Ims\ ~ C ~ 1htt~ l

-A b:J.~ ,~ a_ de.v\ce ~l 9kase.9 Chem ,ca l C.,(\e.:!ati

[Link]\ G:,nJ ~ Ls l \:: \ (\ b e. ~e. c-b c..a \ &\e:s<Yrl ~'tSO er e \ ec. k [Link] \ca \

A 60.J=-~ \~ mode. u.-p ,= oPe.. ~ rn~e

~ <1 ec \::.eA \<t S e.'IS'\e..!9 ~ ~ct\\ e \

- ~a.c'1 ~\\ 'no.8 -bl-0 e.\[Link] des CO-C\od~ a.J. Ga-t3\oc\e,J 01'\d [Link]

[Link]-c~~k .

:i.. . ~c.-bes f\'e ~ a. ~

- ~ e<1e:€trJ \ C\ c\iem,oo~ ~
~~ 1 ~ -\:D e-le.-ec6u a\ cµJ eJ~, c. 9ds~S.
To [Link]. Ve..htc.\e...-s C. \::if s) 1
bc1.l¼-e.-6 te.S ~cl a.9-> bee n'la.i.J\ ~8::}

o . \-\ OJ.S\ ~ pe,<\e11\::G

- [Link] ( - , N5 ctb.""- e l ~ ) ', ~\,.,~ de.c6=.8 d.u.1'1"zj JiseL~

- c:a\:\,ode C.-t ~ 1-1 b-.e e.\ [Link] ) ·. -Aec.~ s e\e.d :.,ro<i3 d.~~ A1~~a<~

Eec~ be ·. · t\-l~~ n\oJernel\\:: °F \.OC\~ C\uh Y\J::. e\ecbuns)

I ~~
9,>c:(.-<O.~- ', \-<eer'3 e..r'Oo.'2- GU\(\ Ca_-\:h od.e ~.\;_ I 'f-ie.J'e.n~ G 9

_J
 No&f' lh c l' lcC'II L'ltk

( H)

pos
elootrodo
cell
containor
electrolyte

Cb)

cro,s-,cclion.
FIGURE Componcn1 s of u bollcry cell: (n) cell ci rcuil symhol 1111d (h) cell

A 6d ~

~ \ eke ba~ ~ci< .

\---\a,..r\ Veti1b3 ~ ct. ba~ ee~\

\, ~ e C N e ~~ el e.~-troJ.e)

6'<-\ Co'"'<:Cf~ lk) \(\ l-t- l ~ Ce,l \ ~

·- \.) ~ c1 \l ~ t<\ ode Gf Ca'6

- 'l<e \-ea.~s e..\ec ~ ~ --b -'o\e. e,cb& Cl a. l C...1.,< C.U.l l Ju:inn~ Asc ~~e.

- ucJ~ a~2, O?C,[Link]'<\ ~ ea cl td'Cl

"-\ ade ~ \ l ~ l\)JC'(\ ~ek \. b<i.\.d.e'8

e.')( _~a l CA-'\CJ. .U ~ du.'"<S\ nc) ctgc~()e .

A [Link],ls dec ~s. ~

u C"\ d~ e leS ~ ~ch t5T\. -( e.a..c k.\ o<'I .

 3 . 8 e.-c 't..rc \~ \: e

- i-\ 1 u., c\ I 3(?_\ c£ .9ill! l en\1 C.. ~L(_Qb

Al\ow~ moJ e,<"()eA h- Cf=- t o<1 ~ Cl-"t -t ) be-hu e.e,T'\ GJ-<\cde ~ Ga h ~ e.-

- -:Doe~ ~ C'.o<ld.u c \:- e-\ e.c-bun S

~- 9Troab:J
f \0-c~ 'oe.l ~ ~ 0>1J ~
~ \ (l f06ou.~ m e....cfib-60-0ce.

