

1–
161
 161  ‫א‬

 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ? ?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 161  ‫א‬

 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
K{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 1J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 161  ‫א‬

 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ {E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ {‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 1
‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

6
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 K٪80‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K W‫א‬‫א‬

-1-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W N ‫א‬
  N = {1, 2 , 3 , 4............} 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.1
KW  0 ‫א‬ N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W W = N U {0}
 W = {0 ,1, 2 , 3 , 4 ,.......} 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3.1
‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬، Z ‫א‬
  Z = {....... − 2 , − 1, 0 ,1, 2.......} 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4.1
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK Q ‫א‬‫א‬

  Q = ⎧⎨ : m∈ Z , n ∈ Z , n ≠ 0⎫⎬ 
m
⎩n ⎭
‫א‬
 
m −2
 K m =  − 2 = ،1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W   W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، Q  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Z  Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N ⊂ W ⊂ Z ⊂ Q W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 N ‫א‬‫א‬K1.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
1) a + b = b + a , 2) a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a , 3) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) ,
  
4) (a ⋅ b) ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b ⋅ c), 5) a ⋅ (b + c) = (a ⋅ b) + (a ⋅ c), 6) a ⋅ 1 = a ∀a .

E5،‫א‬E4E3،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2E1
‫א‬‫א‬K1‫א‬E6‫א‬‫א‬
 K 4 + (3 × 5) ≠ (4 + 3) × (4 + 5) W‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫א‬K2.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  a + 0 = a W‫א‬‫א‬

 Z ‫א‬‫א‬K3.2
 Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

  b ∈ Z ⇒ −b ∈ Z , a − b = a + (−b) ∈ Z 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Q ‫א‬‫א‬K4.2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-3-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

m p qm + np m p qm − np m p mp m p m q mq
 1) + = 2) − = 3) ⋅ = 4) ÷ = ⋅ =
n q nq n q nq n q nq n q n p np
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m p m+ p m p m− p m p m
 1) + = 2) − = 3) ÷ =
n n n n n n n n p
‫א‬‫א‬ N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
1 2 2 4 3 2 3 4
 1) + , 2) − , 3) × , 4) ÷ . W‫א‬W1
4 9 5 5 7 5 5 7
 W‫א‬
1 2 1 × 9 + 2 × 4 9 + 8 17 2 4 2−4 −2
1) + = = = , 2) − = = ,
4 9 4×9 36 36 5 5 5 5

3 2 3× 2 6 3 4 3 7 3 × 7 21
3) × = = , 4) ÷ = ⋅ = = .
7 5 7 × 5 35 5 7 5 4 5 × 4 20

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.4.2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E1
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m p
= ⇔ mq = np
n q
5 10
 5 × 12 = 6 × 10 = 60  = 
6 12
W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E2
p
p pn n
= =
q qn q
n
6
6 6× 2
 = = 3 
15 15 × 2 15
3

-4-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

p′ p
E‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬ E3
q′ q
3 9
K  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ p′ ‫ و‬q′ ‫א‬
4 12

 ‫א‬‫א‬K2.4.2
2 b
 4 K a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5 c
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
2
 W 6 ‫א‬‫א‬W2
3
 W‫א‬
2 2 6 2 6 × 3 + 2 × 1 18 + 2 20
 6 =6+ = + = = = 
3 3 1 3 3 3 3

K3.4.2
m p
 (<) ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ , ∈ Q 
n q
pm
 ‫א‬ n, q  < ⇔ pn < qm W‫א‬‫א‬
qn
m p
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
n q
−3 −5 2 3
 < ، 2 × 7 < 5 × 3  < W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4 9 5 7
 − 3 × 9 < 4 × (−5)


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4.4.2
7 3
K , ‫א‬ 5  2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5 4
123
 3  ‫א‬123‫א‬ ‫א‬
10000
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-5-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

123
‫א‬‫א‬  = 0.0123 
10000
5
 = 0.5 ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.7 = 0.70 = 0.700
10
5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = 0.05 
100
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1 1 3125
  = 0.333........  = 5= = 0.3125 K‫א‬
3 3 32 2 10000
K 5  2 
1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ = 0. 3 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K = 0.090909....... = 0.09 W
  K‫א‬
11
 K
E‫א‬F •
E‫א‬F •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬10 ‫א‬‫א‬
523014
 5.23014 =
10 5


-6-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5.4.2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1)11.2541 + 3.97 =11.2541 + 3.9700 = 15.2241

2)16.23 − 8.567 = 16.230 − 8.567 = 7.663

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 46 × 352 = 16212 ‫א‬ 4.6 × 3.52 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 + 1 = 3 ‫א‬
 4.6 × 3.52 = 16.212 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 15.48 ÷ 7.2 W‫א‬‫א‬W3

 W‫א‬
2.15

720 1548
- 1440
 . 2.15 E‫א‬F‫א‬
1080 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 720  K‫א‬
3600
3600  
-
0000

-7-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K6.4.2
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5 ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬

 1) 5.145512 2) 3.21945 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5 E1
 5.145512 ≈ 5.146 ‫א‬‫א‬ 5  6
 3.21945 = 3.219 ‫א‬‫א‬ 4  E2


-8-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
2 3 1 3 2 3 5 1 1 1 3 2 3
1) + + 2) − + 3) 3 + 5 4) 4 + 3 − 5 5) 8 − 2 − 1
3 4 5 5 3 4 8 32 3 5 4 3 4
 
2 1 3 1 4 7 1 7 3 ⎛2 3⎞ ⎛− 2 4⎞
6) 6 × 7) 2 × × 1 8) ÷ 2 9) 2 × ÷ 3 10) ⎜ ÷ ⎟ − ⎜ ÷ ⎟
3 2 15 4 5 15 2 8 4 ⎝7 4⎠ ⎝ 3 9⎠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
⎛ 1⎞ 2 1 1
⎜ 9 + ⎟(5 − 7) (5 − 8) × 1 −3
⎛1 ⎞
 1) ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2) 3 3) − 2 × (−8 − 3) × ⎜ ÷ 5 ⎟ 4) 2 4 
5 3 1 ⎝4 ⎠ 3 4
2× + 5 −2
8 4 5 7 5
(2) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1) ‫א‬‫א‬W3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 −1 3 2 5 5 −2 7 8 4
 1) , , , , 2) , , , ,
4 2 − 4 5 11 9 3 13 15 − 7

 W‫א‬W4
3 7 15 22
 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) . 
8 16 25 125

 W‫א‬W5
5 4 8
 1) , 2) , 3) . 
11 21 35

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
1) 97 + 364.23 + 0.759, 2) 7.58 + 94.6 + 4.989, 3) 0.917 − 1.165, 4) 362.78 − 457.06,

5) 4.5 × 9.72 , 6) 57.8 × 0.023, 7)18.598 ÷ 5.47, 8) 6.75 ÷ 106.

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
 1) 3.401902 2)11.989601 3)1.012903 4)19.569492 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K π  2 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K1.3
‫א‬ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟  = 2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 8 2
⎝3⎠ 3 3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 3 ‫א‬ 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.4143 1.4142  2 ≈ 1.41421
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 1 4 3
−
−π − 3 2 2 3 2 π

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 1 2 2 3 4
 3

  R ‫א‬‫א‬K2.3
‫א‬‫א‬ R  Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 a  a K‫א‬ Q  R  Q ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 2 ∉ Q  2 ∈ Q  a ∈ R 
 K‫א‬ Q  R ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.4
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  b  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (a , b) ‫א‬ b  a ‫א‬‫א‬E1

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W b  a 
  (a , b) = {x : a < x < b} 
 b ∉ (a , b)  a ∉ (a , b) ‫א‬
a b ‫א‬ b  a 
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬


 b  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ [a , b] ‫א‬ b  a ‫א‬‫א‬E2
 W b  a 
  [a , b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b} 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ b  a  b ∈ [a , b]  a ∈ [a , b] ‫א‬

a b

‫א‬‫א‬

 b  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ [a , b) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 W‫א‬ b ‫א‬ a ‫א‬

 [a , b) = {x : a ≤ x < b} 
 ‫א‬ b  a  b ∉ [a , b)  a ∈ [a , b) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

a b


- 11 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 b  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (a , b] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4

 W‫א‬ b ‫א‬ a ‫א‬

 (a , b] = {x : a < x ≤ b} 
‫א‬‫א‬ b  a  b ∈ (a , b]  a ∉ (a , b] ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
a b
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.4
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ (−∞ , a)  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
  (−∞ , a) = {x : x < a} 
 W‫א‬ (a , ∞)  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 (a , ∞) = {x : x > a} 
 W‫א‬ (−∞ , a]  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 (−∞ , a] = {x : x ≤ a} 
 W‫א‬ [a , ∞)  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 [a , ∞) = {x : x ≥ a} 
  R = (−∞ , ∞) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
‫א‬‫א‬ ∞  − ∞ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
1) [−4 , 1] , 2) [−2 , 3) , 3) (1 , 5) , 4) (1 , 4] ,
 
5) [4 , ∞), 6) (−∞ , 3], 7) (−∞ , 2] U (3 , ∞), 8) (−∞ , 1) U [2 , ∞).




- 12 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
-4 0 1 -2 0 3
(1 (2

1 5 1 4
(3 (4

4 3
(5 (6

2 3 1 2
(7 (8
 ‫א‬‫א‬K5
K‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ‫א‬ a ‫א‬ | a | ‫א‬ a ‫א‬‫א‬
 | a |= −a  a < 0 ‫א‬ | a |= a  a ≥ 0 ‫א‬‫א‬ | −2 |= 2  | 2 |= 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K − a
⎧a ; ‫آﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫إذا‬ a≥0
 | a |= ⎨ 
⎩− a ; ‫آﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫إذا‬ a<0
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ b  a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a |a|
1) | a |≥ 0 2) | ab |=| a || b | 3) = 4) | a + b |≤| a | + | b | 5) | a − b |=| b − a |
b |b|

 ‫א‬‫א‬W7
1) | 4 |, 2) | −8 | , 3) | 3 | − | −7 |, 4) − | −3 | − | 8 |,

5) | 4 || −8 |
 W‫א‬
| 4 |= 4 ‫א‬ 4 > 0 E1

| −8 |= −(−8) = 8 ‫א‬ − 8 < 0 E2

 | 3 | − | −7 |= 3 − [−(−7)] = 3 − (7) = 3 − 7 = −4 E3

 − | −3 | − | 8 |= −[−(−3)] − (8) = −(3) − (8) = −3 − 8 = −11 E4

 | 4 || −8 |= (4)[−(−8)] = (4)(8) = 32 E5

- 13 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
1) (1 , 5), 2) (1 , 4], 3) [−2 , 1), 4) [1 , 4], 5) (−∞ , 0], 6) (π , ∞),
 
7) (−∞ , 3) U (3 , ∞), 8) (−∞ , 1) U [4 , ∞), 9) [−2 , 1) U [2 , 4] U (5 , ∞).

