:1,5 to 1:3 w/w. samples. anke | anks [Anka % Rietveld EE a6 Ey 115) 7A 12.3 20 05 10Detemite 00 on On 02 Albite 74.0 15 135 146 ite 7A 85 78 12.3 Muscovite Ot 28 2 39 Kaolinite 16 09 05 a, Magnesite Ot 0.0 on On Hemaite 03 03 oa 02 [Sanidine 23 at aa 5a [Goethe 08 02 02 06 IMicrociine intermediate [4.5 74 11.0) 72 [Anonhite 64 145 155) a7 Fig. 4— Sample ANK2 aggregates after dry and wet sieving. EFA,EFA, Fig. 6 — Granulometry curves for samples ANK1-4. +00 undersize (6) 10m 100 é@ Ce site utilise des cookies et vous donne le contréle sur ceux que vous souhaitez activer ans ame ans —anws 000 ‘0000 20X. Medium grained aggregates and a piece of \-based material.Fig. 8— Sample ANK2, Microscopy 20X. Lime clumps and medium-grained aggregates are present in the earth-based mortar. Ce site utilise des cookies et vous donne le contréle sur ceux que vous souhaitez activer te three samples AIIK2, AIIK3 and AIIK4 showed nd medium expansion (fig. 10), with the exception of sandy, as rolling it into strands was not possible. All (as measured by size O<6 im) and ~10-11,5% silt @ vetween sand and sandy loam (table 1), which are sive. Cohesion is high when water content is below the ontage of clay with grains below <@2 um (Houben and elated to performance which is affected by the type of content >25% leads to extreme plasticity and a high acomitant expansion of the material (Warren 1999). from 21-25% with a median pore size (volume) of08.11 jim with the exception of sample ATTx1 whose median pore size is much larger — 034,24 um (fig. 11). Fig. 9 — Soil cohesion di = = 8 a 40 > Ss 20 2B < NOT COHESIVE Houten, GuiLLaus 1994, p. 59, PLASTICITY INDEX PI (%) é@ ANK2 ANKs Anka, HIGHLY COHESIVE veRy conesive + MEDIUM COHESIVE SLIGHTLY COHESIVE 40 60 80 LIQUID LIMIT LL (9%) Fig. 10 — Soil expansion diagram ANK2 ANK3 ANKA. VERY HIGH EXPANSION 20 40 6 80 QUANTITY OF CLAY (%) phs for samples ANK1-4.ANIKI —ank2 —ank3 —anka 0.00 0.00 001 0.10 1.00 100 100.00 Pore diameter (um) ‘The soluble salts quantities in samples ATIK1-3 were not deemed significant enough to affect weathering and conductivity measurements showed a content of 0,4-0,6%, (table 3) although sample ATIK4 had a content of 1,1% and a high amount of chlorides which is attributed to orientation and the effects of salt spray. ‘Table 3— Soluble salt analysis. Conductiviy measurement [Sample |Sulfate SO42- mgil| Chlorine Cl- mg/l] Nitrates NO3- mg stem | % F (200-1600 mg) | (2-200 mgt) | (10-150 mall) anki | 1248 fos| __>400 2 ° anke | 67.36 [o.3) _>400 18 0 anks [116.08 [o4] _>400 10 0 anka [29376[1.1| __>400 38 0 4. The proposed repair mortar Three mixes were designed with slight variations in the binder. A well-graded mix of siliceous and calcitic aggregates of maximum grain size of @6 mm and median grain size of 01,2 mm, was used in a binder to aggregate ratio of 1:2 w/w (table 4). The binder in each composition consisted of clay and natural hydraulic lime NHL (mix 213,10) and clay and natural hydraulic lime NHL5 part of which was replaced with pozzolan G<75pm (mixes E113,1 & BI13,1y). The ratio of water to binder was 0,45. A - tre (A603, Bostik) 1% w/w was added to mixes 3 é@ a % wiw | Ratio B:At | Ratio WiB? 7 33 23 a3 |rmore] 12 044[Siiceous sand [Link] mm 7 River sand 0-2 mm Ss Black aggregate 2-4 mm 7 Black aggregate 4-6 mm 7 P7978 Jayartz sand 2-5 mm 3 clay 19 Pozzolan <75 um 4 Hydraulic ime NHL to | 12 047 Sitceous sand 0,3.1.2 mm 7 River sand 0-2 mm 3 Black aggregate 2-4 mm 7 Black aggrogate 4.6 mm 7 273.1 JQuartz sand 2-5 mm 3 clay 19 Pozzolan <75 ym 4 Hydraulic ime NHL 10 Waterproofing admixture A603 | 1%8 | 1:2 0.47 Binder to aggregate ratio wiw 2 Water to binder rallo wiv The comparative assessment of all three mixes was overall satisfactory and their characteristics and properties were quite similar. Mixes 213,18 & y which contain a small quantity of fine-grained pozzolan had a slightly greater water to binder ratio (0,47) to mix S113,1a (0,44). The specific apparent weight of all mixes ranged from 1,79-2,15 g/ema and water absorption at saturation ranged from 11-13%. Total porosity of all samples was quite low and ranges from 13-14,5% with a median pore @ of 0,75-1.27 im with the exception of mix ZI13,1a which has a larger median pore @ of 8,55 um. The mechanical strengths at 28 days are similar for 313,18 & y: compressive strength of 3,83 and 3,32 MPa and flexural strength 0,91 and 0,99 MPa respectively. Mix 2113,1a has slightly lower values, a compressive strength of 3,02 MPa and a flexural strength of 0,81 MPa. Table 5 — Characteristics and properties of variations of mix £13, a Wochancal von ‘nae vie [saver mase |, | anu |store yems) | (%) | Total Bas | 4 5 (em) ) 9 Yraai| pore | madand asso | 28/90 4 ( (um) (umimen) (MPa) | (MPa) anata] 207 | nar Jraoi] szr | Tent [2 | ges [| ost! [Beart sear | o3t7 snap] 170 | 1328 [1320 ors | TT" [ya | Sey | O8N nasy] 206 | 130 [rasa] aes | TomTom [2 | 3m | O98! “absorp al Sauaion > Bide oagaregas rato card tong é@ salt weathering) the mixes with the waterproofing stant (313,10 & 311g,1y). For approximately nine test eight inerease due to the initial absorption of solution ve erosion of the binder and concomitant loss of only into weight loss but also in the rounding of the pecimens. No significant changes in any of the three nd drying eycles (max 20 eyeles) either in weight loss e E731,g = 80 2 = 60 2 a 2 40 3 § 20 & | 10 (um) 100 1000 10000 100000 Fig. 13 — Sulphate immersion test, weight change (%) plotted by cycle. Py —a703.16] 10 é Boe Zn Or 0123.45.67 8 910111218 1415 1617 181920 2122.25 2425 ‘yele EFA Fig. 14 — Samples of mix £13,1a before the sulphate immersion test. é@ Ce site utilise des cookies et vous donne le contréle sur ceux que vous souhaitez activer neycle 11 of the sulphate immersion test.ee 1 cycle 11 of the sulphate immersion test Ce site utilise des cookies et vous donne le contréle sur 2 hai je VOUS activerEFA, Fig, 18 — Samples of mix 13,1y before the sulphate immersion test. de ‘cycle 11 ofthe sulphate immersion tst Ce site utilise des cookies et vous donne le contréle sur 2 hai je VOUS activerEFA Based on the above, mix EII3,1y was selected as it performed comparatively better in both the wetting-drying cycles and the sulphate immersion test showing minimal ‘weight loss in the latter which factor was prioritized as these constructions are exposed. to salt spray. This mix was prepared with the addition of a waterproofing agent which as expected showed a lower water absorption at saturation and porosity distribution (Frraex 1996) which a larger median pore size. Both compressive and flexural strengths are higher than those of the other two mixes, In order to obtain an aesthetic ‘match, inorganic pigments such as burnt umber and sienna should be added in powder form in a quantity of ~5% of the binder w/w. Optimum application and curing on site should ensure that the earth-based mortars obtain similar characteristics and properties as those obtained in the laboratory. Bibliographic Frranex 1996 = Bernd Fitzner, “Porosity properties and weathering behavior of natural stones- methodology and examples”, in Proceedings of the [Link]. Stone Materials in Monuments- Diagnosis and Conservation [24-30 May 1996, Heraklion, Cretel, pp. 43-54 HiccIns M., HicciNs R. 1996 = Michael Higgins, Reynold Higgins, A Geological Companion to Greece, London, Duckworth Publishers, 1996, pp. 173-274. Hugo Houben, Hubert Guillaud, Barth Construetion A ‘mediate Technology Publications, 1994, pp. 52-59. Slaine Treacy, “A comparative study of the Gurability and, Houm, Gumzavp 1994 dé 8 lraulie lime mortars", Materials and Structures 39, 2006, Ce site ullise des cookies et tonieo, “Particle size analysis Part I -Sieving Procedure", in Vous donne le controle sur @leonservators, Rome, ICCROM, 1988, p.73. ceux que yous souhaitez _—_onservation