prqFkZ v/;k;

dFkd u`R; ds ?kjkuksa dk vkfoHkkZo&,d fof'k"V vk;ke

4-1& ?kjkuksa dh mRifRr ,oa fodkl

4-1-1 & ?kjkus dh ifjHkk"kk

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ?kj] ?kjkuk] ijEijk tSls 'kCnksa dk O;kid vFkZ
esa iz;ksx gksrk vk;k gSA laxhr ds {ks= esa ?kjkuksa dk cgqr egRo gSA dqN fo}ku
^?kjkus* dks ^?kj* lacksf/kr djrs gSaA blfy, tku iM+rk gS fd ^?kj* 'kCn ls ?kjkuk
'kCn :i izpyu esa vk;k gSA vke rkSj ij ifjokj] oa'k] ijEijk] lEiznk;] ?kj] oxZ
lHkh dks ^?kjkuk* laKk nh tkrh gS ijUrq Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr ds ifjizs{; esa
bldk vFkZ dqN fHké gSa ftls ifjHkkf"kr djuk vko';d gSA
esjs erkuqlkj ?kjkuk laxhfrd vo/[Link]]a rduhdks]a fof'k"V cafn'kksa
ds ,d ,sls xfre; lkeqP; dks dgsaxs tks rhu ;k blls vf/kd ihf<+;ksa ls yxkrkj
,d ewy iq:"k ,oa ,d gh HkkSxksfyd LFkku dks viuk mn~xe LFky ekurk gSA
vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd :i ls cnyrs gq, ifjos'k ds chp xk;u o
oknu ds {ks= esa Loj dkdq] ;a= dkdq] vkokt+ cukus ds rjhdksa] lkaxhfrd lksp]
jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ,oa cjruh vkSj u`R; ds {ks= esa fof'k'V vax
foU;kl] fofo/k ixpkyu] rr~dkj&pDdj&izdkjksa] eqnzkvksa] HkkokfHku;&iz;ksxksa
bR;kfn ds lkFk] lk/kuk ds izdkjksa dks fodflr djrs gq,] egku dykdkjksa ds
mRiknu ds ekQZr viuh ijEijk thfor vkSj izHkk;eku j[ks gq, gSaA fdlh Hkh
?kjkus dks LFkkfir djus okys ewy iq:"k gekjs 'kkL=h; laxhr dh lkjh vk/kkjHkwr
fo'ks"krkvksa dks [Link] egRo nsrs gq, vius vkidks LFkkfir dj ikrs gSaA izfrHkk]
rkyhe] t+cjnLr fj;kt+ vkSj O;fDrxr mitnkjh ds ek/;e ls Loj] y;&rky
tSls ewyHkwr rRoksa ij viuk vpwd LokfeRo gkfly fd, fcuk dksbZ cM+k dykdkj
ugha gks ldrkA blfy, ;g lkjs rRo rks laxhr ek= ds fy, vko';d gS vc bUgsa
fdlh ,d ?kjkus fo'ks"k dh [kkfl;r ds rkSj ij [Link] djuk lgh izrhr ugha gksrkA
?kjkuksa ds lanHkZ esa fnYyh dFkd dsUnz ds HkwriwoZ funs'kd Jh
xksikynkl us ?kjkuksa ij vk;ksftr dh xbZ dk;Z'kkyk ds Lokxr Hkk"k.k esa dgk Fkk

- 177 -
& "Gharana's were many streams of single Ganga and their main concern should
be that the Ganga remained pure unsullied and above reproach.1

4-1-2& ?kjkuksa dh ijEijk&e/;dky dh [Link] nsu

bZLoh lu~ 647 ls 1000 bZLoh rd eq[;r% jktiwr dky jgk gSA e/
;dky dh ¼lkroha ls ckjgoha 'krkCnh½ bl lek;kof/k esa tc u`R; laxhr vius
tM+s tek pqdk Fkk rc mlh le; esa dFkd u`R; esa Hkh fofHkUu dyklk/kdksa vkSj
u`R;kpk;kssZa dk ,d Lora= u`R;kax fodflr gqvk ftlus vkxs pydj ?kjkus dk :i
fy;kA bl rjg ^^?kjkuksa dh ijEijk** e/;dky ds jktiwr dky dh gh [Link]
gS ftls orZeku dky esa Hkh utj vankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
4-1-3& ?kjkuksa dk ukedj.k
^^mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds iwoZ O;fDr fo'ks"k ds uke ls dFkd ds ?kjkus
dk;e fd;s tkrs Fks fdarq lu~ 1895 bZ- esa ek/kksflag us t;iqj esa fo}kuksa dh ,d
lHkk cqykbZ vkSj loZlEefr ls ;g [Link]; fy;k x;k fd O;fDr fo'ks"k ds uke ds
ctk; LFkku ds vk/kkj ij ?kjkus dk;e fd;s tk,¡A bl lHkk esa t;iqj] y[kuÅ
,oa cukjl ds Js"B dFkd&u`R;dkjksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k x;k FkkA lHkk esa y[kuÅ
,oa t;iqj ?kjkus ds vfLrRo dks lcus Lohdkj fd;kA bu nksuksa ?kjkuksa ds dk;e gksus
ds ckn cukjl okyksa us Hkh viuh fof'k"V 'kSyh ds dkj.k cukjl ?kjkus dh ckr dghA
ftls ekU;rk nh xbZ vkSj rhljk ?kjkuk cukjl ?kjkus ds uke ls izfl) gqvkA1-1
jk;x<+ ds laxhr ,oa dyk izseh egkjktk pØ/kj flag th chloha
'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa iSnk gq;s vkSj lu~ 1924 esa os xn~nh ij cSBSA lu~ 1947 rd
mUgksaus ns'k Hkj ds laxhrdkjksa lkfgR;dkjksa dks izJ; fn;k ,oa os Lo;a Hkh dq'ky
xk;d] i[kkotoknd ,oa dFkd u`R;dkj jgsA y[kuÅ ,oa t;iqj ?kjkus ds
djhc&djhc lHkh izeq[k urZd jktk lkgc ds njckj esa ;Fkk;ksX; vknj ds lkFk
cqyk;s tkrs FksA bu u`R;xq:vksa us NRrhlx<+ ds ckydksa dks dFkd u`R; dh f'k{kk
nhA bl izdkj ,d vU; dFkd 'kSyh ^^jk;x<+ dFkd** chloha 'krkCnh esa Øe'k%
fodkl djrh xbZA
1- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B&156
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

1-1 ogh] i`"B&159

- 178 -
 bl izdkj dFkd ds pkj izeq[k ?kjkus ekus tkrs gSa &
¼1½ t;iqj ?kjkuk
¼2½ cukjl ?kjkuk
¼3½ y[kuÅ ?kjkuk
¼4½ jk;x<+ 'kSyh
ge bu pkjksa ?kjkuksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k] fodkl ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ ns[krs gSA
4-1-4& ?kjkuksa dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ,oa fodklØe

4-1-4-1& t;iqj ?kjkuk

t;iqj ?kjkuk dFkd u`R; dk izkphure ,oa lqn`<+ vk/;kfRed ,oa
,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe lEié ?kjkuk gSA dFkd ds t;iqj ?kjkus dk fodkl yksdkJ;]
eafnjksa ds laj{k.k rFkk ckn esa izkIr jktkJ; dh lfEefJr izfØ;k ls gqvk gSA
lewps jktLFkku rFkk mlds vklikl QSys dFkd dykdkjksa esa fuf'pr gh ,d
iz'kaluh; {kerk fn[k iM+rh gS fd ;s yEcs vlsZ rd jktkJ; ds fcuk Hkh yksdkJ;
rFkk eafnjksa ls tqMd
+ j viuh dFkd ijaijk dks lrr thoar cuk, j[k ldsA t;iqj
?kjkus dh bl ftthfo"kk dk laca/k 'kk;n jktLFkkuh laxhrthoh tkfr;ksa ds }kjk
dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgrs g, vius ?kqeUrqiu ds lgkjs viuh dyk dk izn'kZu
vkSj izpkj djrs jgus dh izo`fRr ls gqvkA jktLFkku ds dbZ jktkvksa ds dky esa
laxhr fo"k;d vusd xzUFk jps x, tks ml le; ds 'kkL=h; xk;u] oknu o u`R;
ds izpyu dh xokgh nsrs gSaA egkjkt jkeflag ds 'kkludky esa lu~ 1673 esa u`R;
lEcU/kh xzUFk ^gLrd jRukoyh* dh jpuk gqbZA2 blds i'pkr~ ¼lu~ 1778 ls 1803½
esa egkjktk lokbZ izrkiflag ds 'kkludky esa egku o`gn xzUFk ^jk/kk xksfoan
laxhrlkj* dh jpuk Jh rSyax Hkê] dfo jke jk;] bUnkSfj;k&xkSMjk; feJ] ,oa Jh
uUnfd'kksj frokjh bu pkjksa fo}kuksa ds lg;ksx ls gqbZA budk ukeksYys[k blh
xzUFk ds Loj v/;k; esa izkIr gksrk gSA3 Jh jk/kkxksfoanlaxhrlkj 'kkjax nso jfpr
2- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B&159
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

3- nso egkjktk lokbZ izrki flag] Jh jk/kkxksfoan laxhr lkj Loj v/;k;

- 179 -
xzUFk ^laxhr jRukdkj* dss ewy fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gS ftlesa laLd`r ds LFkku ij
izkjfEHkd fgUnh o czt Hkk"kk iz;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ gSA bl xzUFk esa u`R; ij [Link]
v/;k; gS vkSj ftlesa ^le* dks ^eku* lacksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA4 blh dky esa vkpk;Z
cqf) izdk'k }kjk ^Loj lkxj*] dfo jk/kkd`".k }kjk ^jkx&jRukdj*] Jh [Link]
Hkkjrh }kjk ^laxhr&lkxj* bR;kfn xzUFk jps x,A bl izdkj jktLFkku ds 'kkld
dyk&eeZK] dykuqjkxh ,oa ikj[kh jgs ftlls dykvksa dks c<+us dk lqvolj izkIr
gksrk jgkA
jktLFkkuh dFkd u`R;dkj eafnjksa o eBksa esa viuh u`R; lk/kuk
fd;k djrs FksA pwafd ;s dykdkj yEcs vlsZ rd l'kDr jktkvksa egkjktksa ds
jktkJ; esa ca/kdj ugha jgs blfy, t;iqj ?kjkus ds ;kus jktLFkkuh dFkd ds dbZ
oa'ko`{k miyC/k gSa vkSj ;s Lo;a dks vius xq: ;k fdlh egku oa'kt ds dykdkj
ds :i esa iqdkjrs FksA mnkgj.k ds fy, uRFkwyky th dk ?kjkus] fxj/kkjh yky th
dk ?kjkuk] 'kadjyky th dk ?kjkuk bR;kfnA ijUrq vaax&lkS"Bo tSlh vusd
fHkUurkvksa ds ckotwn jktLFkkkuh dFkd ijEijk ds dykdkjksa ds u`R; esa ewyHkwr
lkE; FkkA blfy, 1895 esa lokbZ ek/kksflag ds dky esa ,d cM+h lHkk dk vk;kstu
gqvk ftlesa ?kjkus ds ukedj.k dk vk/kkj r; fd;k x;k vkSj ;g vk/kkj Fkk
?kjkuksa dh mRifRr dk LFkkuA bu ?kjkuksa dk ukedj.k ,d lHkk esa y[kuÅ]
t;iqj vkSj cukjl ds yxHkx lHkh fo}ku] xq:tuksa vkSj dykdkjksa ds chp laiUu
gqvkA bl rjg jktLFkkuh dFkd ds lHkh oa'kksa dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa us vius dks
^^t;iqj ?kjkuk** dguk izkjaHk dj fn;kA5
;g ?kjkuk fdlh ,d gh oa”k ijaijk esa ifYyfor u gksdj iwjs
jktLFkku esa QSys gq, dFkdksa ds vla[; ifjokjksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA fdUrq
;g lR; gS fd Hkkjrh; “kkL=h; dFkd u`R; dk izkjafHkd bfrgkl jkt ?kjkuksa
tkxhjnkjksa ds vkJ; esa iYyfor gksus ds dkj.k tuJqfr ij vk/kkfjr cu x;k]
4- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 151
5- dksBkjh lquhy] dFkd izlax &ys[k &t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992]i`"B& 138
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

- 180 -
fQj Hkh izkIr mYys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dg ldrs gSa fd dFkd u`R; dh izkphurk
ds izek.k t;iqj&?kjkus dh ijEijk ls gh izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gsAa dFkd u`R; dh
^fgUnw “kSyh* t;iqj ?kjkus ds :i esa lqjf{kr gS rFkk ,slh ekU;rk gS fd t;iqj
?kjkus ds dykdkjksa us gh [Link] Hkkjr esa bldk izpkj&izlkj fd;k gSA
/kkfeZd vkSj vk/;kfRed i`’BHkwfe okyh bl ijEijkxr u`R;&”kSyh dk
ewy L+=ksr Hkjreqfu dk ^ukV~;”kkL=* gh jgk gSA vkfndky ls dFkd] dFkk dgus
dh ,d fo”ks’k u`R; “kSyh jgh gSA dFkd u`R;dkjksa ds iwoZt] efUnjksa vkSj eBksa esa
viuh dyk dh lk/kuk djrs Fks vkSj blh :i esa gh ;g dyk /khjs&/khjs fodflr
gqbZ gSaA fdUrq eqxyksa ds vkØe.k ls u`R; ds fodkl dh bl ijEijk esa O;o/kku vk
x;k vkSj [Link]:i =Lr u`R;dkj ns”k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa viuh vkthfodk
,oa dyk dks thfor j[kus ds mn~ns”; ls jkT;kJ; dh [kkst esa HkVdrs jgsA pw¡fd
jktLFkku esa vusd fj;klrsa jgha] bl dkj.k ;gk¡ dykdkjksa dks vkJ; feyk
ftlesa xk;d] oknd ,oa urZd lHkh lfEefyr FksA
jktLFkku dh yksd dykvksa ds voyksdu ls ;s izrhr gksrk gS fd muesa
fofo/krk gSA yksd xk;dksa ,oa okndksa dks lquus ls irk pyrk gS fd mudk laxhr
yksd laxhr vkSj 'kkL=h; laxhr ds e/; Lrj dk gSA jktLFkku dh vf/kdka'k Hkwfe
catj ,oa jsrhyk gksus ds dkj.k vkSj ikuh ds L=ksrksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k ogka ds
fuokfl;ksa dks viuh thfodksiktZu djus ds fy, 'kk;n yfyr dykvksa dk lgkjk
ysuk iM+k gksxkA ftlds dkj.k mudh dyk fodflr :i dks izkIr gqbZ gksxh vkSj
jktLFkku ds vf/kdka'k dykdkj le;&le; ij Hkkjr ds vf/kd le`) vkSj
lEiUu izkarksa esa tk cls gksaxsA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dFkd ds t;iqj ?kjkus ds
dykdkj Hkkjr ds dksus&dksus esas QSy x;s FksA
jktLFkku ds laca/k esa ,d vkSj /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;s gS fd ogka
ds yksxksa dk thou la?k"[Link] Fkk vkSj vHkh Hkh gSA mUgsa ihus ds fy, ikuh Hkh
vklkuh ls miyC/k ugha gksrk FkkA efgyk;sa flj ij eVdh ysdj nwj&nwj ls ikuh
yk;k djrh FkhaA jsfxLrku esa vDlj Hk;kud rwQkuksa dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk
FkkA lkFk gh fons'kh vkØ[Link] dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA bfrgkl esa jktiwrksa

- 181 -
dh dbZ yM+kbZ;ksa dk [Link] feyrk gSA mijksDr ifjfLFkfr;ksas ds dkj.k jktLFkku
ds laxhr esa d#.k jl dk vkf/kD; jgk gSA muds yksdlaxhr esa dbZ egku
;ks)kvksa dh ,oa muds }kjk lEiUu lkgfld dk;ksZa ls lEcaf/kr vej xkFkkvksa dk
[Link] feyrk gSA jktLFkkuh laxhr esa fny dh xgjkbZ;ksa dks Nwus dh 'kfDr gS
D;ksafd izd`fr ,oa HkkSxksfyd foifRr;ksa ds e/; mRiUu Hkkoukvksa ls vksr izksr gksus
ds dkj.k mlesa xgjkbZ ,oa [kwclwjrh gSA d#.k vkSj ohj jl gh jktLFkkuh laxhr
ds eq[; xq.k gSaA J`axkj vkSj 'kkar jl dk Hkh n'kZu gksrk gSA ,sls laxhr dk y{;
rks var esa HkfDr ,oa fojfDr gh rks gSA6
jktLFkku esa “kkL=h; laxhr vkSj u`R; dykvksa dk fodkl e/;dky
esa 11oha “krkCnh ls gqvkA ujoj ¼Xokfy;j½ ds ,d dNokgk jktdqekj us viuk
jkT; LFkkfir dj ^vEcj* dks viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA ml le; laxhrK vkSj
u`R;dkj vius dykRed izn”kZu ds }kjk euksjatu djrs FksA 16oha “krkCnh ds
mÙkjk)Z esa eqxy lEcU/kksa ds dkj.k ^vdcj* jktuhfrd n`f’V ls [Link] gks x;kA
jktk ekuflag izFke ds ledkyhu dfo ve`rjk; us lu~ 1585 esa ^eku pfjr* dh
jpuk dhA blesa bUgksaus vEcj egy esa iz;qDr laxhr ok|ksa rFkk ml le; ds
laxhr&u`R; vkfn dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k] ftlls fl) gksrk gS fd ml le;
laxhr&u`R; dk i;kZIr izpkj FkkA7
vdcj ds jkT;dky ¼lu~ 1556 ls 1605 bZ-½ ls ^dFkd* vfLrRo ds iq’V
izek.k izkIr gksrs gSaA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd lezkV vdcj ds le; esa o`Unkou ¼czt
{ks=½ esa jklyhyk&[Link] dk izpkj&izlkj vf/kd gqvkA inksa esa dFkd u`R; “kSyh
dh vusd jpuk,¡ feyrh gSa] ftuesa os”kHkw’kk] vkHkw’k.k] vaxukn bR;kfn dk Li’V
foospu gSA eqfLye “kkldksa ds fujUrj vkØ[Link] ls =Lr gksdj Jh xksfoUnnso th]
Jh JhukFk th] Jh pkjHkqtkukFk th vkfn nsoksa dks o`Unkou ls ykdj jktLFkku ds
t;iqj] ukFk }kjk vkSj dk¡djksyh LFkkuksa esa izfrf’Br fd;k x;kA buds lkFk gh
jktLFkku ds tulkekU; esa oS’.ko HkfDr/kkjk O;kIr gks xbZA b/kj d`’.kHkDr dfo;ksa
6- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 152

7- Vkd] MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B& 159
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 182 -
us vius inksa esa jk/kkd`’.k o lf[k;ksa ds u`R; dk mYys[k fd;k gS] ftlesa dFkd
u`R; dh rduhdh “kCnkoyh tSls&mji] frji] lqyi] vkS?kV] lq/kax bR;kfn dk
iz;ksx fd;k gS tks bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd oS’.ko efUnjksa esa ml le; dFkd
u`R; dk izn”kZu izpfyr FkkA [Link] Jh gfjO;klnsokpk;Z dh ,d u`R;&jpuk
bl izdkj gS&
jkl [Link] ef/k furZr eksguh eksgu]
o`Unkou uofudqat lqUnj vkuUn?kuA
ykx nkV mji frji m?kVr laxhr lqyi]
jkx jax rku eku xku lq?kj lIr lqjuAA
fuiqu gLrd Hksn Hkkl Hkw foykl eUn gkl]
fy, gqykl Hkjs nksm xkSj lk¡oj ruAA
djr tgk¡ [koklh gfj fiz;knklh naifr dh]
okfj okfj viuikS /kfu Qwyh ru euAA8

blds vfrfjDr ^jkl* dk ,d iz/kku ijesyw gS] tks fd ^fuR;&jkl* esa

vfuok;Z :i ls ukpk tkrk gS] oSlk gh ^t;iqj ?kjkus* ds u`R;dkj Hkh ijEijkxr
:i ls ukprs vk, gSa] [Link]&
frdV frdV f/kykax f/kd rd rks nhe f/kykax rd Fkks Fkks rk f/kykax
f/kd f/kykax f/kd rd rks nhe rks nhe /ksÙrke f/kykax f/kykax rd xfnfxu FksbZ
rr~ rrk FksbZ rr~ rrk FksbZ rr~ rrk FksbZAA9
;g ^jklyhyk* ,oa dFkd u`R; ds ^t;iqj ?kjkus* ds lEcU/k dk ,d
izR;{k izek.k gSA
buds i”pkr~ egkjkt jkeflag ds “kkludky esa lu~ 1673 esa u`R;
lEcU/kh ,d xzUFk ^gLrd jRukoyh* dh jpuk gqbZA os laxhr&u`R; izseh Fks egkjktk
jkeflag ds i”pkr~ egkjktk lokbZ t;flag ¼lu~ 1699 ls 1743½ xn~nh ij cSBsA
8- ;enfXu MkW- clUr]jklyhyk rFkk jlkuqdj.k fodkl] 1980] i`"B& 338

9- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 3
ISBN-81-7055-248-6

- 183 -
lokbZ t;flag t;iqj ds laLFkkid ds :i esa fo[;kr gSAa bUgksua s u{k=foKku] uxj
fu;kstu] okLrqdyk rFkk leLr yfyr dyk,¡&laxhr] u`R;] lkfgR; bR;kfn dks
fo”ks’k izksRlkgu fn;kA jktk t;flag /kkfeZd izo`fRr ds FksA buds le; esa
xksfoUnnsoth ds eafnj esa ^nsonkfl;k¡* fu;qDr FkhaA ;|fi buds ukeksa dk dgha
mYys[k ugha feyrk] fdUrq urZfd;ksa dks jkT;kJ; izkIr FkkA bUgksaus t;iqj esa
^[Link][kkuk* dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA dgk tkrk gS fd yxHkx 750 dykdkjksa dks
egkjktk t;flag dk laj{k.k izkIr FkkA
buds i”pkr~ egkjktk lokbZ izrkiflag ¼lu~ 1778&1803½ gq,A ;g
Lo;a mPpdksfV ds laxhrK ,oa dfo Fks] vr% buds le; esa ^[Link][kkuk* dh
xfrfof/k;ksa esa i;kZIr o`f) gqbZA ^[Link][kkuk* ds vf/kdkjh pk¡n [kk¡ buds laxhr
xq# FksA lokbZ izrkiflag ds njckj esa dykdkjksa dks jkT;kJ; izkIr FkkA bUgha ds
le; esa fo}kuksa }kjk ^jk/kkxksfoUn laxhrlkj* uked lqizfl) xzUFk dh jpuk gqbZA
blds vfrfjDr Loj&lkxj ¼cqf)izdk”k½] jkx&jRukdj ¼jk/kkd`’.k dfo½] jkx&ladrs
¼jl&jkf"k jkeukjk;.k½ vkSj laxhr&lkxj ¼[Link] Hkkjrh½ xzFa k Hkh buds “kkludky
esa fy[ks x,A10
Jhjk/kkxksfoanlaxhrlkj xzaFk 'kkjax nso jfpr xzaFk laxhr jRukdj ij
vk/kkfjr gSA bl xzaFk esa urZu ij ,d v/;k; gS ftlesa pfpZr urZu lEca/kh fo"k;
vU; laLd`r xzaFkksa esa mYysf[kr lkexzh ls fHkUu gS vkSj ;g dFkd u`R; rFkk
fgUnqLrkuh laxhr ls vf/kd fudV gSaA vkt ftls ge ^le* dgrs gSa mls jk/kk
xksfoan laxhr lkj esa ^eku* dgk x;k gS rFkk ^^ppdkj** dh laKk nh xbZ gSA11
jktLFkku ds dbZ jktkvksa us dykvksa dks dkQh izksRlkfgr fd;kA
lokbZ t; flag] lokbZ izrki flag ,oa lokbZ jke flag vkfn jktkvksa ds 'kklu
dky esa t;iqj njckj esa dRFkdksa dk te?kV jgrk FkkA xk;u] oknu] u`R; ,oa
vU; yfyr dykvksa ds mPp dksfV ds dykdkj Hkh t;iqj njckj ds [Link]
[kkuk ¼rkyhe [kkuk½ esa lnk jgk djrs FksA os jktk vkSj iztk nksuksa ls lEekfur
10- jktdh; iqjkrRo foHkkx]t;iqj&jktLFkku nsoLFkku foHkkx] mn;iqj ds vfHkys[kksa ls izkI;] cLrk ua-&15

11- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 154

- 184 -
gksrs vkSj [kq'kh ls thou ;kiu djrs FksA t;iqj ds xk;d] oknd vkSj urZdksa dh
vyx 'kSfy;kWa cu xbZ Fkha tks t;iqj ?kjkus ds uke ls izfl) gqbZ] fo'ks"kdj xk;u
vkSj urZu esaA blesas fdafpr Hkh 'kadk ugha gS fd t;iqj njckj esa laxhr dyk dh
rhuksa fo/kkvksa dks mRd`"V Lrj ij igqapus dk volj feykA
egkjkt lokbZ izrkiflag ds i”pkr~ egkjktk lokbZ jkeflag xn~nh
ij cSBs blh le; [Link][kkuk laLFkk dyk ds mPp f”k[kj ij FkhA egkjkt
jkeflag Lo;a ,d mPp dksfV ds [Link] oknd FksA bUgksaus lqizfl) [Link] oknd
mLrkn jtc vyh [kk¡ f”k’;Ro xzg.k fd;kA buds njckj esa 160 dykdkj fu;qDr
FksA [Link][kkuk ds bu dykdkjksa dh fofo/k Jsf.k;ka FkhaA mPp [Link] ds dykdkjksa
ds fy, izfrfnu mifLFkr gksuk vfuok;Z ugha FkkA fdUrq fo”ks’k voljksa ij fo”ks’k
vfrfFk;ksa ds vkus ij os viuh dyk dk izn”kZu djrs FksA vU; [Link] ds dykdkjksa
dks izfrfnu gjk caxyk ij xkus ;k ctkus vkuk iM+rk FkkA D;ksafd ogka lkjk fnu
laxhr pyrk FkkA
egkjktk lokbZ jkeflag ds i”pkr~ lokbZ ek/kksflag “kkluk:<+ gq,A
ek/kksflag th laxhr&u`R; izseh FksA bUgksaus ^[Link][kkus* dh ijEijk dks dk;e
j[kkA buds le; esa xaxklIreh] xaxkn”keh] jk/kk’Veh bR;kfn mRlo euk, tkrs
Fks] ftuesa laxhr&u`R; ds izn”kZu gksrs FksA egkjktk lokbZ ek/kksflag f}rh; ds
[Link][kkus ds vfHkys[kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ml foHkkx esa nl iq#’k urZd]
vM+rhl xkf;dk vkSj urZfd;k¡ rFkk budh laxr ds fy, chl lkjaxhoknd vkSj 16
i[kkotoknd lsokjr FksA buesa urZdksa ds uke gSa& “;keyky th vkSj muds lqiq=
ukFkwykyth] cnzhizlkn th] pqUuhyky th] y{ehukjk;.k th] NTtwyky12 th
vkfnA egkjktk ek/kksflag th ds 'kkludky esa dyk vius mPpre f'k[kj ij FkhA
dykdkjksa dh la[;k Hkh cgqrk;r esa Fkh] n{k dykdkjksa us vius O;fDrxr ukeksa ls
?kjkus pyk jgs FksA bu ?kjkuksa esa vkil esa erHksn FkkA ftudk izHkko mu tu
lk/kkj.k ij vPNk ugha iM+rk FkkA ?kjkuksa ds vkilh erHksn dks nwj djus ds

12- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B& 160
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 185 -
mn~ns'; ls egkjktk ek/koflag us laor~ 1895 esa ,d lHkk dk vk;kstu fd;kA bl
lHkk esa fopkjfoe'kZ ds ckn ;g [Link]; fy;k x;k fd O;fDrxr uke ls ?kjkuk
pykus ds LFkku ij xq: ds fuokl LFkku ds uke ls ?kjkuk pyk;k tk;s rks ?kjkuksa
dh la[;k ,oa vkilh erHksn de gks ldrs gSA bu lHkk esa fcUnknhu th egkjkt
lq[knso izlkn] 'kadjyky th] uRFkwjke th] gjhizlkn th mifLFkr FksA tkudhizlkn
th fdlh [Link]'k ugha vk ik;s FksA lHkh ds [Link]; vuqlkj t;iqj ?kjkuk vkSj
y[kuÅ ?kjkuk ;s nksuksa LFkkfir gq,A13
blds vfrfjDr ;g Hkh [Link]; gqvk fd ftl xq: ds 101 f'k"; gks
tk,¡ mls xq: egkjkt dh mikf/k] tks viuh dyk esa u;k 'kks/k djsa mldks uk;d
dh mikf/k rFkk tks viuh fo/kk esa ubZ jpuk;sa djsa mldks iafMr dh mikf/k nh
tk;sxhA bl izdkj dyk esa ;ksX;rk gh bu mikf/k;ksa dk vk/kkj cukA ;s
miyfC/k;k¡ dykdkj gh dykdkj dks iznku djrs FksA bl lHkk esa fcUnknhu th
dks egkjkt dh mikf/k] 'kadjyky th vkSj lq[knso izlkn th dks iafMr dh
mikf/k] uRFkwjke th o nqxkZizlkn th dks uk;d dh mikf/k feyhA tkudh izlkn
th dks egkjkt dh mikf/k feyrh] ij os vuqifLFkr FksA14
bl izdkj t;iqj fj;klr ds fofHkUu 'kkldksa ds laj{k.k esa dyk ds
fØ;kRed ,oa lS)kafrd nksuksa i{kksa dk leqfpr fodkl gqvkA fj;klrksa ds foy;
ds i”pkr~ viuh vkthfodk] gsrq dykdkjksa us vU;= laxhr&dsUnzkas vFkok oS;fDrd
:i ls laxhr&f”k{k.k dk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA
[Link] ls lacaf/kr gksus ds dkj.k t;iqj ?kjkus ds laxhr ,oa u`R;
esa ohj jl dh iz/kkurk jgh vkSj ;gka u`R; Hkh peRdkfjd ,oa rkaMo iz/kku jgsA
vusd izdkj ds dfBu ls dfBu rkyksa esa ukpus dk vkSj dBksj ifjJe ,oa fj;kt
djds fofo/k izdkj ds y;dkjh izLrqr djus dk vH;kl jktLFkkuh dykdkjksa dk
vFkkZr~ t;iqj ?kjkus ds urZdksa dk eq[; y{k.k cu x;kA bl izdkj okftn
vyh'kkg jktk ds njckj esa tgka y[kuÅ ?kjkus dks lqUnjrk ,oa dkseyrk tSls
13- iafMr xkSjh'kadj] dFkd lsfeukj 28 ls 30 ekpZ] 1978 dFkd dsUnz] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 7] 8