- ~~ eJl 6; 2,\-idt:- - c.-..~ et.u k ~ k e.4>\<\(\ elec~ de8 Of91 l

- A\l ~ \O"(\ lC., ·f lO\Ll \ :h:€o (f1

i:s . ~e.< l\:. c. \, e.e b s

~ u .c k e\ e.c b.~ 3

b. Ce\\ ea,q\:_ 0-M'le-i

\---\e.c '-'~'-ca\ ~ OX\!

-t6d ~\::s \eo k~ orJ.

l ·, \ :t)\S c\-icn ~e

-
"- ,
'1"l:Xl.e.
\ e.a. 9e-8 -e-\ecbm s Cox. ,J.a.\:i~)
"!e...

I L \ -t
0
lo<13

~o.-< o.\::d. ➔ eo.~ k .

Ca t:\1ode_ acc.~ l.s e.\e .c~~ --t ~,--t \e-<1S ( 1<Ju..c-h~)

t 1\) c\i tx'f:f ·

~s\, eS e\e c.b-n g 6Ck \:o Q..f'ld.e.-
Su.-<ce.
- E-~~~a \ ~,{

e>n~ e
la'\B rn~ ~ ~ ~ cJ.e. ~ ~a \:d -.=:::t
L~k

~e4 _ c_\,e,rt 1 l ta\ €,(\~~

CeJ L -6~a) ,X\~
- ~ [Link]. '\'\ a be. Ceob>de Ju,s1 " fl d.,,.c\, ""t']e) : I"°4 cl ,o x. ,de f' b O:,.
- N~oi.,-.1e f'°-k C~de du~Yll) d1sc\o(><neJ ·. -¥'8<ci \~ 16.
8 ed:15t)\~\:e 9-.t\~c.. ao c\. ~\u¼~ I +-\.1- ::0\-y \("\ t).)ak-£

- ~--6"0.\:m [Link] 1'~bc.. ~ee\: bial l~-\:.5 lo@> ~

bJ.l \<eers f\a.k -~ [Link]\\\<1a ,

A .f-\, , -fu\\~ c\io,<ileA c.i. \ s ,6 "'t. cJ,w \: ::i- " ✓ °l"'-'1 c., :,,c,,.1 l.:, ·

I --- ,.,.,. '"' '"'"' ,., ,,-, , """,. r • , ,, ,,.,RI. '"'"" , ,-,,-,_,.,,, ""' --, ' .,., __ _

l r - -~v~--
f Electron fl ow

Pi>O,{S) - 1-r
+- ff SO,-' -+ {'/,(SJ
+- H'
~ - . . . J +- SO/
PhSO,(S) WATER
2lh0 P/,S(), (S J
. I

FIGURE Lt~d ~c- iu holl~ry : ce ll di,,h,1r~,· o pcr;11iP11.

I

Cu.1"""\: -f\oul -" oA "'f lne ""t)'1la✓e y\.b, --', -b,.~ -tile- \,,j ➔
[Link] \nb -\::.\ie. -pos\\::\ .J e.. f \a \::e ·
ton£>

b k4 c:.'-'cx-tcaeE> \:,a\~ ,

\.\..\f '1Keac\:.c<1 '=> C o.\c -\:h. 1)\a\e,,')

tJesr~,,Je_
\
yate
1
\ \ (
~ca.e.
l
f O 'I(_( C,.Q
t. \
~
--
I -
e\. e.c bt:n~ "l'.ie.,~ ~ )

___J
 e.\ec~t~ t<2.. 's 9t'e.c 'f.c.. ~"'av\¼ A~ ·
~ ~

~e-< \~ -~ ll2> -~
~ ' \'\I ~roJ \ , ~ _ \ .75 -J
Ce\\ Vo\~

(), s \t: 'flea(2> ~ -

~-6e- -b1e ~e c 'ne<n\Ca \ C'f>b9'~J ~e

c\,~p~ ce \[Link]:: -b d~ve Q_ ✓ c. \-k-~e ~

be: c cl\ \~ .flah .

