Immunodéficience combinée sévère au Maroc
Immunodéficience combinée sévère au Maroc
PRESIDENT and
SUPERVISOR
Professor of Higher Education of Pediatrics
CO-SUPERVISOR
Professor of Pediatrics
JURY
Professor of Higher Education of Pediatrics
Associate
members
Assistant professor of pediatrics
SERMENT D’HIPPOCRATE
Je traiterai mes maîtres avec le respect et la reconnaissance qui leur sont dus.
Je pratiquerai ma profession avec conscience et dignité. La santé de mes malades sera mon
premier but.
Je maintiendrai par tous les moyens en mon pouvoir l’honneur et les nobles traditions de la
profession médicale.
Même sous la menace, je n’userai pas mes connaissances médicales d’une façon contraire aux
lois de l’humanité.
Vice-doyenne à la recherche et à la
coopération
Secrétaire général
Liste des enseignants de la faculté de médecine et de pharmacie d’Oujda 2024/2025 :
Professeur de
BARRIMI Mohammed محمد بريمي l'Enseignement Psychiatrie
Supérieur
Professeur de
KOUISMI Hatim حاتم القويسمي l'Enseignement Pneumophtisiologie
Supérieur
Professeur de
EL OUMRI Ahmed Amine أحمد أمين العمري l'Enseignement Médecine physique
Supérieur
Professeur de
MEBROUK Yassine ياسين مبروك l'Enseignement Neurochirurgie
Supérieur
Professeur de
BABA KHOUYA
عبد العظيم بابا خوياl'Enseignement Pédiatrie
Abdeladim
Supérieur
Professeur de
KAMAOUI Imane ايمان القموي l'Enseignement Radiologie
Supérieur
Professeur de
MAADANE Asmae أسماء معدان l'Enseignement Ophtalmologie
Supérieur
Professeur de
MAROUF Rachid رشيد معروف l'Enseignement Chirurgie Thoracique
Supérieur
Professeur de
BACHIR Houda هدى بشير l'Enseignement Médecine Interne
Supérieur
Professeur de
RAOUZI Nabil نبيل راوزي l'Enseignement Neurochirurgie
Supérieur
Professeur de
TAJIR Mariam مريم تاجر l'Enseignement Génétique Médicale
Supérieur
Professeur de
EABDENBITSEN Adil عادل اعبدنبثن l'Enseignement Anatomie
Supérieur
Professeur de
BENNANI Amal امل بناني l'Enseignement Anatomie-Pathologique
Supérieur
Gynécologie-
TAHERI Hafsa حفصة طاهري Professeur Agrégé
Obstétrique
Professeur de
OUFKIR Ayat Allah اية ﷲ افقير l'Enseignement Chirurgie réparatrice
Supérieur
Chirurgie Vaculaire
REZZIKI Abdellah عبدﷲ ارزيقي Professeur Agrégé
Périphérique
EL OUALI Aziza عزيزة الوالي Professeur Agrégé Pédiatrie
Médecine
ATASSI Mariam مريم أتاسي Professeur Agrégé
Communautaire
Chirurgie Cardio
EL MALKI Hicham هشام المالكي Professeur Agrégé
Vasculaire
Génétique Humaine et
LHOUSNI Saida سعيدة الحسني Maître de conférence
Biologie Moléculaire
Biologie cellulaire et
BOUHTIT Fatima فاطمة بوحتيت Maître de conférence
Moléculaire
Biologie et Physiologie
KHOULATI Amine أمين خوﻻتي Maître de conférence
Végétale
Gynécologie-
BELLAJDEL Ibtissam ابتسام بلجدل Maître de conférence
Obstétrique
Analyses Biologiques
EL MOUJTAHIDE Dounia دنيا المجتهد Maître de conférence
Médicales
Gynécologie-
CHATBI Zaineb زينب شطبي Maître de conférence
Obstétrique
BENABDELHAK
محمد بنعبد الحق Maître de conférence Néphrologie
Mohammed
ECH-CHEBAB
محمد الشباب Maître de conférence Pédiatrie
Mohammed
Analyses Biologiques
KHERMACH Assya اسيا خرماش Maître de conférence
Médicales
Médecine d urgence et
AIT SAYAD Lamya لمياء ايت السياض Maître de conférence
de catastrophe
Chirurgie Vaculaire
ANANE OUSSAMA أسامة أعنان Maître de conférence
Périphérique
Chimie Minérale
AADDOUZ Mohamed محمد اعدوز Maître de conférence
Générale
Traumatologie-
SADOUGUI Mohammed محمد صدوقي Maître de conférence
Orthopédie A
EL FARISSI Mohammed
محمد اﻻمين الفارسيMaître de conférence Neurochirurgie
Al Amine
AIT ALI Hassane حسن ايت علي Maître de conférence Chirurgie Générale
Médecine
AISSAOUI Hanane حنان عيساوي Maître de conférence
Communautaire
EL RHALETE
عبداﻻله الغالط Maître de conférence Anesthésie réanimation
ABDELILAH
Mohammed MAARAD محمد معراض Maître de conférence Anesthésie réanimation
Gynécologie-