of Earth Structures, London, Butterworth activer stfor mortar for masonry-Part 11: Determination of flexural mortar. est methods Determination of real density, apparent density -regates-cletermination of water absorption at saturation.6 Sodium sulphate immersion-drying cycles, Commission 25-PEM, Test No V. 1b. 7 Pavia, TREACY 2006. Table des illustrations ‘Titre F191 — Location of sampling (a) samples AMIK2 and AMlk4 and (b) samples AMict and AMk3. EFA, J-Ch. Morettiand P. Karvonis d'aprés Moretti ot a, EAD XLIll (2018). UBL _hitp:/[Link]/ben/docannexelimage/1299/img-1 jpg Fichier imagelipeg, 598 Titre Fig. 2— Sample ank2 | GQ» resis ra URL hitp:/[Link]/bohidocannexelimage/1299/[Link] Fichier imagelipeg, 506% Titre Fig. 3— Sample anka. Crédits | Crédits EFA URL _ hitp:[Link]/docannexe/image/1298/[Link] Fichier image/jpeg, 398k Titre Fig. 4 — Sample Ak? aggregates after dry and wet sieving Crédits EFA. URL _ [Link]/bchidocannexe/image/1299/[Link] Fichier imagelipeg, 487k Titre Fig. 5 — Sample AMK3 aggregates after dry and wet sieving, crédits EFA. URL _http:/[Link]/1299/img5 ipa Fichier imagelipeg, 507k Titre Fig. 6 — Granulometry curves for samples ANK1-4, Crédits EFA URL _httpssjourats.[Link]/bcnidocannexe/image/1298/[Link] Fichier image/jpeg, 517 Tze 0,7 — Sample aK. rosa 29%. Meum gained gpeptes anaes of canal ars embeddsin eau ae iw em URL tual penedion orn ocanexfinagel 28097 pa * teak zs 20% Line nos and meu site ulise es IES &t—_panaain erg enecamerlinage 28hne-pa el @ vous souhai ™ aciver oheson dagam k@ ark ak ws 1954 9.59 »[Link]/docannexe/image!1299/[Link] a expansion gram ATK FH ATA 1986.59, “pened arte caexe eae 209-09 E ‘sz daibdon graphs orsanpes aKa [Link]/achidocannexelimage/1299Vimg-11 jogFichier imagetipeg, 305% Titre Fig. 12—Granulometric curve of mix 273,1 URL ttp:[Link] org/bchvdocannexelimage/1289/img-12 pg Fichier imagelipeg, 393k Titre Fig. 13— Sulphate immersion test, weight change (%) plotted by cyele. — Crédits EFA. URL http:/[Link] orgibcnidocannexe/image!1299/img-13 jog Fichier image/peg, 356% Titre Fig. 4— Samples of mix £713,1a before the sulphate immersion test. icrédits EFA URL, https/[Link] orgfochdocannexelimage!1299/img-14,pg Fiehier image/jpeg, 490k Fig. 15 — Samples of mix 2113,1a on cycle 11 of the sulphate immersion test Crédits EFA, URL _ http:/[Link]/bcn/docannexelimage/1299/img-15 jpg Fichier imagetipeg, 486% Titre Fig. 16 — Samples of mix 213,18 before the sulphate immersion te Crédits EFA. URL hitp:/[Link]/bohidocannexerimage/1299/[Link] Fichier imagelipeg, 414% re Fig. 17 — Samples of mix 513,18 on cycle 11 of the sulphate immersion test (Crédits EFA. URL _ hitp:![Link]/bohidocannexerimage!1299/[Link] Fichier imagelipeg, 424% Titre Fig. 18 —Sampies of mix 2113,ty before the sulphate immersion test. Crédits EFA, URL htps/[Link]/docannexelimage!1298/mg-18 jpg Fichier imagelipeg, 369k ‘Titre. Fi9: 19 — Samples of mix Z113.1y on cycle 11 of the sulphate immersion test, Titre (Crédits EFA. URL _ hitp:/[Link]/docannexelimage!1299/Img-19 jpg Fichier imageljpeg, 434k é@ Pe site utlise des COOKIES © arta Kalamvoka, « Report on the analysis of four posal for compatibie repair mortars for the Archaeological vous donne le contréle sur eux que lance hellénique, 145.1 | 2021, 233-248. hai ous activer Nantia Kalamvoka, « Report on the analysis of four aposal for compatible repair mortars for the Archaeological ance hellénique [En ligne], 145.1 | 2021, mis en ligne le 15 2026, URL: [Link]/bch!1299 ; ) ting 1821)Amerimni Galanos Lithou Sintirissis Conservation Consuting [73 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, Athens 11521], Nantia Kalamvoka Lithou Sintirissis Conservation Consulting [73 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, Athens 11521], Droits d’auteur Le texte soul est utlsable sous licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. 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