Electric current

Electron flow

H' - -
w-- •
H'--
- soi· PbSO,(SJ Pb1S 1

S0/ - -

I FIGURE Le ad acid hallcry: ce ll dwrgc operation .

 b
A C~ o~je -6 ~'ne.8 ~ ~ \:: \ fl k ~9 1b d l ~e..c -h e,f'\

eac-b C!J'1\ 21 "6e... fe.~ 9e- 6 t>e..9k:£e. ~ ~ \Q'-n<Y \

~ c), e,<n 1£:Q \ i:i

~ak e1,, a\~ ·

\.-h \F -< eao~ o-1\9 (J<e. v e(ge.,)

- N '.2ff h"e_ 7>\:t \:.e. CN ~ "eJuced J

.:>- -
'? b 901; -t ~ - ➔ ~b ;- S o4-

- 'f<l~lh,-..1a ~\o .k CWow O)l\ A, -ie.J..)

[Link]-f c i,0✓ 1~ lnc:<e.q '9c.S' ·

\ ,!!, 'n,ef'e."' ~ Ce..l \ 8'n r :

C~ :]e-1 \Jo\ ~ e.

C(>KIJ ~ \:e_ ~t t>ac.k)

~\.,j ~e:6m ~e s O'l \::

➔ ~
Lfb ~ cuJ. \\'>-o J \Y'\ ,c~ -ire.\ea....S e. {-i!ee eX1~ ~ s

GX\ e..\ech<\CA\ -vo b ~ ,a\ C~ ~ 'J)

c_ "'c,-(.:I' "fl u ~ e..\ ""6n ""I """''3'd .b. c\. "'" .__ h-e.. "4ck""
~ ~ rf'e--1 - ex\e-, ~ --( ea_o ~ ks.
~ ci<.. uJo-rt c\ / '1S ~ , '<1 ~,

Ctbo~ , f 'b , \-\-:i.90 4-") .

 r'.Eb~ ~ '\<'-oJntck<B I

I 1. Tu\:\=6 c:arae.1½\ Ca) J

T ob \ c..\, 0--.1 ~ c a. b Qt.\:..e~ Cc..11. gb::x;e Ob cle._\ 1vQ.. ---6

w'n~e..
~ = ~Cl¼ (_ A'nt
I. = G ..~erl \:. C AI

h- -= [Link]\ cn'oe [Link] C..'n I

I
I
C\,a,~ ah 'be,.\:;)

I '\J -=- b
4e<1J.~ O"T\ 'rut:\:::01-n C-~ ~ , s¼ ~ _goc .

G..o,o f \e : A \ ~ - o. c.i1 C..-\1 V\a s ~ 2- . \ .,. 0 "-"" u,1-,..., f, \l/l c\,o-< j~

I3 . Te.-< ro l(\Q \ \j o \ ' C. 'I\:.) I

A- c ba\ --J • \ 63 e C>/cu I ol,\e, v\-e.<i ~ \,,-\:be-<\\ ~ \' e,, G.,-.,e0.\c ·

w"-ne.:1\e...
~ =' ~ u :,\ CJ.U l e,('() F l ..J )

"I -- G.,~~\:. (_ t\)

~'"' ~ ::: ~~\ -6e.9>1 9~ce (...{\..-)
 0 ,1 -0--
~

\J \:_ ==- E - I . 1<,nh-

:::: \Q. - ll O :,(_ G • \ )

\lb_-=- It ✓

~ ~ac..bca\ ~J:\6 Tl 3
C te,(\ f"",h<e 1 °zj e)

~ ,c..om e \e ·. A \c:c Nri ,o\::-e..J.. \:.a.~o {'(\~ 8'.Je, c,c\\8 'tO A~ l 'l

'"ii ea\ \.l ~e .