 ‫א‬‫א‬W2
1) | 6 | , 2 ) | −6 | , 3) | 2 × (−3) | , 4) | 2 | ⋅ | −3 | ,
 −2 | −2 | 
5) , 6) , 7) | 1 − 2 | , 8) | 7 − 9 | .
3 |3|

 W‫א‬ | x + 3 | W3
−2
 1) x = 7 , 2) x = −8, 3) x = 0, x= .
3

 ‫א‬‫א‬W4

 1) | y 2 + 1 | , 2) | x + 6 | + | x − 2 | , 0 < x < 1, 3) | x − 4 | + | x + 5 | , 2 < x < 3



- 14 -
 1
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

-1-
- 14 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

KE‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 K٪80‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

- 15 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K1
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K 3  − 3  − 3x 2 y ‫א‬‫א‬W1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 − 9x 2 12x 2 ،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K 7 x 3 y 2  − 2 x 3 y ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 4 x 2 + x  4 x 2 + 3x − 2 x ‫א‬
 K (2 = 2 x 0 )
 W x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
an ‫א‬K n  an ≠ 0  an x n + an−1 x n−1 + .......... + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0
 K‫א‬‫א‬ a0 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 9  9 , − 1, 5  2 9x2 , − x , 5 9x2 − x + 5
 −2  − 2 , 11  1  − 2x , 11  11 − 2 x
 1  1, 5 , − 3  3 x3 , 5x , − 3 x3 + 5x − 3







- 16 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬K1.2

 W‫א‬W3
 1) (3x 2 + 6 x − 4) + (4 x 2 − 5 x + 3), 2) ( x 2 − 5 x + 7) − (2 x 2 + 3x − 2).
 W‫א‬
1) (3 x 2 + 6 x − 4) + (4 x 2 − 5 x + 3) = (3 x 2 + 4 x 2 ) + (6 x − 5 x) + ((−4) + 3) = 7 x 2 + x − 1

2) ( x 2 − 5 x + 7) − (2 x 2 + 3 x − 2) = ( x 2 − 2 x 2 ) + [(−5 x) − (+3 x)] + (7 − (−2)) = − x 2 − 8 x + 9
 ‫א‬‫א‬2.2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W n  x  n  x W3
 x n = x × x × L × x  n
x0 = 1 W
 W − n  x  n  x ≠ 0 W4
1
 x −n =
xn
‫א‬ m  n ‫א‬‫א‬ y  x ‫א‬W1
 W
( )
1) x n
m
= xn m
2) ( x y ) n = x n y n
 3) x n x m = x n + m
xn
4) m
= xn−m
x
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 K‫א‬

 (2 x − 3)(3x 2 − x + 1) W‫א‬‫א‬W4
 W‫א‬
(2 x − 3)(3 x 2 − x + 1) = (2 x)(3 x 2 ) + (2 x)(− x) + (2 x)(1) + (−3)(3 x 2 ) + (−3)(− x) + (−3)(1)

= 6 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 2 x − 9 x 2 + 3 x − 3 = 6 x 3 − 11x 2 + 5 x − 3
- 17 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1) ( x + y )( x − y ) = x 2 − y 2
 2) ( x + y )( x + y ) = ( x + y ) 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
3) ( x − y )( x − y ) = ( x − y ) 2 = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2
4) ( x + y )( x + y )( x + y ) = ( x + y ) 3 = x 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3
5) ( x − y )( x − y )( x − y ) = ( x − y ) 3 = x 3 − 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 − y 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5

 1) (7 x + 10)(7 x − 10), 2) (2 y 2 + 11z 2 ) 2 , 3) (2 x − 3 y ) 3 .

W‫א‬
1) (7 x + 10)(7 x − 10) = (7 x) 2 − (10) 2 = 49 x 2 − 100
 2) (2 y 2 + 11z 2 ) 2 = (2 y 2 ) 2 + 2(2 y 2 )(11z 2 ) + (11z 2 ) 2 = 4 y 4 + 44 y 2 z 2 + 121z 4
3) ( 2 x − 3 y ) 3 = (2 x) 3 − 3(2 x) 2 (3 y ) + 3(2 x)(3 y ) 2 − (3 y ) 3 = 8 x 3 − 36 x 2 y + 54 xy 2 − 27 y 3

 ‫א‬K3.2

 1) x = −4 , 2) x = 2 . W 2 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 7 ‫א‬W6
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬ x ‫א‬
1) 2 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 7 = 2(−4) 3 − 6(−4) 2 + 7 = 2(−64) − 6(16) + 7 = −128 − 96 + 7 = −217

2) 2 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 7 = 2( 2 ) 3 − 6( 2 ) 2 + 7 = 2(2 2 ) − 6(2) + 7 = 4 2 − 12 + 7 = 4 2 − 5
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K4.2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W6
 K‫א‬

x + 12
 W‫א‬‫א‬ x − 3  x 2 + 9 x − 16 W7
x − 3 x 2 + 9 x − 16 
- x 2 − 3x  x − 3  x 2 + 9 x − 16 ‫א‬‫א‬
12 x − 16  20 ‫א‬ x + 12 
- 12 x − 36 20
20  x 2 + 9 x − 16 ÷ ( x − 3) = x + 12 + W
x−3
- 18 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
1) x 2 + 2 x − 7, 2) 2 , 3) 4 x 2 y 2 − 5 x 3 y 2 + 17 xy 3 ,

4) 2 x 4 + 3 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 5, 5) x 3 − 1, 6) − 9 x 5 y + 10 xy 4 − 11x 2 y 2 .

 W‫א‬‫א‬W2
1) (3 x 2 + 4 x + 5) + (2 x 2 + 7 x − 2), 5) (5 x − 7)(3 x 2 − 8 x − 5),
2) (4 w 2 − 2 w + 7) + (5w3 + 8w 2 − 1) , 6) (3 x 2 − 2 x + 5)(2 x 2 − 5 x + 2),

3) (7 s 2 − 4 s + 11) − (−2 s 2 + 11s − 9), 7) (3c − 2)(4c + 1)(5c − 2),
4) (u 3 − 3u 2 −4u + 8) − (u 2 − 2u + 4), 8) (4u − 5)(2u − 1)(3u − 4).

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
1) (3 x + 5)(3 x − 5), 7) [( x + 5) + y ][( x + 5) − y ],
2) (4 x 2 − 3 y )(4 x 2 + 3 y ), 8) [( x − 2 y ) + 7][( x − 2 y ) − 7],
3) (3 x 2 − y ) 2 , 9) ( x − 1) 3 ,

4) (4 w + z ) 2 , 10) (2 x + y ) 3 ,
5) [( x − 2) + y ] , 11) [( x − 1) + 2 y ] ,
2 3

6) [( x + 3) − y ] , 12) [4 − (1 − 2 y )] .
2 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
1) x 2 + 7 x − 1 ; x = 3

2) − x 2 − 5 x + 4 ; x = −5

3) 5 x 3 − x 2 + 5 x − 3 ; x = −1

4)1 − x 3 − x 5 ; x = 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
1) 2 x 2 + x − 15 , x + 3
2)20 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x + 20 , x + 3
 3) 6 x 4 + 3x 3 − 12 x 2 − 3x − 9 , 2 x − 3
4) 2 x 4 − x 3 − 23 x 2 + 9 x + 45 , 2 x 2 − x − 5
5) 24 x 5 + 21x 3 − 18 x 2 − 15 , 6 x 2 + 5
- 19 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K3
‫א‬
 
 W7
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8
 1)10 x 3 + 6 x, 2)12 x 2 y − 6 xy − 30 xy 2 , 3) ( x − 4)(2a − b) + ( x + 4)(2a − b).
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 2 x  6 x  10x 3  EKKF‫א‬‫א‬E1
10 x 3 + 6 x = 2 x(5 x 2 ) + 2 x(3) = 2 x(5 x 2 + 3)

 W‫א‬ 6 xy ‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬E2

 12 x 2 y − 6 xy − 30 xy 2 = 6 xy (2 x) − 6 xy(1) − 6 xy(5 y ) = 6 xy(2 x − 1 − 5 y ) = 6 xy(2 x − 5 y − 1)

 W‫א‬ 2a − b ‫א‬EKKFE3
( x − 4)(2a − b) + ( x + 4)(2a − b) = (2a − b)[( x − 4) + ( x + 4)] = (2a − b)( x − 4 + x + 4)

= (2a − b)(2 x) = 2 x(2a − b)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  6 y 3 − 21y 2 − 4 y + 14 W‫א‬‫א‬W9

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 6 y 3 − 21y 2 − 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 − 21y 2 ) − (4 y − 14)

 W‫א‬EKKF

 6 y 3 − 21y 2 − 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 − 21y 2 ) − (4 y − 14) = 3 y 2 (2 y − 7) − 2(2 y − 7)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 y − 7 ‫א‬
- 20 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

6 y 3 − 21y 2 − 4 y + 14 = (6 y 3 − 21y 2 ) − (4 y − 14) = 3 y 2 (2 y − 7) − 2(2 y − 7)


= (2 y − 7)(3 y 2 − 2)

ax 2 + bx + c ‫א‬K2.3
 a = 1 W‫א‬‫א‬
 x 2 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K b‫א‬ c ‫א‬

 x 2 + 7 x − 18 W‫א‬‫א‬W10
 W‫א‬
 − 18  ‫א‬‫א‬ c = −18  b = 7   ‫א‬
 (−2) + 9 = 7 W 9  − 2  ‫א‬‫א‬K 7 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KK (−2) × 9 = −18 
 x 2 + 7 x − 18 = ( x − 2)( x + 9)
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 a ≠ 1 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m , n , p , q ‫א‬‫א‬

 1) mn = a , 2) pq = c , 3) mq + np = b
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ax 2 + bx + c = (mx + p)(nx + q)
K c < 0 ‫א‬ c > 0 ‫א‬ b  q  p ‫א‬
 3) ‫א‬ 2) ‫א‬   n   m ‫א‬
  q  p ‫א‬ 1) ‫א‬
 K m, n, p, q ‫א‬‫א‬

 6 x 2 + 11x + 3 W‫א‬‫א‬W11
 W‫א‬
 mn = 6 , pq = 4 , mq + np = 11 W m , n , p , q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ b > 0  c > 0  q  p ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ m = 2, n = 3, p = 3, q = 1W
 6 x 2 + 11x + 3 = (2 x + 3)(3x + 1)
 b 2 − 4ac  ‫א‬ ax 2 + bx + c W
 K b 2 − 4ac = (−5) 2 − 4(6)(−4) = 121 = 112  6 x 2 − 5 x − 4 K
 (mx + p) 2  ax 2 + bx + c  m = n  p = q ‫א‬