14- ogh] i`"B& 8

- 186 -
ykL; [Link] dh izkfIr gqbZ ogha t;iqj ds urZdksa ds u`R; esa y;kRedrk] xaHkhjrk ,oa
HkfDr dh iz/kkurk jghA mlh ds vuqdwy y[kuÅ ds dFkdksas dk u`R; T;knkrj
rcys ij vk/kkfjr jgk vkSj t;iqj ds urZdksa dk i[kkot ijA y[kuÅ ds urZd
FkkV] vken] VqdM+s] xr fudkl vkfn izLrqr djus yxs rks t;iqj ds urZdksa dk
tksj cM+&
s cM+s iju] Nan] rrdkj ,oa Hktu ij jgkA bl izdkj y[kuÅ vkSj t;iqj
dk dRFkd nks vyx&vyx /kkjkvkssa esa cgrs gq, nks vyx&vyx fo'ks"krkvksa dks
vius esa lesVs gq, dRFkd dh ikou xaxk loZxq.k lEiUu gksdj ,d le`) dyk ds
:i esa cgus yxhA
t;iqj ?kjkus ds urZd /kzqin] /kekj] Hktu vkfn ij u`R; djrs gSa
vkSj y[kuÅ ds dykdkj Bqejh] xty] Hktu] rjkuk vkfn lkaxhfrd jpukvksa ij
u`R; djus yxsA bldk rkRi;Z ;s ugha gS fd budh lhek,¡ js[kkafdr ,oa vHksn FkhaA
y[kuÅ okys Hkh /kzqin] /kekj ukprs] iju] rrdkj ,oa Nan izLrqr djrs vkSj t;iqj
okys Hkh Bqejh] nknjk] rjkuk vkfn Hkh djrs ijarq viuh ?kjkuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
cjdjkj j[krs gq,A t;iqj ?kjkus esa f'ko ikoZrh ls lacaf/kr dFkkoLrq vf/kd ikbZ
tkrh gSa tcfd y[kuÅ ds dRFkd esa jk/kk d`".k dh yhykvksa dh vf/kdrk jgrh
gSA ijarq bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha fd y[kuÅ okys f'ko ikoZrh ds dFkkudksa dks ugha
ukprs vkSj t;iqj okys jk/kk d`".k dh yhykvksa dksA ?kjkuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk
mYys[k muesas ik;s tkus okys dFkkoLrqvksa dk ;k u`R; rRoksas dh vf/kdrk ,oa
U;wurk ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA
jktLFkku esa okLro esa ns[kk tk; rks pq: vkSj chdkusj vkfn LFkkuksa
esa dRFkd ds dykdkj vf/kd FkssA lekt essa pkj.k] HkV~V vkfn vusd tkfr ds yksx
xkus ctkus ,oa u`R; ds lgkjs gh thou;kiu djrs FksA tc jktkJ; dh vis{kk ls
t;iqj ds vklikl ds xkao ls laxhrdkj ,oa urZd t;iqj igqWaps rks mUgsas njckj
esa lg"kZ izos'k feyk vkSj [Link] [kkuk esa ,df=r gksdj ;s dykdkj leLr
dykvksa dks fodflr djus yxsA dbZ fo}kuksas ds ,d txg jgus ls fHkUu&fHkUu
fopkjksa dk dsUnzh;dj.k ;ksX; jktk ,oa egkjktkvksa ds fujh{k.k esa gksus ls mPp
dksfV dh dykvksa dk tUe gqvk tks vkxs pydj t;iqj ds uke ls laxhr ,oa u`R;

- 187 -
ds ?kjkus cusA ,slk vuqeku gS fd t;iqj ?kjkus dk ewy :i esa mn~xe LFkku t;iqj
u gksdj bnZ fxnZ ds vU; LFkkuksas esa FkkA tSlk fd y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds dykdkj
y[kuÅ ds u gksdj bykgkckn ds bafM;k rglhy ds pqycqyk xzke ,oa vklikl
ds vU; xkaoksas ls vk;s FksA exj bu nksuksa jkt/kkfu;ksas esa jktkvksa ds njckj esa Qyus
Qwyus ds dkj.k bu nksuksas ?kjkuksa ds uke mu 'kgjksa ls tqM+ x;sA15
t;iqj ?kjkus ds izeq[k urZdksas dk fo'ks"kdj ia- xkSjh'kadj dk er ;s
gS fd egkjkt fcUnknhu ds iwoZt Hkh jktLFkku ds fuoklh Fks vkSj ogha ls
mRrjizns'k tkdj cl x;s FksA exj [Link] lk{;ksa ds vHkko esa bl er dks
Lohdkj djuk dfBu gSA
4-1-4-2& t;iqj ?kjkus dh oa'k ijEijk
t;iqj ?kjkus ds dykdkjksa dh vusd oa'k ijEijk,¡ gSa ijarq eq[; :i
ls Hkkuq th ds oa'ktksa dk ,oa fxj/kkjhyky th ds oa'ktksa dk ftØ djuk vko';d
gSA D;ksafd bu ihf<+;ksa esa dqN ,sls urZd gq, gSa ftUgksaus lkjs ns'k esa t;iqj ?kjkus
dk izpkj izlkj djds ;'k izkIr fd;k vkSj muds oa'kt vHkh Hkh viuh oa'k ijEijk
dks fuHkk jgs gSaA bl ?kjkus dk ewy vk/kkj Hkkuwth Fks tks 'kadj Hkxoku ds mikld
FksA dgk tkrk gS fd bUgksaus fdlh lk/kw egkRek ls f'ko rkaMo u`R; dh f'k{kk yh
FkhA Hkkuq th ds iq= dk uke ekyw th Fkk vkSj ekyw th ds nks iq= Fks ykyw th vkSj
dkuw thA mijksDr lHkh f'ko rkaMo u`R; esa n{k FksA ekyw th ds iq= dkuw th
o`Unkou tkdj d`".k ds HkDr cu x;s vkSj ykL; u`R; dh f'k{kk yhA dkuw th ds
nks iq= gq, ftuds uke gSa fxj/kkjh th vkSj 'khtkthA bUgksaus vius firk ls rkaMo
vkSj ykL; dh f'k{kk yhA fxj/kkjh th ds ik¡p iq= gq, ftuds uke Fks&nwYgk th]
gjhizlkn] guqekuizlknA vU; nks iq=ksa ds laca/k esa fdlh dks tkudkjh ugha gSA
gfjizlkn th ds dksbZ larku ugha FksA gfjizlkn th ds HkkbZ guqekuizlkn th ds
rhu iq= gq, eksgu yky] fpjksathyky vkSj ukjk;.k izlknA gfjizlkn vkSj
guqekuizlkn nksuksa HkkbZ u`R; txr esa dkQh e'kgwj Fks bUgsa nsoifj dh tksM+h dgk
15- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 154

16- ogh] i`"B&154

- 188 -
tkrk FkkA mijksDr nksuksa HkkbZ t;iqj njckj ds ^^[Link] [kkuk** esa Øe'k% rkaMo
vkSj ykL; ds fy;s izfl) FksA16
guqekuizlkn th ds iq= eksguyky th dRFkd u`R; ds vfrfjDr
/kzqin /kekj ds ,d vPNs Kkrk vkSj xk;d FksA
guqeku izlkn th dh iq=h ljLorh nsoh ds rhu iq= gq;sA
1- ia- dqanuyky xaxkuh
2- Jh jruyky xaxkuh
3- Jh lksguyky xaxkuhA bUgksaus dFkd u`R; dh lk/kuk dh vkSj
izfl) dFkd urZd gq;sA
1- ia- daqnuyky xaxkuh th ds lkr iq= gSa &
¼1½ fd'ku dqekj ¼2½ eueksgu
¼3½ jktsUnzdqekj ¼4½ Qrsgflag
¼5½ xksfoan ¼6½ gjh'k ¼7½ ;ksxs'kA
2- Jh jruyky xaxkuh th ds pkj iq= gSa &
¼1½ euh"k ¼2½ xkSjh'kadj
¼3½ yqukjke ¼4½ izoh.k
3- Jh lksguyky xaxkuh th ds ik¡p iq= gSa &
¼1½ egsUnz ¼2½ yfyr
¼3½ xksfoan ¼4½ HkSjo ¼5½ osnizdk'k
Hkkjr Lora= gksus ds i'pkr tc njckjksa dk laj{k.k lekIr gks x;k]
rks dRFkd ds dykdkj ns'k ds dksus&dksus esas QSy x;sA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
?kwers&?kwers eksgu yky th e/; izns'k igq¡ps vkSj [kSjkx<+ fLFkr bafnjk dyk
laxhr fo'ofo|ky; esa u`R; dh f'k{kk nsus yxsA fo'ofo|ky; esa dk;Z djus ds
mijkar os fnYyh pys x;sA eksguyky th }kjk ftl dFkd u`R; foHkkx dh bl
fo'ofo|ky; esa uhao Mkyh xbZ og foHkkx vkt dRFkd u`R; ds izpkj izlkj esa ,d
ljkguh; dk;Z dj jgk gSA17
17- ogh] i`"B&155

- 189 -
 guqekuizlkn th ds f}rh; iq= fpjksathyky th Hkh ,d ;ksX; urZd
FksA os dbZ o"kksZa rd xka/koZ egkfo|ky; ubZ fnYyh esa dRFkd u`R; ds f'k{kd jgsA
fpjkSt
a h yky th dk rcyk cstksM+ FkkA dRFkd u`R; ds lkFk rcyk ctkus esa mudks
tks n{krk izkIr Fkh vU; fdlh ls ugha FkhA gfjizlkn guqekuizlkn ds ?kjkus ds
dbZ ijEijkxr cafn'ksa bUgha yksxksa ds ikl FkhaA
guqeku izlkn th ds lcls izfl) iq= ukjk;.k izlkn th FksA
ftudk tUe lu~ 1908 esa t;iqj esa gqvkA ukjk;.k izlkn th dh f'k{kk muds firk
guqeku izlkn th ls gqbZA ckY;koLFkk ls gh os viwoZ izfrHkk dk ifjp; nsus yxs FksA
firk ds lkFk t;iqj njckj ds [Link][kkuk esa jgrs gq, ukjk;.k izlkn th us ml
laxhre; okrkoj.k dks vius esa vkRelkr dj fy;k Fkk vius HkkbZ fpjkSath yky
ls rcyk ,oa u`R; dh vfrfjDr f'k{kk izkIr dh vkSj eksgu yky ls xk;u fo|k
xzg.k dhA ukjk;.k izlkn th jktk pØ/kj flag ds 'kklu dky esa jk;x<+ x;s
vkSj cgqpfpZr [Link]'k mRlo ds volj ij viuk u`R; izn'kZu fd;kA jktk pØ/kj
flag us ukjk;.k izlkn th ds u`R; ls izlUu gksdj mUgsa viuk njckjh urZd cuk;k
tgk¡ ij t;yky th] vPNu egkjkt th ,oa yPNw egkjkt th tSls egku xq:
fu;qDr FksA jk;x<+ ds vfrfjDr os ukjk;.k izlkn th us cM+kSnk] jkeiqj] t;iqj]
dkuiqj vkfn dbZ njckjksa esa viuk u`R; izn'kZu fd;kA18
ukjk;.k izlkn th ,d vPNs u`R; xq: ,oa urZd gksus ds vfrfjDr
,d vkd"kZd O;fDrRo ds /kuh FksA mudh u`R; dyk esa dRFkd ds lHkh vaxksa dk
lekos'k FkkA y;dkjh ij mudks bruk gh vf/kdkj Fkk ftruk fd vfHku; ijA
os dfoRr vkSj Nan] Bqejh] Hktu vkfn Hkko iz/kku cfUn'kksa dks ,d lqanj ,oa
lqlfTtr <ax ls izLrqr djrs FksA dgrs gSa fd rkyksa esas /kekj] v"Veaxy ,oaa iape
lokjh muds fiz; rky Fks ftuesa os n{krk ds lkFk u`R; izLrqr djrs Fks vkSj vius
f'k"; f'k";kvksa dks Hkh fl[kkrs FksA muds pDdjnkj ijuksa dh fofo/krk] vrhr vkSj
vuk?kkr le fn[kkus dk <ax vkSj xr fudklksa esa pkyksa dh fofo/krk ml tekus
esa cgqpfpZr FksA xhrk ds dbZ izlaxksa dks lkSE; ,oa lkfRod Hkko ls os iznf'kZr djrs
Fks vkSj Hkxoku d`".k dh yhykvksa dk Hkh iz'kaluh; izn'kZu djrs FksA19
18- ogh] i`"B&155

19- ogh] i`"B&156

- 190 -
 1948 ls 1958 rd ukjk;.k izlkn th xka/koZ egkfo|ky; fnYyh esa
u`R; f'k{kd jgs vkSj vusd f'k"; f'k";kvksa dks vius ?kjkus dh rkyhe nhA ftuesa
ia- dqanuyky] Jh rhjFkjke vktkn] Jh ckcwyky ikVuh] lqJh iq"ik c=k] ,oa lqJh
jkuh [Link] vkfn eq[; gSaA ukjk;.kizlkn th ds f'k";ksa esa lcls vf/kd izfl) jkuh
[Link] th gSa ftUgksaus lq;ksX; f'k";ksa dks f'k{kk iznku dh gSA
ukjk;.k izlkn th dk O;fDrRo vkd"kZd ,oa izHkko'kkyh FkkA Hkk"kk
esa fouezrk vkSj fopkjksa esa xaHkhjrk FkhA os lcds lkFk ln~O;ogkj djrs vkSj f'k";
f'k";kvksa dks viuh larku le>rsA u`R; dh f'k{kk fny [kksydj nsrsA iqjkuh
ijEijkvksa dks rksM+dj u;s&u;s vfo"dkj djrsA 1957 esa ^^vf[ky Hkkjrh; xkU/koZ
egkfo|ky; eaMy** dh vksj ls mUgsa u`R; vf/kos'ku esa dRFkd u`R; ds Js"B
dykdkj ds :i esa u`R;kpk;Z dh inoh nsdj lEekfur fd;k x;kA ukjk;.k izlkn
th dk thou Hkh vU; dRFkd xq#vksa dh rjg la?k"kZe; jgkA jkt urZd gksus ds
dkj.k mudk izkjafHkd thou ,s'o;[Link] Fkk vkSj os vius le; ds ^^eksrh okys**
dgyk;sA
ukjk;.k izlkn th ds ;'kLoh f'k"; Lo- dqanuyky xaxkuh us
fnYyh] eqacbZ ,oa fons'kksa esa vius vusdksa f'k"; f'k";k,a rS;kj fd;s gSaA muesa ls dqN
izeq[k gSa & lqJh mfeZyk ukxj] Jherh 'kksHkk dkSlj] Jh jfo xaxkuh] lqJh 'kf'k
lka[kyk] ia- jktsUnz xaxkuh] lqJh [Link] Jhekyh] Mscksjk fLeFk ¼;w-,l-,-½ fdfe
fd;kuks ¼tkiku½] utek ¼;w-,l-,-½ vkfnA Lo- dqanuyky xaxkuh th dk dk;Z{ks=
eqacbZ] jktdksV] cM+kSnk] tks/kiqj ,oa fnYyh FkkA lu~ 1960 esa tks/kiqj esa dqanuyky
th dk vafre izn'kZu gqvk FkkA20
dq- Nk;k HkVukxj us viuh iqLrd ^^Hkkjr ds 'kkL=h; u`R;** esa
ukjk;.k izlkn th ds thou ds laca/k esa mudh f'k";k jkuh [Link] ls izkIr lkexzh
dks izLrqr djrs gq, xq# ukjk;.k izlkn th dk ,d vfr fiz; Hktu dk mYys[k
fd;k gS tks bl izdkj gS&

20- ogh] i`"B&156

- 191 -
 Hkzer Hkzer fQj;ks eSa tx esa]
lk/kw lax ugk;ksA
dqefr o'k gks ds izHkq th]
rsjks xq.k ugha xk;ksA
eSa efr ghu 'kj.k esa vk;ks]
Kku /;ku ekS] eSa izHkqthA
yksHk o'k fcljkvksAA21
u`R;kpk;Z ukjk;.k izlkn th }kjk gh cjrk tkus okyk cksy fuEufyf[kr
gS %&
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
f>ufdV dqdq /kfj dÙkk ·uk fnxfnx FkquFkqu ukuk frx/kk /kk/kk f/kark f/k·u

13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
fnxfnx /kkfn rk· rd/kyka ·x/k f/kark frax/kk /kk/kk ·f/k ·ur /kk·

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
frx/kk /kk/kk ·fu ·ur /kk· frx/kk /kk/kk ·f/k ur /kk22
ia- jktsUnz xaxkuh
bl cksy ds fo’k; esa izksQslj lquhy dqekj lDlsuk dk dguk gS %&
The real distinctness of nritta from mere Tabla rhythm lies not only in the fact
that the former uses some syllables which are outside the Tabla vocabulary and
relate to the other drums, but because these distrinctive bols can be projected
fairly well in dance. but really by the Tabla player.
ukjk;.k izlkn th ds nks iq= gSa Jh pj.k fxj/kj ^^pk¡n** vkSj Lo-
rst izdk'k ^^rqylh**A bu nksuksa us vius ?kjkus dk izpkj izlkj fd;kA

21- ogh] i`"B&156

22- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh ls izkIrA

- 192 -
 gfjizlkn vkSj guqeku izlkn ds ?kjkus ds dqN vU; oa'kt Hkh t;iqj
?kjkus esa mYys[kuh; [;kfr izkIr dhA ftuesa Jh pqUuhyky th dk uke izeq[k gSA
bUgksaus dRFkd dh f'k{kk vius fj'rs ds ,d o`) dykdkj Jh fxj/kkjh yky ds iq=
Jh 'kadj yky th ls izkIr dhA buds rhu iq= gq, t; yky] laqnj izlkn vkSj
ekyw ykyA laqnj izlkn vkSj t; yky nksuksa vius tekus ds egku dykdkj ekus
tkrs gSaA dgk tkrk gS pqUuhyky th ds HkkbZ nqxkZizlknth ,d vPNs xk;d vkSj
n{k oknd Fks bUgksaus t;yky th vkSj laqnjizlkn th dks xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R;
dh f'k{kk nh vkSj bl ;ksX; cuk;k fd vius le; esa t;iqj ?kjkus dk uke jks'ku
dj ldsaA
Lo- ia- t;yky us Hkkjr ds dksus dksus esa dRFkd dk izpkj fd;kA
dRFkd ds lkFk rcyk ctkus esa budk tokc ugha FkkA izR;{knf'kZ;ksa dk dguk gS
fd f'k"; f'k";kvksa dks rS;kj djus esa os ftruh #fp ysrs Fks vkSj ftruh esgur
djrs Fks vU; dksbZ xq: bruk ugha djrsA fj;kt djkrs le; os fdlh dks dksbZ NwV
ugha nsrsA jktk pØ/kj flag ds 'kklu dky esa os jk;x<+ vk;s vksj jktk lkgc us
mudh u`R; dyk ls izHkkfor gksdj vius njckj esa mUgsa LFkku fn;kA t;yky th
lu~~ 1930 ;k 31 esa jk;x<+ vk;s vkSj lu~ 1947 esa jktk pØ/kj flag dh e`R;q gksus
rd jk;x<+ esa gh jgsA jk;x<+ ds njckjh ;qok urZd vuqt jkt th] dkfrZd jke
th] dY;[Link] th] fQjrw nkl th ,oa ceZu yky th vkfn dks esgur ls mUgksaus
vius ?kjkus dk dRFkd u`R; fl[kk;kA dgk tkrk gS fd jk;x<+ esa lkjk le; rks
os Lo;a fj;kt djrs ;k nwljksa dks fl[kkrs FksA jk;x<+ ds urZdksa ds lkFk
rkyhe[kkus essa vkSj dkUQzsalksa esa cstksM+ laxr djrs FksA vius ?kjkus dh cafn'kksa dks
jk;x<+ ds urZdksas dks mUgkssaus 'kq) :i ls fl[kk;kA
jk;x<+ njckj esa vkus ls igys os t;iqj] fcdkusj] ifV;kyk vkSj
bUnkSj vkfn dbZ njckjksa esa jg pqds Fks] exj jktk pØ/kj flag dk I;kj vkSj
dykdkjksa ds izfr mudk vknj ns[kdj jk;x<+ dks viuk fuokl LFkku cuk fy;kA
bUgksua s jk;x<+ ds urZdksa dks dFkd esas lgh rcyk ctkus dh rkyhe Hkh nhA os vPNs
xk;d Hkh FksA t;yky th dh ,d csVh gqbZ ftudk uke t;dqekjh FkkA t;yky

- 193 -
th us viuh iq=h t;dqekjh dks vius ?kjkus dh vPNh rkyhe nhA dgk tkrk gS
fd ml le; rS;kjh essa t;dqekjh th lcls vkxs FkhA os pDdj bruh rsth ls ysrh
Fkha fd ns[kus okyksa ds flj pdjk tkrs Fks vkSj dqN ugha fn[krk FkkA t;yky th
t;dqekjh dks rkyhe nsrs le; cgqr dBksjrk ls is'k vkrs Fks blh dkj.k
t;dqekjh esa /kqvka/kkj rS;kjh Fkh] blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha gSA ;s lR; jk;x<+ ds lHkh
urZdksa ls lquk tk ldrk gSA jktk pØ/kj flag Hkh t;dqekjh dk u`R; cgqr ilan
djrs FksA t;yky th dh e`R;q ds ckn t;dqekjh dks cgqr cM+k vk?kkr igqapk vkSj
mUgksasus /khjs&/khjs ukpuk NksM+ fn;kA
jkexksiky th dh f'k{kk vius firk t;yky th ls gh gqbZA pwafd
t;yky th ,d lefiZr ,oa ;ksX; f'k{kd Fks] mUgkssaus vius iq= dks vius ?kjkus dh
[Link] f'k{kk iznku dhA u`R; ds lkFk&lkFk rcyk oknu esa Hkh jkexksiky th n{k
cu x;s FksA ckY;dky ls gh mudh [;kfr lkjs Hkkjro"kZ esa QSyus yxh FkhA budk
cpiu rks jk;x<+ essa gh xqtjk vkSj mudh f'k{kk nh{kk Hkh cgqr gn rd jk;x<+
njckj esa gh gqbZA
lu~ 1947 t;yky th lifjokj dydRrk x;s vkSj dRFkd u`R;
dk izpkj djus yxsA ckn esa jkexksiky th vkSj t; dqekjh dydRrk esa t;iqj
?kjkus dk izpkj djrs jgsA23
t;yky th ds NksVs HkkbZ lqUnj izlkn th FksA ftuls lkjk dRFkd
txr ifjfpr gSA lu~ 1893 bZ0 esa t;iqj esa budk tUe gqvkA ijEijk ds vuqlkj
budh f'k{kk nh{kk vius firk pqUuh yky th ls gqbZA vius Hkzkrk t;yky th ls
Hkh bUgksaus u`R; dh f'k{kk yhA lqanj izlkn th us Hkkjr ds dbZ njckjksa esa u`R;
izLrqr dj ;'k izkIr fd;kA rnqijkar os cEcbZ esa u`R; dh f'k{kk nsus yxsA lu~ 1958
esa ^^laxhr ukVd vdkneh** }kjk ^^Hkkjrh; dyk dsUnz** esa t;iqj ?kjkus ds u`R;
xq: in ij vklhu gq,A

23- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZfnYyh ls lk{kkRdkjA

- 194 -
 4-1-4-3& t;iqj&?kjkus dh fofHkUu 'kk[kk,¡
'kk[kk ua- 1
uk;d uRFkwyky
f'koukjk;.k gjukjk;.k24

'kk[kk ua- 2

fxj/kkjhyky

pqUuhyky nqxkZizlkn lq[knso

t;yky lqUnjizlkn ekywyky

jkexksiky t;dqekjh

dkty feJk jktdqekj25

'kk[kk ua- 3

'kadjyky

lqiq=h

cnzhizlkn

lqiq= Jh eksgu czteksgu lqiq=

24- cSuthZ Jh izksts'k] dFkd Mkal Fkzw ,tst] i`"B& 149
25- ogh] i`"B&150

- 195 -
 'kk[kk ua- 4
firk ^cnzhizlkn
[Link] mn;jke Hkkuq#nu

ukjk;.kjke eqdUq nyky jk/ksyky feJ

jeuyky

gtkjhyky jkedqekj lkxj

vuks[ksyky feJ /kujkt lqiq= d`".kdqekj feJk fot; feJk

jfo ccyw

- 196 -
 'kk[kk ua- 5
tkudh izlkn
↓
xksih izlkn
↓
xksfoUn izlkn
↓
vkuan izdk'k
↓
↓ ↓
pqUuhyky tkudh izlkn
↓ ↓
lcyth larku ugh

a ↓
nwnk th

↓ ↓
gqdqeth eksrhyky
↓ ↓
larku ugha
↓ ↓
nwYgkth [Link]'khyky ↓ ↓ ↓
¼cukjl x;s ½ ¼cukjl x;s ½ ia- xksikynkl iq= f'k";
↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓ d`".kdqekj vkf'kd gqlSu ¼Hkwjs [kka½
ykgkSj esa
fcgkjhyky ghjkyky iwjuyky ↓ ↓
¼bankSj x;s½ larku ugha ¼ifV;kyk x;s½ rhjFkjke vktkn
↓

↓ ↓ gtkjhyky
↓

fd'kuyky ↓ ↓
↓

ftrsUnz egkjkt rkjk pkS/kjh

↓
↓

iq= 'kadjyky enuyky jruyky

↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓
jes'k ¼iziks=½ cfyuh defyuh
eksgu lksgu vksadkj txnh'k
↓

iq= iszedqekj
↓ ↓
lksguyky eksguyky
lksguyky
↓ ↓
↓

iq= eyjke eyjke iszedqekj26

26- fonq"kh dFkd u`R;kaxuk] lqJh 'kksouk ukjk;.k }kjk izkIr

- 197 -
 'kk[kk ua- 6
lk¡oynkl 'kk[kk
xh/kkth ¼fxj/kkjh th½
xq:
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
gfjizlkn ¼iq=½ guqekuizlkn ¼iq=½ ';keyky uRFkwyky ¼ekek½ cgu
dh 'kknh
↓ guqeku izlkn
eksguyky nqxkZizlkn th ls pqUuhyky
↓

larku ugha
fpjathyky ↓
↓

xkso/kZu th
ukjk;.k izlkn th ↓
↓

[ksepan izdk'k
↓

cgu ¼lax
a hr funsZ'kd½
↓ iq=
dqna uyky th ↓ ↓ iq=
↓ eFkqjk izlkn t;yky th
Jh jktsUnz xaxkuh ↓
f'k"; lqna jizlkn th
↓
lqufyuh nsoh
¼ljksftuh uk;Mw dh
↓

cgu½
eksgujko dY;[Link]
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

cgu dk iq=
lksguyky th
jks'kudqekjh th
¼jkexksikyth ds lkFk ;k=k dh ½
ghjkyky
lksguyky

nqxkZyky
ia- xkSjh'kadj th
lqna jyky
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

¼laqnj izlkn th ds ppsjs HkkbZ½

nsohyky

gtkjhyky ¼esjBokys½
jkuh [Link]
mek 'kekZ

iqoS;k cgusa
daqnuyky th27
↓

27- izfl) u`R;leh{kd Jh lquhy dksBkjh }kjk izkIrA

- 198 -
 'kk[kk ua- 7
iyjke th xaxkuh
↓
gqrjke th xaxkuh
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
[Link]'khyky fcgkjhyky lqrjke f'koukFkyky y{[Link] gtkjhyky
↓
ujs'k lqna jyky jkes'oj ?ku';ke isez 'kadj
↓

↓
↓
eueksgu enuyky uanyky jfodqekj czteksgu

↓
↓

↓
izdk'k guqekuizlkn

↓
↓
Hkkejke

↓
↓ ↓ ↓
dqna uyky lksguyky jruyky
↓

↓ ↓ ↓
↓

fd'kuyky osnizdk'k euh"k

↓

↓
↓

eueksgu yfyr lqj's k

↓

↓
↓

jktsUnz xksfoUn izoh.k

↓

↓
↓

Qrsgflag HkSjksaizlkn yfyr

↓

xksfoUn egkohj
↓

gjh'k
↓

;ksxs'k28
↓

28- mijksä 'kk[kk esjs xq: ia- jktsUnz xaxkuh ds funsZ'ku esa 'kks/kkFkhZ 'kkEHkoh 'kqDyk feJk }kjk cukbZ xbZ
[Link] oa'kkoyh gSA

- 199 -
 27.1

27-1- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke dFkd Kkus'ojh] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`"B&293

- 200 -
 27-2

27-2- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke dFkd Kkus'ojh] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`"B&293