[s• 'D1<1e.'--=jf Tu\:e- C(--<ab ) I

\+,u, -f,,>, l tl-,e. b a1:6, ~ 1" \,,..:leJ. /
C J., "c ~ 0.-<3 J G.-nf<>"'~

6:> '"'a keA. ~a.C-( ¼

T

T =- !50 A

::: \
 9

&_ "'fi et°1' OJ.X\ I i \ ~

Soc.- -= ?(._ \o-0

~ -<~
~ )(oimr\e. ·.
Soc, ::::.
30 'f.__ loO

\o a

-- 3 o/

I --\ . 1!n \c\ce,,i t;c" e-< '(J'd (_ E) I

Teb\ en~~ ~ I cle.\ ✓~~

\;: -=:.. \ :1-()0 W 'n

\:- ~ \, 2 Kw~

~,\ e. ·. ¼, -Jb -=- \\ "

T. = \0 A.
I l~ r~~c ~~ I ~ de,\,/ e_~~~
\0

1-n

'Y
.9fe-ctfc. r~-=- fl\

:::=
-- :)..Od:J

\ex)
::l-0

wl\<_<c

be C~e.<nteo.\ eAdcrd "F Q f, e.-\ (1, Ke \,~J_ T) ~ CV\ O)(;c!a,,\._

( u=\\'6 o ~ 'V°" t'1"" °'") \n-b e,\ ec l-.11 ca \ =-<era -t CUi \:.:,-i -(- ~k

e __/ i '/ '

_! Load / !
Oxicb nl

Fu•I _J Po1lllve Joni

(O,o r nl r I

[
(i)-
0 - -
(i)-
0 --

An a du \
1•li •r 11udr L: luu r11 ly1 tt Ca th od u
t.r l~·, t, <tdc

flC:.UkF
 11
~ - \--'\o.J.n ~~ ~9,

~oJ.e ( ~ \::\'-€. e\e-cbcle) -fue\ ~, ~ \0 Q;.~\\ec\.

a. ~ 6 ''d g \:. I b e. -~~\ \3 ~ ,t- t<lb
'ne.\f ~

~ s

ernho \~ S ( "J:_ l -\::iron '3 J b

e. e. c 01oJe ~
- ~e cb \zlk ·. A\, ov:s
OA~ e. -b Ott:x\ode..

b ~ wa ~ .
CCom , (l t ~ [Link] e~a \ ~-< eu.1~ )

a.<cuJ::. : 'B~s ~ow bi® ~ th,~ fa~ ,

- E~ ~o . \

3· wc,A-c,.,(} f¼\Clopk [ s½ ~b 9 ~)

I , ~e \ ~~ ol [Link] :
~~d~e.n ~e\ Ce.\\ ,, -\-\~ tP-S be
/ - Tn G..
I

l- llJl h, ~e. ~ \:n~~ sl 1 l 9rt \;:2.

1

\ \ t :? rto l\ d, .:J l'll'l s

' ot:"'~1t \' -
I ~ ~ Q.\-\-\- -t- ~e, \
\_-:: :, (\ , r \_.~\')f l
C
•

!
/ ~. 8eck-'01rns f \o\.U ~~ C\--<C1u k ·.
I
I - [Link],"'"g ~ ~"" b..\ ob ""'- ();\ oAe.
I ~b .~ \ ~'-CUJ.\:- \:l::u) ~~ b,e.. Ca~ ode.

- l"\19 >

3 - 'Reac6 on ob a:.~ ok, ·.

- o~~ Co~) 1~ .fufr\'-J o±:.. k ~UioJe..