 K3.3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x 2 − y 2 = ( x + y )( x − y )
 49 x 2 − 144 W12
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 49 x 2 − 144 = (7 x) 2 − (12) 2  49 x 2 − 144 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 49 x 2 − 144 = (7 x) 2 − (12) 2 = (7 x + 12)(7 x − 12)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1

 x 2 − 9 x + 20 ‫א‬ 1
a) ( x + 10)( x + 2)  b) ( x + 5)( x + 4) c) ( x − 5)( x − 4) d) ( x + 10)( x + 10)
 x 2 + 7 x + 6 ‫א‬ 2
a) ( x + 3)( x + 2)  b) ( x − 5)( x − 2) c) ( x + 6)( x + 1) d) ( x − 1)( x − 6)
  x 2 + 2 x − 24 ‫א‬ 3
a) ( x + 4)( x + 6)  b) ( x − 4)( x + 6) c) ( x − 8)( x + 3) d) ( x + 6)( x − 5)
  6 x 4 + 14 x 3 − 12 x 2 ‫א‬ 4
a) 2 x 2 (3x 2 + 7 x − 6)  b) 2(3x 2 + 7 x − 6) c) ( x + 3)( x 2 + 2) d) (7 x + 3)(2 x + 4)
  x 2 − 36 ‫א‬ 5
a) ( x + 36)( x − 36)  b) ( x + 6)( x − 6) c) ( x + 4)( x 2 − 9) d) ( x 2 + 6)( x 2 − 6)
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
1) − 15 x 2 − 12 x, 8) 6m 3 + 4m 2 − 15m − 10, 15) 6 x 4 + 23x 2 + 15,
2) 6a 3b 2 − 12a 2 b + 72ab 3 , 9) x 2 + 9 x + 20,
16) x 2 − 9,
3) ( x − 4)(m + 2n) + n( x − 4), 10) b 2 + 12b − 28,
4) x( y − 3) − 5(3 − y ), 2
17) 81b 2 − 16c 2 ,
11) 8a − 26a + 15,
3 2
5) 3 x + x + 6 x + 2, 12) 6 x 2 − 23 x + 20,  18) x 4 − 9,
6) 2 x 2 − 2 xy + x − y, 13) x 4 + 11x 2 + 18, 19)16 y 4 − 196,
7)10 z 3 − 15 z 2 − 4 z + 6, 14) 9 x 4 + 10 x 2 + 1, 20)1 − 121n 2 ,
21) x 2 − ( y + z ) 2 ,


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8
 K
x 2 − 3x + 4 3x + 1
 K  13
x 2 + 7 x + 12 2 x − 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
2x
‫א‬‫א‬ x = 0  x = 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2
14
x − 3x
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W2
P R P PR P −P P P R P±R
1) = ⇔ PS = QR , 2) = , R ≠ 0, 3) − = = 4) ± = ,
Q S Q QR Q Q −Q Q Q Q

P P P × Q2 ± P2 × Q1 P R PR P R P S PS
5) 1 ± 2 = 1 , 6) × = , 7) ÷ = × = , R ≠ 0.
Q1 Q2 Q1 × Q2 Q S QS Q S Q R QR

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x 2 + 2x − 3
 W‫א‬W15
x 2 + 5x + 6
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 x 2 + 2 x − 3 = ( x − 1)( x + 3) , x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 2)( x + 3)
 W‫א‬
x 2 + 2x − 3 ( x − 1)( x + 3) x − 1
 = = , x + 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ −3
x 2 + 5x + 6 ( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 2
x+6 x 6 x x+6
 = + = + 3  ≠ x + 3 W
2 2 2 2 2

- 24 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬W16
x 2 − 5x + 6 x − 1 x 2 + 6 x + 9 x 2 + 7 x + 12
 1) 2 ⋅ , 2) 3 ÷ 3
x +x−2 x−2 x + 27 x − 3x 2 + 9 x
 W‫א‬
x 2 − 5 x + 6 x − 1 ( x − 2)( x − 3) x − 1 ( x − 2)( x − 3)( x − 1) x − 3
 1) 2 × = × = = , x ≠1 x ≠ 2
x + x − 2 x − 2 ( x − 1)( x + 2) x − 2 ( x − 1)( x + 2)( x − 2) x + 2
x 2 + 6 x + 9 x 2 + 7 x + 12 ( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 4)( x + 3)
2) ÷ = ÷
x 3 + 27 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 9 x ( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9) x( x 2 − 3 x + 9)
( x + 3)( x + 3) x ( x 2 − 3 x + 9)
= ×
( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9) ( x + 4)( x + 3)
( x + 3)( x + 3) x( x 2 − 3 x + 9) x
= = , x ≠ −3
( x + 3)( x − 3x + 9)( x + 4)( x + 3) x + 4
2

 W‫א‬‫א‬W17
2mn + m mn + m x 3 x 2x − 1
 1) − , 2) + , 3) − .
m+n m+n x + 1 2x − 1 x 2 − 4 x 2 − 3 x − 10
 W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
2mn + m mn + m (2mn + m) − (mn + m) 2mn + m − mn − m mn
1) − = = =
m+n m+n m+n m+n m+n
x 3 x(2 x − 1) + 3( x + 1) 2 x 2 − x + 3 x + 3 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3
2) + = = =
x + 1 2x − 1 ( x + 1)(2 x − 1) ( x + 1)(2 x − 1) ( x + 1)(2 x − 1)
x 2x − 1 x 2x − 1 x( x − 5) − (2 x − 1)( x − 2)
 3) − 2 = − =
x − 4 x − 3 x − 10 ( x − 2)( x + 2) ( x − 5)( x + 2)
2
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 5)

( x 2 − 5 x ) − ( 2 x 2 − 4 x − x + 2) x 2 − 5 x − 2 x 2 + 4 x + x − 2
= =
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 5) ( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 5)

− x2 − 2 x2 + 2
= =−
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 5) ( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 5)
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- 25 -
‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

x −1 + y −1 2x 2 + y
 W   ‫א‬‫א‬W
z −1 3x 2
x −1 + y −1 z 2x2 + y 2 + y
 =  =
z −1 x+ y 3x 2 3

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
  x +2 9 x − 10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
1
x − 100
x −1
a) x + 10  b) c) 9 x − 10 d) 9x
x − 10 100 10
3 2
 10 x 5 y ‫א‬ 2
2x y
 a) xy  b) 5 y2 c) 5 xy  d) 5 x 8 y 3
x

  x + 2 x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
3
x+2
a) x
b) x c) 2 x + 1 d)  1
2 x x
2 2
 15 x y5 ‫א‬ 4
5 xy
 a) xy  b) 3 xy 3 c) 3 x3  d) 5 x 8 y 3
y

  15 x 2 y 2
‫א‬ 5
5 xy 5
3x
 a) xy  b) 3 xy 3 c)  d) 5 x8 y3
y3

  x2 − 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 6
x+2
a) x b) x − 2 c) 2 x + 1 d)  1
2 x x

- 26 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
x2 − 4 x 2 − x − 20 x3 − 9x a3 + 8
1) , 2) , 3) 3 , 4) 2 ,
(x − 2)(x + 3) 3 x − 15 x + x2 − 6x a −4
x 2 + 3 x − 40 10 x 2 − 3 x − 1 2 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 5 x − 15 x3 − x 2 + x
5) , 6) 2 , 7) , 8) .
− x 2 + 3 x + 10 2 x + 5x − 3 9 − x2 x3 + 1


 W‫א‬‫א‬W3
x 2 + x 3 x 2 + 19 x + 28 x 2 − 16 x 2 − 4 x − 21
1) ⋅ , 2) 2 ⋅ ,
2 x + 3 x 2 + 5x + 4 x + 7 x + 12 x2 − 4x
12m 2 + 28m + 15 2m 2 − m − 3 6u 2 − 5u + 1 2u 2 + 3u − 2
 3) 2 ⋅ , 4) 2 ÷ ,
6m + 35m + 25 3m 2 + 11m − 20 3u + 11u − 4 u 2 + 3u − 4
z 2 − 81 z 2 − z − 20 2a 2 − 5a + 3 3a 2 − 8a − 3
5) 2 ÷ , 6) 2 ÷ 2 .
z − 16 z 2 + 5 z − 36 a +a−2 a −a−6

W‫א‬‫ א‬W4
9 x + 1 3x + 4 x + 1 2x − 1 x 3x − 1
1) − , 2) + , 3) − 2 ,
2x − 1 2x − 1 2x + 3 2x − 3 2
x − 9 x + 7 x + 12
1 2 3 x 2 + 11x − 4 x +1 2x x+5 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1⎞
4) + ⋅ , 5) − ÷ , 6) ⎜1 + ⎟⎜ 3 − ⎟.
x 3x − 1 x−5 x−3 x−3 x−3 ⎝ x ⎠⎝ x⎠

 W‫א‬‫א‬W5
2 3 4 1 1 1
1) − + , 2) + + ,
2 x + 1 3x + 1 4 x + 1 x 2 + 7 x + 12 x 2 − 9 x 2 − 16

2 3 5 1 2x 2x − 1
3) 2 + 2 − 2 , 4) + − 2 .
x − 3 x + 2 x − 1 x + 3 x − 10 (x − 2) x + 2 x − 4
2

- 27 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E825‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K1
‫א‬KE F‫א‬‫א‬W1
 K
K x ‫ﻟ‬ x = 3  2 x + 1 = 7 ‫א‬W1
 K‫א‬ 2(3) + 1 = 7 ‫א‬ 3  x  x = 3
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0  x = 2  x = 3 W2
 x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K x = ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K 7 x + 3 = −11  2 x + 3 + 5 x = −11 W‫א‬‫א‬
K 3x = 9  3x − 7 = 2 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
5
 K x = 12  x = 10
6


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 W‫א‬
 a ≠ 0 ‫א‬ b  a  ax + b = 0
3
 1) 2x + 5 = 9, 2) x − 6 = 0, 3) ( x + 2)(5x + 1) = 5x( x + 1). W‫א‬‫א‬W3
4
 W‫א‬
 W2‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬E1

 2x + 5 − 5 = 9 − 5 ⇔ 2x = 4 ⇔ x = 4
3 4
 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 6E2
4 3
3 3 3 ⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
 x−6=0 ⇔ x−6+6=0+6 ⇔ x = 6 ⇔ ⎜ ⎟⎜ x ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟(6) ⇔ x = 8
4 4 4 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
 W6‫א‬‫א‬ 5 x 2 , 5 x , 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
( x + 2)(5 x + 1) = 5 x( x + 1) ⇔ 5 x 2 + 11x + 2 = 5 x 2 + 5 x ⇔ 11x + 2 = 5 x
 2 1 1
⇔ 6 x + 2 = 0 ⇔ 6 x = −2 ⇔ x = − = − ⇔ x = −
6 3 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W4
x 24 − 5 x x 5
 1) = , 2) 1 + = . 
x−3 x−3 x−5 x−5
 W‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x ≠ 3 E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( x − 3)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

x 24 − 5 x
( x − 3) = ( x − 3) ⇔ x = 24 − 5 x ⇔ x + 5 x = 24 − 5 x + 5 x
x−3 x−3

6 x 24
⇔ 6 x = 24 ⇔ = ⇔ x=4
6 6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x ≠ 5 E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( x − 5) ‫א‬
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
( x − 5)⎜1 + ⎟ = ( x − 5)⎜ ⎟ ⇔ ( x − 5)1 + ( x − 5)⎜ ⎟ = ( x − 5)⎜ ⎟
 ⎝ x − 5⎠ ⎝ x − 5⎠ ⎝ x − 5⎠ ⎝ x − 5⎠
⇔ x − 5 + x = 5 ⇔ 2 x − 5 = 5 ⇔ 2 x − 5 + 5 = 5 + 5 ⇔ 2 x = 10 ⇔ x = 5

 x = 5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1) 2 x + 10 = 40, 40 − 3 x 6 x + 7 4x − 3 2x − 4
8) = , 13) = ,
2) − 3 y + 20 = 2, 5x 8 2x x−2
3 5 12 + x 5 x − 7
3) 4 x − 11 = 7 x + 20, 9) = , 14) = + 2,
x + 2 2x − 7 −4 3
4) 4(2 x − 17) + 5(3 x − 8) = 0,
x x+4 3x 12
3 1 2 10) = , 15) =2− ,
5) x + = , x−3 x+2 x+4 x+4
4 2 3 x+3 x−3 5 3 4
1 1 19 11) = , 16) − = ,
6) x + 7 − x = , x+5 x−4 x−3 x−2 x−3
2 4 2 9 3m 17) 5[x − (4 x − 5)] = 3 − 2 x,
7) 5( x + 3)( x − 3) = 5 x( x − 1), 12) 2 + = ,
m−3 m−3 18) 6[3 y − 2( y − 1)] − 2 + 7 y = 0,