SLAMA LOUBNA لبنى سﻼمة Maître de conférence
Obstétrique
Traumatologie-
Walid BOUZIANE وليد بوزيان Maître de conférence
Orthopédie
TEBBAA EL-HASSALI Traumatologie-
اشرف التباع الحصاليMaître de conférence
Achraf Orthopédie
:Adenosine deaminase
:Adenosine diphosphate
:Adenylate kinase 1
:Adenylate kinase 2
:Adenosine monophosphate
:Adenosine triphosphate
:Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
:B cell lymphoma 10
:B cell receptor
:Caspase-recruitment domain
:CARD-BCL10-MALT1 (complex)
:CC-chemokine ligand
:Cluster of differentiation
:Complementation groups
:Combined immunodeficiencies
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency 168/25-26
:Class II transactivator
:Cytomegalovirus
:C-reactive protein
:Cytidine triphosphate
:CTP synthase 1
:CTP synthase 2
:CXC-chemokine ligand 1
:Deoxyadenosine triphosphate
:Deoxyguanosine triphosphate
:Dedicator of cytokinesis 2
:Double-strand breaks
:Epstein-Barr virus
:Endothelin 1
:Filamentous actin
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:Gain-of-function
:G protein-coupled receptor
:Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
:Human papillomavirus
:Immunoglobulin
:Interleukin
:IL-2 receptor-γ
:Incontinentia pigmenti
:Intelligence quotient
:Janus kinase 3
:DNA ligase 4
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:Loss-of-function
:Lysophosphatidic acid
:Messenger RNA
:Marginal zone B
:Newborn screening
:Nuclear factor
:Non-homologous end-joining
:Natural killer
:Omenn syndrome
:Phytohemagglutinin
:Primary immunodeficiency
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:Phenylketonuria
:RAG deficiency
:Reticular dysgenesis
:RFX-associated protein
:S-adenosylhomocysteine
:S-adenosylmethionine
:Standard deviation
:Store-operated calcium
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:T cell receptor
:T follicular helper
:T helper
:T helper 17
:Toll-like receptor
:Regulatory T cell
:X-linked lymphoproliferative
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Figure 27: Posteroanterior chest radiograph of 6-month-old male infant with X-linked
severe combined immunodeficiency shows bilateral nodular opacities caused by diffuse
Candida infection. Note absence of thymus.......................................................................................69
Figure 28: 1. Chest radiograph: Cupping of anterior ends of ribs | 2. Chest radiograph
(lateral): cupping of anterior ends of ribs, seen more prominently on the lateral view .......70
Figure 29: 4-month-old male infant with severe combined immunodeficiency, adenosine
deaminase form, and typical skeletal abnormalities. Posteroanterior chest radiograph
shows flaring of anterior ribs most evident at right costochondral junctions (curved
arrows). ..........................................................................................................................................................70
Figure 30 : Spontaneous partial correction of SCID-X1 by reversion of the IL2RG mutation
in a T cell precursor ...................................................................................................................................75
Figure 31: Gene therapy for SCID-X1 and ADA deficiency. ...........................................................76
Figure 32: Early management of SCID ..................................................................................................78
Figure 33: Normal posteroanterior chest radiograph of male infant [Link]. Department of
Radiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital ...................................................................................89
Figure 34: CBC w/ differential of [Link] 21 mounths of age showing a low lymphocytes
count acording to the age of the infant (<3000/µl) and microcytic hypochromic anemia.