- 201 -
 4-1-4-4& y[kuÅ ?kjkuk
dFkd u`R; dh Hkkjr esa ,d lqnh?kZ ijEijk jgh gSA fofHkUu ?kjkuksa
dh N=Nk;k esa bl dyk dk iks"k.k gksrk jgk gSA Bkdqj izlkn] dkydk&fcUnknhu
ls ysdj vPNu egkjkt] yPNw egkjkt] 'kEHkw egkjkt] fcjtw egkjkt bR;kfn
lHkh dFkd u`R; ds {ks= esa viuk fof'k"V LFkku j[krs gSaA fcUnknhu th us dFkd
u`R; gsrq vla[; Bqefj;ksa ,oa fofo/k cksyksa dh jpuk,¡ dhaA
blh ?kjkus ds vPNu egkjkt dks vizpfyr vkSj dfBu rkyksa ij
Hkh lgtrk ls u`R; djus esa egkjr izkIr Fkh] os u`R; ds lHkh igyqvksa dks
fo}Ù[Link] <ax ls iznf'kZr djus ds lkFk gh Hkko] rky vkSj y; ds Hkh fuiq.k FksA
Jh yPNw egkjkt us fQYeksa esa u`R;funsZ'kd ds :i esa [;kfr vftZr dh rFkk vusd
u`R;ukfVdkvksa dk lQy izn'kZu fd;kA 'kEHkw egkjkt th Hkko&izn'kZu ds fy,
tx&izfl) FksA budks ^vfHku; lezkV* dh mikf/k ls Hkh foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA28
lqfo[;kr u`R;kpk;Z Jh fcjtw egkjkt us viuh dyk ls yksxksa dks vfHkHkwr fd;k
gSA mUgsa jk"Vªifr }kjk i|foHkw"k.k dh mikf/k ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA fcjtw
egkjkt mPpdksfV ds urZd gh ugha oju~ ,d dq'ky xk;d o oknd Hkh gSaA
orZeku le; esa buds cgqr&ls f'k"; ,oa f'k";k,¡ gSa tks ^y[kuÅ&?kjkus* dh
ijEijk ds lkFk gh vius xq: dk uke jks'ku dj jgs gSaA
y[kuÅ dh u`R;&ijEijk esa ^'kqtkmn~nkSyk* vkSj ^vklQmn~nkSyk*
ds 'kkludky esa ^[kq'kh egkjkt* u`R; ds mLrkn FksA ucko lvknr vyh [kk¡]
xkthmn~nhu gSnj ds le; esa fgyky th] izdk'k th vkSj n;kyq th izfl) urZd
FksA eqgEen vyh 'kkg ds le; ls okftn vyh 'kkg ds 'kkludky rd izdk'k th
d lqiq= nqxkZizlkn th vkSj Bkdqjizlkn th ds u`R; dh izflf) FkhA mYys[kuh;
gS fd nqxkZizlkn th okftn vyh 'kkg ds u`R;&xq: FksA buds ckn nqxkZizlkn th
ds lqiq= dkydk vkSj fcUnknhu us vius mPpdksfV ds u`R; }kjk fgUnqLrku Hkj esa
izflf) izkIr dhA dgk tkrk gS fd vf/kdka'kr% dFkd u`R;dkj bUgha nksuksa Hkkb;ksa
dh f'k"; ijEijk ls lEc) gSaA29
28- laxhr ekfld if=dk ys[k vDVwcj 1978] gkFkjl m-iz-] i`"B&27
29- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'kMZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 183
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 202 -
 dqN yksxksa dh ;g /[Link] gS fd dkydk vkSj fcUnknhu egkjkt ds
iwot
Z xk¡o tSruk tks/kiqj ¼jktLFkku½ ds fuoklh Fks vkSj ogka ls ;s g¡fM+;k ¼bykgkckn½
esa pys x,A ;s dFkd jkl/kkjh ijEijk ls lEcfU/kr gSAa 30
MkW- t;pan 'kekZ ds vuqlkj y[kuÅ ds u`R;kpk;Z tks/kiqj ds ikl
[Link] xkao ds Fks] ogka ls y[kuÅ tkdj cl x,A y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds Bkdqjizlkn
th us o`Unkou tkdj jkl&[Link];ksa esa e`nax&oknd dk dk;Z fd;k rFkk t;iqj
?kjkus ds dkuwth ¼dUgS;k½ dFkd Hkh o`Unkou esa [Link] esa jgsA blh dky esa
ucko okftn vyh 'kkg y[kuÅ ds 'kkld FksA bUgsa vU; dykvksa ds lkFk&lkFk
laxhr u`R; ls fo'ks"k yxko FkkA vr% bUgksaus vius ;gka lHkh izdkj ds dykdkjksa
dks vkJ; fn;kA ukVd] ukSVadh] uVksa dk [ksy] u`R; bR;kfn }kjk euksjatu ds
fy, bUgksaus ^jgl&[kkus* dh LFkkiuk dhA jgl[kkuksa esa bUgksaus lSdM+ksa fL=;ksa dks
ukp o xkus ds fy, j[kk vkSj mudks u`R; dh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, urZd dUgS;k o
Bkdqjizlkn th dks j[kk x;kA Bkdqjizlkn th urZfd;ksa dks u`R; dh f'k{kk nsrs Fks
vkSj dFkd dUgS;k d`".k ds :i esa ^jkl* esa vfHku; djrk FkkA dUgS;k d`".k dk
vfHku; djus ds dkj.k Lo;a dks ^[Link]* ¼iq:"k u`R;½ dk fo'ks"kK ekurs Fks rFkk
Bkdqjizlkn th urZfd;ksa ds f'k{kd gksus ds dkj.k ^ykL;* ds fo'ks"k.k ekus x,A
;gha ls bu nksuksa dykdkjksa esa ?kjkus dh Hkkouk ?kj dj xbZ vkSj ;s nksuksa ?kjkus
vius ^ykL;&iz/kku* o ^[Link]&iz/kku* vax ds :i esa izLFkkfir gks x,A31
y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds mn~xe ds fo"k; esa dFkd dsUnz] fnYyh }kjk
vk;ksftr lsfeukj ¼28 ls 30 ekpZ] 1978½ esa gq, fopkj&foe'kZ esa Jh xksikynkl
th us dgk Fkk & ^^y[kuÅ ?kjkus esa ^vMxw th* uke gSA ^vMxw* uke jktLFkku dh
Hkk"kk ls feyrk gS] y[kuÅ cukjl dh rjQ dk ugha gSA ^vMx*] ^[kMx* ,sls 'kCn
jktLFkku esa gh gksrs gSA vr% lEHko gS ^vMxwth* jktLFkku fuoklh gksa rFkk ckn
esa y[kuÅ tkdj cl x, gksaA**32

30- ogh] i`"B& 181

31- 'kekZ MkW- t;panz] dFkd u`R;] fnXn'kZu] dykuqla/kku if=dk&tqykbZ] 1968 i`"B& 13&14

32- fjiksVZ] dk;Z'kkyk&dFkd u`R;&ubZ fnYyh] 28 ls 30 ekpZ] 1978] i`"B& 17

- 203 -
 bykgkckn dh gafM;k rglhy ds fuoklh Jh bZ'ojhizlknth feJ
gh y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds ewy iq:"k gSaA ,d fdaonarh ds vuqlkj Hkxoku~ Jhd`".k us
bUgsa dFkd u`R; ¼uVojh u`R;½ dk iqj:)kj djus ds fy, LoIu esa u`R; dh Hkkxor
cukus dk vkns'k fn;kA bZ'ojhizlknth bl dk;Z esa tqV x, vkSj mUgksaus 80 o"kZ
dh vk;q esa ;g dk;Z [Link] dj fy;kA vius lqiq= vM+xwth vkSj rqykjke ¼rsyxwth½
dks viuh lkS o"kZ dh vk;q rd u`R; f'k{kk nh vkSj mUgksaus Hkh vius oa'k&dk;Z dks
izk.k&iz.k ls fuHkk;kA vM+xwth ds rhu iq= ckck izxkl th ¼izxkl th½] n;kyth
vkSj gfjykyth gq,A
ekrk firk dh e`R;q ds ckn [kM+xwth us u`R; djuk NksM+ fn;k vkSj
rqykjketh us oSjkX; ys fy;kA vM+xwth us vius rhuksa iq+=ksa dks u`R; dh [Link]
f'k{kk nhA firk dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ izxklth ¼izdk'k th½ vius nksuksas Hkkb;ksa dks
ysdj y{[Link] vk x,] ftldk uke eqxy&dky esa y[kuÅ iM+kA ;gk¡ izxklth
uokc vkflQqÌkSyk ds njckjh u`R;dkj fu;qä gq,A izlkn th ds rhu iq= gq;s &
egkjkt nqxkZizlkn] egkjkt Bkdqj izlkn vkSj egkjkt ekuthA ckn'kkg us ekuth
dks flag dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k] vr% mudk uke ekuflag th iM+ x;kA
Bkdqjizlkn th okftnvyh 'kkg ds xq: fu;qä gq, vkSj ml le; mudks
xq:&nf{[Link] ds :i esa Ng ikydh Hkjdj :i;k fn;k x;kA
bl le; ls dFkd u`R; dk izpkj O;kid :i esa gqvkA vc rd dbZ
txgksa ij dFkd u`R; dk Lrj cgqr uhpk gks x;k Fkk] vr% Bkdqjizlkn }kjk
bldksa ^dFkd uVojh u`R; * u;k uke fn;k x;kA lu~ 1856 bZ- ds yxHkx
Bkdqjizlkn th dk nsgkolku gks x;kA vkidh [Link]'kiju cgqr izfl) FkhA
nqxkZil
z kn th ds rhu iq= gq,] fcanknhu] dkydkizlkn vkSj HkSja ksil
z knA
egkjkt fcanknhu dh u`R;&f'k{kk ukS o"kZ dh voLFkk] ls gh 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA pkj
o"kZ rd bUgsa dsoy ^frx] nk] fnx&fnx* pkj cksyksa dk gh vH;kl djk;k x;k Fkk]
tksfd fuR;&izfr ckjg&ckjg ?kaVs pyrk FkkA fcanknhu th us ianzglkS Bqefj;ksa dk
fuekZ.k djds rFkk Hkko ds vuqlkj muesa vax&fuekZ.k djds vk'p;Ztud dk;Z

- 204 -
fd;k FkkA eqfLye izHkko ds ckotwn Hkh fcUnknhu egkjkt us vius /kekZuqlkj
lkfRodrk ,oa ifo=rk dks cjdjkj j[kkA os d`".k HkDr Fks vkSj vkthou
czãpkjh jgsA
Lo- fcUnknhu egkjkt dk okftn vyh 'kkg ds njckj esa jguk
dRFkd u`R; ds bfrgkl esa ,d lq[kn ?kVuk gS D;ksafd okftnvyh 'kkg Lo;a a,d
vPNs urZd Fks ftudh fof/kor f'k{kk dRFkd uVojh u`R; esa fcUnknhu egkjkt ds
pkpk Bkdqj izlkn th ls gqbZ tks Lo;a ,d egku urZd Fks vkSj fcUnknhu egkjkt
th ds Hkh xq: FksA okftn vyh 'kkg dk fnekx Hkh [kwc pyrk Fkk vkSj os ,d mPp
dksfV ds dfo Hkh FksA blh dkj.k nksuksa dfo;ksa us feydj dRFkd u`R; esa dbZ xr
fudkl] Bqejh] x+t+y] Hktu vkSj NksVh&NksVh u`R; ukfVdkvksa dh jpuk dh vkSj
dRFkd u`R; dks [kwc ltk;k laokjk ftlls fd dRFkd u`R; vkt mPp dksfV dh
u`R;dyk dgykus ;ksX; cu x;k gSA33
mUgha fnuksa esa t;iqj ds dbZ fo[;kr urZd tSls guqeku izlkn th]
lqUnj izlkn th vkfn Hkkjr ds dksus&dksus esa Hkze.k djrs gq, u`R; djrs jgrs vkSj
lSadM+ksa f'k"; f'k";kvksa dks dRFkd dh f'k{kk nsrs FksA ijUrq budk ukp [Link] iz/
kku gksus ds dkj.k rky] rksM+s iju vkSj y;dkjh ij T;knk fuHkZj jgrk FkkA bZ'ojh
izlkn th ds LoIu esa d`".k th dk n'kZu nsus vkSj mudks uVojh u`R; dk ojnku
nsus ls y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh u`R;dyk esa ,d u;k eksM+ vk;k vkSj ;s lqUnj] HkfDr
,oa ykL; iz/kku cudj uVojh u`R; ds :i esa fodflr gqvk fQj Bkdqj izlkn th]
fcUnknhu egkjkt] dkfydk izlkn egkjkt rFkk uokc okftn vyh 'kkg tSls
egku jpukdkjksa ds ;ksxnku ls mRrerk dks izkIr gqvkA
bl [kwclwjr dyk ls vkdf"kZr gksdj t;iqj ?kjkus ds cM+s&cM+s
dykdkj y[kuÅ vkrs Fks vkSj Lo- Jh fcUnknhu egkjkt ls uVojh u`R; dh f'k{kk
ysdj os vius rky&y; iz/kku u`R; dks lkSan;Z ,oa Hkko iz/kku cukrs FksA fcUnknhu
egkjkt ,d nkuh izo`fRr ds O;fDr FksA >kÅyky iqy ds ikl fLFkr vius iqj[kksa

33- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 122

- 205 -
ds edku ds lkeus lM+d ds ml ikj mudk ,d NksVk lk edku vkSj gS ftlesa
t;iqj ?kjkus ds urZd vkSj vU; f'k";ksa dks t;iqj ?kjkus ds yksxksa dh rkyhe 'kq:
gksrh FkhA
t;iqj ?kjkus ds ia- lqUnjizlkn Lo;a fcUnknhu egkjkt ds vuU;
HkDr Fks tks t;iqj ?kjkus ds lcls T;knk izfl) dykdkj cu x;s FksA ;g
loZfofnr lR; gS fd lqUnj izlkn th us vius thou dky esa vius xq: Lo-
fcanknhu egkjkt ds Hkksx yxk;s fcuk [kkuk ugha [kkrs FksA muds ?kj esa ,d [kkyh
dqlhZ jgrh Fkh ftls os xq: xn~nh ekudj iwtk djrs FksA lokjh ij Lo- fcanknhu
egkjkt th dh rlohj j[kdj os 'kgj esa lSj djokrs FksA mudh e`R;q ds ckn
mudh iRuh Hkh egkjkt th dks Hkksx yxk;s fcuk [kkuk ugha [kkrh FkhaA ,sls
xq:HkDr Fks osA mu fnuksa ?kjkus dk >xM+k ugha Fkk vkSj fcanknhu egkjkt Hkkjr
ds lHkh urZdksa esa mPp dksfV ds xq: ekus tkrs FksA
fcanknhu egkjkt ds u`R;dyk dh xgjkbZ ,d vkSj ?kVuk ls fofnr
gksrh gSA dgrs gSa fd ,d le; ukFk }kjdk esa Bkdqj th ds eafnj esa os n'kZu djus
x, Fks exj buds tkus rd eafnj ds iV can gks pqds FksA fcUnknhu egkjkt us ;g
Bku fy;k Fkk fd vkt Bkdqj th ds n'kZu djds gh tkšxk rFkk njokts ds ikl
gh fdlh Hktu dks xkrs gq, ?kaVksa u`R; djrs jgsA Hkko foHkksj gksdj os Jh d`".k ds
n'kZu ds fy, ukpus yxs FksA ns[krs&ns[krs eafnj dh ?kafV;k ctus yxh vkSj eafnj
ds iV vius vki [kqy x;sA Lo;a d`".k th ml fnu fcUnknhu egkjkt dks n'kZu
fn;k vkSj mudh HkfDr rFkk HkkoukRed u`R;dyk ls izlUu gksdj muls oj ekaxus
ds fy, dgk rc fcUnknhu egkjkt us dgk fd Hkxoku eq>s uVoj Hks"k nhft,A
^^rFkkLrq** dgdj d`".k vUr/kkZu gks x;sA mlds ckn fcUnknhu egkjkt ds u`R;
vkSj vka[kksa esa lk{kkr~ d`".k th dk :i fn[kus yxk FkkA os dksbZ [wkclwjr O;fDr
ugha Fks exj tc Hkh u`R; djrs rks yksxksa dks ;gh yxrk fd lk{kkr~ d`".k Hkxoku
muds le{k u`R; dj jgs gSaA34

34- ogh] i`"B& 123

- 206 -
 fcUnknhu egkjkt ds NksVs HkkbZ dkyh izlkn ftudks dkfydk izlkn
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] ,d Å¡ps iwjs] gV~Bs dV~Vs vkSj [kwclwjr O;fDr FksA vius
cM+s Hkzkrk fcUnknhu egkjkt dh rjg ;s Hkh vius ?kjkusnkj u`R; ijEijk esa fu".kkr
Fks vkSj lkFk gh lkFk i[kkot ,oa rcyk oknu esa Hkh n{k FksA tgk¡ ij fcUnknhu
egkjkt Hkko iz/kku u`R; ds /kuh Fks ogha ij dkfydk izlkn egkjkt y; iz/kku
u`R; esa ikjaxr FksA nksukas Hkkb;ksa us vius vyx fo/kkvksa dks tksM+dj dRFkd uVojh
u`R; dks vkSj laqnj rFkk izHkko'kkyh cuk;kA nksukas Hkkb;ksa esa bruk xgjk I;kj Fkk
fd cgqr de ,d nwljs ls nwj jgrs Fks vkSj ,d lkFk u`R; djrs FksA mu fnuksa esa
;s nksuksa HkkbZ ^^jke y{e.k** dh tksM+h ds uke ls e'kgwj FksA vkf[kjh fnuksa esa os
y[kuÅ NksM+dj cukjl tkdj cl x;s Fks vkSj ogka ds rok;Qksa vkSj vU;
O;fDr;ksa dks dRFkd vkSj Bqejh xk;dh dh f'k{kk nhA 'kEHkw egkjkt dkfydk
izlkn th ds iq= FksA
y[kuÅ njckj esa fodflr gksus ls igys dRFkd u`R; djus okyksa ds
dsUnz v;ks/;k vkSj cukjl esa FksA ;g jkl ijEijk eFkqjk rFkk czt ds vklikl
iYyfor gqbZA tsEl fizalst }kjk 1825 esa dh xbZ cukjl dh [Link] esa cryk;k
x;k gS fd bl le; uxj esa dRFkd djus okyksa dh ,d lkS ls vf/kd tkfr;k¡ Fkha
vkSj vU; [Link] ds vk/kkj ij MkW- lquhy dksBkjh viuk er O;Dr djrs gS fd
mRrj izn's k ds eq[; uxjksa esa 58 dRFkd laLFkku FksA ml dky esa ;g O;olk; izkS<+
Fkk vkSj mlds izfrfuf/k mRrj Hkkjr esa pkjksa rjQ QSys FksA mijksDr rF;ksa ds vk/
kkj ij ;g fu:fir gksrk gS fd fcUnknhu egkjkt ds iwoZt mRrj izns'k ds gh FksA
ftuesa ls izdk'k th vkflQqn~nkSyk ds 'kklu dky esa y[kuÅ vk;s Fks vkSj ogha
ls y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ FkhA gks ldrk gS buds iwoZtksa ds f'k"; gh
v;ks/;k vkSj cukjl esa tk cls gksaxs bu 'kgjksa esa dRFkd dk izpkj fd;k gksxkA35
Lo- Bkdqj izlkn th] fcUnknhu egkjkt] muds HkkbZ Lo- dkfydk
izlkn th vkSj uokc okftn vyh 'kkg ;s pkjksa egkiq:"kksa ds l`tukRed iz;klksa ds
QyLo:i gh dRFkd u`R; tSlh cgqe[q kh u`R;dyk dk m)o gks ldkA
35- ogh] i`"B& 125

- 207 -
 dkfydk izlkn th ds rhu iq=ksa esa vPNu egkjkt th lcls cM+s FksA
budk vlyh uke txUukFk izlkn feJ FkkA lcds pgsrs gksus ds dkj.k ;s vPNs
HkS;k ds uke ls izfl) FksA /khjs&/khjs ;gh uke vPNu egkjkt ds :i esa izfl)
gqvkA budks ckY;dky ls gh xqf.k;ksa vkSj fo)kuksa dk laidZ izkIr gqvkA fcUnknhu
egkjkt vkSj dkydk izlkn egkjkt vius le; ds xk;dksa vkSj okndksa dks ?kj
ij j[kdj vPNu egkjkt dks u`R; ds lkFk&lkFk xk;u ,oa oknu esa Hkh mPp
[Link] ds dykdkj cukus esa dksbZ dlj ckdh ugha j[khA izR;sd ?kjkus dh vyx&vyx
fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSaA vPNu egkjkt th dks lHkh ?kjkus dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks [kqydj
,df=r djus dk volj izkIr gqvkA mudk xkuk lqudj cM+s cM+s xk;d gSjr esa
iM+ tkrs Fks vkSj tc vPNu egkjkt rcyk ctkrs Fks rks dksbZ ugha dg ldrk Fkk
fd ;s rcyk oknd ugha gSa tcfd mudk [kkunkuh dke u`R; FkkA rhoz cqf) gksus
ds dkj.k vPNu egkjkt th us cgqr 'kh?kz gh u`R; dh f'k{kk [Link] :i ls izkIr dj
yhA u`R; ds lkFk&lkFk muds firk o fcUnknhu egkjkt mUgsa laLd`r] fgUnh] mnZw
vkSj Qkjlh dh Hkh f'k{kk fnyokbZA
okftn vyh 'kkg ds iru ds i'pkr jkeiqj ucko gkfen vyh us
vius njckj esa xqf.k;ksa vkSj dykdkjksa dks vkJ; fn;kA uokc jkeiqj ds vkJ; esa
tc vPNu egkjkt] yPNw egkjkt vkSj 'kEHkw egkjkt igqaps rks fcUnknhu egkjkt
ds Hkrhts gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa rqjar jktdh; vuqxzg feykA jkeiqj uokc dyk ds
mikld gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Lo;a ,d mPp dksfV ds dykdkj FksA dgrs gSas fd
vPNu egkjkt Lo;a uokc jkeiqj ds xaMkca/k 'kkfxnZ FksA os 18 o"kZ rd jkeiqj
njckj esa jkturZd jgsA
vPNu egkjkt Hkko] rky rFkk y; ds iafMr FksA os rS;kjh esa ftrus
cstksM+ Fks vfHku; esa vlk/kkj.k izfrHkkoku FksA rhurky ds vfrfjDr vU; dfBu
rkyksa esa ;s cM+h lqxerkiwoZd u`R; djus dh {kerk j[krs Fks y[kuÅ 'kgj ls mudks
cM+k I;kj FkkA LFkwy 'kjhj ds ckotwn Hkh vPNu egkjkt th nzqry; esa pDdjnkj
Hkzekfj;ksa dks cM+h dkseyrk vkSj lgtrk ds lkFk izLrqr djrs FksA
vPNu egkjkt th dbZ ckj njckjksa esa njckjh urZd ds :i esa jgs

- 208 -
ftuesa jkeiqj] Hkksiky] vkSj jk;x<+ izeq[k gSA lcls yacs le; rd os jkeiqj esa jgs
ftldh ppkZ dqN gn rd blds iwoZ dh tk pqdh gSA muds Hkksiky izokl ds le;
dk bfrgkl vc rd miyC/k ugha gks ldk exj muds jk;x<+ ls lacaf/kr thou
ds lEcU/k esa MkW- ih-Mh- vk'khokZne us vius 'kks/k xzaFk ^^jk;x<+** ds jktk pdz/kj
flag th dk thou ,oa dRFkd u`R; esa muds ;ksxnku dk foLrkj ls [Link] fd;k
gSA mUgksaus jktk pØ/kj flag ds tekus ds jk;x<+ ds o`) dykdkjksa dks ns[kk vkSj
ftudks jktk ds lRlax dk volj feyk mu yksxksa ds dFkukuqlkj ml egku
dykdkj ds O;fDrRo ,oa dyk dkS'ky ds laca/k esa foLr`r :i ls ppkZ dhA
vPNu egkjkt lu~ 1933 ds vklikl jkeiqj njckj ls jk;x<+
igqapsA mu fnuksa esa jk;x<+ esa jktk pØ/kjflag jkt dj jgs Fks vkSj ns'k Hkj ds
dykdkjksa ds izfr muds [Link] O;ogkj dh ppkZ;sa gksus yxh FkhA ns'k ds gj
dksus ls laxhrdkj ]urZd ,oa igyoku vkfn jk;x<+ esa vkdj jktkJ; ikus yxs
FksA jkeiqj njckj NksM+dj jk;x<+ igqap x;sA jktk pdz/kj flag mudk u`R;
ns[kdj vk'p;Zpfdr gks x;s vkSj mUgsa jk;x<+ esa gh jksd fy;kA jkeiqj ds uokc
gkfen vyh Hkh vPNu egkjkt ds u`R; dks csgn ilan djrs Fks vkSj mUgsa fdlh
dher ij NksM+us dks rS;kj ugha Fks blhfy, uokc lkgc us vPNu egkjkt dks
okil ys tkus ds fy, iqfyl rd Hksath pwafd vPNu egkjkt th tkuk ugha pkgrs
Fks vr% jktk pØ/kj flag us mudh lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk djds jkeiqj uokc dks
lans'kk Hkstk fd vPNu egkjkt jk;x<+ esa gh jguk pkgrs gSaA
jk;x<+ esa vPNu egkjkt th us njckjh urZd dkfrZd jke] dY;k.k
nkl] CkeZu yky ,oa fQjrw nkl dks u`R; dh f'k{kk nhA36
oyhgn cgknqj Hkh buds fe= Fks mUgha ds cqykus ij os gSnjkckn x;s
vkSj dqN o"kZ gSnjkckn esa jgus ds ckn os iqu% cEcbZ pys x, vkSj ogka vius thou
ds rhl iSrhal o"kZ fcrk,A dqN le; rd ;ksX; f'k";&f'k";kvksa dks dRFkd u`R;
dh f'k{kk nsus ds i'pkr~ mUgsa pyfp=ksa esa u`R; funsZ'ku ds volj feyus yxs vkSj

36- ogh] i`"B& 123

- 209 -
ns[krs&ns[krs fgUnh fQYe txr esa vPNu egkjkt th loksZPp u`R; funsZ'kd ds
:i esa mHkjsA mUgksaus yxHkx Ms<+ lkS ls Hkh vf/kd fQYeksa esa u`R; funsZ'ku fn;k
ftuesa thou e`R;q] ,d gh jkLrk] rhljh dle] ikdhtk ,oa eqxy&,&vkt+e
vkfn izfl) gSaA
y[kuÅ dk dRFkd ?kjkuk&Hkko ,oa vfHku; iz/kku gksus ds dkj.k
dRFkd u`R; dh [Link] dk dsUnz jgkA egkjkt fcanknhu bl Hkko&Hkwfe dks
izfrf"Br djus okys blds tud Fks gh] fdarq muds Hkrhtksa] fo'ks"k :i ls vPNu
egkjkt] yPNw egkjkt vkSj 'kaHkw egkjkt us Hkko [Link] vkSj jl ykfyR; dks iwjs
'kjhj lapkyu ds lkFk bruh egkjr ds lkFk tksM+k fd n'kZdksa dks u`R; ds lk{;
ls mBkdj nwljh vykSfdd vuqHkwfr;ksa ls tksM+ fn;kA vPNu egkjkt bl dyk ds
ikjaxr vkpk;ksZa esa FksA vPNu egkjkt us gh vius nksuksa NksVs HkkbZ;ksa yPNw vkSj 'kaHkw
dks u`R; dh f'k{kk nh{kk nhA oSls rks bu lcdks egjkt fcanknhu dh lk{kkr ijaijk
dk oSHko izkIr Fkk ghA y[kuÅ ?kjkus us ^u`R; vax* ¼in lapkyu½] rky ds lkFk
iwjs 'kjhj dh y;kRedrk] iju cksy vkSj VqdM+ksa ds ek/;e ls fQj ^xr vax* ftlesa
,d fLFkfr fo'ks"k ;k jk/kkd`".k dh yhyk ds fdlh va'k dh izLrqfr vkSj fQj
^vfHku; vax* ftlesa ik=] fLFkfr;k¡] laxhrkRedrk dh dYiuk vkSj eqnzk dkS'ky ls
n'kZd dks ,djl djus dk ;Ru] ;g lc dqN ,d gh mRl esa leksus dk ladYi
fd;k FkkA yPNw egkjkt Hkkoksa dh vnk;xh esa cM+s gh dYiuk'khy ekus x;s FksA
muds vaxksa dk lapkyu mudh dYiuk dks lkdkj djus esa cM+h gh lw{erk ls Lor%
gks tkrk FkkA d:.kk] izse] J`axkj] euksoSKkfud pSrU; bu la;ksxksa dks yPNw egjkt
us vius u`R;ksa esa Lo;a rks mrkjk gh gS blds vykok tc mUgksaus dRFkd u`R; dh
ewy'kSyh esa fdruh gh u`R; ukfVdkvksa ¼cSys½ dh la;kstuk dh rc mudh vHkwriwoZ
{kerk dk n'kZu gqvk gSA Hkkoksa dks laxhre; djuk vkSj fQj mUgsa rkye; djds
n'kZd dks vuqHkwr djkuk ;g fdlh Hkh l{ke urZd ds fy, pqukSrh gSA yPNw
egkjkt us ;g pqukSrh lgt gh Lohdkj dh FkhA ^ekyrh ek/ko* ls ysdj xkSrecq)
vkSj jk/kkd`".k&yhyk laca/kh vusd fo"kk;ksa ij ftl rjg yPNw egkjkt us nfl;ksa
cSys cuk;s gSa] muesa mudh jpuk izfrHkk dk cstksM+ uewuk feyrk gSA u`R; lajpuk]

- 210 -
vkdkjksa dk oS;fDrd&izn'kZu vkSj fQj ^laiqatu vkSj muls fofHkUu vkd`fr;ksa vkSj
mudh lkSan;kZuqHkwfr&;g ^dksfj;ksxzkQh* dk {ks= gSA yPNw egkjkt us cSys dh jpuk
esa vkSj fQYeksa esa u`R;ksa ds n`';ca/kksa esa ^dksfj;ksxkz Qh* esa viuh vPNh igqp
¡ dh [;kfr
vftZr dhA37
ftl izdkj fcanknhu egkjkt njokjksa esa u`R; fl[kkrs gq, Hkh viuh
u`R;dyk dh /kkfeZdrk dks ugha NksM+k Fkk mlh izdkj yPNw egkjkt us fQYeksa esa
u`R; funsZ'ku djrs gq, Hkh dRFkd u`R; dh 'kkL=h;rk ,oa [kwclwjrh dks u"V ugha
gksus fn;kA os fQYeksa esa mUgha xkuksa ij iwjk funsZ'ku djrs Fks ftuesa dRFkd u`R;
dks viuh iwjh lqUnjrk ds lkFk mHkjus dk volj fey ldrk FkkA bl izdkj
mUgksaus fQYeh u`R;ksa esa ,d Økafrdkjh ifjorZu fd;kA budh izflf) ds dkj.k gh
bUgsa cEcbZ ds Mkal Mk;jsDVlZ ,lksfl,'ku dk izSlhMsUV cuk;k x;k FkkA cacbZ dh
tkus ekus fQYeh gfLr;ksa ds lkFk egkjkt th dh ?kfu"V fe=rk FkhA ftuesa
deky vejksgh] ds- vkflQ] lR;thr jk;] ukS'kkn] nsokuan] jktdiwj vkfn ize[q k gSAa
budh fQYe txr esa ,oa cEcbZ ds izokl ds le; izeq[k f'k";kvksa
esa flrkjk nsoh] dkS'kY;k] e/kqckyk] ne;Urh tks'kh] [Link] HkkVs] in~ek 'kekZ]
f'kouh] iaM;
~ k] e/kqferk lkjax] dfiyk jkt] dqedqe JhokLro] vkseizdk'k] ekyfodk
ljdkj] dqedqe?kjA vkfn vkt ds lqizfl) dykdkj ekus tkrs gSaA
lu~ 1972 esa os cEcbZ NksM+dj y[kuÅ vius iqj[kksa ds fuokl LFkku
esa vkdj jgus yxsA y[kuÅ ds laxhr ukVd vdkneh esa ,d dRFkd dsUnz dh
LFkkiuk dj mlesa yPNw egkjkt us u`R; funsZ'kd ds :i esa vius thou ds vafre
{[Link] esa ubZ 'kfDr] mRlkg ,oa fu"Bk ds lkFk ;gk¡ ij vkius panzkoyh o xkSre cq)
nks u`R; ukfVdk,¡ rS;kj dhA bl dk;Z esa ml le; ds laxhr ukVd vdkneh ds
rRdkyhu lfpo Jh eygks=k th vkSj vkbZ-,-,l- vkQhlj /kj lkgc ,oa Jh
f'kjksef.k 'kekZ th dk egku ;ksxnku jgkA38

37- oekZ ds'kopanz] dksf'k'k laxhr le>us dh] iznhi izdk'ku bykgkckn] izFke laLdj.k& 1988] i`"B& 194

38- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 133

- 211 -
 yPNw egkjkt dks ¼^egkjkt* dh mikf/k fcanknhu th dks ^Js"B
czkã.k fo}ku* ds :i esa feyh FkhA mlh dk iz;ksx muds ifjokj esa lHkh dks
miyC/k gqvk½ xk;u Hkh iwoZtksa ls izkIr gqvkA Bqejh] nknjk] iwjch] [;ky ;s lHkh
vax og xkrs Fks vkSj mUgsa lSdM+ksa cafn'ksa ;kn FkhaA ik¡p cjl dh voLFkk ls mUgsa
u`R; lh[kus dk volj feykA muds firk dkydkizlkn Js"B rcykoknd FksA
fcanknhu egkjkt us u`R; ds rks og izk.k FksA yPNw egkjkt dks vlyh u`R; f'k{kk
vPNu egkjkt us gh nhA39
fcanknhu egkjkt us cgqr gh [kwclwjr cafn'ksa cukbZa] Bqefj;ksa dh
jpuk dhA tks xoS;s xkrs Fks] [k;ky xkrs Fks] blfy, mlh vk/kkkj ij Bqefj;k¡ Hkh
jph xbZaA
yPNw egkjkt us vusd xtysa] gksjh] dfoÙk fy[ks o mu ij u`R;
jpuk,¡ cukbZ gSA n{k&;K dh dFkk ij ,d dfoÙk&jpuk dh] ftlesa n{k ds ?kj
;K dh rS;kjh gks jgh gS] vusd nsoh&nsork mifLFkr gSa] ysfdu f'ko&ikoZrh dks
ugha cqyk;k x;kA ikoZrh f'ko ls ogka pyus dk vkxzg djrh gS] ysfdu fcuk
fuea=.k ds f'ko tkus ls euk dj nsrs gSA ikoZrh f'ko ds fcuk vdsys ;K esa tkrh
gS] ogka lHkh mudk frjLdkj djrs gSaA vieku] yTtk o Øks/k ls Hkjh ikoZrh ogha
lrh gks tkrh gSaA bl dFkkud dks dfoÙk esa fy[kus o u`R;c) djus esa mUgsa lkr
lky yxs FksA blds vfrfjDr v)Zukjh'oj] ftlesa vk/kk 'kjhj f'ko dk o vk/kk
ikoZrh dk gS] ykL;&rkaMo ds bl [Link] in esa ukjh&iq:"k ds] f'ko&ikoZrh ds
u[k&f'k[k J`axkj dk [Link]] gko&Hkko] eqnzkvksa }kjk cgqr gh lqanj o ltho fd;k
x;k gSA bu nksuksa dfoÙkksa dks mudh f'k";k dfiyk cgqr gh lqanj <ax ls iznf'kZr
djrh Fkha] ftlesa yPNw egkjkt dk vax] lkSan;Z Li"Vr% eq[kfjr gksdj mHkjrkA
;g iafDr nsf[k;s &
ckth ?kj vkbZ] ckth ns[kks&ns[kks dksbZ
ckth g¡l cksys] ckth djr fdyksysa
39- oekZ ds'kopanz] dksf'k'k laxhr le>us dh] iznhi izdk'ku bykgkckn] izFke laLdj.k& 1988] i`"B& 195

- 212 -
 ckth lax ykxh Mksysa] lq/k fcljh lc ?kj dh
ckth u /kjs /khj] ckth u lekus phj]
ckth ds ;qxy uhj] nkokuy Hkj dhA
ckth dgs ckth&ckth] ckth dgs dgka ckth]
ckth dgs ckth] calh lk¡ojs lq?kj dhA
u`R;&ukfVdkvksa esa ^ekyrh&ek/ko* lu~ 1957 es]a ^Hkkjrsna q dh pankz orh*]
^xksdqy dh xyh*] ^vkezikyh*] ^xkSre cq)* u`R;&ukfVdk,¡ cukbZA ij ewy:i ls
yksd&u`R; ij vk/kkfjr fdlku dh vej dgkuh dks [Link] yPNw egkjkt xk¡o ds
thou ls feyhA muds la?k"kZe; d"[Link] thou ij vk/kkfjr ;g dFkk cgqr gh
d:.k gSA fdlku] tks o"kkZ ds vkljs viuk thou&;kiu djrk gS] o"kkZ ds fy,
bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk djrk gSA var esa o"kkZ gh mlds thou esa [kqf'k;k¡ o mYykl Hkjrh gSA
yPNw egkjkt ds vuqlkj dFkd u`R; ,d 'kkL=h; u`R; gS] ftlesa
in&lapkyu] VqdM+s] rksM+ksa dk izn'kZu gksrk gS] rks Bqejh] xty vkfn Hkh vfHkuhr
fd, tkrs gSA ysfdu u`R; esa dksjs rksM+s o VqdM+s ukp ysuk Hkh ljdl dh rjg
yxrk gS] tc rd mlesa lqanj vax o Hkko ughaA Hkko&eqnzk ds fcuk VqdM+k dguk]
gkFk&iSj Qasdus tSlk yxrk gSA ;gka rd fd ij.k Hkh [Link] gksuk pkfg,A u`R;
esa lkfRodrk dk;e j[kus dk mUgksaus Hkjld iz;kl fd;k] fQYe esa Hkh dFkd u`R;
ds ikjLifjd Lo:i dks dk;e j[krs gq, mUgksaus u`R;&funsZ'ku fd;kA
yPNw egkjkt ds vuqlkj ifjorZu djuk cqjk ugha gSA u`R; rks ,d
deZ gS] tkfr ughaA vxj le; ds lkFk ifjorZu u fd;k tk,] rks mldk fodkl
:d ldrk gSA ifjorZu djrs le; mlds 'kkL=h; [Link] ¼O;kdj.k½ ds ewy
fu;eksa dk mYya?ku ugha djuk pkfg,A vxj f'k"; ;k f'k";k bl ;ksX; gS] mlesa
bruh rkdr gS fd og viuh mit iSnk dj lds] rks vo'; djuh pkfg,A
gLrd&eqnzk,¡ rky] y;] Nan vkfn ewy fu;eksa dks t:j /;ku esa j[ksaA40

40- laxhr] ekfld if=dk&ys[k] vDVwcj& 1978] gkFkjl m-iz- i`"B&27&28

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 muds viwoZ o Bksl dykRed dk;ksZa ls izHkkfor gksdj lu~ 1957 esa
^laxhr&ukVd&vdkneh ,okMZ* lu~ 1958 esa ^jk"Vªifr&ind* o lu~ 1974 esa
^jkT;&vdkneh ,okMZ* ls yPNw egkjkt dks lEekfur fd;kA
fQYeksa esa dFkd u`R; dh ;kn vkrs gh ^xkbM* dk liZ&u`R;
ekul&iVy ij mHkj vk;k] ftls oghnk jgeku us dqN gh fnuksa esa lh[k fy;k
FkkA ^rhljh dle* dk u`R; ^iku [kk;ks lS;ka gekjks* esa Hkh ,d vksj oghnk jgeku
dk u`R;] rks nwljh vksj e/kqckyk }kjk ^eksgs iu?kV is uanyky NsM+ x;ks js* xhr
ij u`R; yPNw egkjkt dh ;kn dks rktk dj nsrk gSA ^ikdhtk* esa ehuk dqekjh
us dbZ u`R; fd, FksA ^ikdhtk* esa dFkd u`R; ds dbZ :i mHkjdj vk, Fks] Bqejh]
rjkuk] 'kkL=h; u`R;] 'kh'ks ij u`R; o cSBdj Hkko fn[kkuk vkfnA ^BkM+s jfg;ks vks
ck¡ds ;kj*] ^bUgha yksxksa us ys yhuk nqiV~Vk* xhr dkQh yksdfiz; gq,A41
yPNw egkjkt th ds xaMkca/k f'k"; MkW- ih-Mh- vkf'kokZne~ bafnjk
dyk laxhr fo'ofo|ky;] [kSjkx<+ ds u`R; foHkkx esa izksQslj] foHkkxk/;{k ,oa vf/
k"Bkrk ds :i esa dk;Zjr Fks vkSj egkjkt th dh u`R; ijEijk dks [kSjkx<+ esa
LFkkfir dj dbZ mPp dksfV ds f'k"; f'k";kvksa dks rS;kj dj pqds gSa ftuesa izks-
ekaMoh flag izeq[k gSaA vPNu egkjkt dks u`R;&f'k{kk egkjkt dkydkizlkn rFkk
fcanknhuth ls izkIr gqbZ FkhA42
ftl le; 'kaHkw egkjkt dh vk;q dsoy vkB o"kZ dh Fkh] egkjkt
fcanknhu us mudks xaMk ck¡/k fn;kA e`R;q ds le; egkjkt fcanknhu us vPNu
egkjkt ds gkFk esa vkB o"khZ; 'kaHkw egkjkt dk gkFk nsdj dgk Fkk fd ;g rqEgkjk
HkkbZ ugha iq= gSA vxj bldks rqeus uVojh u`R; dh f'k{kk ugha nh] rks esjh vkRek
dks pSu ugha feysxkA 'kaHkw egkjkt dh voLFkk tc rsjg o"kZ dh gqbZ rks mudh
ekrk us cukjl ds mLrkn jgheqn~nhu [kk¡ ds gkFk esa bUgsa lkSaidj dgk fd ;g
rqEgkjk iq= gS] bls Bqejh dh f'k{kk nksA vr% Ng ekl y[kuÅ esa vkSj Ng ekl

41- laxhr] ekfld if=dk] ys[k&&vDVwcj&1978] gkFkjl m-iz- i`"B&34

42- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 140

- 214 -
QStkckn esa 'kaHkw egkjkt dks dsoy Bqejh dh f'k{kk izkIr gqbZA pkSng o"kZ dh vk;q
gksus ij 'kaHkw egkjkt dks mudh ekrk jkeiqj LVsV ys xbZ] tgk¡ vPNu egkjkt
njckj ds urZd FksA ogk¡ pkSng ls vBkjg o"kZ dh vk;q rd vPNu egkjkt us 'kaHkw
egkjkt dks u`R; dh f'k{kk nhA blds ckn 'kaHkw egkjkt y[kuÅ vk x, vkSj ogk¡
uVojh u`R; dk izpkj djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k rFkk vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxhr&lEesyu
esa u`R;&izn'kZu djds izFke iqjLdkj izkIr fd;kA
'kaHkww egkjkt th ,d mPp dksfV ds xk;d Hkh FksA xk;u dh f'k{kk
loZizFke mLrkn fiz;k tku ¼iatkc okys½] mLrkn vehj [kk¡ ¼ifV;kyk ?kjkus ds½
vkfn ls izkIr dhA vkSj tc os vius HkkbZ;ksa ds lkFk jkeiqj x;s ogka mLrkn
eqLrkd gqlSu ls rhu o"kZ rd [k;ky xkus dh f'k{kk izkIr dhA rnqijkar Bqejh
xk;d ds mLrkn eksb;qn~nhu [kk¡ ds NksVs HkkbZ mLrkn jgheqn~nhu [kk¡ ls QStkckn
tkdj Ms<+ lky rd Bqejh lh[khA mijksDr fopkj Lo- Jh foØeflag us viuh
iqLrd ^^uVojh u`R; ekyk** esa izLrqr djrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd lu~ 1947 esa 'kEHkw
egkjkt vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ks y[kuÅ ls 'kkL=h; laxhr ds dk;ZØe izLrqr djrs
FksA /khjs&/khjs [k;ky xk;dh NksM+dj 'kEHkw egkjkt us Bqejh xk;u 'kSyh dks
viuk fy;k] D;ksafd dRFkd u`R; esa Bqejh xk;dh [k;ky xk;dh ls vf/kd
mi;ksxh gSA os Lo;a Hkh Bqejh ds cksy fy[krs vkSj /kqu cukdj xkrs gq, eu eksgd
vfHku; izLrqr djrs FksA muds vfHku; esa mnwZ ds 'kCnksa ,oa mnwZ ds xt+y vkfn dk
iz;ksx gksrk Fkk] tcfd foanknhu egkjkt dh cfn'kksa esa czt Hkk"kk dk gh vf/kd
iz;ksx gqvk gSA43
fcjtw egkjkt muds lkFk gh jgrs Fks vksj muls gh vius ?kjkus dh
dRFkd dh f'k{kk izkIr dj jgs FksA lkFk gh lkFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dRFkd dh f'k{kk
nsus esa ,oa u`R; ukfVdkvksa dks fuekZ.k esa mUgsa fo'ks"k lg;ksx nsrs FksA dRFkd u`R;
esa 'kklu }kjk Nk=o`fRr izkIr dj 'kEHkw egkjkt ds ikl lh[kus ds fy, gj izkar
ls fo|kFkhZ Hksts tkrs Fks] os nks ;k rhu o"kZ ds izf'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ vius vius izkarksa
esa tkdj dRFkd u`R; dh lgh rkyhe nsrs FksA bl izdkj Hkkjr ds dksus dksus esa
43- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 138

- 215 -
'kq) dRFkd&uVojh u`R; dk izpkj djus esa 'kEHkw egkjkt dk viwoZ ;ksxnku jgkA
y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds lqfo[;kr u`R;kpk;Z 'kEHkw egkjkt viuh u`R;
Bqefj;ksa] HkkokfHkO;atuk rFkk 'kSyh dh fofo/krk ds fy, vf}rh; FksA Hkkoksa dk rks
mUgsa egku~ [Link] djuk pkfg,A ,d gh 'kCn ij lSdM+ksa fdLe ds Hkko vkSj
vUnkt fn[kkus esa mUgsa deky gkfly FkkA HkkoHkafxekvksa }kjk jl&l`f"V djus esa
mudk tcko ugha FkkA vius u`R; dkS'ky ds [Link]:i gh os ^u`R; lezkV* rFkk
^vfHku; pØorhZ* ds uke ls fo[;kr FksA 'kEHkw egkjkt us cSBdj Hkko crkus dh
izFkk 'kq: dhA HkkokfHkO;fDr esa yPNw egkjkt o fcjtw egkjkt Hkh fl) ekus tkrs
gSA44
'kaHkw egkjkt dRFkd u`R; dks uVojh u`R; dh laKk nsuk vf/kd
ilan djrs FksA D;ksafd ;g dyk uVoj d`".k ds }kjk mn~Hkqr gksdj mUgha dh
yhykvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA fcanknhu egkjkt ds ?kjkus esa vPNu egkjkt] yPNw]
egkjkt vkSj 'kEHkw egkjkt rhuksa esa 'kEHkw egkjkt gh vf/kd f'k"; rS;kj fd;s FksA
^^Hkkjrh; dyk dsUnz** esa vkus ds iwoZ vPNu egkjkt }kjk f'kf{kr dykdkjksa esa
dydRrk ds Jh d`".k egkjkt] gSnjkckn ds ia- jked`".k 'kqDyth] Lo- Jh
eksgujko dY;k.k iqjdj] Jherh flrkjk nsoh] Jh lq[knso egkjkt] foØeflag]
n;eUrh tks'kh] jsok fo|kFkhZ] MkW- iq# nk/khp vkfn vxzx.; gSa ftUgsa xq# f'k";
ijEijk esa ?kjkusnkj rkyhe feyh FkhA
^^Hkkjrh; dyk dsUnz** esa ink:<+ gksus ds i'pkr~ muds lSdM+ksa
'kkfxnZ rS;kj fueZyk tks'kh] dfiyk okRL;k;u gq,A ftuesa ls Jh ds'ko dksBkjh]
Jherh ek;kjko] lqJh fueZyk tks'kh] fcnq"kh dfiyk okRL;k;u Jherh dqeqnuh
ykf[k;k] Jherh Hkkjrh xqIrk] Jherh jhuk fla?kk] Jh xksikyjko] Jh rhjFkjke
vktkn] Jh d`".k dqekj egkjkt] Jh izrki i¡okj] lqJh mek 'kekZ] MkW- foHkk nk/
khp] jk;x<+ ds dkfrZd jke] dY;k.k nkl] vkfn eq[; gSaA buds vfrfjDr dbZ
cM+s&cM+s xq#vksa ds 'kkfxnksZa us muls FkksM+h cgqr f'k{kk izkIr dhA buds }kjk f'kf{kr
44- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B& 185
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 216 -
dykdkj vkt mPp dksfV ds dykdkj ds :i esa vius vius izkarksa esa dRFkd dh
ljkguh; lsok dj jgsa gSaA dRFkd txr dks ;g mudk cM+k ;ksxnku gSA45
vPNu egkjkt vFkkZr~ y[kuÅ&?kjkus dh lkroha ih<+h esa rhu iq=h
rFkk ,d iq= czteksguukFk feJ ¼fcjtw egkjkt½ gq,A 'kaHkw egkjkt dh pkj
larkuksa esa ls vktdy iq=h jkes'ojh nsoh rFkk iq= d`".keksgu ,oa jkeeksgu gSaA
Lo- 'kaHkw egkjkt us vkpk;Z in ij dk;Z djrs gq, fnYyh esa vius
f'k"; rS;kj fd,A yqPpw egkjkt ¼yPNw egkjkt½ us cEcbZ esa jgdj fQYeksa esa
u`R;&funsZ'ku dk dk;Z djrs gq, u`R;thoh oxZ esa viuh dyk dk ;Fkksfpr izlkj
fd;kA uVjkt xksihd`".k] ne;arh tks'kh] jks'kudqekjh rFkk flrkjk vkfn [;kfr&izkIr
dykdkj blh y[kuÅ&?kjkus dh nsu gSa] ftUgksaus Hkkjr ds lkFk&lkFk vU; ns'kksa
esa Hkh dFkd u`R; dk ;Fkksfpr izpkj fd;k gSA laHkzkar ckg~e.k ifjokj dh eSMe
esudk 'kkS[+ks ,d mPpdksfV dh urZdh FkhaA eSMe esudk dh vusd u`R; ukfVdkvksa
dk funsZ'ku yPNw egkjkt us fn;k ckiw dh vej dgkuh] ekyrh ek/ko] fojg
feyki] esudk ykL;] jk/ks fi;k I;kjh vkfnA
yxHkx 20 o"kZ fnYyh esa 'kEHkw egkjkt ls lh[krs gq, ns'k ,oa fons'k
dh lkaLd`frd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs gq, fcjtw egkjkt dRFkd ds ,d cstksM+
dykdkj ,oa xq: ds :i esa fodflr gq;sA blh nkSjku ^^fnYyh dRFkd dsUnz** dh
LFkkiuk gks xbZ vkSj 'kEHkw egkjkt vkSj fcjtw egkjkt mlds xq: ,oa lgk;d xq:
ds in ij fu;qDr gq,A mUgkssaus dRFkd ds rrdkj ,oa y;dkjh dks ,d ubZ fn'kk
iznku dhA Hkkjr ds vU; 'kkL=h; u`R;ksa ls dRFkd dks Åij mBkus esa dbZ
ljkguh; dk;Z fd;sA fxurh dh cafn'kksa dks izLrqr djus dh ,d ubZ fo/kk dks
dRFkd esa LFkku fnykdj dRFkd dks vf/kd jatd cuk;kA
fcjtw egkjkt us u`R; ukfVdkvksa ds vfrfjDr ^^xhrksins'k** ^^d`".kk;u**]
^^nkfy;k**] ^^ekyfodkfXufe=e**] ^^:iorh ckt cgknq j **] ^^gks j h
/kwe epks jh**] ^^dFkk j?kqukFk dh**] ^^xhr xksfoUn**] ^^gCck [kkrwu**] ^^y; ifjØek**]

45- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 140

- 217 -
^^ukf;dk**] ^^u`R; dsyh** vkSj ^^ekSu lk{kh**] vkfn u`R; ukfVdkvksa dk fuekZ.k dj
dRFkd esa ;'k izkIr fd;kA46
mUgsa dsUnzh; ^^laxhr ukVd vdkneh** dk jk"Vªh; iqjLdkj izkIr
gqvkA 1986 esa jk"Vªifr us in~efoHkw"k.k ls vyad`r gq,A ^^bafnjk dyk laxhr
fo'ofo|ky;**[kSjkx<+ us mUgsa lu~ 1983 esa MkDVjsV dh ekun~ mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr
fd;kA e/; izns'k 'kklu }kjk muds O;fDrRo dh vf}rh;rk vkSj Js"B
l`tu/kfeZrk ds fy, ^^dkyhnkl lEeku** ls foHkwf"kr ia- fcjtw egkjkt dks ns'k dh
vU; dbZ laLFkkvksa }kjk Hkh le;&le; ij dbZ mikf/k;ksa ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh utkdr] uQklr dks dk;e j[kdj rksM+s VqdM+ksa
ds lkFk fcjtw egkjkt dh fof'k"V 'kSyh gSA xq# f'k"; ijaijk dks tkjh j[krs gq,
fcjtw egkjkt us y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds vusd f'k"; f'k";kvksa dks rS;kj fd;k gS ftuesa
izeq[k gSa& d`".k eksgu] jke eksgu] Hkkjrh xqIrk] eqUuk 'kqDyk] vkseizdk'k feJ]
fiz;k izrki iaokj] 'kk'orh lsu] HkkLorh feJk] rhjFk vtekuh] jf'e] oktis;h]
vydk uqiqj] vfnfr eaxynkl] osjksfudk vtku] 'kksouk ukjk;.k] psruk tkyku]
izHkk ejkBs vkfnA
fcjtw egkjkt ,sls ijaijkoknh dykdkj gSa ftUgksaus izfrHkk'kkyh
jpukdkj] iz;ksxdRrkZ vkSj xq: ds :i esa Hkh izflf) ikbZ gSA

46- ogh] i`"B& 150

- 218 -
 y[kuÅ&?kjkus dh oa'k&ijEijk

bZ'ojhizlkn

vM+xwth [kM+xwth rqykjke

izdk'kth n;kyth ghjkykyth

nqxkZizlknth Bkdqjizlknth ekuflagth

fcanknhu egkjkt dkydkizlkn HkSajo izlkn

vPNu egkjkt yPNw egkjkt 'kaHkw egkjkt

fcjtw egkjkt 3 iqf=;ka jkes'ojh ia- d`".keksgu ia-jkeeksgu

ia- t;fd'ku nhid eerk dfork vuhrk

f=Hkqou jkfxuh HkkUts

ia- eqUukyky 'kqDyk

48-1 MkW- flEeh&us'kuy lsehukj] u`R; foHkkx] iatkch fo'ofo|ky;] ifV;kyk] la- MkW- Msth okfy;k&2012

i`"B&96] ISBN-978-81-302-0148-1

- 219 -
 4-1-4-5& cukjl ?kjkuk

cukjl vFkok tkudh izlkn ?kjkus dk mn~Hko rks jktLFkku gh gqvk

fdarq bldk [Link] fodkl cukjl esa gqvk blfy, ;g cukjl&?kjkus ds uke ls
fo[;kr gqvkA
t;iqj&?kjkus ls iwoZ jktLFkku esa ^';keynkl&?kjkuk* ds uke ls
,d vyx ?kjkuk fo[;kr Fkk] tks ckn esa nks Hkkxksa esa caV x;kA ,d t;iqj&?kjkuk
dgyk;k vkSj nwljk tkudhizlkn ?kjkukA t;iqj&?kjkus dk fodkl jktLFkku esa
gqvk vkSj tkudhizlkn&?kjkuk cukjl esa iYyfor gqvkA
tkudh izlkn&cukjl ?kjkus ds laLFkkid tkudhizlkn th FksA
jktLFkku esa ,d vfrizkphu ';keynkl ?kjkuk izpfyr Fkk tks vkxs pydj ik¡p
'kk[kkvksa esa foHkDr gks x;k FkkA bu ?kjkuksa ds uke gSa &
1- uRFkwyky dk ?kjkuk
2- fxj/kkjhyky th dk ?kjkuk
3- 'kadjyky th dk ?kjkuk
4- tkudhizlkn th dk ?kjkuk
5- t;iqj ?kjkuk48
tkudh izlkn th dk tUe egkjkt chdkusj ds jkT;&urZd lk¡oynkl
th ';keynkl ¼lkaoy½ ds oa'k esa gqvk FkkA muds iwot
Z pw: tuin ds esyl
w j xk¡o
ds fuoklh FksA lkaoynkl th ,d urZd ds lkFk mPpdksfV ds laxhrdkj rFkk
/kkfeZd izo`fRr ds O;fDr FksA dgk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus chdkusj esa ,d u;h
u`R;&'kSyh dks tUe fn;k FkkA og oSfnd NUnksa ij u`R; fd;k djrs FksA mudh
u`R;&'kSyh dk nwj&nwj rd uke QSyk gqvk Fkk vkSj vusd jkts&egkjkts mudk
u`R; ns[kus dks mUgsa ';keynkl dks vius ;gk¡ fueaf=r fd;k djrs FksA
tkudh izlkn th dk LoHkko cpiu ls gh fHkUu izdkj dk FkkA og
48- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 41

- 220 -
cgqr izfrHkk lEiUu Fks vkSj cpiu ls gh ;k rks u`R; ds vH;kl esa yxs jgrs Fks ;k
fQj Hktu&iwtk esa le; O;rhr djrs FksA tc og vkB o"kZ ds Fks] rc chdkusj
njckj esa mudk u`R; gqvkA mUgksaus ryokjsa [kM+h djds mudh /kkj ij u`R; fd;k
FkkA rHkh ls tkudh izlkn th egkjkt chdkusj dh utj esa p<+ x;s FksA mlds
ckn tc tkudh izlkn th 12 o"k ds gq, rc egkjkt chdkusj mUgsa xaxkuxj ds
,d jktlh lekjksg esa ys x;sA ogk¡ mudk u`R; egkjkt us djk;kA lekjksg esa
nwj&nwj ls vk;s leLr jkts rFkk lkear cky&urZd tkudh izlkn dh foy{k.k
izfrHkk ns[kdj pfdr jg x;sA tkudh izlkn th ds u`R; dh iz'kalk jkts&egkjktksa
ds ek/;e ls nwj&nwj rd QSy x;hA49
tkudhizlkn th dks chdkusj egkjkt dk cpiu ls gh iwjs jktoa'k&dk
I;kj&nqykj feyk gqvk FkkA LoHkko ls gh og HkDr FksA og ;k rks u`R;l dk
vH;kl djrs ;k Hktu&iwtu esa yxs jgrs FksA egkjkt jruflag th dh d`ik ls
og laLd`r dh f'k{kk Hkh ys jgs FksA o`Unkou ls xksLokeh xksfoUnyky th vk;s rks
os muls c`tHkk"kk dh f'k{kk ysus yxsA
tkudh izlkn th laLd`r] cztHkk"kk rFkk u`R; ds ije Kkrk FksA
mUgksaus jktdqekj c?ksyk d`r xazFk ^^jkl&foykl** dks ysdj u`R; dh u;h 'kSyh dk
fuekZ.k fd;kA ml 'kSSyh ds fy;s mUgksaus dsoy u`R; ds mu 'kq) cksyksa dk iz;ksx
fd;k] ftu cksyksa ij muds vkjk/; Hkxoku Jh d`".k jkl esa ukpk djrs FksA uVoj
ds u`R; ds cksyksa dk mUgksuas uVojh cksy uke fn;k vkSj mu cksyksa dk ,slk [Link]
cuk;k fd dRFkd u`R; dik iwjk Lo:i cny x;kA mUgksaus uohu 'kSyh esa jkl ds
'kq) 12 cksyksa dk foLrkj fd;k vkSj u`R; rd vfHku; ls mls vyad`r dj dRFkd
u`R; dks ,d u;h 'kSyh iznku dhA50
dgk tk pqdk gS fd tkudh izlkn th us u`R; dh viuh vyx
'kSyh cuk yh FkhA mlesa og dsoy u`R; ds 'kq) rFkk dksey /ofu okys cksyksa dk

49- vktkn rhjFkjke] dFkd Kkus'ojh] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFkd laLdj.k] i`"B&376

50- ogh] i`"B& 377

- 221 -
iz;ksx djrs FksA muds u`R; esa i[kkot] e`nax] rcyk vkfn ds cksyksa dk feJ.k ugha
gksrk FkkA og vius f'k";ksa ls dgk djrs Fks fd rcyk] i[kkot ds cksyksa ds le;
vlyh cksy rcyk ;k i[kkot okn ctkrk gSA urZd rks mu ij dsoy gkFk
fgykrk jgrk FkkA51
tkudh izlkn th dh u`R;&'kSyh bruh [Link] rFkk 'kq)&lkfRod
u`R; ds cksyksa ij vk/kkfjr Fks fd dqN gh le; esa lkjs ns'k esa yksdfiz; gks x;hA
muds lSdM+ksa f'k";ksa us mudh 'kSyh dks usiky] fcgkj] e/;izns'k] caxky] vklke]
mRrj izns'k] jktLFkku rFkk xqtjkr rd yksdfiz; cuk fn;k FkkA dsoy v;ks/;k
esa gh ml le; muds 20 f'k"; Fks\ ftUgksaus nwj&nwj rd /kwe epk j[kh FkhA os
yksx Jh jke dh tUeHkwfe esa Jhjke ds efUnjksa esa Jh d`".k vkSj jk/kk dh yhyk
ds yfyr izlaxksa dks dksey Hkafxekvksa ds lkFk cgqr lqUnj rjhds ls izLrqr djrs
Fks fd n'kZd ea=&eqX/k gksdj mUgsa ns[krs jg tkrs FksA
cukjl ,d izkphu ,oa /kkfeZd uxj gSA ifo= unh xaxk ds fdukjs
clk ;g uxj gtkjksa eafnjksa ls Hkjk iM+k gSA xaxk unh ds dkj.k ns'k&fons'k ls
J)kyq ;gk vkrs gSA cukjl ds jktkvksa us Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh j{kk vkSj fodkl
esa viuk vewY; ;ksxnku fn;k blh dkj.k cukjl esa laxhr dyk,¡ Qyh QwyhaA
tkudhizlkn th cukjl ds izfl) rcyk oknd ia- jke lgk; th
ds HkkbZ FksA tkudhizlkn th ds f'k";ksa esa rhu izeq[k FksA pqUuhyky] nwYgkjke vkSj
[Link]'khykyA buesa ls nwYgkjke vkSj [Link]'khyky tkudh izlkn ds HkkbZ Fks] vkSj
pqUuhyky f'k"; FksA pqUuhyky jktLFkku esa gh fuokl djus yxsA os L=h os'k esa
yksdu`R; djrs FksA tcfd tkudh izlkn th ds HkkbZ nwYgkjke vkSj [Link]'khyky
cukjl pys x;s vkSj bl /kkfeZd uxjh esa jgdj dRFkd u`R; dh lsok djus yxsA
nwYgkjke th ds rhu iq= gq,A fcgkjhyky] iwjuyky vkSj ghjkykyA
bu rhuksa esa fcgkjhyky ,d iz[;kr urZd gq, vkSj e/;izns'k esa bUnkSj ds
jktnjckj esa njckjh urZd cu x;sA fcgkjhyky ds Hkh rhu iq= gq, fd'kuyky]