- 30 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 a≠0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬1.2.1
‫א‬‫א‬ ax 2 + bx + c ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  AB = 0 ⇔ A = 0 ‫ أو‬B = 0 W‫א‬

 1) x 2 + 8 x + 15 = 0 , 2) 2 x 2 + x − 6 = 0. W‫א‬‫א‬W5
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5) = 0 ⇔ { x + 3 = 0 ⇔ x = −3 ‫ أو‬x + 5 = 0 ⇔ x = −5}

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K x = −5  x = −3  x 2 + 8 x + 15 = 0 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ a ≠ 1  m , n , p , q ‫א‬‫א‬E2
⎧⎪ 3
2x − 3 = 0 ⇔ 2x = 3 ⇔ x =
 2 x + x − 6 = (2 x − 3)( x + 2) = 0 ⇔ ⎨
2
2
⎪⎩ x + 2 = 0 ⇔ x = −2
3
 x =  x = −2  2 x 2 + x − 6 = 0 ‫א‬
2
‫א‬‫א‬2.2.1
 K A = ± B  B > 0  A 2 = B W B  A ‫א‬

 1) x 2 − 5 = 0, 2) ( x + 1) 2 = 49, W‫א‬‫א‬W6
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5E1

 x2 − 5 + 5 = 0 + 5 ⇔ x2 = 5 ⇔ x = ± 5

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 x = − 5  x = 5 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E2
( x + 1) 2 = 49 ⇔ x + 1 = ± 49 ⇔ x + 1 = ±7 ⇔ x + 1 = 7 ‫ أو‬x + 1 = −7
⇔ x = 7 − 1 = 6 ‫ أو‬x = −7 − 1 = −8

 K x = −8  x = 6 W‫א‬

 W(‫א‬)‫א‬‫א‬3.2.1
 W‫א‬ ∆ = b 2 − 4ac ‫א‬‫א‬
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
 Kx =  ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 W‫א‬
2a
 W‫א‬ ∆ = b 2 − 4ac ‫א‬
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x = W ∆ = b 2 − 4ac ‫א‬‫א‬ •
2a
−b
x = W‫א‬ ∆ = b 2 − 4ac ‫א‬‫א‬ •
2a
K ∆ = b 2 − 4ac ‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬W7

 1) 2 x 2 − 5 x + 2 = 0, 2) x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0, 3) 3 x 2 + 6 x + 7 = 0 .
 W‫א‬
 W a = 2 b = −5 c = 2 ‫א‬E1

 b 2 − 4ac = (−5) 2 − 4(2)(2) = 25 − 16 = 9 > 0 

 W‫א‬
− b ± b 2 − 4ac − (−5) ± 9 5 ± 3 5+3 8 5−3 2 1
 x= = = ⇔ x= = = 2 ‫أو‬ x= = =
2a 2( 2) 4 4 4 4 4 2

 W a = 1 b = 6 c = 9 ‫א‬E2

 b 2 − 4ac = (6) 2 − 4(1)(9) = 36 − 36 = 0

− b − (6)
x= = = −3 W‫א‬
2a 2(1)
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‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W a = 3 b = 6 c = 7 ‫א‬E3

 b 2 − 4ac = (6) 2 − 4(3)(7) = 36 − 84 = −48 < 0

.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 33 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1

 3x − 3 = 2 x + 6 ‫א‬ 1
a) x = 3  b) x=9  c) ‫א‬ d)‫א‬
  6 x − 5 = 3x + 1 ‫א‬ 2
2
a) x = 3 b)  x = −4  c) ‫א‬d) ‫א‬
  x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0 ‫א‬ 3
 a) x = 2  b) x = −2  c) x = −2 d) 
x=3 x=0
  2 x 2 − 4 x + 3 = 0 ‫א‬ 4
 a) x = −2 b) x = −4
c) x =1
 d)
x=2 x=3 x =1
  x 2 + 3x = 0 ‫א‬ 6
x=5 x = −5 x=0
a)  b) c) d)
x =1 x=3 x = −3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
1) x 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0, 2) 8 y 2 + 189 y − 72 = 0, 3) 3 x 2 − 7 x = 0,

4) 8 + 14t − 15t 2 = 0, 5) ( x − 5) 2 − 9 = 0, 6) (2 x − 5) 2 − (4 x − 11) 2 = 0.

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
1) x 2 = 81, 2) 2 x 2 − 48 = 0, 3) ( x − 5) 2 = 36,
 
4) ( x − 8) 2 = ( x + 1) 2 , 5) x 2 = ( x + 1) 2 , 6) 4 x 2 = (2 x + 3) 2 .

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
1) x 2 − 2 x − 15 = 0, 2) x 2 + x − 1 = 0, 3) 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0,
 4) 3x 2 − 5 x + 3 = 0, 5) x 2 + 3 x − 1 = 0, 6) 2 x 2 − 5 x + 3 = 0, 
7) − x 2 = 7 x − 1, 8) 2 x 2 + 3 x + 5 = 0, 9) 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3 = 0.


- 34 -
 1
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

54
 

- 48 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
W‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫ƒ א‬
K‫؛‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o

 ٪80‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KW‫א‬‫א‬

- 35 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K1
 X ‫א‬‫א‬ Y  X  f W1
 X  x2  x1 ، Y ‫א‬‫א‬
 W Y 
 x1 = x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
 K x ‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) 
 x  y = f ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬ Y ‫א‬‫א‬ X ‫א‬
‫א‬ Y  f ( x)  f ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = f ( x)  x ‫א‬ f ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Y  f ( x)  Y  x 
 f : X →Y  W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
f W ‫א‬‫א‬W1
0 2  f ‫א‬ Y = {2,4,6,8} ‫ و‬X = {0,1,2,3}
1 W Y  X
4
 f (1) = 2, f (2) = 4, f (3) = 6
2  X ‫א‬ f ‫א‬
6
 K Y ‫א‬‫א‬
3 8  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 f ( x) = 2 x W f : X → Y
X Y
- 36 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 f ‫א‬ Y = {0,1,4,9,−2}  X = {0,1,−1,2,−2,5} W ‫א‬‫א‬W2

 W Y  X
 f (0) = 0, f (1) = f (−1) = 1, f (2) = f (−2) = 4
 W Y ‫א‬‫א‬ X ‫א‬ f ‫א‬
 5 ‫א‬ Y ‫א‬ − 2  2  − 1 1  0 ‫א‬
 K Y  f (5)  Y 
f  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0 0  W‫א‬‫א‬
 f : X →Y
1 1
 f ( x) = x 2 W
-1 
4
‫א‬ f ‫א‬
2  W1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
9
-2  x1 = x2 ⇒ ( x1 )2 = ( x2 )2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
-2 
5


X Y 

 Countries ،‫א‬ Cities W ‫א‬‫א‬W3
 K f ( x)  x W Countries  Cities  f ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Cities  x ‫א‬ f ‫א‬
  Countries 
 x ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬
 WK Countries 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

f ( Riyadh) = Saudi Arabia

f ( A lg iers ) = A lg eria

f (Cairo) = Egypt
f ( London) = United Kingdom
 K Abha  Countries  f ( Abha) 
 Cities  g ‫א‬ Countries  Cities W‫א‬‫א‬W4
 K x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ g ( x) W Countries
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Cities  x ‫א‬ g ‫א‬
 WK Countries 
g ( Riyadh) = Saudi Arabia
g ( A lg iers) = A lg eria
 g (Cairo) = Egypt
g ( London) = United Kingdom
g ( Abha) = Saudi Arabia
 Cities  Countries  f ‫א‬ Countries ‫א‬‫א‬W5
 K x ‫א‬ f ( x) W
 K‫א‬K Saudi Arabia ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF f ‫א‬‫א‬W2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K R f ‫א‬ D f  f ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬41‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
 W‫א‬
1) D f = {1,2,3}, R f = {2,4,6}

2) D f = {0,1,−1,2,−2}, R f = {0,1,4}
 W Capitals ‫א‬‫א‬E3
 D f = Capitals R f = Countries
 4) D g = Cities R g = Countries

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K f ( x) = 2 x W Ν  Ν  f ‫א‬ Ν ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7

 K f (14)  f (5) ‫א‬E3  K‫א‬ f E2  K‫א‬ f E1
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬ f E1
 x1 = x2 ⇒ 2 x1 = 2 x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
 Df = Ν W f ‫א‬E2
 R f = {2,4,6,8,10,L}  W Ν ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . f (14) = 2 × 14 = 28 ‫ و‬f (5) = 2 × 5 = 10  E3
 K f ( x) = 2 x W R  R  g ‫א‬ R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8
 K g (5)  g (2.5) ‫א‬E3  K‫א‬ g E2  K‫א‬ g E1
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬ g E1
 x1 = x 2 ⇒ 2 x1 = 2 x 2 ⇒ g ( x1 ) = g ( x 2 )
 D g = R  W g ‫א‬E2
 y = 2 × = 2⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = g ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ 
y y y
W R g = R W R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
 . 0.6 = g (0.3) ‫ و‬3 = g (1.5) WK
 . g (5) = 2 × 5 = 10 ‫ و‬g (2.5) = 2 × 2.5 = 5  E3
 W‫א‬ g  f ‫א‬W3
1) D f = Dg

2) x ∈ D f ⇒ f ( x) = g ( x)
 K f = g W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬43‫א‬‫א‬ g  f ‫א‬‫א‬W9
 W‫א‬
W f ≠ g W6‫א‬43‫א‬‫א‬
 D f = Capitals ≠ Dg = Cities
 ‫؟‬‫א‬87‫א‬‫א‬ g  f ‫א‬‫א‬W10

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
W f ≠ g W87‫א‬‫א‬
 D f = Ν ≠ Dg = R
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11
 g:Ν → Ν
 g ( x) = x 2 W
 ‫؟‬ f = g K7‫א‬‫א‬ f ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
D f = Ν = Dg  WE3F‫א‬‫א‬
 f (3) = 2 × 3 = 6 ≠ g (3) = 3 2 = 9  3 ∈ D f = Ν W‫א‬‫א‬
 K f ≠ g W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W12
1) f : R → R , f ( x) = x + 1
2) f : N → N , f ( x ) = x + 1