 I')...
- :t,, Co«\ I (\L) e_\ e,,kro<t '.9 --\- 'j-6,S (_ \\-\- )

~ Wctt:-e.--6

'
~ o~ -t 1- \.-\-\- -\- ~ e ~ Hi o

~ · Net. --6eocbC>\

-h:b Q "~J~cr<' - o)(.~~en ie,\ CeJ\

, 1-t.:i._ --\: 1:)..tl ~ ➔ 4't.O -t e\ c,J,.,c,½J - -\: \_ea l

~- 7'\e-6rnoJ~0,<1"\lc~

- T l\e. eK\ "'"' (l1c} ..s~~ ea.~ \ .s 15._\a W -b, 6,,1,\,::. f«"- ene.~ CM,{

AA~CJA\::~ e$ ·.
j eAle.'lr al°' 19(.S \~ ~s ~e-t \ S ~ft ~
Cun\::\t"\~«sU~ ~

¼f ~Cl_~~
lJ\:c - lac / • ~ oSe ~ "Tc.. encr () e. s)
C.\--\(ll..l""\ ~4uc.\: lS u.lq_6;,\ )
L~ {fo\\u.l~

- ~e7l d.",.J \ni I ""6°'Je, ~t~~ .\:o \:>~~ on\j ers.

 Cell

Auxili a ries
l . Air clrculaton g pump
2 . C oolant circulalln g pump
3. Ventilatio n fan
4 . Hydrogen c1rcul a t1ng pump
5 . Contro ller

...

~
h
Load
Fuel celJ stack

Air
-·
I FIGURE
Hydroge n-air fuel ceU system .
I
I

2
Net current density (A/cm )

FIGURE
net ntrrent d.-nsity ,,f ., hnu..~,m- , i.r fuel cell
Cell ,·olwge, sy, tem efficiency, and net power density varying with

- A Cd\ l 8. no\:: [Link].c b che.,N1 lQJ \

l1::- \--e, a.

[Link]\
~O\~ [Link]- e.

C..~ ac\:= e,, ,s;b,aP-> -

 I- ~ e\ ond O)Lldcui-l 5:!f\e ·,
- ~ d"«'> J"" Cfu<- \ ) ox.\ 0 i-'t] ff" } Av,, (_" "-' 4o-<1 h) 'Mu g\c k "'"fl'\w\
eo,b\'"\v.O\J.9\~ .
- 'The '1a~o b e_~ <.l. Cl-u.o.\ 9.~'ftt~ Gt1 ~ ~ 4:o, c.11o(<"")e.-hst c..
C th e.~ ~he.a\ ) ct r t \ fl. \ (1'\ f c:At,.nt: .

- 4 A> l

,~t'~c los.ge_g '

i. · fue\ Ce.\..( -.Ja\~c:., ~ f>\o.~ 1 -:za-bttl ,

lt,ss __. '\<e>l 8 \:. o-nce.

b. o~«Hc.

~ ~0u.¼o- <1S'

c. ~ te,()l--<a~ dl loss - J..ue -k

a.k 'n\T' ~,{ -6e,<l \:_ d!V)91~

,,
 IS
3 . ~ t \ e A °t\ ~ ~ e\ ce.L l

I e. t\-\e.. ---oab o q::: [Link]- \ e\ c. d 'b'\ ca\ ene --< ~ b

- t=fft C. \ e< \~

C.~ ~ 1ca\ e<\e.--Cert) °F ~e-\

~, Ne:t: ~ d~~1~

- ~ dV) ~ 1½ :: '\,b \ 6:,e.. "{ Cu-t6eJ1 l JeAl g I ~

H~~ ~ lVY' r~ ~e< \ 9 \ ~ OC. Cu< .8 a.~ 0-'\. +ro.~ ~ e.1rl

de.,(\Q ,-ba CN,clro,n \:) .

- T',, r,a.o\c \Ca\ %9\-is , Q \ ;T\ ( 8. ~ j"'e.9~ ~ r ~

~ ~9 --L All ~ ex ~ ~ .

- i""""' l h e__ \ 6 9,-9 e2, CCn«1 ~ / 1"--'-"'f8. I Con bit, l ~ binJ

g "ed U C,,,

t\e~ ~g~ [Link],uQA)~

 16

[Link] lei \ .3
-

Ce.x. wcle£ 'b1 ou<, ril) ~ e.S)

:>. . Avo \dt 11 ~ •-t\w(:\i "~ e.e.l> S

_g~ \ e- Ofe.:6 ct 6efl

- '+eo.h _j (V'\ •C,_'lf (l w "'u .sl ~ --(e,mc>J ~ f~~
.