Central Laboratory Service-CHU, Mohammed VI, Oujda, Morocco .............................................90
Figure 35: CBC w/ differential of [Link] showing a low lymphocytes count. Central
Laboratory Service-CHU, Mohammed VI, Oujda, Morocco ............................................................94
Figure 36: Posteroanterior chest radiograph of [Link] a 2 months male infant, showing
an Interstitial syndrome. Department of Radiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital. ....95
Figure 37: Chest CT scan of [Link] a 2 months male infant, showing Bilateral alveolar
interstitial pneumonia. Department of Radiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital. .......96
Figure 38:CBC w/ differential of [Link] 2 months of age showing a low lymphocytes
count according to the age of the infant (<3000/µl) and eosinophilia. Central Laboratory
Service-CHU, Mohammed VI, Oujda, Morocco ................................................................................100
Figure 39:Posteroanterior chest radiograph of [Link] a 2 months fale infant, showing
Interstitial syndrome and negative thymic sail sign. Department of Radiology, Mohammed
VI University Hospital. .............................................................................................................................101
Figure 40: CBC w/ differential of [Link] 5 months of age showing a low lymphocytes
count according to the age of the infant (<3000/µl), microcytic hypochromic anemia and
neutopenia. Central Laboratory Service-CHU, Mohammed VI, Oujda, Morocco ...................105
Figure 41:Posteroanterior chest radiograph of [Link] a 5 months male infant, showing
focal dense opacification of the right apical lobe. Department of Radiology, Mohammed VI
University Hospital. ..................................................................................................................................106
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Figure 42:chest CT scan of [Link] a 5 months male infant showing a focal dense
opacification of the right apex without parenchymal micronodules. Department of
Radiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital. ................................................................................107
Figure 43: CBC w/ differential of [Link] 21 months of age showing a low lymphocytes
count according to the age of the infant (<3000/µl), microcytic hypochromic anemia and
neutrophelia. Central Laboratory Service-CHU, Mohammed VI, Oujda, Morocco ................111
Figure 44: Normal posteroanterior chest radiograph of [Link] 21 months male infant.
Department of Radiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital. ..................................................113
Figure 45: CBC w/ differential of [Link] 5 mounths of age showing a low
lymphocytes count acording to the age of the infant (<3000/µl) and microcytic
hypochromic anemia. Central Laboratory Service-CHU, Mohammed VI, Oujda, Morocco 117
Figure 46: Normal posteroanterior chest radiograph of [Link] a 7 months male
infant. Department of Radiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital......................................119
Figure 47: age distribution in our sample ........................................................................................123
Figure 48: sex distribution in our sample.........................................................................................124
Figure 49: consanguinity distribution in our sample ....................................................................125
Figure 50: most common symptoms in our SCID’s patients.......................................................128
Figure 51: CRP status in our sample...................................................................................................130
Figure 52: CMV PCR result in our sample .........................................................................................131
Figure 53: HIV serology findings in our sample..............................................................................132
Figure 54: imagining findings in our sample ...................................................................................135
Figure 55: treatment modalities in our sample ...............................................................................137
Figure 56: outcomes in our sample ....................................................................................................138
Figure 57: clinical features of severe combined immunodeficiency .........................................143
Figure 58: RBC Indices in the pediatric population ........................................................................144
Figure 59: WBC parameters in the pediatric population ...............................................................144
Figure 60: Proposed investigations for diagnosis of Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies
........................................................................................................................................................................147
Figure 61: CD3+ T cell count in our simple .....................................................................................148
Figure 62: Comparison of two chest radiographs with and without thymic shadow. .........149
Figure 63: “bubble boy disease ............................................................................................................152
Figure 64: Clinical and immunologic abnormalities at more than 5 years after HSCT in 40
children with severe T-cell immunodeficiency ................................................................................153
Figure 65: Results of Multivariate Analysis of Outcomes and Contributing Factors y from
240 infants with SCID who had received transplants at 25 centers during a 10-year period
(2000 through 2009) ...............................................................................................................................154
Figure 66: Wilson and Jungner’s Principles of Screening .............................................................157
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Summary ..................................................................................................................................................31
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................35
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................37
I. Definition : .......................................................................................................................38
II. Epidemiology : .................................................................................................................39