3) f : N → N, f ( x) = x
4) f : R → R , f ( x ) = x
 W‫א‬W5
 K − x ∈ D f  x ∈ D f  f (− x) + f ( x) = 0  f (− x) = − f ( x) W‫א‬E1
 K − x ∈ D f  x ∈ D f  f (− x) − f ( x) = 0  f (− x) = f ( x) W‫א‬E2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W13
 W‫א‬
 W f ( x) = x + 1  f : R → R ‫א‬‫א‬E1
f (− x) + f ( x) = (− x) + 1 + x + 1 = 2 ≠ 0

f (− x) − f ( x) = (− x) + 1 − ( x + 1) = − x + 1 − x − 1 = −2 x ≠ 0
 W g ( x) = x 2  g : R → R ‫א‬‫א‬

- 40 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 g (− x) − g ( x) = (− x) 2 − x 2 = x 2 − x 2 = 0
 x ∈ D f = N ‫א‬ f ( x) = x + 1  f : N → N ‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K − x ∉ D f
 K‫א‬ g ( x) = x 2  g : N → N ‫א‬‫א‬
 x ∈ D f = N ‫א‬ f ( x) = x  f : N → N ‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K − x ∉ D f
‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) = x  f : R → R ‫א‬‫א‬E4
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ y = f ( x) E‫א‬F x E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( x, y ) ‫א‬E2
 x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K
 K f ( x) = x  f : R → R  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W14
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 x 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25
y= x 0.00 0.50 0.71 0.87 1.00 1.12 1.22 1.32 1.41 1.50
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.5 1 1.5 2

- 41 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

 0.5 1 1.5 2


 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W5
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K a  y = f ( x) = a  f : R → R W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬1
 W‫א‬
 K D f = R E1
 K‫א‬ R f = {a} E2
 K f (− x) = f ( x) E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬E4




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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K f ( x) = − 2  f : R → R W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W15

 W‫א‬
1
0.5

-4 -2 2 4
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5

 -3

‫א‬ a, b  y = f ( x) = a x + b  f : R → R W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2

 K‫א‬‫א‬ a ≠ 0 
 W‫א‬
 K D f = R E1
 KK‫א‬‫א‬ R f = R E2
 KE3
 b = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K b ≠ 0 ‫א‬ (0, b) ‫א‬
 K f ( x) = − 2 x  f : R → R W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W16
 W‫א‬
3

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1

-2

-3

 K f ( x) = − 2 x + 1.5  f : R → R W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W17

3
 W‫א‬

2


-2 -1 1 2 3
-1
- 43 -
-2

-3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 b  a ≠ 0  y = f ( x) = a x 2 + b x + c  f : R → R W ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬4

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ c
 W‫א‬
 K D f = R E1
 KK‫א‬‫א‬ R f ≠ R E2
 K b = 0 ‫א‬E3
 K b = c = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K f ( x) = − 2 x 2 + 1.5  f : R → R W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W18
 W‫א‬
2

-2 -1 1 2

-1

-2

 -3

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬4
2x + 1
  f ( x) =  f : R → R W‫א‬‫א‬
x −1
 W‫א‬
 K D f = R − {1} E1
 KK‫א‬‫א‬ R f = R − {2} E2
 KE3
 K‫א‬E4
2x + 1
 K f ( x) =  f : R → R W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W19
x −1
 W‫א‬
10
7.5
5

2.5

-10 -5 5 10

-2.5
-5
-7.5 - 44 -
-10
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 π = 180° W‫א‬‫א‬E ° ‫א‬FE‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 f ( x + p) = f ( x) W‫א‬ p > 0 ‫א‬ f : R → R ‫א‬W6
 K‫א‬‫א‬،E p F x ∈ D f 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.2.4
 W‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ sin x
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ cos x 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ tan x 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ cot x 
K y = sin x  sin : R → R W ‫א‬ sin W W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (1
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K D f = R E1
  − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 W‫א‬‫א‬ R f = [−1,1] E2
 K sin( − x) = − sin x E3
 K 2π ‫א‬ sin( x + 2π ) = sin x E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬E5
1

0.5

 2 3   3 2
 2 2
2 2
-0.5

 -1

- 45 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K y = cos x  cos : R → R W ‫א‬ cos W W ‫א‬‫א‬ (2
 KK‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K D f = R E1
 K − 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1W‫א‬‫א‬ R f = [−1,1] E2
 K cos(− x) = cos x E3
 K 2π ‫א‬ cos( x + 2π ) = cos x E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬E5
1

0.5

 2 3   3 2
 2 2
2 2
-0.5

 -1

sin x
 KK y = tan x =  tan : R → R W‫א‬ tan WW‫א‬‫א‬ (3
cos x
 W‫א‬
5π 3π π 3π 5π 7π
 K D f = R − {L ,− ,− , , , , , L} E1
2 2 2 2 2 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ R f = R E2
 K tan(− x) = − tan x E3
 K π ‫א‬ tan( x + π ) = tan x E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬??E5
10
7.5
5
2.5

 2 3   3 2
 2-2.5 2
2 2
-5
-7.5

 -10

- 46 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

cos x
 K y = cot x =  cot : R → R W‫א‬ cot WW‫א‬‫א‬ (4
sin x
 W‫א‬
 K D f = R − {L ,−2π ,−π ,0, π ,2π ,3π , L} E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ R f = R E2
 K cot(− x) = − cot x E3
 K π ‫א‬ tan( x + π ) = tan x E4
1
 K cot x = E5
tan x
 K‫א‬‫א‬??E6
10
7.5
5
2.5

 2 3   3 2
 2-2.5 2
2 2
-5
-7.5

 -10


 b ≠ 1  y = f ( x) = b x  f : R → R W ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.2.4
 K
 W‫א‬
 K D f = R E1
 K b x > 0 W‫א‬‫א‬ R f = [0, ∞) E2
 KE3
K e ≅ 2.71828  y = e x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K x ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K b x = e x ln b W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K b E6


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K y = e x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W20
 W‫א‬
50

40

30

20

10

 -1 1 2 3 4

 y = log b x  log b : R → R W‫א‬ log b WW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.2.4

 KK b ≠ 1  x = b y ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ b logb x = x  log b (b x ) = x E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ D f = (0, ∞) E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ R f = R E3
 KE4
 y = ln x = log e x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬E5
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K e ≅ 2.71828
 K x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ln x
 K log b x = W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6
ln b
 K b E7
 K y = ln x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W21
3

5 10 15 20

-1

 W‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
1) f : N → N, f ( x) = x 3 , 2) f : N → N , f ( x ) = 3 x ,

3) f : R → R , f ( x) = x 3 + 1, 4) f : R → R , f ( x) = 3 x − 1
 W‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W2
 W f o g  g o f ‫א‬W3
1) f : R → R , f ( x) = sin x g : R → R , f ( x) = x 2
1
2) f : R → R , f ( x) = g : R → R , f ( x) = x 2
x
 3) f : R → R , f ( x) = e x g : R → R , f ( x) = x 2
4) f : R → R , f ( x) = x + 1 g : R → R , f ( x) = x
5) f : R → R , f ( x) = x g : R → R , f ( x) = x
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W4
1
1) f : R → R , f ( x) = sin 2 x 2) f : R → R , f ( x ) =
 x
3) f : R → R , f ( x) = e 4) f : R → R , f ( x) = x .
x

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
1
1) f : R → R , f ( x) = sin 2 x 2) f : R → R , f ( x ) =
 x
3) f : R → R , f ( x) = e 4) f : R → R , f ( x ) = x
x


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
1 1
 1) sin 2 x, 2) cos x, 3) sin 2 x − cos x, 4) tan x + 2 cos 3 x.
4 4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W7
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8


- 49 -
 1 –
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4
- 49 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬E‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫؛‬E‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 K٪80‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬

- 50 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K1.1
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬ Ea
 K‫א‬ Eb
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Ec
 ‫א‬‫א‬K1.1.1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D A   P = 2 EF
= 2( AB + AD )
 

F
 W‫א‬
C H B  A = ‫א‬‫א‬ × ‫א‬

 A = DH × CB or A = DF × AB 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 8 cm, 14cm ‫א‬W1
 K 5cm ‫א‬‫א‬
- 51 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
    P = 2 EFW‫א‬‫א‬
 P = 2(8 + 14) = 44 cm  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
  A = ‫א‬ × ‫א‬ = 5 × 14 = 70 cm 2    
D A  ‫א‬K2.1.1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
o ow  ‫• א‬
= 2( AB + AD )
 P = 2 [ (w) ‫א‬H (l ) ‫]א‬ 
C l B  ‫• א‬
= AB × AD
 A = (w) ‫א‬ × (l ) ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬K11cm 17 cm W2
W‫א‬
  P = 2 [ (w) ‫א‬H (l ) ‫]א‬ = 2(11 + 17) = 56 cm  W‫א‬
 A = (w) ‫א‬ × (l ) ‫א‬ = 11 × 17 = 187 cm 2  W‫א‬
 K‫א‬K16 ‫א‬، 320cm 2 W3
   W‫א‬
(l ) ‫א‬ = ‫א‬ ( A) ÷ (w) ‫א‬
320
 l= = 20cm    
16
 (P) ‫א‬
  P = 2 [ (w) ‫ א‬+ (l ) ‫ = א‬2(16 + 20) = 72 cm ]
 K‫א‬KK 7 cm W4
 W‫א‬
  L = 3 × 7 = 21cm W (L) ‫א‬‫א‬
 P = 2 [ (w) ‫א‬H (l ) ‫]א‬ = 2(7 + 21) = 56 cm  W‫א‬

- 52 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 A = (w) ‫א‬ × (l ) ‫א‬ = 7 × 21 = 147 cm 2  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬K3.1.1
o

 P = 4 ×  (l ) ‫א‬ = 4 l  W (P) ‫א‬ •
o o  A = (l ) ‫ × א‬ (l ) ‫ = א‬l 2 W ( A) ‫א‬ •
‫א‬K 9cm W5
 K
o  W‫א‬
l
 P = 4 ×  (l ) ‫א‬ = 4 l = 4 × 9 = 36 cm W‫א‬
 A = (l ) ‫ × א‬ (l ) ‫ = א‬l 2  = 9 2 = 81cm 2 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 48 cm W6
 W‫א‬
 l = P ÷ 4 = 48 ÷ 4 = 12cm W‫א‬
 A = l 2 = (12) 2 = 144 cm 2 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 49cm 2 W7
 W‫א‬
 l = A = 49 = 7 cm  W‫א‬
 P = 4 × (l ) ‫א‬ = 4 l = 4 × 7 = 28 cm  W‫א‬
 ‫א‬K4.1.1
A o B
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
•  K‫א‬ Ea
o o
l K‫א‬ Eb
•
‫א‬ Ec
o
D H C  K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ed
 P = 4 ×  (l ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
 A = DC × AH ‫א‬ •
- 53 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ × ‫א‬ = ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 A = E‫א‬‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫א‬F    
2
‫א‬K 5cm ‫א‬13cm W8
 K
 W‫א‬
 P = 4 × (l ) ‫א‬ = 4 l = 4 × 13 = 52 cm  W‫א‬
 A = ‫א‬ × ‫א‬ = 13 × 6 = 78 cm 2  W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4m, 7 m W9
 ‫א‬‫א‬{15
 W‫א‬
1 1
 A = E‫א‬‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫א‬F = (4 × 7) = 14 m 2 ‫א‬
2 2
 14 × 15 = 210  W‫א‬
 ‫א‬K5.1.1