51- ogh] i`"B& 378

- 222 -
eksguyky] vkSj lksguykyA buesa ls fd'kuyky cEcbZ esa u`R; f'k{kd cu x;sA
eksguyky rFkk lksguyky nksuksa HkkbZ nsgjknwu esa cl x;sA
fcgkjhyky ds HkkbZ iwjuyky ds Hkh nks iq= enuyky ,oa jkeyky
iatkc ds ifV;kyk esa cl x;sA iwjuyky Hkh cgqr fnuksa rd cEcbZ esa jgsA52
nwYgkjke ds rhljs iq= ghjkyky chdkusj esa dqN fnu rd jgs vkSj
mlds ckn os bUnkSj esa gh cl x;sA
tkudhizlkn ds nwljs HkkbZ [Link]'khyky ds Hkh rhu iq= gq,A ftuds
uke gS& guqekuizlkn] f'koyky vkSj xksikynklA vki rhuksa rRdkyhu Js"B urZd
FksA buesa ls guqeku izlkn th tEew] ifV;kyk] chdkusj vkSj usiky vkfn njckjksa
esa njckjh urZd Fks vkSj dqN le; ds fy, fnYyh esa ^^laxhr Hkkjrh** uked
laLFkku esa u`R; f'k{kd cu fnYyh esa gh jgsA
guqeku izlkn ds Hkh rhu iq= gq, ftuds uke gSa & uoyfd'kksj]
oa'kh/kj vkSj vksadkj izlkn ;s lHkh urZd fnYyh esa gh jgs vkSj u`R; dyk dk izpkj
izlkj esa dkQh ;ksxnku fn;kA guqeku izlkn th njckjh urZd ds :i esa dbZ
fj;klrksa esa jgs tSls&tew] ifV;kyk] chdkusj] usiky vkfnA
[Link]'khyky ds nwljs iq= f'koyky u`R; ls T;knk rcyk ctkus esa
n{k FksA bUgksaus viuk vf/kd le; cM+s Hkzkrk guqekuizlkn ds lkFk fcrk;kA
f'koykyth jk;x<+ ds jktk pØ/kj flag ds njckj esa Hkh dqN fnu jgs vkSj
jk;x<+ ds njckjh urZd Jh dkfrZdjke th dks u`R; dh f'k{kk nhA muds Hkh rhu
iq= gq, lq[knso] nqxkZizlkn vkSj dqanuykyA lq[knso vkSj nqxkZizlkn u`R;dyk dks
NksMd
+ j jktLFkku esa gh jgsA dqna uyky u`R; f'k{kd ds :i esa fnYyh esa jgs vkSj
dRFkd dsUnz esa dbZ f'k"; f'k";kvksa dks Hkh u`R; dh f'k{kk nhA
[Link]'khyky th ds rhljs iq= xksikynkl gq;s ftUgksaus viuk vf/
kdka'k le; ykgkSj esa fcrk;k budks iafMr xksiky Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA ;s dqN fnu
ifV;kyk njckj esa Hkh jgs vkSj ykgkSj rFkk iatkc esa dFkd u`R; dk izpkj izlkj
52- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 161

- 223 -
fd;kA fo[;kr urZd vkSj tkudhizlkn ?kjkus ds izfrfuf/k dykdkj iafMr
d`".kdqekj egkjkt bUgha ds lqiq= gSaA iafMr xksiky dh f'k"; ijEijk esa Hkwjs[kk¡
mQZ vkf'kd gqlSu ,d iz[;kr urZd gq;sA vkf'kd gqlSu dh f'k"; ijEijk esa Jh
gtkjhyky rFkk lqizfl) urZdh rkjk pkS/kjh gqb±A ftUgksaus dRFkd ds {ks= esa cgqr
[;kfr izkIr dhA Jh gtkjhyky cEcbZ ds ^^Hkkjrh fo|k Hkou** esa dRFkd f'k{kd
cu x;sA rkjk pkS/kjh Jhyadk esa Ldwy pykrh FkhA iafMr gtkjhyky dh /keZifRu
Jherh lqu;uk gtkjhyky varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr izkIr dj cukjl ds tkudhizlkn
?kjkus ds izpkj izlkj esa dkQh ;ksxnku fn;kA Jherh lqu;uk gtkjhyky cEcbZ
ds **Hkkjrh; fo|kHkou** esa u`R; f'kf{kdk jghaA53
iafMr xksiky ds lqiq= iafMr d`".kdqekj dh izkjafHkd f'k{kk vius gh
?kjkus ds guqeku izlkn th ,oa vfk'kd gqlSu }kjk gqbZ ijUrq ckn esa Hkkjr ljdkj
ds Nk=o`fRr ds varxZr os Lo- Jh 'kEHkw egjkt ls u`R; f'k{kk xzg.k djus gsrq
fnYyh vk;s vkSj y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh fof/kor~ f'k{kk izkIr dj fnYyh esa gh cl x;sA
ia- d`".kdqekj egkjkt [kwclwjrh ds /kuh FksA ?kjkusnkj dykdkj
gksus ds dkj.k vfHku;dky esa Hkh viwoZ n{krk j[krs FksA 'kEHkw egkjkt dh rkyhe
esa mUgsa ;qokoLFkk esa gh ,d dq'ky urZd cuk fn;k FkkA
fnYyh ds ^Hkkjrh; dyk dsUnz* vkSj ^laxhr ukVd vdkneh* ds
lg;ksx ls Jh 'kEHkw egkjkt] yPNw egkjkt vkSj ia- fcjtw egkjkt us rhu vfr
lqUnj u`R; ukfVdkvksa dh jpuk dh Fkh Øe'k% ^^'kkus vo/k** dqekj laHkoe** vkSj
^^ekyrh ek/ko**A bu u`R; ukfVdkvksa esa ia- d`".kdqekj egkjkt us Øe'k% okftnvyh
'kkg] 'kadj Hkxoku rFkk ek/ko dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ ,oa viwoZ [;kfr izkIr dhA ia-
fcjtw egkjkt us Lo;a Hkh Hkkx fy;k vkSj dqeqfnuh ykf[k;k] Hkkjrh xqIrk] ek;k
jko] jhuk fla?kk vkfn tks fd 'kEHkw egkjkt ds ikl f'k{kk izkIr dj jgha Fkha] us
Hkh Hkkx fy;kA budk laxhr funs'Z ku fo[;kr ?kjkusnkj xq: Mkxj ca/kqvksa us fn;k FkkA
tkudh izlkn ?kjkus ds izpkj izlkj esa izfrfuf/k dykdkj ds :i esa
53- ogh] i`"B& 162

- 224 -
gtkjhizlkn th ,oa ia- d`".kdqekj dk ;ksxnku viwoZ ,oa thoar gSA bl mez esa Hkh
ia- d`".kdqekj dk u`R; dkS'ky ljkguh; gSA mudk Hkko i{k bruk lqn`<+ vkSj
izHkko'kkyh gS fd n'kZd eksfgr gks tkrs gSA buds iq= v'kksd dqekj Hkh vPNs urZd
dgykrs gSaA gtkjh izlkn th ds ize[q k f'k"; gS&
a Jh lqn'kZu /khj] lqu;uk gtkjhyky]
[Link] ckxys] fl)h >kosjh] lqtkrk] thoudyk] js[kk dkuksydj] cky xks[kys]
la;qDrk [Link] bR;kfnA54
^^cukjl ?kjkus esa u`R; ds lkFk dsoy u`R; ds gh cksy iz;qDr gksrs
gSaA rcyk ;k i[kkot ds cksy ughaA blh rjg pDdj dk dke Hkh vU; ?kjkuksa dh
vis{kk de gh gksrk gSA ;gk¡ dk iwjk ukp fFkjdy ;k jkS gksrh gSA ;gk¡ dk ^^FkkV**
Hkh vyx gSA bl ?kjkus ds lRdkj ds izLrko dk <ax Hkh vyx gSA dk'kh&fo'oukFk
dh bl uxjh esa iqf"ir&iYyfor gksus ds dkj.k ;g u`R; O;fDr Hkkouk ls
vksr&izksr gS vkSj lkfRod vfHku; iz/kku gSA
4-1-4-6& cukjl ds lq[knso egkjkt dk dFkd esa ;ksxnku
lqfo[;kr u`R;kaxuk flrkjknsoh us vius firk ,o0a xq: ia- lq[knso
izlkn th ds uke ls lq[knso izlkn ?kjkuk LFkkfir fd;kA ia- lq[knso izlkn muds
ifjokjtu dh dyklfDr vkSj fu"Bk QyLo:i dRFkd u`R; dks vuqie ;ksxnku
feykA ftls dRFkd u`R; ds bfrgkl esa dHkh Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrkA ia- lq[knso
izlkn us viuh csfV;ksa vyduUnk] rkjk o flrkjk dks dFkd u`R; f'k{kk iznku dj
eap izn'kZu gsrq izksRlkfgr fd;k ftlls lekt esa bl u`R; dh izfr"Bk c<+hA ia-
lq[knso izlkn us dFkd u`R; dks ,d u;k eksM+ fn;kA
lq[knso egkjkt cukjl ds ,d czkã.k dqy esa tUes laLd`r ds
izdkaM fo}ku vkSj 'kkL=h; laxhr ds fuiq.k ;ks}k FksA dfork esa budh ;ksX;rk ls
lkjk laxhr txr ifjfpr gSA buds fy[ks gq, dbZ Nan vkSj dfork vkt Hkh laxhr
txr esa mRd`"V [Link] ds ekus tkrs gSaA ,d vPNs laxhrdkj] laLd`r fo}ku] dfo
,oa urZd gksus ds dkj.k bu pkjksa dykvksa ds lfEeJ.k ls rFkk ml le; izpfyr
54- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B& 192
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 225 -
mn;'kadj] esudk] jkexksiky rFkk johUnzukFk VSxksj vkfn dh u`R; ukfVdkvksa rFkk
vU; lkekftd u`R;ksa ls izsfjr gksdj mUgksaus Hkh os'k/kkjh u`R;ksa dk izn'kZu Hkkjr ds
dksus dksus esa fd;kA lq[knso egkjkt ml le; ds mPp dksfV ds urZdksa dh [Link]
esa fxus tkrs FksA bl ckr dk izek.k mn;'kadj }kjk jfpr fdrkc ^^Mkal vkQ
bafM;k** ¼vaxszth½ ds v/;;u ls feyrk gSA ftlesa lq[knso egkjkt th dh
;qokoLFkk dk fp= vkd"kZd u`R; Hkafxek esa eqfnzr gSA mn;'kadj th us vius xazFk
esa lq[knso egkjkt th ds fp= dks ekU;rk nh gSSA ml le; ds ;qok urZdksa esa
lq[knso egkjkt us Hkh [;kfr izkIr dh FkhA
dgk tkrk gS fd lq[knso egkjkt tc usiky njckj igq¡ps rc ogka
ij buds ppsjs HkkbZ Jh uudw egkjkt feJk ftUgsa uudw egkjkt dgk tkrk gS] ls
budh eqykdkr gqbZ tks ogk¡ ds njckjh urZd Hkh FksA uudw egkjkt dk u`R;
ns[kdj lq[knso egkjkt cgqr izHkkfor gq, dqN fnu usiky esa jgus ds i'pkr~ os
cukjl ykSV x;sA
usiky ls cukjl ykSVus ds ckn lq[knso egkjkt cukjl esa gh
dRFkd u`R; dh lsok djus yxsA budh larkusa vyduank nsoh] rkjk nsoh] flrkjk
nsoh] pkScs egkjkt] ¼prqHkqZt egkjkt½ ikaMs egkjkt ¼nqxkZizlkn½ ;s lc mPp dksfV
ds urZd xk;d vkSj oknd jgs gSaA bu cPpksa dh izkjafHkd f'k{kk Lo;a lq[knso
egkjkt ls gqbZA rnksijkar y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds egku dykdkj vPNu egkjkt] yPNw
egkjkt vkSj 'kEHkw egkjkt }kjk budh foLr`r f'k{kk nh{kk izkjaHk gqbZA lq[knso
egkjkt dk ?kj y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds bu rhuksa HkkbZ;ksa ds fy;s ,d LFkk;h fuokl
LFkku cu x;k Fkk D;ksfa d lq[knso th ds ifjokj bu rhuksa HkkbZ;ksa ds HkDr FksA buesa
ls dksbZ Hkh dykdkj lq[knso egkjkt ds ?kj vkrs rks eghuksa Bgjrs vkSj Lo;a
lq[knso egkjkt vkSj muds cPpksa dks dRFkd dh rkyhe nsrsA55
lq[knso izlkn dks viuh csfV;ksa dks dFkd u`R; f'k{kk iznku djus ds
dkj.k cukjl ds czkã.k lekt us mudk cfg"dkj fd;k QyLo:i lq[knso

55- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 165

- 226 -
egkjkt usiky] dydRrk] jk;x<+] cEebZ vkfn LFkkuksa ij Hkze.k djrs jgs vkSj
u`R; dk izpkj djrs jgsA
vy[kuank] rkjk vkSj flrkjk jk;x<+ esa jgdj xq:vksa ls f'k{kk izkIr
djrs gq;s iwjs Hkkjr esa u`R; ds dk;ZØe izLrqr djus yxhaA jktk pØ/kj flag
lq[knso egkjkt th dh ;ksX;rk ,oa jpuk'khyrk ls cgqr izHkkfor Fks blh dkj.k
jk;x<+ ds uVoj gkbZLdwy esa 'kkL=h; laxhr ds f'k{kd ds :i esa bUgsa fu;qDr
fd;k x;kA
dqN fnu ckj lq[knso egkjkt viuh larkuksa dks ysdj dydRrk
pys x;s vkSj jktk eseu flag tks fd ,d egku dyk iks"kd Fks] ds ;gka dk;Z djus
yxsA vy[kuank vkSj uudw egkjkt dydRrk esa LFkk;h :i ls jgdj dbZ f'k";
f'k";kvksa dks u`R; dh f'k{kk nsus x;sA
lq[knso egkjkt ds iq= Jh pkScs egkjkt ¼ftudk ewy uke prqHkqZt
feJ Fkk½ dFkd u`R; ds iz[;kr dykdkj FksA vPNu egkjkt us pkScs egkjkt dks
xksn fy;k Fkk vkSj viuk nÙkd iq= cuk;kA vPNu egkjkt us pkScs egkjkt dks
fof/kor~ lqcg&'kke u`R; dh f'k{kk nhA
pkScs egkjkt jk;x<+] bUnkSj] dk'khiqj] fx)ksj] y[kuiqj] Xokfy;j]
t;iqj vkfn esa jgsA mUgksaus Hkkjr ds vusdksa laxhr lEesyuksa esa viuh dyk dk
izn'kZu dj [;kfr izkIr dhA uVjkt xksihd`".k tSls izfl) urZd dks Hkh pkScs
egkjkt us fl[kk;k rFkk ^>ud >ud ik;y ckts* uked pyfp= esa jke izlkn
vkxjs okys dh Hkwfedk Hkh cgqr lQyrkiwoZd fuHkk pqds FksA fp= esa xksiy d`".k
ds lkFk izfr}anh ds :i esa /kekj rky esa tqxycUnh Hkh dhA lu~ 1961 esa egkjkt
d`".k dqekj ds lkFk Hkh fnYyh esa tqxycUnh dh] tks nksuksa dykdkjksa ds fy;s ,d
;knxkj cudj jg x;haA
[Link]; flrkjk nsoh dks pkScs egkjkt us cafn'ksa fl[kkbZ rFkk
vH;kl djk;kA pkScs egkjkt cjlksa rd [Link]; flrkjk nsoh ds lkFk rcyk
oknd ds :i esa laxr Hkh djrs FksA

- 227 -
 dRFkd u`R; dks yksdfiz; cukus] foLrkj djus rFkk mls vusdksa ubZ
cfUn'ksa nsus dk Js; pkScs egkjkt dks tkrk gSA vkidh [Link] Hkkjr ds izfl)
fo}kuksa esa dh tkrh FkhA lHkh dRFkd urZd ;k urZfd;k¡ vkids O;fDrRo rFkk
d`frro ls Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr FksA pkScs egkjkt LoHkko ls cgqr Hkksys rFkk ljy
FksA os lcds lkFk ?kqy&fey tkrs FksA muds psgjs ij lnk eqLdjkgV cuh jgrh
FkhA mUgsa u rks viuh dyk dk vfHkeku Fkk vkSj u og fn[kkok djrs FksA pkScs
egkjkt ds jkse&jkse esa dRFkd u`R; ds fofHkUu vax dwV&dwV djHkjs gq, FksA og
tSlk ukprs Fks] mruk gh lqUnj rcyk Hkh ctkrs FksA mudh cSBd lnk ns'k ds
loksZPp dykfonksa ds lkFk jghA
pkScs egkjkt ds u`R; dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh Fkh fd og ljy ls
ljy vkSj tfVy ls tfVy u`R; dj ysrs FksA volj gqvk rks fdlh NksVs ls
fo|ky; esa lk/kkj.k dksfV dh f'kf{kdkvksa ls rcyk rFkk gkjeksfu;e ctokdj
cPpksa tSlk u`R; izn'kZu djds cPpksa dk fny thr ysrs FksA ,sls voljksa ij
vko';d ugha Fkk fd rcys ij laxr djus dks mUgsa dksbZ mLrkn rcyk oknd dh
vis{kk gksA og lh/kk&lh/kk Bsdk ctok dj Hkh cgqr lqUnj u`R; izn'kZu dj nsrs
FksA mudk nwljk :i ;g Fkk fd os Hkkjro"kZ ds fnXxt rcykokndksa ds lkFk u`R;
dh bruh tfVy cafn'ksa ukprs Fks fd rcykoknd mudk eq¡g ns[krs jg tkrs FksA56
pkScs egkjkt dh f'k"; ijEijk Hkh cM+h foLr`r gSA Jhefr vkjrh
lsu] in~eJh uflZax izfl) vfHkus=h dqedqe] Msth bjkuh] dYiuk ¼fQYe izksQslj
dh ukf;dk½ dqeqn Nqxkuh] ofurk Nqxkuh] e/kqfjrk lkjax] fo|kjkuh] 'kf'k jko
rFkk ch: d`".k vkfn vkids dqN izeq[k f'k"; jgs gSaA
vki dfBu ls dfBu rky cM+h lqxerk ls ukpus esa izoh.k FksA
xr&fudkl esa ped&ned] yid&>id dk peRdkfjd iz;ksx djrs FksA
xr&fudkl tSlh ljy izfØ;k dks bl gsj&Qsj ls izLrqr djrs Fks fd rcyk
oknd vleatl esa iM+ tkrk FkkA57
56- vktkn rhjFkjke]dFkd Kkus'ojh] uVs'oj dyk eafnj]fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFkd laLdj.k] i`"B& 415
57- ogh] i`"B& 418

- 228 -
 lq[knso egkjkt dh rhu iqf=;ksa vyduank nsoh] rkjknsoh vkSj
flrkjk nsoh esa ls rkjk nsoh ds iq= Jh xksihd`".k dks lq[knso egkjkt us 3 o"kZ dh
vk;q esa fl[kkuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA N% o"kZ dh vk;q esa xksihd`".k dks vPNu
egkjkt dk f'k"; cuk fn;k FkkA dfBu vH;kl }kjk 13 o"kZ dh vk;q esa xksihd`".k
us dydRrk esa uke dek;kA mUgsa dksydkrk dh vkWy caxky dkUÝsal esa uVjkt
dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA
xksih d`".k us vPNu egkjkt] yPNw egkjkt rFkk 'kEHkw egkjkt ls
f'k{kk yh] ijarq vius ukuk Jh lq[knso egkjkt ds u`R; dh fo'ks"k 'kSyh dks QSykus
dk Js; xksih d`".k dks gh gSA ca/kdj ukpuk xksih th dks vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA
jVs&jVk, cksyksa ij og fo'okl ugha djrs FksA og u;s dh [kkst esa ges'kk dqN u
dqN u;k djrs jgrs FksA lkFk gh lkFk og nwljh 'kSfy;ksa dks Hkh leku vknj nsrs
FksA Jh xksih d`".k th us 5 o"kZ rd Jh jkt jkts'ojh HkjrukV~; dyk efUnj
ekVqWxk esa xq: xksfoUn jkt fiYybZ th rFkk xq: egkfyaxe fiYybZ ls HkjrukV~;e
dh f'k{kk yh vkSj enzkl esa tkdj] ogka dh rfey Hkk"kh turk rFkk fo}kuksa ds
le{k viuk lQy u`R; izn'kZu fd;kA xksihd`".k dks lgh vFkksaZ esa vH;kl djokus
rFkk y;dkj cukus es xksihth ds ekek pkScs egkjkt dk [Link] ;ksxnku jgkA58
lu~ 1952 esa Jh xksihd`".k th us fQYe ^vkaf/k;k¡* esa Lo;a u`R;
fd;kA fQYe dk laxhr izfl) ljksn&oknd mLrkn vyh vdcj [kk¡ }kjk fn;k
x;k FkkA
lu~ 1955 esa ^>ud >ud ik;y ckts* ds izn'kZu ds ckn lkjs ns'k
esa dRFkd u`RR; lh[kus okyksa dh ckM+ lh vk xbZ] Jh xksihd`".k th dh izflf) Hkh
Å¡pkbZ;ksa ij igqap x;hA ^eqxy&,&vkte* [Link] Qwyksa dh lst] [Link]
jkek;.k] [Link] vkfn esa funsZ'ku ds lkFk&lkFk xksihth us Lo;a u`R; fd;kA
vkius FkksM+s gh le; esa vR;Ur dYiuk'khy] e;kZfnr] 'kkL=h; o iz;ksx/kehZ
u`R;&funsZ'kd ds :i esa fQYe txr esa viuh vyx igpku cuk yhA djhc 800

58- ogh] i`"B& 419

- 229 -
fQYeksa esa xksihd`".k th u`R; funsZ'ku fd;k] ftlesa vkezikyh] ukp/kj] la?k"kZ]
lwjt] fQj ogha fny yk;k gw¡] fdukjk] gekjkt] jkWdh] lqjlaxe] ukps e;wjh]
jft;k lqyrku vkfn fo'ks"k [Link] dsoy fgUnh cfYd [Link] Hkkjrh; fQYeksa
dks u`R; dh n`f"V ls mudk tks ;ksxnku gS og Lo;a bfrgkl gSA
u`R; ds n`';ksa dks fQYekus ds fy;s mUgksaus fQYeksa dks u;h rduhdsa
nhA xhrksa esa u`R; dks eUnxfr ¼Lyks eks'ku½ esa fQYekus dk vkt dk yksdfiza;
pyu mUgha us 'kq: fd;k gqvk gSA xksih th dk dguk Fkk fd ;g dYiuk mUgsa pk¡n
ij mrjs izFke varfj{k uhy-,- vkeZLVªkax ls feyh FkhA xzkmaM Mkal dks fQYekus dh
Hkh mUgksaus viuh ,d vyx 'kSyh fodflr dh FkhA lewg u`R;ksa dks ,d vuqL;wr
:id ¼Qhpj½ ds :i esa fQYekus dk pyu Hkh mUgha ds }kjk 'kq: gqvkA ^phV'kkWV*
tSls iqjkuh rduhdksa dks vf/kd fo'oluh; cukdj izLrqr djus dk mudk vUnkt
fujkyk FkkA ukps e;wjh esa mUgksaus blh rduhd ls lq/kk pUnzu ij yjtrs ikaoksa dh
cgqr dfBu rRdkj fQYekbZ FkhA59
Jh xksihd`".k us e/kqckyk] vk'kkikfj[k] xhrk ckyh] oghnk jgeku]
oSt;arhekyk] cSuk dqekjh] lk/kuk] gsek ekfyuh] js[kk] fMEiy dikfM;k] i|k
[kUuk] yhuk pUnzkojdj] ftEeh vkSj tsc cf[r;kj rd vfHkusf=;ksa dh rhu
ihf<+;ksa rd dks u`R; fl[kk;k muds lrr~ iz;ksxksa }kjk fodflr rduhdksa o
'kSfy;ksa dks lkfRod o dYiuk'khy <ax ls u`R; esa cjrk tk jgk gSA
Jh xksih d`".k th vius fuokl&LFkku ^uVs'oj Hkou* esa u`R;dyk
efUnj ds uke ls fiNys 30 o"kksZa ls u`R;&f'k{kk ns jgs FksA ftuesa lkfo=h th rFkk
Jhefr jek nsoh th] Jh c`tjkt vkfn Hkh f'k{kk nsrs FksA lSdM+ksa fo|kFkhZ xksihth
ds uke ls vkrs FksA ftuesa vesfjdk] baXySaM] teZuh] Lisu] dsusMk] Jhyadk] usiky]
nf{k.k vÝhdk vkfn ns'kksa ds fo|kFkhZ dRFkd u`R; dh f'k{kk izkIr djrs FksA dFkd
txr esa xksihd`".k th }kjk fd;s x;s iz;ksxksa dk vyx gh egRo gSA
Jh xksihd`".k th dks cukjl ds loksZPp i[kkoth Jh jkenkl th
59- ogh] i`"B& 420

- 230 -
'kekZ dh laxr fey x;hA Jh jkenkl th us xksih th ds lkFk ifjJe djds mUgsa
cgqr lh i[kkot dh tfVy cfUn'kksa dk Hkh Kku fn;k FkkA
Jh xksihd`".k th dks [Link] ltho vfHku; djus dh izfrHkk bZ'oj
ls feyh gqbZ FkhA os vius u`R; esa vfHku; dks cgqr lqUnj rjhds ls fefJr djrs
FksA Jh xksihd`".k th rksMs+] VqdM+s] iju vkfn ukprs FksA fdUrq mls og dRFkd u`R;
dk iwoZjax gh ekurs FksA mUgksaus ml fn'kk esa dksbZ u;k vkfo"dkj ugha fd;k] cfYd
lcls dyk ds xq.k ysdj viuh futh 'kSyh cuk yh FkhA og mldk izLrqfrdj.k
vius <ax ls djrs FksA
rjkus ds cksyksa ij u`R; djuk lcls igys xksih th us 'kq: fd;kA
?kqVuksa ds cy pDdj yxkuk Hkh mudh futh fo'ks"krk Fkh] tc os ?kqVuksa ds cy iwjs
eap ij pDdj yxkrs Fks rks n'kZd pfdr jg tkrs FksA bl fØ;k dh [Link] mUgksaus
czt dh jklyhyk ls yh FkhA
27] 81 rFkk 108 pDdj dsoy ,d ikao ij yxkdj og n'kZdksa dks
peRd`r dj nsrs FksA eap ij ,d ?ksjs ds :i esa pDdj yxkuk vkidh gh dRFkd
dks nsus gSA ftls og >ud >ud ik;y ckts esa iznf'kZr dj pqds FksA ftls vkt
gj NksVk&cMk urZd ;k urZdh iz;ksx djrs gSA eap ij le ls le rd fQlydj
vkuk Hkh muds iz;ksx dh ,d fo'ks"krk Fkh] blds vykok gok esa mNydj pDdj
yxkuk mudk foy{k.k iz;ksx FkkA
Jh xksihd`".k us viuh u`R; 'kSyh esa dbZ iz;ksx lfEefyr fd;s]
ftlls os n'kZdksa dks peRd`r dj fn;k djrs FksA muesa ,d Fkk Fkkyh ds Åij [kM+s
gksdj ukpukA os Fkkyh ds nksuksa fdukjksa ij [kM+s gksdj iwjs eap ij pDdj yxkrs
Fks vkSj Fkkyh dks ysdj ikao ds ek/;e ls rksM+k ;k iju Hkh ukprs FksA
iju ukpus ds fy;s Hkh mUgksaus viuk rjhdk ,slk cuk;k gqvk Fkk
fd dksbZ nwljk ugha dj ldrk FkkA iju ^/kxÙk rfdV] /kkxs rkxsfrj fdVrd*
ukprs gq, ,d tfVy fØ;k mUgksaus ;g cuk j[kh Fkh] chp&chp esa nksuksa Vk¡xsa pkSM+h
djds Hkwfe ij fxjrs Fks] fQj iyd >idrs gh rqjUr [kM+s gksdj pDdj dkVus

- 231 -
yxrs Fks ,slh fØ;k fdlh Hkh dRFkd ds fy;s vlEHko gSA blh izdkj og HkkSag dks
ckjh&ckjh ls pykdj rk FkbZ FkbZ rr&vk FkbZ FkbZ rr djrs FksA mlesa HkkSag ls gh
og Bkg] nqxqu] pkSxqu Hkh dj fn;k djrs FksA
mUgksaus dqN u`R;&ukfVdkvksa esa fofp= iz;ksx fd;s FksA muesa ls
[Link]] jkek;.k] jkuh lrh rFkk n'kkorkj fo'ks"k :i ls rS;kj Fks] ftUgsa os ,d
ik=h; izn'kZu ds uke ls fons'kksa esa izLrqr djrs FksA60
bl ?kjkus dh lcls mPpdksfV dh dykdkj Jherh flrkjk nsoh Fkha]
cpiu ls gh flrkjk nsoh dks dRFkd u`R; ls xgjk yxko FkkA viuh cguksa dk
vH;kl ns[kdj os Lo;a mudh udy djus yxrh FkhaA /kursjl ds fnu iSnk gksus
ds dkj.k I;kj ls mUgsa ^^/kUuks** dgrs FksA lu~ 1930 esa vkVZl~ ldZy cEcbZ }kjk
xq#nso jfoUnz ukFk VSxksj dk lEeku fd;k x;kA mlesa flrkjk th u`R; ns[kdj
xq#nso jfoUnzukFk VSxksj vkuan foHkksj gks x;s FksA dk;ZØe ds lekiu ds volj ij
xq#nso us flrkjk nsoh dks vk'khokZn fn;k vkSj ^^u`R; ';ke jkxuh** dh mikf/k ls
foHkwf"kr fd;kA
flrkjk nsoh dh izkjafHkd f'k{kk vius firk ia- lq[knso egkjkt vkSj
viuh cM+h cguksa }kjk gqbZA ckn esa vPNu egkjkt] yPNw egkjkt o 'kEHkw egkjkt
ls Hkh u`R; dh ckjhfd;k¡ lh[khaA xq: yPNw egkjkt th ls flrkjk nsoh us lqUnj
xrfudkl ,oa vfHku; iz/kku dbZ jpukvksa dh f'k{kk izkIr dj ns'k vkSj fons'k esa
dRFkd u`R; ds izpkj izlkj ds viwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k ,sls le; tc lekt ds lH;
oxZ viuh yM+fd;ksa dks dRFkd u`R; dh f'k{kk nsus ls drjkrs FksA Hkkjr ns'k esa ml
le; dsoy fxus pqus dykdkj gh FksA dRFkd u`R; esa cafn'kksa ,oa u`R; ukfVdkvksa
dk lQy izn'kZu dj bUgkssaus dRFkd u`R; dks vk/kqfud jaxeap ds ;ksX; cukus esa
vHkwriwoZ dk;Z fd;kA bUgksaus yanu] Xyklxks] isfjl] mRrj ,oa iwohZ teZuh vkSj
vQzhdk vkfn vusd fons'kksa esa dRFkd u`R; dk izn'kZu dj ;'k izkIr fd;kA lu~
1971 esa laxhr ukVd vdkneh }kjk budks jk"Vªifr iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;kA

60- ogh] i`"B& 423

- 232 -
mRrj izns'k 'kklu us Hkh budks 'kkldh; iqjLdkj ls foHkwf"kr fd;kA61 lu~ 1973
esa egkjk"Vª ljdkj us bUgsa ^^u`R; foykl** dh mikf/k iznku dhA lu~ 1974 esas
flrkjk nsoh dks ^^in~e Jh** dh mikf/k ls vyad`r fd;k x;kA cEcbZ ds ^^lqj
flaxkj laln** }kjk Hkh flrkjk nsoh dks dbZ voljksa ij lEekfur fd;k x;kA lu~
1978 esa bafnjk dyk laxhr fo'ofo|ky; }kjk vius J/;s; xq: yPNw egkjkt ds
lkFk&lkFk Jherh flrkjk nsoh dks Hkh MkDVjsV dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA
flrkjk nsoh dh ns[kjs[k esa fiz;ekyk vkSj t;ekyk us dRFkd u`R;
dh f'k{kk iznku dhA

61- flag ekaMoh] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa dFkd ijaijk] Lokfr ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 167