III. Pathophysiology: .............................................................................................................40
1. Typical SCIDs: .................................................................................................................42
2. Atypical SCIDs: ...............................................................................................................47
3. Combined immunodeficiencies: ....................................................................................48
IV. Diagnosis:.........................................................................................................................64
1. Clinical presentation......................................................................................................64
2. Workup ..........................................................................................................................66
V. Management: ..................................................................................................................71
1. General principales:.......................................................................................................71
2. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT):........................................................73
3. Gene therapy: ................................................................................................................74
4. Enzyme replacement therapy: ......................................................................................77
Patients and Methods ..............................................................................................................................79
Results ......................................................................................................................................................82
Observation 1: ..................................................................................................................................83
Observation 2: ..................................................................................................................................87
Observation 3: ..................................................................................................................................92
Observation 4: ..................................................................................................................................98
Observation 5: ................................................................................................................................103
Observation 6: ................................................................................................................................108
Observation 7: ................................................................................................................................115
I. Age: ................................................................................................................................123
II. Sex: ................................................................................................................................124
III. Consanguinity: ...............................................................................................................124
IV. Birth weight: ..................................................................................................................126
V. Family history: ...............................................................................................................126
VI. Past medical history: .....................................................................................................127
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3. Gene therapy (see gene therapy in the section literature review): ............................152
4. Enzyme replacement therapy (see enzyme replacement therapy in the section
literature review):...............................................................................................................152
VI. Outcomes: .....................................................................................................................152
Recommendations .................................................................................................................................156
Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................................160
References ..............................................................................................................................................163
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Our retrospective study included 7 patients referred to the pediatrics department at Mohammed VI
University Hospital of Oujda, Morocco for SCID, from 2013 to 2025. The case definition for this
study was a patient with a history suggestive of SCID or an established diagnosis of SCID based on
clinical, biological, or genetic signs.
This sample included 5 male patients, and all (100%) the patients were born to consanguineous
parents. The median age at diagnosis was 6.51 months. The clinical manifestations commonly
observed in these patients were: failure to thrive (100%), Oral thrush (71%), Diarrhea (71%),
Pneumonia (57%), BCGitis(14.3%), Skin issues (57%).The distribution of SCID phenotypes was as
follows: T-B-NK- in 42.9%, T-B-NK+ in 42.9%, T-B+NK- SCID in 14.3%. SCID was fatal in 57.1% in
the patients in our cohort, due to the difficulties involved in obtaining urgent access to
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which, nevertheless, saved 28.6% of the patients.
The extensive literature review affirmed the paradigm that early intervention—ideally hematopoietic
stem cell transplantation (HSCT) before three months of age—is the single most significant
prognostic factor for survival. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains
the established curative cornerstone for the majority of SCID patients. While gene therapy has
achieved demonstrated efficacy for specific SCID genotypes, it is anticipated that HSCT will continue
to serve as the principal therapeutic intervention for the broader SCID population. Globally, advances
in techniques like TREC-based newborn screening (NBS) have shifted the trajectory of SCID from a
death sentence to a manageable chronic condition.
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Notre étude rétrospective a inclus 7 patients orientés vers le service de pédiatrie du Centre
Hospitalier Universitaire Mohammed VI d'Oujda, au Maroc, pour une DICS, entre 2013 et 2025. La
définition de cas pour cette étude était un patient présentant des antécédents suggérant une DICS
ou un diagnostic établi de DICS basé sur des signes cliniques, biologiques ou génétiques.