 ‫א‬
o

•  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
o •
 ‫א‬ •
 A = ‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫א‬
 A = ‫א‬ × ‫א‬ W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬K11cm ‫א‬17cm ‫א‬W10
W‫א‬
 A = ‫א‬ × ‫א‬ = 17 × 11 = 187cm 2 
 ‫א‬K2.1
 180o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 54 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A  W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ Ea
 K‫א‬ Eb
o o  K‫א‬ Ec
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Ed
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∠CAB ‫א‬‫א‬ CB ‫א‬ A ‫א‬
C H B
 ‫א‬ •
 P = AB + BC + CA ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 A = × ‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫א‬ = × CB × AH 
2 2
 K 8 cm ‫א‬12 cm ‫א‬‫א‬W11
 W‫א‬
1 1
 A = × ‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫א‬ = × 12 × 8 = 48 cm 2 W‫א‬
2 2
 K 8 cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 7cm ‫א‬W12
 K
 W‫א‬
 P = 3 × 7 = 21cm W‫א‬
7×8
 A= = 28 cm 2 W‫א‬
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬K3.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
r ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
  P = 2πr  W r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
d ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ π 
‫א‬  
22
  ≈ 3,142    
7
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 A = πr 2  W r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 2.8 m ‫א‬‫א‬W13
 W‫א‬
2.8
 r= = 1.4 m  W‫א‬
2
 P = 2πr = 2 × 3.14 × 1.4 ≈ 8.8 m  W‫א‬
 A = πr 2 = 3.14 × (1.4) 2 ≈ 6.2 m 2  W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 66 m ‫א‬‫א‬W14
 W‫א‬
 r = 66 ÷ 3.14 ≈ 21 m  W‫א‬
 A = πr 2 = 3.14 × (21) 2 ≈ 1385 m 2  W‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫؟‬{ 6 cm ‫א‬15 cm ‫א‬‫א‬ E1
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ {12 cm       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E2
 K10 cm ‫א‬
{10 cm ‫א‬{ 50 cm {‫א‬‫א‬ E3
A
 ‫؟‬12.35 m 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K BCDE { ABCDE ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E4
E  CD   8 m   AC    ‫א‬ ABCDE 
B
8m K 6 m 


D 6m C ‫א‬ K       ‫א‬ ‫ א‬E5
5m 4m K‫א‬‫א‬

4m
6m


4m
W‫א‬‫א‬ E6
2.5cm
5cm
1cm 2.5cm 70m

20m
6cm
4cm 25m
3cm 20m
2cm 25m
40m
2cm 4cm 3cm 4cm


 560 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ 42 cm ‫א‬‫א‬ E7
K


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

8cm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E8

8cm 


8cm
{ 60 m ‫א‬ E9
‫؟‬‫א‬{
K140 cm ‫א‬‫א‬ 220 cm { E10
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E11

5cm 6cm
4cm
1cm

3cm

{‫א‬‫א‬{ 27 m ‫א‬ E12
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10 m 
K127 cm ‫א‬‫א‬{ 27 m , 39m ‫א‬{‫א‬ E13
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬ 31.4 cm {‫א‬‫א‬ E14
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 81cm 2 ‫א‬ E15
K‫א‬
K12 m  17 m ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ E16
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬K1.2
‫א‬{
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K h ‫א‬ w ‫א‬، l ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
  A = 2(l × w + l × h + w × h) 
h V = l × w × h ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K 7cm, 9cm, 11cm ‫א‬‫א‬W15 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  W‫א‬
w
‫א‬   w = 7, l = 9, h = 11 ‫א‬
l
W‫א‬‫א‬
 A = 2(l × w + l × h + w × h) = 2(9 × 7 + 9 × 11 + 7 × 11) = 2(63 + 99 + 77) = 478 cm 2
 W‫א‬
 V = l × w × h = 9 × 7 × 11 = 693 cm3 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K2.2
‫א‬ ،
K‫א‬
  l EF‫ א‬‫א‬
 A1 = 4l 2  ‫א‬ •
 A2 = 6l 2  ‫א‬ •
l
  V = l 3   W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 7cm ‫א‬W16
 K
 W‫א‬
  A1 = 4l 2 = 4(7) 2 = 196 cm 2  W‫א‬‫א‬
 A2 = 6l 2 = 6(7) 2 = 294 cm 2  W‫א‬‫א‬
  V = l 3 = 7 3 = 343 cm3   W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K3.2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W h ‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A = 2πr 2 + 2πrh = 2πr (r + h)   
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
  v = πr 2 h W r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K11cm ‫א‬ 9cm ‫א‬‫א‬W17
 K
 W‫א‬
 A = 2πr (r + h) = 2 × 3.14 × 9 × (9 + 11) = 1130.97 cm 2  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 v = πr 2 h = 3.14 × (9) 2 × 11 = 2797.74 cm 3   W‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K4.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ r ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 W h ‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 Al = πrh 
3
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
W h ‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h
2
 AT = πrh + πr 2 
3
 W‫א‬ •
r  W h ‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬
1
 V = πr 2 h  
3
‫א‬ h = 11cm ‫א‬  r = 14 cm ‫א‬W18
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
2 2
 Al = πrh = × 3.14 × 14 × 11 = 322.38 cm 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
3 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2 ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞
 AT = πrh + πr 2 = πr ⎜ h + r ⎟ = 3.14 × 14 × ⎜ × 11 + 14 ⎟ = 43.96 × 21.34 = 937.81cm 2
3 ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
1 1
V = πr 2 h = × 3.14 × (14) 2 × 11 = 2256.61cm 3 W‫א‬
 3 3
 ‫א‬K5.2 •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 61 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫• א‬
 A = 4πr 2  W r ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
4
r  V = π r 3  W r ‫א‬‫א‬
3
‫א‬K17 cm W19
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 A = 4πr 2 = 4 × 3.14 × 17 2 = 3631.68 cm 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
   W‫א‬
4 4
 A = πr 3 = × 3.14 × (17) 3 = 2.57953cm 3
3 3

- 62 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K 8 m ‫א‬{13 m {17 m {‫א‬‫א‬ E1
‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{{ 850cm 3 { E2
‫א‬‫א‬K11cm {13 cm {‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬{ 25 cm  84 cm {‫א‬ E3
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K{‫א‬‫א‬{ 5 cm {
‫א‬     9 cm  ‫א‬     19 cm        E4
K‫א‬K13 cm ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 27 cm ‫א‬ E5
2
‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬13 m ‫א‬
17
‫א‬13 cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E6
K
   7 cm   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   E7
K12 cm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C2  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ K  C1 ,C2 ‫א‬‫א‬     E8
V1 K C1 ‫א‬‫א‬ h ‫א‬ ‫א‬ C1 ‫א‬
 C2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ V3  C2 ‫א‬‫א‬ V2  C1 ‫א‬‫א‬
KV2 = V1 + V3 ‫א‬ h 

C1

C2

- 63 -
 1– 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

96
 

- 64 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 K٪80‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬


- 65 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬
 xy ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 a  (a , b) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ b  x ‫א‬‫א‬
 x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K y 
1 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (0 , 0) ‫א‬‫א‬K y ‫א‬
‫א‬ x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K y 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬


x<0 x>0
y>0 y>0
4
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬‫א‬

-4 -2 2 4 x
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
-2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

x<0 -4 x>0
y<0 y<0

1‫א‬

- 66 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ P(a , b) 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K (4 , 3) , (−3 ,1) , (−2 , − 3) , (3 , − 2) , (0 ,1) , (1, 3) , (3 ,1)
 K‫א‬‫א‬ (1, 3) , (3 ,1) ‫א‬
y

4
(1,3) (4,3)
3 • •

(-3,1) • 1 • (0,1) • (3,1)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1

-2 (3,-2) •

(-2,-3) • -3

-4

-5

  2 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K2
‫א‬K x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K d =| 2 − (−3) |= 5 W (1, − 3) ‫א‬ (1, 2) ‫א‬ d  3 ‫א‬
 4 ‫א‬ P2 ( x2 , y 2 )  P1 ( x1 , y1 )
 W ( y1 , y2 )  ( x2 − x1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 d 2 =| x2 − x1 |2 + | y 2 − y1 |2 ⇒ d = | x2 − x1 |2 + | y 2 − y1 |2 
 | y2 − y1 |2 = ( y2 − y1 )2  | x2 − x1 |2 = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 
 W P2 ( x2 , y 2 )  P1 ( x1 , y1 ) ‫א‬
 d = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

y y
P1 ( x1 , y1 )
y2 •
4
d
| y2 − y1 |
(1,2)
2 •
y1 • P2 ( x2 , y2 )
-4 -2 2 4 x x1 x2 x
5
| x2 − x1 |
-2
•
(1,-3)
-4

 4 ‫א‬ 3 ‫א‬

 P2 (7 , 2)  P1 (−3 , 4) ‫א‬‫א‬W1
 W‫א‬
 W y2 = 2  y1 = 4 ، x2 = 7 ، x1 = −3 ‫א‬
 d ( P1 , P2 ) = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 = (7 − (−3)) 2 + (2 − 4) 2 = 100 + 4 = 104 ≈ 10.2

 ‫א‬‫א‬K3
E 5 ‫א‬F ( xm , y m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬
 W
⎛ x + x y + y2 ⎞
y P1 ( x1 , y1 ) ( xm , ym ) = ⎜ 1 2 , 1 ⎟
• ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

•M ( x , y )
m m

•
P2 ( x2 , y2 )

x
 
  5 ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 P2 (7 , 2)  P1 (−3 , 4) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 W‫א‬
 W y2 = 2  y1 = 4 ، x2 = 7 ، x1 = −3 ‫א‬
⎛ x + x2 y1 + y 2 ⎞ ⎛ − 3 + 7 4 + 2 ⎞
( xm , y m ) = ⎜ 1 , ⎟=⎜ , ⎟ = (2 , 3)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
1) (2 , 4) 2) (0 , − 3) 3) (−2 ,1) 4) (−5 , − 3)
 
5) (−3 , − 5) 6) (−4 , 3) 7) (0 , 2) 8) (−2 , 0)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
1) (6 , 4) , (−8 ,11) 2) (−4 , − 20) , (−10 ,15)

3) (5 , − 8) , (0 , 0) 4) ( 3 , 8 ) , ( 12 , 27 )
  
5) (a , b) , (− a , − b) 3) (a − b , b) , (a , a + b)
7) ( x , 4 x) , (−2 x , 3 x) x < 0 8) ( x , 4 x) , (−2 x , 3 x) x > 0

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3

 1) (1, − 1) , (5 , 5) 2) (4 , 7) , (6 ,10) 3) (6 , − 3) , (6 ,11) 4) (2a , 0) , (0 , 2b) 


 ‫א‬‫א‬K4
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (m) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ( x2 , y2 )  ( x1 , y2 ) ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 6 ‫א‬
 K (∆x = x2 − x1 )  x ‫א‬ (∆y = y 2 − y1 )  y ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

y
∆y y2 − y1
( x2 , y2 ) m= =
y2 • ∆x x2 − x1
y2 − y1
( x1 , y1 )
y1 •
x2 − x1
x1 x2 x

 6 ‫א‬

y 2 − y1 − ( y 2 − y1 ) y1 − y 2
 m= = = W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x2 − x1 − ( x2 − x1 ) x1 − x2