- 233 -
 4-1-4-7& cukjl ?kjkus dh f'k"; ijaijk
lq[knso th ¼lqdjs egkjkt½ dk ?kjkuk ¼u`R;½
tkudh lgk; ;k izlkn
¼cukjlh dFkd u`R; ijEijk ds laLFkkid½
tkudh lgk; ds f'k";

txnhi th dqUruth v;ks/;kizlkn t;iqj ds vusd

dykdkj
v;ks/;k izlkn ds iq=
uudwyky
¼ukudizlkn feJ ds f'k";½

dkfydk izlkn ¼y[kuÅ okys½

txUukFk ¼vPNu egkjkt½ cStukFk ¼yPNw egkjkt½ 'kaHkw egkjkt

fcjtw egkjkt vPNu egkjkt ds f'k"; d`".kxksiky ¼u`R;½ 'kaHkw egkjkt ds f'k";
lq[knso izlkn jkeeksgu ¼u`R;½ * d`".kizlkn ¼xk;d½
t;fd'ku ¼u`R;½ * vyduank ¼u`R;½
nhid ¼u`R;½ * rkjk ¼u`R;½
lq[knso izlkn ds f'k"; * rkjk ¼u`R;½
nqxkZizlkn [Link] ¼xk;d½ * flrkjk ¼u`R;½
rhFkZjkt frokjh ¼rcyk] daBs egkjkt ds f'k";½
_f"kdqekj ¼rcyk½
** d`".k izlkn ¼xk;d½
** prqZHkqt pkScs ¼u`R;½
** vyduank ¼u`R;½
** rkjk ¼u`R;½
** flrkjk ¼u`R;½
xksihd`".k ¼u`R;½
ek/kod`".k ¼u`R;½
eksgud`".k ¼u`R;½
* ¼;s lHkh lq[knso izlkn ds Hkh f'k";&f'k";k Fks½
** ¼;s lHkh 'kaHkw egkjkt ds Hkh f'k";&f'k";k Fks½
62

62- pVthZ xkSre] laxhr foe'kZ] [Link] cqDl] xksnkSfy;k] cukjl] izFke laLdj.k&2009]
ISBN-978-81-908945-0-0
- 234 -
 cukjl dk u`R; ?kjkuk63
jkenkl feJ

'kqdnso feJ cynso feJ

¼nks ifRu;k¡½

cMdks ekbZ ikoZrh

nks csVk nks csVh nks csVk rhu csVh

'kSyks
- 235 -

fcUnw
fd'ku izlkn rhFkZjkt nqxkZ izlkn prqHkqZt vyduUnk rkjk ¼f=[Link]½ flrkjk ¼/kUuks½
xksih d`".k ¼csVk½ jathr ckjksV ¼csVk½

¼izFke iRuh½ ¼f}rh; iRuh½ ¼izFke iRuh½ ¼f}rh; iRuh½ ¼izFke iRuh½ ¼f}rh; iRuh½ pUnz'ks[kj ¼f'k";½
xksfoUn izlkn ¼u`R;½ jfo dqekj jktw ';kedqekj ¼rcyk½ ¼fu% larku½ t;Urh ekyk ¼u`R;½
ckyeqdqUn ¼ukSdjh½ 'kf'k dqekj eksgu d`".k ¼dFkd u`R;½ jke d`".k ¼u`R;½ fiz; ekyk ¼u`R;½
ek/ko d`".k ¼dFkd u`R;½ c`teksgu ¼rcyk½ [Link] ¼u`R;½ ekrk izlkn ¼dFkd u`R;½ jfo'kadj ¼dFkd u`R;½
_f"kjkt ¼rcyk½
63 pVthZ xkSre] laxhr foe'kZ] [Link] cqDl] xksnkSfy;k] cukjl] izFke laLdj.k&2009] :nz 'kadj ¼dFkd u`R;½
ISBN-978-81-908945-0-0
 cukjl ?kjkuk64

ia- lq[knso izlkn feJ ¼f'k"; ijaijk½

d`".k izlkn vyduUnk rkjk flrkjk nqxkZizlkn [Link] prqHkqZt pkScs rhFkZjkt 'kSyks fcUnw
- 236 -

xksih d`".k

eksgu d`".k jked`".k [Link] ek/ko d`".k

¼f'k";k½
e/kq feJk
:[Link] feJk
64- pVthZ xkSre] laxhr foe'kZ] [Link] cqDl] xksnkSfy;k] cukjl] izFke laLdj.k&2009]
ISBN-978-81-908945-0-0
 cukjl ?kjkuk&f'k"; ijaijk65

iafMr lq[knso izlkn feJ

vyduUnk rkjk flrkj [Link] egkjkt ¼nqxkZizlkn½ pkScs egkjkt ¼prqHkqZt fe

- 237 -

xksih d`".k t;Urhekyk fiz;ekyk vejukFk feJ

65- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B& 203
ISBN-81-7391-740-X
 4-1-4-8& jk;x<+ ?kjkuk

20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; dFkd u`R; ds ?kjkuksa esa t;iqj] y[kuÅ]

cukjl dh Hkk¡fr gh jk;x<+ u`R; 'kSyh mHkjdj vkbZA mYys[kuh; gS fd jk;x<+
ujs'k jktk pØ/kj flag ds laj{k.k esa dFkd us ,d vfHkuo 'kkL=h; i)fr dk
fodkl fd;k vkSj ;gh i)fr orZeku le; esa viuh fof'k"Vrkvksa ds QyLo:i
^dFkd&jk;x<+ ?kjkuk* ds uke ls fo[;kr gqbZA

jk;x<+ ¼e/;izns'k½ fj;klr dh LFkkiuk yxHkx 300 o"kZ iwoZ cSjkx<+

ds xkSM+ 'kkldksa }kjk gqbZA bl jkT; esa ^tq>kj flag*] ^Hkwinso flag* vkSj ^pØ/kj
flag* tSls fo[;kr jktk gq,A jktk pØ/kj flag ds le; ¼1904&1947½ esa laxhr
u`R; dh fo'ks"k mUufr gqbZA ftl izdkj y[kuÅ us ucko okftn vyh 'kkg us
dFkd u`R; ds y[kuÅ ?kjkus dks vius [Link] laj{k.k }kjk fodflr fd;k Fkk] Bhd
mlh izdkj jk;x<+ ujs'k pØ/kj flag th us ^dFkd* ds t;iqj o y[kuÅ nksuksa gh
?kjkuksa dks [Link] laj{k.k }kjk fodflr gqvkA jk;x<+ ds eksrhegy vkSj Vkmu gkWy
ftudk fuekZ.k Hkwinso flag us pØ/kj flag ds tUeksRlo ds miy{; esa djok;k Fkk]
ogk¡ ds laxhr ds Le`fr&fpUg gSaA68

jk;x<+ ds jktk Hkwinso flag ,d egku laxhr izseh jktk FksA ,d

dq'ky 'kkld gksus ds vykok os laxhr ds lân;h jfld FksA jk;x<+ ds jktegy
ds lkeus eSnku esa laxhr vk;kstu gksrs Fks mUgksaus jktegy ds fy;s dksbZ nhokj
ugha cuokbZ Fkh rkfd dksbZ HksnHkko uk jg tk;A vklikl xzkeh.k bykds ds nsgkrh
;gk¡ vkdj viuh dyk dk izn'kZu djrs FksA eSnku ds lkeus ^^dsyh** unh dk
fdukjk HkO;rk iznku djrk FkkA yksd urZdksa ds Loj] rky ,oa ?kq¡?k:vksa dh vkokt
jk;x<+ esa xwatrh jgrh FkhA ^^[Link]'k esyk** ds volj ij ns'kHkj ds laxhrdkjksa dks
vkeaf=r fd;k tkrk FkkA 'kkL=h; laxhr dh ;s egfQysa nsj jkr rd pyrh FkhA

jkt Hkwinso flag ds iq= pØ/kj flag dk ckY;dky jkx] Loj] rky

68- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B& 208
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 238 -
,oa ?kq¡?k:vksa ds chp gh chrkA vaxzsth] mnwZ] laLd`r vkSj fgUnh ds v/;;u ds
lkFk&lkFk ;qojkt us lhfu;j dsfEczt dh mikf/k Hkh xzg.k dhA

lu~ 1924 esa ;qojkt pØ/kj flag jk;x<+ dh xn~nh ij fojkteku

gq;sA bUgksaus laxhrdkjksa ds mn~/kkj ds fy;s vko';d dk;Z djkuk izkjaHk djok;kA
'kkL=h; laxhr ds dk;ZØeksa esa vkSj btkQk fd;kA ukVd eaMfy;k¡ rFkk yksd
dyk eaMfy;k¡ efguksa jk;x<+ esa jgrha rFkk izkarh; dykvksa dk izn'kZu rdjhcu
fuR; gh gksrkA67

jktk pØ/kj flag Lo;a ,d mPpdksfV ds laxhrK FksA os ,d dq'ky

urZd ds lkFk&lkFk lQy rcyk o i[kkot&oknd Hkh FksA Bkdqj txnh'kflag ls
mUgksua s e`nx
a lh[kkA os fu;fer :i ls laxhr&lk/kuk djrs FksA muds firk&Hkwinso
flag o pkpk ihyyky vkSj ykyukjk;.k Hkh laxhr ds ikj[kh FksAvr% laxhr mUgsa
fojklr esa feyk FkkA

jktk pØ/kjflag cgqeq[kh izfrHkk ds /kuh dykdkj Fks] muds laj{k.k

esa dFkd dk vn~Hkqr fodkl gqvk gS] bls vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g Hkh
lR; gS fd ;gk¡ ns'k Hkj ds Js"B dykdkj vk;s] jgs vkSj viuh&viuh fo/kkvksa dk
vknku&iznku Hkh fd;kA dFkd ds vkpk;Z ;gka blfy, f[kaps pys vkrs Fks fd ;gk¡
dk jktk cM+k [Link] Fkk vkSj mlds lEidZ esa vkus ls gh mudh dyk dk lqUnj
fodkl gks ldrk FkkA vPNu egkjkt vkSj t;yky egkjkt tSls pksVh ds dFkd
uÙkZd ;gka o"kksZa jgsA68 jk;x<+ ?kjkuk blfy;s Hkh rsth ls Qyk&QwykA

jktk pØ/kj flag lkSE; vkSj lq'khy LoHkko ds U;k;fiz; jktk FksA
os vox<+ nkuh vkSj ije n;kyq FksA ladV ds le; mudk lkjk /;ku iztk ij cV
tkrk FkkA jktk ekuork ds iqtkjh FksA mUgksaus fdlh dks vuko';d :i ls
izrkfM+r ugha fd;kA os vius deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr fir`Hkko j[krs FksA os u;s fopkjksa
ds es/kkoh iq:"k FksA
67- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] izFke laLdj.k 1982] m-vykmn~nhu [kk¡ laxhr vdkneh Hkksiky] jktdey
izdk'ku] i`"B& 17
68- ogh] Hkwfedk

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 jktk lkgc loZxzkgh LoHkko ds O;fDr FksA muds njckj esa cM+s&cM+s
dykdkj] laxhrK vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa dh HkhM+ rks yxh gh jgrh Fkh] blds lkFk gh
dcwrjckt] iraxckt] ckthxj vkSj igyokuksa dh te?kV Hkh yxh jgrh FkhA bu
lHkh dykdkjksa dks viuh dyk ds izn'kZu ds fy, volj feyrk vkSj bu
dykdkjksa dks mudh vk'kk ls Hkh vf/kd buke feyrk jktk lkgc ,d feyulkj
O;fDr FksA mUgksaus jktegy ds fy, blhfy, ckm.Mªh ugha cuok;h rkfd dksbZ
HksnHkko u jg tk;A Lora=rk ds iwoZ] chloha lnh dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ egku~
dykdkj gks ftldk fdlh&u&fdlh izdkj ds lEcU/k jk;x<+ ls u jgk gksA bl
ij vkxs vf/kd foLr`r :i ls izdk'k Mkyk tkosxkA jktk lkgc ns'k ds ew/kZU;
rcykokndksa esa ,d FksA69

jktk pØ/kj flag ds njckj esa mPpdksfV ds laxhrKksa o lkfgR;dkjksa

dk te?kV yxk jgrk Fkk ftUgsa os dyk&izn'kZu ds ckn vk'kk ls vf/kd iqjLdkj
iznku djrs FksA jktk lkgc ,d mPpdksfV ds lkfgR;dkj Hkh FksA mUgsa laLd`r]
czt] [kM+h cksyh] mnwZ vkSj vaxzsth bR;kfn lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku FkkA mUgksaus
lkfgfR;d jpukvksa ds vfrfjDr laxhr&u`R;&lEcU/kh pkj d`fr;k¡] ^urZu&loZLoe~*]
^rky&rks;&fuf/k*] ^jkx&jRu&eatw"kk* vkSj ^eqjt&iju&iq"ikdj* jpuk dh] ftuesa
muds }kjk jfpr fofHkUu jpukvksa dk [Link] gSA

jktk pØ/kj flag ds bu iz;klksa o laxhr izse ds dkj.k

/khjs&/khjs 'kkL=h; laxhr ds dk;ZØeksa dh la[;k ,oa vfrfFk dykdkjksa dh la[;k
c<+us yxhA dykdkjksa ds vkfrF; ,oa lRdkj esa dksbZ deh u jgus ikrhA 19oha
'krkCnh ds vfUre pj.k esa vo/k ds jktk uokc okft+n vyh 'kkg dh e`R;q ds ckn
laxhr txr esa tks lUukVk Nk x;k Fkk mls cgqr dqN gn rd pØ/kj flag th
us laokjkA jk;x<+ njckj esa Hkkjr Hkj ls laxhrdkjksa fo'ks"kdj dFkd u`R;kpk;ksZa
dk vkuk 'kq: gks x;kA bl le; t;iqj ?kjkus ds Lo- t;yky th] lqanjizlkn
th] ukjk;.k izlkn th] guqeku izlkn th] eksguyky th] f'koyky th] f'koizlkn

69- ogh] i`"B& 18

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th] f'koukjk;.k th rFkk y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds vPNu egkjkt th] yPNw egkjkt
th] 'kEHkw egkjkt th rFkk lhrkjke egkjkt vkfn dFkd xq: rFkk u`R;kpk;Z
jk;x<+ vkdj viuh lk/kuk ,oa dyk izn'kZu esa yx x;sA

^^I;kjsyky] Bkdqj izlkn] I;kjs lkgc buds vykok T;ksfrjke]

eksrhjke] ia- 'kqdnso] naMs [kk¡] djkerqYyk] vkfcn gqlSu] eSgj lsfu;k ?kjkus ds m-
vyknn~nhu [kk¡] m- buk;r [kk¡] m- vgen tku fFkjdok] ioZrflag] laxhrkpk;Z
dfo Hkw"k.k] laxhr ds izdk.M [Link] Hkxokunkl lnkf'ko] fpark iafMr tSls izfl)
laxhrK cgqr fnuksa rd jk;x<+ njckj esa jgsA**70

jktk pØ/kj flag us NRrhlx<+ vapy esa dFkd u`R; ds izpkj&izlkj

gsrq cky ,oa ;qok&dykdkjksa dks <wa< fudkyk ftuesa vuqt jke] dkfrZdjke]
fQjrwnkl] dY;[Link] ,oa ceZuyky izeq[k FksA t;iqj ?kjkus ds t;yky th
fo'ks"k :i ls iSjksa dk dke rFkk rrdkj dh rjQ /;ku nsrs Fks ogha nwljh vksj
y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds vPNu egkjkt th bu ckydksa dks rksM+s] iju ,oa Hkko vfHku;
dh f'k{kk nsrs FksA jktegy ¼eksrhegy½ ds fupys fgLls esa rkyhe[kkuk Fkk tgk¡
fj;kt+ gksrk FkkA fnu esa rkyhe o fj;kt gksrk Fkk vkSj 'kke dks jktk vkSj
[Link]; vfrfFk;ksa ds lEeq[k u`R; izn'kZu gksrk FkkA pØ/kj flag th ds fo'ks"k
vkxzg ij ,d ckj t;yky th] vPNu egkjkt th] yPNw egkjktth rFkk
lhrkjke th egkjkt pkjksa xq:vksa us vkiuh&viuh ijEijkxr fo'ks"krkvksa dks ,d
lkFk [kM+s gksdj iznf'kZr fd;kA ,slk cstksM+ izn'kZu dFkd ds bfrgkl esa vHkh rd
ugha gqvkA u`R; izn'kZuksa ds ckn fQj dkUÝslksa dk nkSj Hkh 'kq: gks x;kA lu~ 1933
esa bykgkckn esa jk;x<+ds ,d urZd us bl dkUÝsal esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA dkfrZd jke
,oa fQjrw nkl Hkh ;gk¡ x;s FksA vkSj rHkh ls jk;x<+&dFkd dk uke jks'ku gksus
yxkA lkjs Hkkjr esa jktk pØ/kj flag ,oa jk;x<+ njckj ds urZdksa dk [kwc uke
gksus yxkA ^^jktk pØ/kj flag ds pkpk ihiyky rcyk ds vkSj ykyukjk;.k flag
i[kkot ds vPNs tkudkj FksA ykyk ukjk;.k flag] Bk- y{[Link] vkSj equhj [kk¡
ls jktk lkgc dks rcys dh f'k{kk feyhA naMs [kk¡] guqekuizlkn th] f'koukjk;.k
70- ogh] i`"B&20

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izlkn th vkfn muds u`R; xq: FksA tcfd uUgsa ckcw ls xk;u dh f'k{kk rFkk
ioZrflag ,oa Bkdqj izlkn th ls mUgksaus i[kkot dh f'k{kk yhA71 jktk pØ/kj
flag us ys[ku dks Hkh mruk gh egRo fn;k QyLo:i dFkd u`R; ds izpkj izlkj
ds vykok dFkd dk vuqla/kku dj mls lqjf{kr j[kus dk Js; Hkh jk;x<+ njckj
dks gh tkrk gSA jktk lkgc us [kkunkuh cgqewY; cafn'kksa dks ,df=r dj xazFkksa ds
:i esa lqjf{kr j[kok;kA laxhrkpk;Z Hkw"k.k egkjkt ¼laLd`r ds izdk.M fo}ku ,oa
laxhrdkj Fks½ ,d ckj lqudj gh uksVs'ku] iju fy[kus esa fl)gLr FksA pØ/kj
flag th us bl izdkj vius vkSj xq:vksa dh cafn'k ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr ,sfrgkfld
xzFa kksa dh jpuk dh &

¼1½ urZu loZL;e&u`R; ls lacaf/kr

¼2½ rky rks; fuf/k & rkyksa ls lacaf/kr
¼3½ rky&cy iq"ikdj&rcys ds cksyksa ls lacaf/kr
¼4½ eqjt iju iq"ikdj&e`nax dh ijuksa ls lacaf/kr
¼5½ jkx jRu eatw"kk&N% jkx o NÙkhl jkfxfu;ksa ls lacaf/kr

bu xzaFkksa dk foooj.k vkxs jk;x<+ ?kjkus dh miyfC/k;ksa esa [Link] gSA

jktk lkgc us bu xzaFkksa dks ladfyr dj vkus okyh ih<+h ds fy;s bl iwath
dks lqjf{kr dj dFkd u`R; dks ,d u;k thou iznku fd;kA

4-1-4-9& mUuhloha 'krkCnh dh ,sfrgkfld miyfC/k&

jktk pØ/kj flag d`r xazFk

laxhr ij jktk lkgc dh urZu loZLoe~] rky rks; fuf/k] jkxjRu eatw"kk]
eqjt iju iq"ikdj pkj izfl) d`fr;k¡ gSa vkSj cSjkxf<+;k jktdqekj ¼miU;kl½]
vydkiqjh ¼miU;kl½] ek;kpØ ¼miU;kl½] jE; jkl ¼dkO;½] cSjkxf<+;k jktdqekj
¼ukVd½] fganh esa jRugkj ¼dkO;½] jRu eatw"kk ¼dkO;½ laLd`r esa] dkO; dkuu
¼dkO;½ czt esa vkSj tks'ks Q+jgr ¼dkO;½] fuxkjs Q+jgr ¼dkO;½ mnwZ esa lkfgR;
71- ogh] i`"B& 20

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laca/kh d`fr;k¡ gSa

buesa jE; jkl vkSj dkO; dkuu rks vR;f/kd izfl) vkSj mPp
dksfV ds dkO; xzaFk gSaA jE; jkl ukxiqj fo'ofo|ky; dh ,e-,- d{kk ds ikB~;Øe
esa yxk gqvk FkkA gj jkst muds njckj esa lkfgR; vkSj laxhr lHkk,¡ gqvk djrhaA
mLrknksa ds chp dHkh&dHkh Lo;a jktk lkgc viuh jpuk,¡ lqukrsA laxhr xazFkksa ds
ys[ku esa mUgksua s Hkw"k.k egkjkt] ia- fMynkl] ia- lnkf'ko egkjkt vkSj ia- Hkxokunkl]
fpark iafMr ls lgk;rk yhA

jktk lkgc laxhr ds ek= tkudkj gh ugha Fks] cfYd ,d ;ksX;

laxhrkpk;Z Hkh FksA muds f'k";ksa esa dkfrZd jke] dY;[Link]] fQjrwnkl] ceZunkl]
jkeyky ¼u`R;½] d`ikjke [kokl ¼rcyk½] ia- cuokjhyky cM+ds ¼xk;u½ vkfn
laxhr dh nqfu;k esa dkQ+h izfl) gSaA72

^^jktk lkgc lkfgR; ds mRFkku ds fy;s Hkh iz;Ru'khy FksA os

le;&le; ij lkfgR;dkjksa dks cqyokdj mudk vfHkuUnu djrs FksA bl Øe esa
Jh jkedqekj oekZ] Jh Hkxorhpj.k oekZ] Jh ek[kuyky prqosZnh] vapy th] tkudh
oYyHk 'kkL=h dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA MkW- cynsoizlkn feJ njckjh nhoku cgqr
fnuksa rd jgs] Jh vkuUn eksgu oktis;h muds futh lfpo rFkk vkpk;Z egkohj
izlkn f}osnh muds iFk izn'kZd FksA73 os ,d [Link] lkfgR;dkj FksA mUgsa laLd`r]
czt] [kM+h cksyh] mnwZ vkSj vaxzsth dk vPNk [kklk Kku FkkA**

buds }kjk jfpr xzUFkksa dk fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa %&

¼1½ urZu loZLoe~

vk/kqfud ;qx esa urZu loZL;e~ dFkd u`R; dk igyk 'kkL=h; vkSj
[Link] xzaFk gSA bldk otu djhc 6 fdyks gSA blesa u`R; ds [Link] vax dk
foLrkj ls [Link] fd;k x;k gSA blh xazFk ds vk/kkj ij dFkd jk;x<+ ?kjkuk dk

72- ogh] i`"B& 20

73- ogh] i`"B& 18&19

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vfLrRo Hkh dk;e gSA blds fuekZ.k esa ia- t;yky vkSj vPNu egkjkt tSls
fnXxt dFkd&vkpk;ksZa dk lg;ksx mYys[kuh; gSA ;g rks lHkh dks Kkr gS fd
jktk pØ/kjflag laxhr ds pkjksa vaxksa esa fu".kkr Fks] [kkldj u`R; esAa ;g ,d ,slh
fo/kk gS ftlesa xk;u] oknu vkSj vfHku; dk vf/kdkf/kd lekos'k gks ldrk gSA
jktk pØ/kj vius [Link] u`R; esas lk{kkr~ f'ko dh dYiuk dks njckj esa lkdkj
dj nsrs FksA iqjkuh phtksa ds izfr eksg vkSj u;s&u;s iz;ksxksa ds fy, fody jktk
dFkd dks iquthZfor djuk pkgrs FksA os mls 'kkL=h; u`R; ds :i esa ns[kuk pkgrs
Fks] blhfy, izk;% lHkh Js"B vkpk;ksZa dks vius njckj esa cqykdj muls cgqr dqN
fy;k vkSj C;kt lfgr ykSVk Hkh fn;kA bldk ToyUr mnkgj.k gS muds }kjk
urZu loZLoe~ dk iz.k;uA bl xzaFk ds fuekZ.k esa mUgksaus dfBu riL;k dh gS]
ftldh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh rqyuk vU;ksa ls ugha gks ldrhA74

dgk tkrk gS urZu loZLoe~ dk ewy vk/kkj xzaFk urZu jgL;e~ gSA
urZu jgL;e~ xazFk dk bfrgkl vR;ar jksekapd gSA blls dFkd ds vusd iqjkus lw=
feyrs gSaA urZu loZLoe~ dh Hkwfedk ls vkHkkl gksrk gS fd e/;;qx ds var esa
laHkor% vkSjaxtsc ds le; mRrj Hkkjr ls iafMr fo'kk[k nÙk uke ds egk iafMr
vius [Link] dh j{kkFkZ ;gk¡ vk;s Fks vkSj urZu jgL;e~ dks Hkhyx<+ fj;klr ds
[ktkus esa ckn esa ik;k x;k ¼tks jktk lkgc dks Hkhyx<+ fj;klr dks thrus ds
ckn [ktkus ds lkFk feykA½

rky rks; fuf/k

tSlk fd xzaFk ds uke ls gh irk pyrk gS fd ;g xzaFk rkyksa ij gh

dsfUnzr gSA rky rks; fuf/k laxhr lalkj dk vewY; vkSj vuwBk xazFk gSA blesa 1
ek=k ls 380 ek=k rd ds rkyksa dk pØ lfgr [Link] gSA ;s pØ jaxhu vkSj euksje
gSA blds izHkko dks izkd`frd lkSUn;Z izlk/kuksa }kjk lqlfTtr fd;k x;k gSA bldk
otu djhc 32 fdyks gSA blesa ftu izkphu ,oa vokZphu xzaFkksa dk lgkjk fy;k
x;k gSA os fuEu izdkj gSa & ¼1½ laxhr dyk/kj ¼2½ laxhr jRukdj ¼3½ laxhr lkj

74- ogh] i`"B& 19

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¼4½ laxhr edjUn ¼5½ laxhr lqn'kZu ¼6½ laxhr ikfjtkr ¼7½ laxhr nkeksnj ¼8½
laxhr niZ.k ¼9½ laxhr tokgj izdk'k ¼10½ Lojrky lewg ¼11½ v"VksRrj 'kr rky
y{[Link]~ ¼12½ ewyk/kkj ¼13½ ukn fouksn ¼14½ e`nax lkxj ¼15½ vfHkuo rky eatjh
¼16½ rcy;s fu;kth ¼17½ yyu lkxj ¼18½ okp ilkfeFkku ¼19½ 'kCnkFkZ fpUrkef.k
¼20½ 'kCn dYinqzeA

rky rks; fuf/k xzaFk ek?k la- 1997 clar iapeh] 'kfuokj] rkjh[k 1-
2-1941 dks [Link] gqvk FkkA jpf;rk ds ckjs esa Hkhrj ds i`"B ij ;g fy[kk x;k
gS&^^fofo/k fo:nkofy foHkwf"kr Jh eUegkeguh; Jh HkwinsoflagkRet jk;x< ujs'k
Jh eUpØ/kjflag fojfprA**

jkx jRu eatw"kk

tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS ;g xazFk jkx&jkfxuh dk [ktkuk gSA

blesa djhc 1200 jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk oa'ko`{k lfgr [Link] gSA bldh ikaMqfyfi
'kk;n ia- Hkw"k.k laxhrkpk;Z us rS;kj dh Fkh] D;ksafd jkx&jRu eatw"kk dh jQ dkWih
tks ml le; dkfrZdjke th ds ikl [Link]&'[Link] gkyr esa Fkh] mlesa Hkw"k.k
egkjkt ds gLrk{kj gSaA jkx&jRu eatw"kk dbZ izfl) xzaFkksa ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj
fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa jkx dYinqzekadqj] laxhr ikfjtkr] vfHkuo Hkkjrh] jkepfUnzdk
lkj] vfHkuo jkx eatjh vkfn izeq[k gSA

bl iqLrd esa jkx&jkxfu;ksa ds ckjs esa uksVs'ku lfgr foLrkj ls

fy[kk x;k gS tks laxhr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gSA75

eqjt [Link] iq"ikdj

rky rks; fuf/k ds otu dk nwljk nqyZHk xzaFk eqjt [Link] iq"ikdj gSA
bls dFkd u`R; dk fo'o dks"k gh dg fn;k tk;s rks vfr';ksfdr u gksxhA

eqjt [Link] iq"ikdj u`R; dk [Link] xazFk gSA ;fn urZu loZLoe~ Hkko

75- ogh] i`"B& 31

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iz/kku xzaFk gS rks rky rks; fuf/k rky iz/kkuA bl xzaFk esa u`R; ds vax&izR;axksa] cksy
iju] ykL; vkSj vfHku; lHkh dk ,d lkFk fp=.k fd;k x;k gS] lkFk gh Hkkoksa
vkSj vyadkjksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, izd`fr vkSj ukf;dkvksa dh ps"Vkvksa ds jaxhu
fp= Hkh vafdr fd;s x, gSaA
dFkd ds 'kkL=h; i{k dks mtkxj djus okys bl nqyZHk xzaFk esa
y{[Link] ds vfrfjDr dfoÙk Nan] ykL;] [Link]] rcyk&i[kkot&<ksy] uxkM+k]
fVedh bR;kfn ds cksyksa dk Hkh fp= lfgr foLrkj ls [Link] fd;k x;k gSa
fuEufyf[kr uke tks n'kkZ;s tk jgs gSa os cksyksa ds vuq:i gSa &
eUnkØkark] fo'ooan] xteqDrkgkj] ny ckny] xtfoykl] lkFkZd
ij.k] 'kqHkz Hkkuq] vfHklkfjdk] mRdafBrk] dhjdwatue~ otzrq.M] enud] 'kr&i=d]
lRoewfrZ] o`ftufPNn] [Link]] ifjØek] 'kknwZyfoØhfMrk] oYyHk] e`xPNfo]
lqrh{.k vkfn ij.k vius uke ds vuq:i gh foEckRed] fp=kRed ,oa /oU;kRed
gSaA76 bu cksyksa dk foLrkj ,oa [Link] Lo:i vkxs fn;k x;k gSA
4-1-4-10& jk;x<+ njckj ds izeq[k dFkd urZd
jk;x<+ njckj ds dqN izeq[k dFkdksa dk laf{kIr ifjp;
fuEufyf[kr gSA
jk;x<+ njckj esa Hkwinsoflag ds le; <aMs [kk¡] pqUuhyky] lhrkjke]
uUgsayky vkfn ls dFkd ds izFke pj.k esa /kqjehunkl] lgljke vkSj eksgj lk;
dks f'k{kk nh x;hA ml le; jktk pØ/kj flag tks uUgsa egkjkt ds uke ls tkus
tkrs Fks] mudh u`R;&dyk dks /;ku ls ns[kk djrs Fks vkSj ckn esa mUgksuas
f'koukjk;.k ds u`R; ij eksfgr gksdj muls dqN lh[kuk izkjaHk fd;kA jktk
uVojflag ds le; ;gk¡ vuqtjke] eqdqyjke vkSj dkfrZdjke dks mUgha iqjkus
xq:vksa ls u`R; dh f'k{kk fnyk;h x;hA jktk pØ/kjflag dsle; vuqtjke]
eqdqyjke vkSj dkfrZdjke ds lkFk gh dY;[Link]] fQjrw egkjkt] ceZuyky vkfn
dks ia- t;yky] vPNu egkjkt] ia- lhrkjke] f'koukj;.k] guqeku izlkn] fpjathyky]
eksguyky] lksguyky] lqUnj izlkn] eksrhjke] T;ksfrjke vkfn xq:vksa ls u`R; dh
76- ogh] i`"B& 23