Cet échantillon comprenait 5 patients de sexe masculin, et la totalité (100 %) des patients étaient
nés de parents consanguins. L'âge médian au moment du diagnostic était de 6,51 mois. Les
manifestations cliniques couramment observées chez ces patients étaient : le retard staturo-
pondéral (100 %), la muguet buccal (71 %), la diarrhée (71 %), la pneumonie (57 %), la BCGite (14,3
%) et les manifestations cutanés (57 %). La répartition des phénotypes de DICS était la suivante : T-
B-NK- dans 42,9 %, T-B-NK+ dans 42,9 % et DICS T-B+NK- dans 14,3 %. La DICS a été fatale chez
57,1 % des patients de notre cohorte, en raison des difficultés rencontrées pour obtenir un accès
urgent à la transplantation de cellules souches hématopoïétiques (TCSH), qui a néanmoins sauvé
28.6 % des patients.
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ملخص
عوز المناعة المشترك الشديد هو مجموعة غير متجانسة من أمراض العوز المناعي اﻷولي ،وتتميّز بغياب الخﻼيا اللمفاوية التائية الذاتية .يُعتبر هذا النمط
نادرا ،إﻻ أن انتشاره يكون أعلى في المجتمعات ذات معدﻻت زواج اﻷقارب المرتفعة.
الشديد من العوز المناعي اﻷولي مرضًا ً
تض ﱠمنت دراستُنا اﻻستعادية سبعة ) (7مرضى أُحيلوا إلى قسم طب اﻷطفال بالمستشفى الجامعي محمد السادس بوجدة ،المغرب ،لﻼشتباه أو التشخيص المؤكد
بمرض العوز المناعي المشترك الشديد ،وذلك في الفترة من عام 2013إلى عام .2025وقد اعتمد تعريف الحالة في هذه الدراسة على وجود تاريخ سريري
يوحي باﻹصابة بـ عوز المناعة المشترك الشديد أو تشخيص مثبت بنا ًء على معطيات سريرية أو بيولوجية أو جينية.
تكونت العيِّنة من خمسة ) (5مرضى ذكور ،وجميع المرضى )ُ (%100ولِدوا من والدين تربط بينهما قرابة دم .كان متوسّط عمر التشخيص 6.51أشهر. ﱠ
أما المظاهر السريرية اﻷكثر شيوعًا بين هؤﻻء المرضى فكانت :فشل النمو ) ،(%100القﻼع الفموي )الـ ُم ْب َيضّات( ) ،(%71اﻹسهال ) ،(%71اﻻلتهاب
الرئوي ) ،(%57التهاب موضع لقاح BCGبنسبة ) ،(%14.3والمشكﻼت الجلدية ).(%57
ّ
توزعت اﻷنماط الظاهرية المناعية لـ عوز المناعة المشترك الشديد كما يلي T-B-NK- :بنسبة , %42.9النمط T-B-NK+بنسبة ,%42.9النمط T-
B+NK-بنسبة .%14.3كانت نسبة الوفيات بين مرضى هذه الدراسة ،%57.1ويُعزى ذلك إلى الصعوبات في الحصول على زرع خﻼيا جذعية مك ّ ِونة
للدم بشكل عاجل ،في حين أن هذا اﻹجراء أنقذ حياة %28.6من المرضى.
أكدت المراجعة اﻷدبية الشاملة على النموذج الذي مفاده أن التدخل المبكر — والمتمثل بشكل مثالي في زرع الخﻼيا الجذعية المكونة للدم قبل سن ثﻼثة
أشهر — هو العامل اﻹنذاري اﻷكثر أهمية واﻷوحد للبقاء على قيد الحياة .يبقى زرع الخﻼيا الجذعية المكونة للدم الخيفي حجر الزاوية العﻼجي الشافي
الراسخ لغالبية مرضى نقص المناعة المشترك الشديد .في حين أظهر العﻼج الجيني فعالية مؤكدة ﻷنماط وراثية محددة من نقص المناعة المشترك الشديد،
فمن المتوقع أن يستمر زرع الخﻼيا الجذعية المكونة للدم كتدخل عﻼجي رئيسي لعموم مرضى نقص المناعة المشترك الشديد .على الصعيد العالمي ،أدت
التطورات في تقنيات مثل فحص المواليد الجدد القائم على دوائر استئصال مستقبﻼت الخلية التائية ) (TRECsإلى تحويل مسار نقص المناعة المشترك
الشديد من حكم باﻹعدام إلى حالة مزمنة يمكن إدارتها.
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