 ‫א‬‫א‬K5
 ‫א‬K1.5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ( x , y ) ‫א‬K ( x1 , y1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬ m 
y − y1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m =
x − x1
  y = m( x − x1 ) + y1 
  (1, − 2)  3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ( x1 , y1 ) = (1, − 2)  m = 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 y = 3( x − 1) + (−2) = 3x − 3 − 2 = 3x − 5 
 y = 3x − 5 W‫א‬‫א‬




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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (2 , 5)  (4 , 3) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y 2 − y1 3 − 5 − 2
 m= = = = −1 
x2 − x1 4 − 2 2
 W‫א‬ (4 , 3) ‫א‬ m = −1 ‫א‬
 y = −1( x − 4) + 3 = − x + 4 + 3 = − x + 7 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  y = mx + b 
 K (0 , b) ‫א‬ y ‫א‬EF‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ b ‫א‬ m 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  (1, 3)  2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 W‫א‬
  y = 2 x + b W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬، b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = 2 x + 1 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ b = 3 − 2 = 1  3 = 2 × 1 + b
 ‫א‬‫א‬
y = m( x − x1 ) + y1 WE‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 y = mx + b WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
y = mx WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
y = b WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
 x = a WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K6
      ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K 8  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (m1 = m2 )
1
 K (m1 = − ) ‫א‬
m2
y y
‫א‬ ‫א‬

m1 m2 m1 m2

m=
1 m2 x m1⋅m2=−1 x
7 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ (2 , − 1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
2 x − 3 y = 5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (a 
2 x − 3 y = 5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (b 
 W‫א‬
 W y = mx + b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 5
  2 x − 3 y = 5 ⇒ −3 y = −2 x + 5 ⇒ y = x − 
3 3
2
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (a 
3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 2 4 2 7
 y = m( x − x1 ) + y1 = ( x − 2) + (−1) = x − − 1 = x − 
3 3 3 3 3

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (b
1 3
 W (a ‫א‬‫א‬ m = − = −
2 2
3
3 3 6 3 4 3
 y = − ( x − 2) + (−1) = − x + − 1 = − x + = − x + 2 
2 2 2 2 2 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K7
‫א‬ y ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬ x ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ y = 0  y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x = 0 ‫א‬
 K x ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ y = 2 x + 3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
 W‫א‬
  (0 , 3) W y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  x = 0 → y = 2 × 0 + 3 = 3 W y ‫א‬‫א‬
 ⎛⎜ − , 0 ⎞⎟ W y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = 0 → 2 x + 3 = 0 → x = − W x ‫א‬‫א‬
3 3
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 (d )  (a) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 1) (2 , 3) : (a) 0 (b)1 (c ) − 2 (d ) 
1
 2) (−4 ,1) : (a) 3 (b) − 3 (c ) (d ) 0 
3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
⎛7 3⎞ ⎛5 1⎞
 1) (3 , − 4) , (5 , 2) 2) (2 ,1) , (2 , 5) 3) (1, 2) , (−2 , 4) 4) ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎜ , − ⎟ 
⎝8 4⎠ ⎝4 4⎠
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W3
 1) x + 5 y = 20 2) 6 x − 5 y = 15 3) x = 4 4) y = −1 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
1) (2 ,1) , (0 , − 3) 2) (−3 , − 4) , (1, 4) 3) (0 , 0) , (−1, 3)
 ⎛ 7 3 ⎞ ⎛ 5 1 ⎞ 
4) (−3 , 6) , (1, 2) 5) (1, − 2) , (3 , − 2) 6) ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎜ , − ⎟
⎝8 4⎠ ⎝4 4⎠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W5
3 2 3
 1) (0 , 3) , m = 2) (0 , 0) , m = 3) (−2 , 4) , m = − 
4 3 5
 4) (0 , 2) , m = 4 5) (0 , 4) , m = 0 6) (−1, 2) , m 
 3 ‫א‬ x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (a) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (b) 
⎛7 3⎞
1) (2 ,1) , 4 x − 2 y = 3 2) (−3 , 2) , x + y = 7 3) ⎜ , ⎟ , 5 x + 3 y = 0
⎝8 4⎠ 
4) (−6 , 4) , 3 x + 4 y − 7 = 0 5) (2 , 5) , x = 4 6) (−1, 0) , y = −3

⎛7 3⎞
1) (2 ,1) , 4 x − 2 y = 3 2) (−3 , 2) , x + y = 7 3) ⎜ , ⎟ , 5 x + 3 y = 0
⎝8 4⎠

 4) (−6 , 4) , 3 x + 4 y − 7 = 0 5) (2 , 5) , x = 4 6) (−1, 0) , y = −3
- 74 -



 1
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

- 121 -
- 75 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K٪80‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K1654 Blaise Pascal  Pierre de Fermat ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،1662 John Graunt ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬K1
‫א‬،‫א‬W1
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 WW1
A = {0,1,2,3,4,5}
 B = {1,3,5,7,9}
C = {−6,−3,0,3,6,9,12,15}
 W‫א‬
 A = { 50 }
 B = { 91 }
 C = { 15 − 6 3‫א‬ }
‫א‬ S W2
 K card ( S ) W S ،‫א‬K



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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 card ( A) = 6, card ( B) = 5, card (C ) = 8
 A ‫א‬ S  A W3
 KK A ⊄ S W A ⊆ S WK S
 W‫א‬‫א‬W3
 A = {1,2,3}, B = {0,1,2,3,4,8}, C = {−1,0,2,3,5,8}, D = {−1,2,5}
1  C ‫א‬ B ‫א‬ A ‫א‬
 K C 
 K C ‫א‬ D ‫א‬
 K card (φ ) = 0 W،‫א‬ φ ‫א‬‫א‬W4
 (a, b) ‫א‬‫א‬ B  A  A × B ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K B  b  A  a
 W‫א‬‫א‬W4
 A = {0,1,2,5}, B = {5,9}, C = {0,1}
 W‫א‬
 1) A × B , 2) A × B × C
 W‫א‬
1) A × B = {(0,5), (0,9), (1,5), (1,9), (2,5), (2,9), (5,5), (5,9)}
 2) A × B × C = {(0,5,0), (0,9,0), (1,5,0), (1,9,0), (2,5,0), (2,9,0), (5,5,0), (5,9,0),
(0,5,1), (0,9,1), (1,5,1), (1,9,1), (2,5,1), (2,9,1), (5,5,1), (5,9,1)}
 W B  A ‫א‬‫א‬W1
 card ( A × B) = card ( A) × card ( B)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W5
card ( A × B ) = card ( A) × card ( B ) = 4 × 2 = 8

card ( A × B × C ) = card ( A) × card ( B) × card (C ) = 4 × 2 × 2 = 16

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K2
 KW6
 WW6
 ‫؟‬E1
 K1,2,3,4,5,6 ‫א‬E2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K‫א‬‫א‬E5
 K S K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
 W‫א‬
 D ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K S = {N , D} WKK N ‫א‬‫א‬
 K S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
، L W ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K S = {L, D,U } WK U W، D W
 H W‫א‬، T W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 K S = {H ,T } WK
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 W4‫א‬
 S = {H ,T }× {H ,T } = {HH , HT ,TH , TT }
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 S = {{H , H },{H ,T },{T ,T }}
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬W8
 1,2,3,4,5,6 ‫א‬W8
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ، A = {1,3,5} WW A 
 ، B = {2,4,6} WW B
 K C = {5,6} W4W C
‫א‬K21W ‫א‬414W9
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E1
‫א‬W B ،‫א‬W A W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W D ،‫א‬W C ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1) S = {{1,2},{1,3},{1,4},{2,3},{2,4},{3,4}} card ( S ) = 6
 2) A = {{3,4}}, B = {{1,3},{1,4},{2,3},{2,4}}, C = {{1,2}},
D = {{1,3},{1,4},{2,3},{2,4},{1,2}}
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9
 K B  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A U B ‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬ B  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A I B E2
 K A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A E3
 K A I B = A U B  A U B = A I B W
  1,2,3,4,5,6 ‫א‬W10
 KW C ،6W B ،3W A W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1
 K C  B  A W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 A U C  A U B  A I B I C  B I C  A I C  A I B W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K A U B U C  B U C
 K A I B  A U B  B  A W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 W‫א‬
1) S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} card ( S ) = 6
2) A = {4,5,6}, B = {1,2,3,4,5}, C = {2,4,6},
 3) A I B = {4,5}, A I C = {4,6}, B I C = {2,4}, A I B I C = {4}
A U B = {1,2,3,4,5,6} = S , A U C = {2,4,5,6}, B U C = S , AU B UC = S
4) A = {1,2,3}, B = {6}, A U B = {} = φ , A I B = {} = φ
 ،5W B ،4W A E5
 ،63W A U B 
 K54W A I B 

 W‫א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬ S ‫א‬W10
 K‫א‬
card ( A)
 K P( A) = W A ‫א‬،‫א‬
card ( S )
 K‫א‬‫א‬W11
‫א‬‫א‬ S = {H ,T } W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
card ({H }) 1
 P({H }) = = = 50%
card ( S ) 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K   P({H })  P(H ) 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
card ({T }) 1
 P(T ) = P({T }) = = = 50%
card ( S ) 2
 K‫א‬W12
 S = {H ,T }× {H ,T } = {HH , HT ,TH , TT }W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

card ({HH }) 1
 P( HH ) = = = 25%
card ( S ) 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
card ({HT , TH }) 2
 P({HT , TH }) = = = 50%
card ( S ) 4
‫א‬ S ′ = {{H , H }, {H , T }, {T , T }} W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{H , H } ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {H , T } ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K C  B  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10‫א‬W13
 W‫א‬
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} card ( S ) = 6
 A = {4,5,6}, B = {1,2,3,4,5}, C = {2,4,6}
3 5 3
P ( A) = = 50%, P ( B) = ≅ 83.33%, P(C ) = = 50%
6 6 6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11
 K10 ‫א‬E1
 K100٪1E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬145‫א‬‫א‬W14
 W‫א‬
14 13 12 11 10  9  8  7 6  5  ‫א‬‫א‬
.03 .13 .14 .06 .23 .11 .08 .17 0 .05  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬11E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬9E2
 K138E3
 K‫א‬4E4
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K20E5

 W‫א‬
 D  C  B  A K S = {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14} W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬51‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K110
1) A = {5,6,7,8,9,10}
P( A) = P (5) + P(6) + P(7) + P (8) + P(9) + P (10)
= 0.05 + 0.00 + 0.17 + 0.08 + 0.11 + 0.23 = 64%
2) B = {10,11,12,13,14}
P( A) = P (10) + P(11) + P(12) + P(13) + P(14)
 = 0.23 + 0.06 + 0.14 + 0.13 + 0.03 = 59%
3) C = {8,9,10,11,12,13}
P( A) = P (8) + P(9) + P(10) + P(11) + P(12) + P(13)
= 0.08 + 0.11 + 0.23 + 0.06 + 0.14 + 0.13 = 75%
4) D = {} = φ ⇒ P( D) = 0
5) E = {} = φ ⇒ P( E ) = 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬K4
F A ‫א‬‫א‬ B ‫א‬ B A ‫א‬‫א‬W12
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE P( A) ≠ 0
 K P(B A) W‫א‬‫א‬ S A W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W15
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W B ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W A
 KB A