- 246 -
mPp f'k{kk fnyk;h x;ha bu xq:vksa ds le{k jktk lkgc Lo;a bu f'k";ksa dks
viuh jpukvksa ij vk/kkfjr Hkko&Hkafxekvksa dh f'k{kk fn;k djrs FksA var esa ia-
t;yky] dkfrZd jke th vkSj jktk lkgc us Lo;a jkeyky th dks u`R; dh f'k{kk
iznku dhA

jk;x<+ njckj esa jgdj] ;k ijks{k :i ls lEcU/k j[kdj ftu

laxhrKksa us laxhr ds bfrgkl esa viuk LFkku cuk;k gS muesa loZJh dkfrZdjke]
dY;[Link] th] fQjrw egkjkt] ceZuyky th vkSj jkeyky th tSls u`R;kpk;Z
vkSj Bkdqj y{[Link]] Bkdqj txnh'k flag] Hkh[keflag th ¼e`nax½ rFkk Bkdqj
[Link] ¼rcyk½ vkfn mYys[kuh; gSA76

dkfrZdjke th & dkfrZdjke th ds firk Jh dqatjke ,d lk/kkj.k

rcds ds fdlku FksA os dekZ vkSj MaMk ¼jkl dk ,d izdkj½ u`R; rFkk NRrhlx<+h
ukpk ¼xEer½ vkfn ds 'kkSdhu FksA mUgha dh ukp eaMyh esa dkfrZd jke th dks
izFke nh{kk feyhA ,d ckj muds pkpk [Link]'kksRlo esyk esa izfr;ksfxrk gsrq yk;sA
yksd&u`R; esa mUgsa izFke iqjLdkj feykA dkfrZdjke th ds in&lapkyu ,oa Hkko
izn'kZu vkfn ns[kdj ;qojkt pØ/kj flag eqX/k gks x;s vkSj njckj esa dkfrZdjke
th dks j[k fy;kA

dkfrZdjke th dh izkjafHkd f'k{kk ugha ds cjkcj jghA jktk lkgc

gh muds izeq[k xq: FksA u`R; dh izkjafHkd f'k{kk mUgsa vius ;qx ds [;krukek
dFkd Lo- f'koukjk;.k ¼t;iqj½ ls feyhA blds ckn leLr izpfyr rkyksa ij
mUgsa t;yky egkjkt ls u`R; dh f'k{kk feyhA Lo- f'koyky] Lo- ukjk;.k izlkn]
Lo- lqUnjyky] Lo- eksguyky vkSj vPNu egkjkt Hkh muds izeq[k xq: FksA
vPNu egkjkt us ykL; dh f'k{kk nh yh vkSj mudh dyk dks [kwclwjrh iznku
dhA 'kaHkw egkjkt ls u`R; dh xfr feyh vkSj yPNw egkjkt ls HkkoA vYykfn;k
lkgc Hkh Hkko&i{k ds dkfrZdjke th ds fo'ks"k xq: FksA ia- f'koyky vkSj
eksguyky th ls mUgksaus xfr;ksa vkSj ewd Hkko izn'kZu dk ckjhdh ls v/;;u
fd;kA mi;qZDr xq:vksa ls djhc nl o"kZ rd dkfrZdjke th dh u`R; dh f'k{kk
76- ogh] i`"B& 23

- 247 -
pyhA bVkok esa Hkh mUgsa fo'ks"k lEeku feyk Fkk vkSj lu~ 1936 esa fnYyh vky
bafM;k E;wftd dkUÝsal esa fo'ks"k lEeku ,oa u`R; izksQslj dh [;kfr izkIr gqbZA
,d le; Fkk tc dkfrZdjke th ds lkeus rcys esa laxr djus okyk nqyZHk gh
gksrk FkkA jktk pØ/kjflag dks bu ij fo'ks"k xoZ FkkA

dkfrZdjke ,d fou;h Hknz iq:"k vkSj ,d ;ksX; d`"kd Hkh FksA

laxhr dks os bZ'oj dk izlkn le>rs FksA mUgksaus VkVk] fnYyh] jk;iqj vkfn vusd
LFkkuksa esa u`R; dh f'k{kk nh muds f'k";ksa esa jkeyky vkSj pØorhZ flLVlZ fo'ks"k
mYys[kuh; gSaA

dkfrZdjke th dFkd dk nqfu;k esa djhc 30 o"kksZa rd Nk;s jgsA os

Lora=rk ds iwoZ rd ns'k esa vk;ksftr vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxhr lEesyuksa dh
izfr;ksfxrk esa izFke vkrs jgsA bl rjg os vR;f/kd yksdfiz; urZd jgsA y{ehukjk;.k
xxZ ds 'kCnksa esa ^tc rd jktk thfor jgs] bu nksuksa ¼dkfrZd] dY;k.k½ dh
de&ls&de rS;kjh esa lerk djus okyk dksbZ ugha FkkA ml le; bUgsa ikap&ikap
fdyks ds otuh; ?kq¡?k:vksa esa 6&7 ?kaVs jkst fj;kt djuk iM+rk FkkA bUgksaus
bykgkckn ¼1937½ laxhr lEesyu esa [Link] ind vkSj jtr ind nksuksa thrk FkkA
blh rjg vky bafM;k caxky E;wftd dkUÝsal] dydRrk ¼1935½ esa Hkh bUgsa [Link]
vkSj jtr ind feysA fetkZiqj ¼1933½ esa Hkh bUgsa [Link] ind ds lkFk flYoj esMy
^, Dykl* feyk FkkA pkSFks E;wftd dkUÝsal] tks bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ¼1933½
esa gqvk Fkk] mlesa Hkh ;s izFke vk;s FksA77

dY;[Link] egUr & dY;[Link] egUr th dk tUe xzke eM+ok ¼uokikjk½]

ftyk&fcykliqj esa 10 vDVwcj] lu~ 1921 dks gqvk FkkA dY;[Link] ds firk Jh
dq'kynkl Lo;a ,d [Link] laxhrK Fks vkSj dekZu`R; ds fy, izfl) FksA firk ds
laj{k.k esa bUgksaus xEer&u`R; dh f'k{kk yh tks fd NRrhlx<+h ukpk ds uke ls
izfl) gSaA ,d le; dY;[Link] th dk ukpk lkjaxx<+ esa gqvk vkSj mudh u`R;
eqnzkvksa ls izHkkfor gksdj jktk us mUgsa vius njckj esa j[k fy;kA78
77- ogh] i`"B& 22
78- ogh] i`"B& 25

- 248 -
 jk;x<+ njckj esa dY;[Link] th dks ia- t;yky] vPNu egkjkt]
yPNw egkjkt vkfn us u`R; dh f'k{kk nhA gkth eqgEen] HkkbZ yky [kk¡ ls mUgksaus
xk;u vkSj uRFkw [kk¡] vgen [kk¡ fFkjdok] dknjc['k vkfn ls rcys dh f'k{kk yhA
bl izdkj dY;[Link] th loZxq.k lEiUu dykdkj FksA

dFkd ds fodkl esa dY;[Link] th us lkjk thou yxk;k] Hkkjr

ljdkj ds fuea=.k ij ukxiqj esa jgdj mUgksaus laxhr ds fodkl esa [Link]
;ksxnku fn;k blh izdkj mUgksaus lk/kuk ¼mfM+;k fQYe½ esa u`R; funsZ'ku dh Hkh
[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA muds yksdfiz; f'k";ksa esa Hkxokunkl izeq[k gSaA

fQjrw egkjkt & iPphl o"kksZa ls lk/kukjr fQjrw egkjkt us NRrhlx<+ vkSj
mM+hlk esa dFkd ds lSdM+ksa f'k"; rS;kj fd;s ftuesa jkeewfrZ f'k"; izeq[k gSaA

fQjrw egkjkt dk tUe fcykliqj ftys ds cUnsyk xzke esa 7 tqykbZ

lu~ 1921 dks gqvk FkkA buds firk efUnj ds iqtkjh FksA ;s lu~ 1930 esa jk;x<+
vk;sA bUgksaus lu~ 1933 esa izFke ckj bykgkckn E;wftd dkUÝsal esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj
jkrksa&jkr izfl) gks x;sA fQjrw egkjkt u`R; vax vFkkZr cksy iju ds fy,
fu".kkr gSaA yacs cksy vkSj pDdjnkj iju ds fy, izfl) fQjrw egkjkt dFkd dh
xksf"B;ksa esa yxkrkj rhu&pkj ?kaVs i<+ar dj Jksrkvksa dks eU=eqX/k dj nsrs FksA

fQjrw egkjkt dks t;yky egkjkt] vPNu egkjkt] lhrkjke th]

eqgEer [kk¡ ¼xk;u½] NqV~Vu HkkbZ vkSj gjukjk;.k vkfn ls u`R; rFkk xk;u dh
f'k{kk feyhA os djhc 7 o"kZ rd yxkrkj jk;x<+ njckj esa jgsA79 lkSE; LoHkko
vkSj mnkjrk ds dkj.k fQjrw egkjkt dk uke dFkd ds bfrgkl esa ges'kk vafdr
jgsxkA

ia- ceZuyky & ceZuyky th dk cpiu ekek eqdqrjke ds laj{k.k esa chrk] tks
Lo;a jktk lkgc ds d`ikik= Fks vkSj njckj us mUgsa igys&igys u`R; esa rS;kj
fd;kA dFkd dh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mUgsa eqdqrjketh ls gh feyhA os lu~ 30 ds
vklikl njckj esa jgs] fQj okil gks x;sA ckn esa mUgksua s 1935 ls 40 rd yxkrkj
79- ogh] i`"B& 26&27

- 249 -
jguk 'kq: fd;kA bl chp mUgksaus ia- t;yky egkjkt] lhrkjke th] yPNw
egkjkt] vPNu egkjkt] 'kaHkw egkjkt vkfn ls u`R; dh f'k{kk yhA blh izdkj
ukjk;.k izlkn ls xk;u] dknj c['k vkSj uRFkw [kk¡ ls rcyk vkSj Hkw"k.k egkjkt
ls [Link] xrdkjh lh[khA uUgsayky th mUgsa jkxksa dk vH;kl djkrs FksA

lu~ 1947 ls 49 rd os duZy 'kks[ks vkSj eSMe esudk ds lkFk cacbZ

esa jgs vkSj okfM;k ds pyfp=ksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksxh fl) gq,A lu~ 1949
esa jk;x<+ dykiFkd ls tqM+s jgsA80 ia- ceZuyky us Hkkjr ljdkj ds fuea=.k ij
vusd cM+s 'kgjksa esa dk;ZØe izLrqr fd;sA

bl izdkj v/kZ'krkCnh ;kus chloha lnh ds izkjaHk ls ysdj lu~ 1947 rd

jktk pØ/kj flag us Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr dh vy[k tyk;s j[khA okftn vyh
'kkg dk jktkJ; [kRe gksrs gh mRrj Hkkjr ds laxhrdkj izJ;foghu gks x;s FksA
jktk pØ/kj flag th ds f'k";ksa dh yEch lwph esa dkfrZd jke] dY;[Link]]
fQjrwnkl] ceZunkl] jkeyky th] d`ikjke ¼rcyk½] ia- cuokjhyky cM+ds ¼xk;u½
vkfn dqN uke [Link] gSaA bu yksxksa us jk;x<+ dFkd dks fodflr djus o
yksdfiz; cukus esa [Link] ;ksxnku fn;kA jktk pØ/kj flag Lo;a rcys ds cksy
cukrs FksA ykL;&vax Hkko izn'kZu gsrq Lo;a jpuk,¡ fy[krs o bu jpukvksa ij
njckj esa u`R; djokrs] vko';drk iM+us ij Lo;a Hkh f'k{kk nsrs ckn esa ;gh ijEijk
^^jk;x<+&'kSyh** ds :i esa fodflr gqbZA

u`R; dh n`f"V ls mi;qZDr lHkh u`R;dkjksa us jktk pØ/kj flag }kjk

izofrZr 'kSyh esa ukpk vkSj dFkd dks fodflr djus vkSj yksdfiz; cukus esa
[Link] ;ksxnku fn;k gSA bUgha dh cnkSyr dFkd jk;x<+ ?kjkus dk vfLrRo
izdk'k esa vk;kA

80- ogh] i`"B& 28

- 250 -
 jk;x<+ ?kjkuk
u`R;dkjksa dh f'k"; ijaijk
jktk pØ/kj flag

dkfrZd jke dY;[Link] fQjrwnkl ceZunkl

jkeyky81

dFkd ?kjkuksa ds mRifÙk ,oa fodkl ds mi;qZä fooj.k ds ckn dgk tk

ldrk gS fd orZeku le; esa dFkd u`R; ds pkj ?kjkus izpfyr gSaA izR;sd ?kjkus
dh viuh&viuh fo'ks"krk gS tSls t;iqj ?kjkus esa in lapkyu dk oSf'k"V~; gS tks
y[kuÅ ?kjkus esa Hkkoi{k dh iz/kkurk gSA cukjl tkudh izlkn ?kjkuk ,oa lq[knso
?kjkuk lkfRodrk iz/kku gS ,oa u`R; rduhd o eqækvksa esa fof'k"V gSA

jk;x<+ 'kSyh esa u`R; cksyksa dk oSf'k"V~; gS blfy;s ;s lHkh ?kjkus dFkd u`R;
{ks= esa viuk&viuk fof'k"V LFkku j[krs gSaA orZeku le; esa ?kjkuk ijaijk esa
FkksM+k <hykiu vk;k gSA lHkh ?kjkuksa ds f'k"; f'k";k,¡ dFkd esa ,d nwljs ds
?kjkuksa dh phtksa] eqækvksa dks vius u`R; esa 'kkfey dj jgs gSaA

81- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;&dfu"d ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2006] i`"B& 207
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 251 -
 4-2 ?kjkuksa dh 'kSyhxr fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa egRo
4-2-1& t;iqj ?kjkus dh fo'ks"krk,¡
dFkd ds t;iqj ?kjkus dk vyx gh oSf'k"V~; gSA t;iqj ?kjkus ds
izfl) xq: ,oa Js"B urZd laxhr ukVd vdkneh ds vdkneh iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
iafMr jktsUnz xaxkuh dk dguk gS fd &
^^t;iqj ?kjkus ds u`R; esa izcU/kksa vFkkZr~ ca/kh gqbZ u`R; cfUn'kksa dk
izpyu gSA Hkkjr ds vf/kdrj fo}ku t;iqj ?kjkus ds gh gq;s gSaA ^^bl ?kjkus esa
y;dkfj;ksa ds pyu dh iz/kkurk gSA [Link] u`R; dk izHkko gksus ds dkj.k ohj jl
dh ijuksa dk vkf/kD; gSA cM+h cM+h ijuksa dk pyu bl ?kjkus dh nsu gSA vfHku;
Hkko lkfRod jgrk gSA dfoRr ij u`R; djuk rFkk cM+s rky ds vkorZuksa esa tSls
/kekj] ,drky] v"Veaxy] [Link]'k rky] ljLorh rky vkfn rkyksa esa u`R; djuk
bl ?kjkus dh fo'ks"krk gSA**
fu%lansg t;iqj ?kjkuk vusd 'kk[kkvksa dk [Link] gSA dqN urZdksa us dFkd
dks u;s vk;ke fn;s gSaA dfBu rkyksa esa u`R;kadu] dfBu rksM+s] rS;kjh] rrdkj]
cksyksa dh fudklh ij fo'ks"k /;ku] Hkzefj;ksa ds rhu&pkj izdkj vkfn ij fo'ks"k /
;ku nsdj dFkd u`R; dks peRdkfjd cuk;k gSA**1
Hkzejh & 'kkL=ksa esa ftruh Hkzefj;ksa dk funsZ'k gS mu lHkh Hkzefj;ksa dk vfr
rst izpyu bl [Link] dk ,d fo'ks"k xq.k le>k tkrk gSA ,d txg ij [kM+s
jgdj ,d] nks ;k rhu pDdj] ,d iSj dk pDdj] vkxs&ihNs c<+rs gq; pDdj]
mM+ku ds lkFk pDdj ¼vkdk'k Hkzejh½ rFkk jaxeap ij cM+k xksy cukrs gq;s vkSj
mlh le; viuh vksj Hkh Lo;a ?kwers gq;s pDdj ;s lc izdkj t;iqj ?kjkus ds
fo'ks"k xq.k gSaA
dFkd u`R; ds izkphu vaxksa tSls mji] frji] lqyHk] vkS?kV] lqnx vkfn dk
iz;ksx vkt Hkh ;Fkkor~ :i ls gks jgk gSA
^^jktiwr 'kSyh ds fp=ksa esa vafdr ekuo eqnzk,a t;iqj ?kjkus ds rRdkyhu

82- ia- jktsUnz xaxkuh&t;iqj ?kjkus ds ofj"B dFkd xq: ,oa u`rd] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh ls
lk{kkRdkj~

- 252 -
u`R; :i ls os'kHkw"kk] Hkko eqnzk o vaxfoU;kl esa cgqr lkE; j[krh gSA**83
eksVh js[kkvksa esa LokHkkfod vaxfLFkfr esa vafdr jktiwr ekuo d`fr;k¡
tks xaHkhj Hkko mRiUu djrh gSa ogh t;iqj ?kjkus dk oSf'k"V~; gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj
ij ge ^fd'kux<+dye* ds bZ- lu~ 1820 eas fpf=r jk/kkd`".k o xksfi;ksa ds ml
u`R; fp= dks ysa tks vkt Hkh fd'kux<+ njckj esa lqjf{kr gS vkSj yfyr dyk
vdkneh] u;h fnYyh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fd'kux<+ isafVXl* uked iqLrd esa IysV
la[;k 15 ij izdkf'kr gSA bl fp= esa d`".k gkFk ck¡/kdj Bhd oSls gh frjNs [kM+s
gq, fpf=r fd;s x;s gSa tSls t;iqj ?kjkus ds dFkd u`R;dkj ^BkV* ds vkjEHk esa
[kM+s gksrs gSAa ^^rduhdh :i ls bls gh ^dop* ;k ^doph* eqnzk dgk tkrk gSA fgUnw
/keZ esa ea=tki ls iwoZ tks ik¡p izdkj dk vax U;kl fd;k tkrk gS mlesa ^dopk;
gqe~* dgrs gq, tSlh eqnzk cuk;h tkrh gS ;g ogh dop gS tks t;iqj ?kjkus dh
u`R; ijEijk dh vk/;kfRed i`"BHkwfe dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA**84
blh izdkj xksfi;ksa dh eqnkz ,a Hkh t;iqj ?kjkus ds ^gLr Hksn* ls feyrh
tqyrh gSAa
HkkokfHku; & v"Vifn;k¡ ftl izdkj vU; u`R; 'kSfy;ksa esa yksdfiz; gSa
mlh izdkj t;iqj ?kjkus esa Hkh os vc rd izpfyr jgh gSaA eqxydky esa /kqzoin
xku dk fodkl gqvk vkSj oS".ko efUnjksa esa lsokjr t;iqj ?kjkus ds dFkd
dykdkj /kqzoinksa o Hktuksa ij u`R; djrs jgsA 18oha 'krkCnh esa tc mRrj Hkkjr esa
Bqejh dk izpkj gqvk rc og Bqejh rks jktLFkku igqp
a h gh mlds lekUrj jktLFkku
esa ^ekaM* xkus dk izpkj gqvk vkSj og t;iqj ?kjkus ds vfHku; dk vk/kkj cukA
>wyk] Qkx] vkfn _rq ioksZa ds xhrksa ds vykok bl ?kjkus esa jktLFkkuh yksd xhrksa
ij u`R; fd;s tkus dh Hkh ijEijk gSA jktLFkkuh yksd u`R;ksa dh xR;kRedrk dk
Hkh bl vfHku; fof/k ij izHkko iM+k gSA
fuxhZr& bu lcds vfrfjDr bl ?kjkus esa iYyfor ^fuxhZr* dks ukps tkus
dh ijEijk gSA ^^vFkZghu 'kCnksa ls jfpr xhr dks Hkjr us ^fuxhZr ;k cfgxhZr* dgk
83- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 150
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

84- ogh] i`"B& 151

- 253 -
gSA frXnk] fnxfnx] fnXys] Fkqa] Fkqa] ra>s] =ke vkfn ftu fujFkZd 'kCnksa ls dFkd
u`R; ds cksyksa dh jpuk gksrh gS mudk Hkjr] 'kkM~xZanso vkfn us fuxhZr ds mnkgj.k
ds :i esa gh dFku fd;k gSA u`R; ds bu cksyksa dks 'kkL=h; jkx&jkfxfu;ksa esa
cka/k dj mu ij u`R; fd;s tkus dh t;iqj ?kjkus dh ijEijk esa ^u`R;lkaxhr* dgk
tkrk gSA**85 o`Unkou ds jkl/kkfj;ksa esa Hkh ;g ijEijk xfreku gS vkSj e`nax&lkxj
esa Hkh bl izdkj dh dqN jpuk,¡ laxzghr gSa ftuesa bl ckr dk Hkh Li"V mYys[k
gS fd mldk dkSu lk va'k jk/kk ds ukps tkus ds fy, gS vkSj dkSu lk d`".k ds
fy,A u`R; ds cksyksa ds leku gh rcyk&i[kkot ds cksyksa dks Hkh jkxksa esa cka/kdj
izLrqr fd;k tkrk jgk gS ftls ^frjoV* ¼f=oV½ dgrs gaSA bldh Hkh ijEijk cgqr
iqjkuh gSA
v"VNki ds HkDr dfo d`".knkl us Hkh vius Qkxyhyk ds ,d in
esa frjoV dk mYys[k fd;k gS] nsf[k, &
^^HkkbZ gks gk gksyh f[kykbZ,A
>ka> chu i[kkot fdUujh MQ e`nax ctkb,AA
rky f=oV rrdkj pk¡pj [ksy epkb,AA**86
fuxhZr dh ijEijk esa lcls yksdfiz; ^rjkuksa* ij Hkh u`R; gksrk gSA
blds fy, ,sls fo'ks"k izdkj ds rjkus jps tkrs gSa ftuesa u`R; dh xR;kRedrk o
vaxksa dk ykfyR; Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gks ldsA bUgsa ^ukp ds rjkus* gh dgk
tkrk gSA
blh izdkj t;iqj ?kjkus ds urZdksa esa yksdfiz; vU; xhr izdkj
^prqjax*gS tks lkFkZd fujFkZd 'kCnksa dk leUo; gSA 'kCn ¼dkO;½ Loj] rky o
rjkuk pkj rRoksa dks ysdj prqjax dh jpuk dh tkrh gS] tks dFkd u`R; esa Hkko
o rky nksuksa dh la;qDr izLrqfr ds fy, mfpr vk/kkj iznku djrh gSA
^^laLd`r] czt ;k jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ds i|ksa ds ek/;e ls b"Vnso dh
oUnuk dj u`R; ds izkjaHk dh ijEijk Hkh ewyr% t;iqj ?kjkus dh gh nsu gS ftls
85- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 123
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

86- ogh] i`"B&152

- 254 -
vc vU; yksxksa us Hkh viuk fy;k gSA**87
t;iqj ?kjkus dh u`R; ijaijk esa ,slh cafn'ksa Hkh feyrh gSa] ftudk
Hkk"kk&oSKkfud ijh{k.k djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd os fMaxy Hkk"kk ds izfr:i gSaA
[Link] &
^^tfV tkVs xaxk/kj eqdqV exksjh ;koxzhdj fdadu
Åre Fkk rr rr Fkk]
gLr doy ny iq= fouk;d
fQj uaxk Fkks Fkks: nj]
lgh f'ko dkyk xs:nj
lgh fxu Fkjhax Fkjhax eu gqykls
fMe: dS% fMe fMe
?kVk okgu <yad ij
=;h;d uS=d i=d /kkA**88
t;iqj ?kjkus ds vfHku; esa ,slh ljyrk] LokHkkfodrk o lkfRodrk
gS tks lgt gh eu dks eksg ysrh gSA
xr&Hkko
t;iqj ?kjkus esa vfHku; ds izLrqfrdj.k dh ,d vkSj l'kDr fo/kk
izpkj esa gS ftls ^xr Hkko* dgk tkrk gSA 'kkL=ksa esa uVu ;k urZu fØ;k ds rhu
Hksn ekus x;s gSa& ukV~; u`Rr] u`R; ! buesa ls rkykfJr vfHku; vFkkZr u`R; dk
izLrqfrdj.k rks izk;% leLr u`R; 'kSfy;ksa esa leku :i ls izpfyr gS fdUrq fo'kq)
ukV~; vFkkZr fcuk xhr dk vk/kkj xzg.k fd;s ek= vfHku; }kjk fdlh dFkkud
ds izLrqfrdj.k dh ijEijk dk fodkl dsoy t;iqj ?kjkus esa gh ^xr Hkko* ds :i
esa gqvk gSA ^xr* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ voLFkk ;k n'kk gksrk gS fdUrq dqN fo}ku bls
xhr 'kCn dk vizHka'k :i ekurs gSA oLrqr% xr 'kCn ds mi;qZDr nksuksa gh vFkkZs dks

87- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 152
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

88- ogh] i`"B&153

- 255 -
la;qDr :i ls xzg.k djus ij dFkd u`R; esa izpfyr xrksa dk :i Li"V gksrk gSA
D;ksfa d blds vUrxZr u`R;dkj iyVk ysdj pyuksa ds lkFk fofHkUu uk;d&ukf;dkvksa
dh Nfo izLrqr djrk gSA blds nks Hksn gSA & xr fudkl vkSj xr HkkoA xr
fudkl dk izpkj y[kuÅ ?kjkus esa vf/kd jgk gS fdUrq xr Hkko dk fodkl t;iqj
?kjkus esa gh gqvk gSA blds vUrxZr u`R;dkj vdsyk gh fdlh dFkkud ds leLr
ik=ksa dk vfHku; djrs gq, jlHkko dh l`f"V djrk gSA ^^;g xr Hkko ik'pkR;
ns'kksa ds ^ekbe* ;k ^eksuksIys* ¼,dy vfHku;½ ls feyrk tqyrk gS] fdUrq eksuksIys
esa tgk¡ ,d gh ik= dh fofHkUu ekufld voLFkkvksa dk izn'kZu gksrk gS ogk¡ xr
Hkko esa dFkkud ds leLr ik=ksa dh fofHkUu HkkokoLFkkvksa dk izn'kZu fd;k tkrk
gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd eksuksIys esa y;&rky dk izfrca/k ugha gksrk fdUrq xr Hkko
esa leLr vfHku; rkyc) gksrk gSA bl izdkj xr Hkko dk viuk fof'k"V O;fDrRo
gS ftl ij vf/kdkj izkIr djus ds fy, vfHku; ds lkFk&lkFk y; rky esa Hkh
ikjaxr gksuk vko';d gSA**89 blesa ,d {k.k esa lhrk vkSj nwljs {k.k esa jko.k ;k
fdlh vU; ik= dk Hkko izLrqr djuk vfHku; dh ifjiDork dk ifjpk;d gSA
lu~ 1700 ls 1900 bZ- dk dky] ftls fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl esa
^jhfr dky* dgk tkrk gS] cztHkk"kk esa y{k.k&xazFkksa ds cgkus J`axkj jl vkSj
ukf;dk Hksn ds LQqV NUnksa dk jpukdky jgk gSA ;s leLr jhfrdkyhu dfo fgUnw
jktkvksa ds vkJ; esa gh viuh dkO; lk/kuk djrs jgs gSaA ^^LokHkkfod rkSj ij
dfoRr&loS;ksa ij vfHku;] ?kjkus ds vfHku;&Øe dh ,d Lora= fo/kk gh cu
x;kA**90 vkt Hkh t;iqj dk dksbZ ,slk dFkd urZd u gksxk ftls lkS&nks lkS
dfoRr loS;s ;kn u gksa vkSj t;iqj ?kjkus ds dykdkjksa dk ,slk dksbZ u`R;
izn'kZu ugha gks ldrk ftlesa nks&pkj dfoRr&NUnksa dh izLrqfr u gksA
bu jhfrdkyhu dfoRr&loS;ksa ds vfrfjDr] dfork ds 'kCnksa ds
lkFk rcyk] i[kkot o u`R; ds cksyksa dks feykdj cafn'k ;k iju cukdj izLrqr

89- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 153
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

90- t;iqj ?kjkus dk dykRed oSf'k"V~; 17 ls 19 flrEcj] Hkksiky dFkd lsehukj] MkW- iq: nk/khp] i`"B&154

- 256 -
djus dh ijEijk t;iqjk ?kjkus esas izkphu dky ls jgh gS] tks Øe'k% iYyfor gksrh
jghA ^^rky ds ,d vkorZu ls yxkdj ipkl ipkl vkorZu rd ds yEcs dforkaxh
cksy jps x;s] ftUgsa ^yeNM+* dgk tkrk gSA iwjs dFkkud prqjL;] frL= o feJ
tkfr ds NUnksa esa jps x;s vkSj bUgsa dfoRrksa esa <kyk x;kA jhfrdkyhu dfork dk
iz/kku xq.k mfDr oSfp=~; o peRdkj gS vkSj bu dfoRrksa dh izLrqfr Hkh t;iqj dk
urZd ftl izdkj vfrnzqr esa i<+dj djrk gS og lpeqp [Link] gSA**91 mruh
nqzry; esa tgk¡ lkekU;r% dfork i<+ ikuk Hkh vklku u gks ogk¡ 'kCnksa ds lkFk
vaxksa dks iyVrs gq, Hkko crkuk fu'p; gh nq"dj dk;Z gSA
^^u`Rra rkyy;kJ;e~** dh vFkkZr rky&y; ds vuqlkj Hkkofoghu
fdUrq lkSUn;[Link] vax&lapkyu dh fØ;k dks ^u`Rr* dgk tkrk gSA ;ksa rks izk;%
leLr 'kkL=h; u`R; 'kSfy;ksa esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa u`R; dk izn'kZu gksrk gh gS
fdUrq orZeku dFkd u`R; 'kSyh esa bls lokZf/kd egRrk izkIr gSA fdlh Hkh dFkd
u`R; izn'kZu dk rhu&pkSFkkbZ Hkkx vkSj dHkh&dHkh [Link] izn'kZu blh u`Rr Hkkx
ls vko`Rr jgrk gSaA t;iqj ?kjkuk bl rky iz/kku u`Rrkax ds izn'kZu ds fy, lnk
ls gh izfl) jgk gSA
^^u`Rr Hkkx ds varxZr dFkd urZd fdlh Hkh rky esa mBku] BkV]
vken] rksM+s&VqdM+s] iju] ijesyq o rrdkj dk izn'kZu djrs gSaA lkekU;r% dFkd
urZd f=rky esa gh u`Rrkax dk izLrqfrdj.k djrs gS ;k fofo/krk dh n`f"V ls FkksM+k
cgqr /kekj] >irky ;k pkSrky esa ukp ysrs gSa] fdUrq t;iqj ?kjkus esa czg~e]
v"Veaxy] y{eh] [Link]'k] f'k[kj] clUr] lokjh vkfn vizpfyr dgh tkus okyh
izkphu o dfBu] rkyksa esa Hkh ?[Link] rd lgwfy;r ds lkFk ukps tkus dh ijEijk
fo|eku gSA**92 bu rkyksa dh rrdkjsa] buesa gyu&pyu o foLrkj ¼izLrkj½ ds xqj
t;iqj ?kjkus ds u`rd gh tkurs gSaA t;iqj esa u`Rr xq:vksa ls izkIr u`R; rkyhe