7- ~ 8~ Eff I U Q,() °6 --.Js ~~eAll ~91¼

c.e.l t \Io\ 6'c e C\/ ) 'J:e.c.1, e¢,& :> as ili1<e,<1 L d 121191 ¼J 1<1 c.-<~ e_S ·

- ~ ,,t,,q eff,ue-<1 ~ ¥ Q \c IoW Cu-.i-wl J """'1¼ / -f,, \18 Q \,_

"'' tr' ~e<l l dee. 9 l¼·

I - ~eh r~ ~s¼ ', ~c_- <UD e8 -ti:n s\:: Cos ~ '\J ClAd. 'I

Q-'e ~ea,2>o~a ~\a ) ' feo.-k~ / -be.<1 de.. c.<~ e-9 wn~ "\Jo \~e- ~U B

bx> ~uc.\

I
/~e\ Ce.l\ , ee\~o\ !te.J-> l ~,.\c-1"/lu,s\, 9 I ;( ~~ Cf
F9\l\e .\:n
01~ d,
rt: \ .9

At-fe.71 e<"\ce ~ ~ ~ eJ e. c bl~ h

~e_\ Ce..\l3 1
:hit ~e.. 2

'r<1a. ~\qt u~ ~ 'ct,,e ere<~"'l\ CoiJ,kl.~~ -

~\ -.r,-, na·~
A \ CI.-+/ D ,-l I r_; - Q,
D -
t
e.. 1:-C. · ·
)
\c5l\ 8 l-tl5•J:d\ 8 r --o.:,., 1
- \...J'n.a/\:.. Q:1\ e. uv-- , \i

- ere~~n~ ~ e"1a-b-tie..

- ~,W \e ~.\a~ :A. ~ f,.i L\ .

I1• ~b ~ >I c\, "'.'.Je \-\e,m 'b,. on e f, e. \ Ce \\ ( T EH .f c_) I
8ed ~\H-k. ·. ~ \l ~ ~\tr"en ('r) e,rn t:,6o-ne.-

"f""ob"?i \:e.<Rf · bo - <lo C- CW k,.,.f)

eab\ij~l : y\ab"uni c~~9 \✓e.)

~e.\ ·. \u-iSe_ ~cl-obj~

~ e_c ~ c 'ne.«\ \c.a \ ~ac lu:,-n~

1-~. A \'Ko.\,"e.. f-e \ Ce.q (Afc) I

Aq;.>-eci1J.~ \<o H ( M~\tne)
8ecbzro\j ~e

~a-b"()j b-np b - q; c.
0\\ lon'2> n,oJe
1<eacbc:n
fue\ ¾~5e/"\
 t\ecW~b
\So - ::l.-1.-0 C..

/I
l-j Nol b•"l Ca,, b0nq ke. + <\ Cd I CIi C. f c.) I
'I=\ e.C b \)I k ,· 1-\ o \ ki Ca,, 6'-Q be. _g,_ \ l" ( )._ j ct (o C) / \<~ ( 0 3 )

-
~ ~ c:..o;- ~ \-¼_0 -t- Co~ "t ~e
 Q.-
0

C~) C4i ll\

~ eQCl -bd5'1~
£\e .cb

\.+~ --\-
er- ~ \--\-l. D -t Q;-
- ➔ 0
'::l-
-lo =l -;- ~e
~

~ \--\!l 0
_L 0~
-H~ -\- ~

~e. \ Ce..l\

me ft'~ e
t6 ~ - ~llc -bn '2)
\--le ~o,ria>, Cc..~3 -ot-1)
0

So - \:to c
L-ow '~f '. 'f~\'-\fC. / A~c./ :DMf C

He.d lw<l -rern..r ·. r" f c