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 S A = {HH , HT } W S = {HH , HT , TH , TT } W

 ‫א‬‫א‬
card ( B A) 1
 P( B A) = = = 50% W B A = {HT } 
card ( S A) 2
3‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬W16
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W C ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W B ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W A
 C A  B  A W‫א‬41‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K C B 
 R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5  S = {R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , B1 , B2 , B3 } W
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B1 , B2 , B3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5
 A = {R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 }, P( A) = = 62.5% ≠ 0
8
 W،‫א‬‫א‬E2
3
 B = {B1 , B2 , B3 }, P( B) = = 37.5% ≠ 0
8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S A = {R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , B1 , B2 , B3 } W
 ‫א‬‫א‬E3
 W C A = {B1 , B2 , B3 } WK
3
 K P(C A) = ≅ 42.86%
7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S B = {R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , B2 , B3 } W
 ‫א‬‫א‬E4
 W C B = {B2 , B3 } WK
2
 K P(C B) = ≅ 28.57%
7
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B  A  S W2

0) P ( S ) = 1, P (φ ) = 0
1) P ( A) = 1 − P( A), P ( A) = 1 − P ( A)
 2) P( A U B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A I B)
P ( B I A)
3) P ( B A) = ( P( A) ≠ 0)
P ( A)
 K‫א‬‫א‬W17
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
S = {H , T }× {H , T }× {H , T }× {H , T }
 = {HHHH , HHHT , HTHH , THHH ,..., TTTT }
card ( S ) = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16
 K
 K‫א‬ B  A 21‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 1) A = {TTTT } ⇒ P( A) = = 6.25%
16
 W،‫א‬‫א‬W B W B ‫א‬E2
1
 B = A ⇒ P( B) = P( A) = 1 − P( A) = 1 − = 93.75%
16
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 70% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W18
‫א‬‫א‬ 73%  ‫א‬‫א‬  85% 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W B ‫א‬‫א‬W A W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ A U B ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 P( A) = 0.7, P( B) = 0.85, P( A I B) = 0.73

 W‫א‬‫א‬E2‫א‬‫א‬
 P( A U B) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A I B) = 0.7 + 0.85 − 0.73 = 82%
 K‫א‬‫א‬E3‫א‬‫א‬15‫א‬W19
 W‫א‬
 K S = {HH , HT ,TH , TT } W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W B ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W A
 WK B A
A = {HH , HT }, B = {HT , TT }, A I B = {HT }
1
 P( A I B) 4 2
P( B A) = = = = 50%
P ( A) 1 4
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B  A W13
 W،‫א‬
 P( A I B) = P( A) × P( B)
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K B  A W3
 P( A I B) = P( A) × P( B)  W‫א‬‫א‬
 P( A I B) = P( A) × P( B A)  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W20
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W B ‫א‬‫א‬W A W

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ A I B ‫א‬‫א‬
 P( A) = 0.1, P( B A) = 0.2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P( A I B) = P( A) × P( B A) = 0.1 × 0.2 = 2%
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W21
‫א‬W C ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W B ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W A
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 C  A  ‫א‬K ‫א‬ B  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ C  B 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
S = {H , T }× {H , T }× {H , T }
 = {HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT , THH , THT , TTH , TTT }
card ( S ) = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4
A = {HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT }, P( A) = = 50%
8
4
 B = {HHH , HHT , THH , THT }, P( B) = = 50%
8
2
C = {HHT , THH }, P(C ) = = 25%
8
 W B  A ‫א‬E1
2
 A I B = {HHH , HHT } ⇒ P( A I B) = = 25% = 50% × 50% = P( A) × P( B)
8
 K B  A 
 W C  A ‫א‬E2
1
 A I C = {HHT } ⇒ P( A I C ) = = 12.5% = 50% × 25% = P( A) × P(C )
8
 K C  A 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W C  B ‫א‬E1
2
 B I C = {HHT , THH } ⇒ P( B I C ) = = 25% ≠ 12.5% = 50% × 25% = P( B) × P(C )
8
 K C  B 
 K310‫א‬W22
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬E2
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W B ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W A 
 AI B
 KW B  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
7 7
 P( A I B) = P( A) × P( B) = × = 49%
10 10
 KW B  A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
7 6
 P( A I B) = P( A) × P( B A) = × ≅ 46.67%
10 9


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 KK {1,2,3,4,5,6} ‫א‬W1
 KE1
 WE2
 KW C ،W B ،W A 
 K2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 W‫א‬K S = {1,2,3,4} W‫א‬‫א‬W2
1 1 1 1
1) P (1) = , P ( 2) = , P(3) = , P(4) =
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
2) P(1) = , P ( 2) = , P(3) = − , P(4) =
2 4 4 2
1 1 1 1
3) P (1) = , P ( 2) = , P (3) = , P(4) =
2 4 8 8
1 1 1
4) P(1) = , P ( 2) = , P(3) = , P(4) = 0
2 4 4
1 1 1 1
1) P (1) = , P ( 2) = , P(3) = , P(4) =
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1
2) P(1) = , P ( 2) = , P(3) = − , P(4) =
 2 4 4 2
1 1 1 1
3) P (1) = , P ( 2) = , P (3) = , P(4) =
2 4 8 8
1 1 1
4) P(1) = , P ( 2) = , P(3) = , P(4) = 0
2 4 4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
3‫א‬4‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫؟‬5‫א‬
 K50150W5
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K7‫א‬E1
 K11E2
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K19E3
 K1005150W6
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K53‫א‬E1
 K61E2
 K79E3
 W‫א‬‫א‬KW7
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 KK61‫א‬ W8
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K6E1
 K1‫א‬E2
 K4E3


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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬W14
 KK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W23
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W24
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W45‫א‬W25
2, 1, 3, 5, 2, 2, 2, 1, 4, 2, 6, 2, 4, 3, 1,
 2, 4, 3, 1, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2,
3, 1, 5, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2, 4, 4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W15
 K‫א‬‫א‬W26
 ‫؟‬‫א‬E1
 K‫א‬‫א‬E2
 W‫א‬
 K45‫א‬E1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 8  8  1
 22  14  2
 29  7  3
 41  12  4
 44  3  5
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 45  1  6
  45  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

14

12

10

 1 2 3 4 5 6

 W‫א‬‫א‬ {x1 , x2 ,L, xn } W‫א‬‫א‬W16

 W‫א‬
x1 + x2 + L + xn
 x=
n
  ‫א‬

 s 2
=
(x − x ) + (x − x )
1
2
2
2
+ L + x − xn ( )2

n −1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 s = s2
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 med = x n+1  W‫א‬ n ‫א‬
2
xn + xn
+1
 med = 2 2
 W‫א‬ n ‫א‬
2
 K mode WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- 92 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W27
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(8 × 1) + (14 × 2) + (7 × 3) + (12 × 4) + (3 × 5) + (1 × 6)
 x= = 2.8
45
 W‫א‬‫א‬E2
8(2.8 − 1) + 14(2.8 − 2 ) + 7(2.8 − 3) + 12(2.8 − 4 ) + 3(2.8 − 5) + 1(2.8 − 6 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
 2
s = ≅ 1.75
45 − 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3
 s = 1.75 ≅ 1.32
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ n = 45 E4
 med = x n+1 = x 45+1 = x23 = 3
2 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5
 mode = 2
 W
 WE CASIO fx − 82TL WF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE MODE SD F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE SHIFT Scl = F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE DT ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E SHIFT xσ n −1 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E SHIFT x F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬ W28
 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.82 0.81 0.81
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- 93 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬
 2  2  0.80
 7  5  0.81
 10  3  0.82
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(2 × 0.80) + (5 × 0.81) + (3 × 0.82)
x= = 0.811 cm
10
2 2(0.811 − 0.80) 2 + 5(0.811 − 0.81) 2 + 3(0.811 − 0.82) 2
s = ≅ 0.000 054 cm 2
10 − 1
 s = 0.000054 ≅ 0.007348 cm
1⎛ ⎞ 1⎛ ⎞ 1 1
med = ⎜ x n + x n ⎟ = ⎜ x10 + x10 ⎟ = ( x5 + x6 ) = (0.81 + 0.81) = 0.81 cm
2 ⎜⎝ 2 +1 ⎟
2 ⎠
2 ⎜⎝ 2 2
+1 ⎟
⎠ 2 2
mode = 0.81 cm

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 4 6 6 7 9 10
 W‫א‬20‫א‬W2
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 9  ‫א‬‫א‬
4 6 2 7 1 2 7 2 1 2 1  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 3 4 10 4 4
 K‫א‬10‫א‬
 K105 110 115 109 110 111  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
- 94 -
‫א‬‫א‬ 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬  1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5

- 95 -
 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، E1
 K1983J 1403
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E2
 K1987،
3) Gwyn Davies and Gordon Hick, Mathematics for scientific and technical students, 
 Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, England, 1998.
4) Anders Hald, A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications before
1750, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1989.
5) Richard Hamming, The Art of Probability, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
Redwood City, California, 1991.
6) E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1993.
7) Alexander Schrijver, Theory of Linear and Integer Programming, John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, England, 1986.
8) Seymour Lipschutz and Marc Lipson, Discrete Mathematics, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1997.
9) Peter Tebbutt, Basic Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 1998.

 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 1  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 3  ‫א‬‫א‬K1
 4  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 4  N ‫א‬‫א‬
 4  Z ‫א‬‫א‬
 4  Q ‫א‬‫א‬
 10  
 11  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3
 11  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 11   R ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 11  ‫א‬‫א‬K4
 11  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 13  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 14  ‫א‬‫א‬K5
 15  
 16  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 19  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬
 19  ‫א‬‫א‬K1
 20  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 20  ‫א‬‫א‬
 20  ‫א‬‫א‬
 21   
 21  ‫א‬‫א‬
 22  
 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 23  ‫א‬‫א‬K3
 23  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 24   ax 2 + bx + c ‫א‬
 25   
 26   
 27  ‫א‬‫א‬K4
 27  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 29   
 31  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬
 31  ‫א‬K1
 32  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 
 33   
 34  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3 
 34  ‫א‬
 34  ‫א‬‫א‬
 35  ‫א‬
 36   
 38  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 41  ‫א‬‫א‬K1
 45  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 46  ‫א‬‫א‬K3
 47  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1K4 
 50  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2K4 
 54  
55  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
58  ‫א‬‫א‬K1
58  ‫א‬‫א‬
 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

62  ‫א‬
62  ‫א‬‫א‬
64  
66  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 
66  ‫א‬‫א‬
66  ‫א‬
67  ‫א‬‫א‬
68  ‫א‬
68  ‫א‬
70   
72  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
74  ‫א‬‫א‬K1
75  ‫א‬K2
76  ‫א‬‫א‬K3
77   
77  ‫א‬‫א‬K4
78  ‫א‬‫א‬K5
 80  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K6
 81  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K7
 82  
 84  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 87  ‫א‬K1
 88  ‫א‬K2
 91  ‫א‬K3
 93  ‫א‬‫א‬K4
 99  
 101  ‫א‬K5
 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 104   

 105  ‫א‬‫א‬
 161  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 1  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