91 nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 154
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

92- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'kMZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 174]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 257 -
vkSj 'kkL= v/;;u ls izkIr Kku tc fey ,d gks tkrs gSa rc ân; esa ,d nqyZHk
lh] vuwBh] lq[kn vuqHkwfr gksrh gS tSlh bu lqyi o flji ds lanHkZ esa gqbAZ ^^t;iqj
?kjkus ds FkkV esa dFkd u`R; dh fofo/k izkphu vax tSls& lqyi] flji bR;kfn dk
;Fkksfpr iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
vkpk;Z Jh d.B ds }kjk jl & dkSeqnh esa dgk x;k gS &
eUn&eUn pyn~ nhi f'k[kso LokM~ax&pkyue~A
u`R;rRo fopkjKS% lqyi 'kCn bfr Le`r%AA**93
vFkkZr %& nhi f'k[kk dh Hkkafr 'kjhj dks /khjs&/khjs Mksyus dks lqyi dgk tkrk gSA
bl fØ;k dks djrs oDr 'kjhj dks /khjs&/khjs bl rjg nk¡,&ck¡, ys tkuk gksrk gS
fd 'kjhj dk larqyu cuk jgsA FkkV ds vkjaHk eas lqyi dk iz;ksx vkt Hkh n`"VO;
gSA lqyi dk gh ,d fudVorhZ 'kCn ^^flji** gSA ;g 'kCn laLd`r ^l` ¼flj½* /kkrq
ls cuk gSA blh /kkrq ls ^liZ* 'kCn ls cuk gSaA tSls lkai fcuk 'kjhj dks mBk;s
t+ehu ij ljdrs gq, pyrk gS oSls gh Øe'k% ,M+h o iats dks f[kldk dj ljdkrs
gq, pyus dks gh ^flji* dgrs gSA t;iqj ?kjkus ds FkkV vax esa bl bl fØ;k dk
bruk vf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd flji ds /kkxs esa
gh [Link] FkkV dh ekyk xwaFkh tkrh gSA
dop& t;iqj FkkV dk ,d vkSj fo'ks"k fcUnq gS & doph@dop eqnzkA
fgUnw /keZ esa xk;=h ea= ds tki ls iwoZ vkRej{kk ds fy, "kMkax U;kl fd;k tkrk
gSA ^Å¡ Lo% dopk; gqe~* dk mPpkj.k djrs gq, bl fØ;k dks laikfnr djus esa
nksuksa gkFkksa dks ,d nwljs ds cktw ij Li'kZ djrs gq, j[kk tkrk gS] cktqvksa dk
U;kl ;k vk/kku fd;k tkrk gS vkSj u`R; ds {ks= esa ;gh U;kl vFkkZr~ nksuksa gkFkksa
dks ,d nwljs ds cktw ij j[k] vax lkS"Bo ds lkFk [kM+s gksuk] t;iqj&FkkV dk ,d
cgqip
z fyr vankt+ gSA blfy, vxj bl FkkV&eqnkz dks gekjs ?kjkus dk ^flxuspj&uksV*
dgk tk, rks vfr';ksfDr u gksxhA u`Rr vax ds foe'kZ esa ^vorj.k* dk [Link]
LFkku gS ftls izpfyr rkSj ij ^vken* laKk ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA gekjs xq:oj ia-
jktsUnz xaxkuh dk blds izfr ,d fo'ks"k vkxzg ;g gS fd vorj.k ;k vken dh
93- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd u`R; f'k{kk&Hkkx&2 fcUnq izdk'ku] bUnkSj] i`"B&126

- 258 -
jpuk fdlh Hkh rky ds Lo:i] mlds ot+u] rkyh&[kkyh ,oa foHkkxksa ds vuq:i
gh gksuk pkfg,A ;g vorj.k dk lcls [Link] xq.k gSA
'kkL=h; u`R; ds ckjs esa ekU;rk gS fd budk fodkl vkfnoklh
u`R;ksa ls yksdu`R; ,oa yksd u`R;ksa ls 'kkL=h; u`R;ksa dh vksj gqvkA [Link] jktLFkku
vkSj mlds vklikl ds bykds dh le`) yksd u`R; ijaijkvksa us dFkd ds t;iqj
?kjkus dks Hkh fuf'pr gh le`) gksus ds fy, dyk lkexzh iznÙk dh ftlds pyrs
t;iqj ?kjkus ds dFkd esa fofo/krk vkSj foLrkj dk vuar vkyksd nSnhI;eku gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, t;iqj ?kjkus ds vkpk;ksZa dk bl LFkkuh; xhr%& ^^jaxhyk 'kaHkw
xkSjk ys] i/kkjksa I;kjk ikouk------** ,oa blh rjg dh jpukvksa ij Hkko fn[kkukA
uxesa & t;iqj ?kjkus ds chp dbZ uxeas izpfyr gSa tks fd jkx ^^ekaM** ij
vk/kkfjr gSA ^^ekaM** ewyr% jktLFkku ds yksdxhrksa ls fodflr gqvk [Link]
foLrkj okyk ijarq vR;ar lqanj jkx gS ftl ij u`R; djus dh ijaijk gS tks vHkh
Hkh izpfyr gSA
pDdj & jktLFkku ds yksd u`R; esa vU; yksd u`R;ksa dh rqyuk esa uk
dsoy pDdjksa dk T;knk egRo gS cfYd Hkzefj;ksa ds ftrus izdkj jktLFkkuh yksd
u`R; esa ik, tkrs gSa mrus laHkor% Hkkjr ds vU; fdlh yksd u`R; esa ughaA blfy,
LokHkkfod gh gS fd t;iqj ?kjkus ds dbZ u`rdksa ds pDdkjksa esa vfrfDy"V fofo/
krk ikbZ tkrh gSA ia- guqeku izlkn th vkSj gfjizlkn th mRIyou Hkzejh ds fy,
fo[;kr FksA t;iqj ds xq:vksa ls rkyhe ik, gq, dFkd dykdkjksa dk ckn esa Hkys
gh vyx ?kjkuk cu x;k gks ijarq mudh u`R; 'kSyh esa dkQh dqN t;iqj dk vk/
kkj fn[k iM+rk gSA ,d cgqizpfyr fdLls ds vuqlkj ia- vuks[ksyky th feJ dh
vfrnqzr ^^ukf?kaf?kauk** dh Qsd ij uk dsoy Lo- ia- dkfrZd jke th us rrdkj ds
fofHkUu izdkj fn[kk, cfYd ml vk'p;Z pfdr dj nsus okyh vR;ar nzqry; esa
pDdj Hkh yxkus yxsA mYys[kuh; gS fd jk;x<+ 'kSyh ds izfl) dykdkj Lo- ia-
dkfrZd jke th us esjs ijnknk xq: Lo- ia- t;yky th ls yEch rkyhe gkfly
dh FkhA ^^laxhr lekt** egkfo|ky; te'ksniqj ds o;kso`) izkpk;Z Lo- ia- ,-lh-
pkS/kjh us eq>s Hkh bl fdLls dk [Link] lquk;k FkkA bl izlax dh ohfM;ks fjdkfM±x

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bafnjk dyk laxhr fo'ofo|ky; [kSjkx<+ N-x- ds n`'; JO; foHkkx esa miyC/k gSA
Hkzejh lanHkZ & 'kkL=ksa esa ftruh Hkzefj;ksa dk funsZ'k gS mu lHkh
Hkzefj;ksa dk vfr rst izpyu bl [Link] dk ,d fo'ks"k xq.k le>k tkrk gSA ,d
txg ij [kM+s jgdj ,d] nks ;k rhu pDdj] ,d iSj dk pDdj] vkxs&ihNs c<+rs
gq, pDdj] mM+ku ds lkFk pDdj ¼vkdk'k Hkzejh½ rFkk jaxeap ij cM+k xksy cukrs
gq;s vkSj mlh le; viuh vksj Hkh Lo;a ?kwers gq;s pDdj ;s lc izdkj t;iqj
?kjkus ds fo'ks"k xq.k gSaA
dfBu rky& dfBu ,oa vYi izpfyr rky tSls [Link]'k rky ¼21 ek=k,sa½]
f'k[kj rky ¼17 ek=k,sa½] jlxw¡t ¼19 ek=k,sa½ esa u`R;kadu] dfBu rksM+s] rS;kjh]
rrdkj&oSfo/;] cksyksa ds dVko ,oa fudklh ij fo'ks"k /;ku iatksa dh tksjnkj
pk¡Vh] Hkzejh&oSfo/; bR;kfn t;iqjh dFkd ds vfuok;Z u`Rr rRo gSA bu lcds
vfrfjDr bl ?kjkus esa iYyfor ^fuxhZr* dks ukps tkus dh ijEijk gSA vFkZghu
'kCnksa ls jfpr xhr dks ^ukV~;'kkL=* [Link] vkpk;Z Hkjr us ^fuxhZr ;k cfgxhZr*
dgk gSA frXnk] fnxfnx] fnXys] Fkqa] Fkqa] ra>s] =ke vkfn ftu fujFkZd 'kCnksa ls
dFkd u`R; ds cksyksa dh jpuk gksrh gS mudk Hkjr] 'kkM~xZanso vkfn fo}kuksa us
fuxhZr ds mnkgj.k ds :i esa gh dFku fd;k gSA u`R; ds bu cksyksa dks 'kkL=h;
jkx&jkfxfu;ksa esa cka/k dj mu ij u`R; fd;s tkus dh t;iqj ?kjkus dh ijEijk
esa ^u`R;laxhr* dgk tkrk gSA bldk izpfyr mnkgj.k rjkuk gS rFkk frjoV Hkh
fuxhZr ds varxZr vkrk gSA
vr% bu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa ds pyrs t;iqj vius vki esa ,d [Link]
vkSj lqle`) jktLFkkuh dRFkd 'kSyh dk lqLFkkfir ?kjkuk gSA bldh 'kSyh rFkk
dykdkjksa us ges'kk gh dRFkd dks le`) djus esa Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj dFkd u`R;
dks lnSo gh vxzlj fd;k gSA ^^t;iqj ?kjkus ds xq:tu jktLFkku rFkk e/;izns'k
ds fganw jktkvksa ds vkJ; esa vf/kdrj jgs blfy;s dykfo"dkj ds izkjaHk esa [Link]'k
oanuk dh izLrqfr dh izFkk pyrh vkbZ gSA**94
t;iqj ?kjkus esa u`R; dh 'kq:vkr eaxykpj.k] Lrqfr ;k vf/kdrj
94- HkkVs [Link]] dFkd izlax ys[k] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 144] ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

- 260 -
[Link]'k oanuk ls gksrh gSA [Link]'k oanuk esa [Link]'k dh Lrqfr ds 'kCn gksrs gSa tks fd u`R;
ds vU; cksyksa ds lkFk feydj lqUnj y;kRed va'k curs gSAa
[Link] &
x.k x.k [Link] xt eq[k eaxy fxV
fx<+ fxV fx<+ Fkqu Fkqu rr rr FksbZ&t;
tx oUnu o&Ørq&.M nkuh /kk rk&
fo?u gj.k] lq[k dj.k] uk/kk xs uk /kk xs
f/kfe fdrk f/kfe fdrk Fkqnu&x FkM+qax
&x nf/k x u FksbZ FkM+qax&x FkM+qax&x
nf/k xu FksbZ FkM+qax&x FkM+qax&x
nf/k xu FksbZA
t;iqj ?kjkus dh [Link]'k&oUnuk dh ,d jpuk ;g Hkh gS &
Jo.k lqUnj uke [Link] Kku ukFk xtkuu js
1 2
f/kzd`/kku /kkf/kUu fdVrd yEcksnjA ,d nar /kk&Øka/k&r;s&rk;S&rk
blh izdkj ls dbZ rjg dh f'ko Lrqfr Hkh izLrqr dh tkrh gSaA
mBku ,oa mit
eaxykpj.k ;k Lrqfr ds ckn t;iqj ?kjkus ds urZd visf{kr rky esa
foyfEcr y; esa ygjk dk;e djds FkksM+h nsj rd dsoy rrdkj ;k ink?kkrksa ds
}kjk y; rky ls f[kyokM+ djrs gSA bls gh ^mit* dgk tkrk gSA rky ds
foHkkxkUrj ds vuqdwy y; ds fofHkUu :ikdkjksa ls lfTtr djus dks ^pkSd Hkjuk
dgrs gSA ;gha ls u`Rr dk :i mHkjus ;k mBus yxrk gS] blh dkj.k bls ^mBku*
dgrs gSAa bl fØ;k esa dqN nsj rd fujUrj rcyk] i[kkot o ?kq¡?k:vksa dh y;c)
/ofu ds xqaftr gksus ls y;&rky dk ,d lek lk c¡/k tkrk gS vkSj n'kZdksa dk /
;ku u`R; dh vksj dsfUnzr gks tkrk gSA ewyr% t;iqj ?kjkus ds bl vax dks vc
vU; yksx Hkh viukus yxs gSa fdUrq [k;ky ds leku vfr foyfEcr y; esa
foHkkxkUrj ;k rkyh&[kkyh dk /;ku j[krs gq, tjcksa o rky dh vko`fRr;ksa dks

- 261 -
ia- t;yky th lqUnj izlkn th tSls fo}ku cgqr [kwclwjrh ls Hkjrs FksA
BkV & ^BkV* dFkd u`R; dk izLrkouk Hkkx gSA BkV dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ <kapk
;k vkdkj gSA blds vUrxZr dFkd urZd NksVs&NksVs eq[kM+s] VqdM+s o frgkb;ksa ds
lkFk ^LFkkud* ¼[kM+s jgus dh eqnzk,a½] cnyrs gq, mikax o izR;kaxksa dk y;c)
ifjpkyu djrk gS bls gh ^BkV cka/kuk* ;k ^BkV cjruk* dgk tkrk gSA ^^t;iqj
?kjkus dk BkV cjrus dk viuk fof'k"V vUnkt gSA urZd iSjksa ls eap ds fofHkUu
[Link] ij fujUrj fljirs jgrs gSa vkSj HkkSag] xjnu vkSj fo'ks"kdj dykbZ ls y;
ds fofHkUu :ikdkjksa dks mHkkjrs tkrs gSaA tSls ty dh /kkjk esa ,d ygj ls nwljh
ygj iSnk gksrh tkrh gS oSls t;iqj ds BkV esa dykbZ ls y; ds dVko lrr tkjh
jgrs gSa vkSj muds chp ftl rjg os vpkud gh ped dj le ij LFkkud cnyrs
gSa mls ns[kdj cjcl gh eqag ls ^okg* fudy iM+rh gSA**95
vken& ^vken* Qkjlh Hkk"kk dk ,d 'kCn gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS&vkxeu
;k [Link] ikjEifjd :i ls vken lnSo BkV ds ckn ukph tkrh jgh gSA BkV
esa urZd NkssVs&NksVs VqdM+s&eq[kMs+ o frgkb;ksas dk gh iz;ksx djrk gS] blds ckn
le ls le rd ,d iwjk cksy og vken ds :i esa gh ukprk gSA ^^foyfEcr y;
esa rky ds Lo:i ds vuqlkj le ls le rd iwjk cksy cukdj le ij vkuk gh
^vken* dgykrk gSA**96 dFkd 'kSyh esa vken uked cksyksa dk ,d vyx leqnk;
gSA ;g vken HkjrukV~;e 'kSyh ds ^^vykfjiq** ds fudV gSA ijutqM+h vken dh
gh rjg ijesyq tqM+h vken Hkh ukph tkrh gSA t;iqj ?kjkus esa bl ^rk FksbZ rr
FksbZ* ds vykok Hkh vkenksa ds vusd :i izpfyr jgs gSaA
t;iqj ?kjkus esa y; foyfEcr j[kdj pkSxqu esa ^/kkfrV /kkfrV* ,d
iju dh nks&rhu izdkj dh y;dkjh iznf'kZr djds vUr esa ;s Hkh ^rk FksbZ rr~ FksbZ*
dk iz;ksx rhozxfr esa pDdj ysdj lekIr djrs gSaA
^^vken ds lEcU/k esa vU; egÙ[Link] ckr ;g gS fd vktdy izk;%
urZd ^rk FksbZ rr FksbZ* dks gh c<+k&?kVk dj izR;sd rky esa vkekn ds uke ls ukp
95- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'kMZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 172]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

96- HkkVs [Link]] dFkd izlax ys[k] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 144] ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

- 262 -
nsrs gSaA fdUrq ;g rks f=rky ds NUn ij cuh gqbZ mlh dh vken gSA vU; rkyksa
esa tc mudh ;fr&xfr rkyh&[kkyh ds vuqlkj cksyksa dh jpuk dh tk;sxh rHkh
os ml rky dh vken dgyk,xhA t;iqj ?kjkus esa bl izdkj rky ds ewy Lo:i
ds vuqlkj gh vkensa cukdj ukps tkus dk izpyu jgk gSA
rksM+k vkSj VqdM+k & dFkd u`R; ds izLrqfr&Øe esa oUnuk] vken vkSj FkkV ds
i'pkr~ rksM+s&VqdM+s ukps tkrs gSaA ;s laKk,¡ Li"Vr% e`nax vFkok rcys ls yh xbZ
gSA rksM+s dks fofHkUu y;ksa esa frgkbZ;ksa ds lkFk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA le ls le
rd ,d vko`fÙk i;ZUr pyus okys cksy&lewg dks ^VqdM+k* dgrs gSaA
VqdM+s dks leku y; esa rhu ckj dgus ij mls pDdjnkj VqdM+k
dgrs gSaA t;iqj ?kjkus esa VqdM+s dks rhu ckj dgsaxs fdUrq rhuksa dh y; ,d ls
nqxquh fQj mldh nqxquh djrs gSa ftls ^friYyh* dgrs gSaA blesa 'kq: esa y; de
gksrh gS] fQj c<+rh tkrh gSA
rksMk+ izLrqr djrs le; urZd igys gkFk ij rkyh nsdj mls cksyrk
gS] fQj mUgha cksyksa dks rky ds lkFk vax&fo{ksi vkSj in&fØ;k }kjk lEikfnr
djrk gSA bu rksM+ksa ds vUr esa pDdjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk dykRedrk
ds lkFk ^le* ij vk;k tkrk gSA
bl lUnHkZ esa MkW- 'kjPpUnz Jh/kj ijkatis us nks izdkj ds rksM+ksa dk
mYys[k fd;k gS &
¼d½ xr rksM+k ¼[k½ laxhr&rksM+kA
¼d½ xr rksM+k & ftu VqdM+ksa vFkok rksM+ksa esa u`R; ,oa e`nax nksuksa
ds cksy iz;qDr gksrs gSa] mUgsa ^xr&rksM+k* dgrs gSaA [Link] ^^f=rky esa ,d
^xr&rksM+s* dh jpuk bl izdkj gS &
rr~ rr~ rk nzx Fkqu Fkqu f>f> fd r
Fkks FkMa&x rd Fkqu Fkqu frxnk frx fnx
Fks Fkqu Fkqu fnxnk frx fnx FkS rd Fkqu Fkqu
frxnk frxfnx FkS rd Fkqu Fkqu frxnk frx fnx**97
97- ijktais 'kjrpaæ Jh/kj] laxhr cks/k] i`"B&178

- 263 -
 ¼[k½ laxhr rksM+k & ftl jpuk esa xhr ds 'kCn ,oa u`R; ds cksy nksuksa
dk lekos'k gks] mls ^laxhr&rksM+k* dgrs gSaA t;iqj ?kjkus dk ,d ^laxhr&rksM+k*
tks f=rky esa fuc) gS] bl izdkj gS&
^^uVoj uk&p r la & xh & r xh & r
1 2 0 3
rk&i j i x uw & &&ij ck & ts &
1 2 0 3
Fkks & nz x =k e =k e FkS & & & Fkks & nz x
1 2 0 3
=k e =k e FkS & & & Fkks & nz x =k e =k eA FkSA**98
1 2 0 3 1

fizeyw
^^tx tx Fkjh Fkjh dqdq Fkjh ux Fkjh
f/kfe fdV rd ux Fkjh&fdV Fkqu xk
Fkfjdk Fkfjdk Fkfjdk rux f/kfefd rrdk
txtk xtxk Fkqu&Fkqu&Fkqu&rk&Fkqu&xk&
rdFkqu&xk&/khferk Fkqaxk
f/kfefd rrdk txuk xFkkjh
f/kfefd rrdk Fksbrk Fksbrk
FksbZ&FksbZrk FksbZrk FksbZ&FksbZrk FksbZrk FksbZA**99
rksM+k] VqdM+k] iju o izesyqvksas ds rks lSdM+ksa izdkj t;iqj ?kjkus esa
izpfyr gSaA ,d vksj ukp ds cksy] uVojh ds cksy] fizewy] i{kh iju] tkfriju
vkfn] ogha nwljh vksj rcyk o i[kkot esa fodflr cksyksa ds izdkj tSls pednkj]
Qjekb'kh] dekyh] nqiYyh] friYyh] pkSiYyh] ukSgDdk] c<S+;k] iju tkfriju]

98- ijktais 'kjrpaæ Jh/kj] laxhr cks/k] i`"B&178

99- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh ls izkIr

- 264 -
;friju] flagkoyksdu] fctyh iju vkfn izdkj gSAa ^^dFkd u`R; dk ;gh og Hkkx
gS ftlesa t;iqj ?kjkus ds dykdkj dks vius rkyk/;k; ds Kku o [Link]; izn'kZu
dk iwjk&iwjk volj izkIr gksrk gSA cksyksa dh iSjkssa ls 'kq) fudklh] rsth&rS;kjh o
lQkbZ ij ;s yksx cgqr ifjJe djrs gSaA ^?kM+Uu* o ^f/kykax* ;k ^/kkfdVrd* vkSj
^/kqefdVrd* tSls leku otu ds cksyksa esa Hkh tks mPpkj.k Hksn gSa rn~or gh iSjksa
ls izfr/ofur djus ds fy, vyx&vyx izdkj ls vk?kkr fd;k tkrk gSA tSls
fd ^/kk* ds fy, iwjh ixFkyh ls Hkwfe ij tksj ls vk?kkr fd;k tkrk gS tcfd
^/kqe* dh fudklh esa ,M+h ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA**100 fcuk ?kq¡?k: dh lgk;rk ds
gh iSjksa ls cksy lkQ rkSj ls dVrk tk;s blds fy, vH;kl dky esa fcuk NjsZ okys
Bksl ?kq¡?k: ck¡/ks tkrs Fks rFkk jsr fcNk dj] V[kus rd ikuh esa o vU; fofo/k izdkj
ls vH;kl dj iSjksa dks rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA tc cksyksa dks T;ksa dk R;ksa iSjksa ls
dkVus ij bl dnj /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tk;sxk rc LokHkkfod rkSj ls iwjs cnu dh
jxsa ru tk;saxh vkSj gkFk c¡/k tk;saxsA ^^ftl izdkj t;iqj ?kjkus esa ,d&,d cksy
dh iSjksa ls lgh fudklh dk rjhdk vkfo"d`r fd;k x;k gS oSls gh izR;sd cksy ds
vuq:i vax ;k gLrd Hkh fufeZr fd;s x;s gSa vkSj mu ij vf/kdkj izkIr djus ds
fy, Hkh mruk gh ifjJe djuk iM+rk gS ftruk iSjksa dks rS;kj djus esaA101
fDy"Vrk t;iqj ?kjkus dk iz/kku xq.k gSaA**
^^y; dk cjruk nks izdkj dk gksrk gS ¼1½ fglkch y;& ,d&,d
ek=k dk fglkc yxkus ls ¼2½ ftxjh y;& iwjs vkorZu dk vankt eu esa j[kus ls]
t;iqj ?kjkus ds fglkch y; dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ftlesa y; ds ntsZ rFkk rky dh
gj ek=k dk lw{e foHkktu vkfn vaxksa dk lgt iz;ksx gksrk gSA**102
blh dkj.k f=iYyh vkSj pkSiYyhuqek yacNM+ ijusa LFkk;h xfr esa
ukph tkrh gSaA u`R; izLrqfr esa rky dh xfr tSls&tSls c<+rh gS] rjg&rjg dh

100- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax & ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 157
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

101- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 176]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

102- HkkVs [Link]] dFkd izlax ys[k] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 144] ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

- 265 -
rRdkj izLrqr dh tkrh gSA ftlesa fofo/k tkfr;ksa rFkk xfr;ksa dk fodV iz;ksx
rS;kjh rFkk cksyksa dh lQkbZ ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA yac NM+ xrHkko ukpus dh
izFkk t;iqj ?kjkus dh gh fo'ks"krk gSA
i<+Ur&i<+Ur 'kCn laLd`r ds 'kCn ^iBu ls fudyk gSA u`R; ds
nkSjku ^^i<+Ur** dFkd u`R; dh fo'ks"krk gSA u`R; ds rksM+s ;k iju izLrqr djus ds
iwoZ u`rZd gkFk ls rkyh nsrs gq;s bu cksyksa dks i<+rk gSA i<+Ur ls n'kZdksa dks Hkh
iSj ls fudys cksy le> eas vkrs gSa vkSj i<+Ur ds ckn fd;k x;k u`R;] laxr&lk
yxus yxrk gSA blds vykok i<+Ur djus okyk ;fn lg;ksxh dykdkj ds :i
esa eap ij cSBk gS rks u`R;] cksyksa ds lkFk vkSj Hkh mHkj dj vkrk gSA t;iqj ?kjkuk
fDy"V cksyksa ds fy;s fo[;kr gSA rcyk oknd Hkh le> tkrs gSa fd u`R;dkj D;k
izLrqr djus tk jgk gSA vkSj nksuksa dk lkeatL; cuk jgrk gSA blfy;s u`R; esa
cksy&i<+Ur dk izeq[k LFkku gSA
iju &
i[kkot ds cksyksa ij tks rksM+k ctrk gS mls iju dgrs gSaA ;s
jpuk,¡ vkos'k vkSj tks'k ds lkFk izLrqfr dh tkrh gSA bu cksyksa esa rr~ rr~ FksbZ
bR;kfn cksyksa ds vfrfjDr i[kkot ds cksy Hkh feys jgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k &
fdV rd Fkqu Fkqu ukrs rsVk] /kk fnark fdM+/kk fnark
df/kV /kkA fdM+ /ksÙkk fnark ¼dfrV/kk Fkqark /kk½ 3 x
urZd iSjksa ds ?kqa?k: dh /ofu ds ek/;e ls ;s cksy fudkyrs gSa bl
le; xfr nzqr gksrh gS gkykafd y; e/;y; gh gksrh gSA
^^u`R; 'kCn dk mPpkj.k djrs gh loZizFke ftl fØ;k dk cks/k gksrk
gS og gS& in lapkyuA 'kkL=ksa esa dgk x;k gS fd ^^inkH;ka rky ekpjsr~** vFkkZr
u`R; djrs le; iSjksa ls rky dk vkpj.k djuk pkfg,A**103 'kkL=ksa dh bl
O;oLFkk dk Hkjiwj fodkl t;iqj ?kjkus dh dyk esa ^rrdkj* ds :i esa gqvk gSA
tSls ,d dq'ky rcyk oknd dk;nk] iYVk] xr] jsyk] iju] yXxh] yM+h vkfn ds

103- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd u`R; f'k{kk&Hkkx&2 fcUnq izdk'ku] bUnkSj] i`"B&158

- 266 -
}kjk rky dk izLrkj djrk gS oSls gh t;iqj ?kjkus ds urZd rrdkj ds iYVs] y;
ok¡V] cksy ck¡V] y; tkfr] cksy tkfr] tjc] Øey;] dk;ns] frgkb;kssa ds izdkj]
yXxh&yM+h dh izLrqfr djrs gSa tks muds u`Ùkkax dks pjeksRd"kZ rd ys tkrs gSaA
t;iqj ?kjkus dh dyk esa u`Ùkkax dk ;g Li`[Link]; fodkl iz/kkur%
xr nks&rhu lkS o"kksZ esa rcyk&i[kkot okyksa ls gksus okyh fuR; izfr dh
ykx&Mk¡V dk gh [Link] gS] ftldh viuh dqN futh fo'ks"krk,¡ gS tSls y[kuÅ
?kjkus esa BkV o vken ds lkFk gh foyfEcr y; dk ukp lekIr dj nsrs gSa vkSj
VqdM+s&ijuksa dh izLrqfr fcyfEcr y; esa gksrh gS tks vis{kkd`r vf/kd nq"dj gS
vkSj blh dkj.k buds cksyksa dk vkdkj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA rsth&rS;kjh] ped&ned]
tks'k&[kjks'k] y; ds peRdkj [Link] iz;ksx] fDy"V cfUn'ksa o Hkzejh ds oSfo/;[Link]
iz;ksx t;iqj ?kjkus ds u`R; i{k dh futh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA

t;iqj esa ukV~;

t;iqj ?kjkus esa u`Rr ,oa ^^u`R;** ds vykok ^^ukV~;** dh Hkh vge
Hkwfedk jgh gS tksfd ewyr% yksd u`R; ls vkrk izrhr gksrk gSA cqUnsy[k.M {ks= esa
^^jkbZ** esa ^^Lokax** uked ,d yksd u`R; ijaijk gS ftlesa ,d ;k nks O;fDr fdlh
Hkh dFkkud ;k n`"VkUr dk [Link] djrs gSa ftleas vf/kdrj dksbZ ok| izk;% ugha
ctrkA if'peh ns'kksa dk ^^eksuksIys** ;k ^ekbe* blls feyrk tqyrk gSA bl ukV~;
;k Lokax esa dykdkj fdlh Hkh ,d ik= dh fofHkUu euksn'kkvksa dk fp=.k ek=
djrk gS og Hkh xhr laxhr ds lgkjsA vc ;gh pht ukV~; ds :i esa t;iqj ?kjkus
esa ^xr&Hkko* ds rkSj ij djus dh ijaijk jgh gS xr Hkko dk fodkl fo'ks"k :i
ls blh ?kjkus esa gqvkA xr dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ voLFkk ;k n'kk gksrk gSA xr&Hkko
esa vdsyk urZd ,d gh ugha vfirq fdlh Hkh dFkkud ds lkjs ik=ksa dh Hkwfedk
djrs gq,] mudh fofHkUu eu% voLFkkvksa dk vfHku; djrs gq, jlHkko dh l`f"V
djrk gS vkSj ;g vfHku; fdlh Hkh xhr dk vkyEcu fy, fcuk fd;k tkrk gS
tks rkyc) gksrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa xrHkko dk tks Lo:i lkeus vkrk gSa mls fl)

- 267 -
djus gsrq y;&rky rFkk vfHku; esa ikjaxr gksuk vR;ar vko';d gSA ;g lkjh
izfØ;k ^ukV~;* ds varxZr j[kh tkuk pkfg,A blfy, mijksDr [Link] fØ;k uk rks
;wjksi dk ^ekbe*] uk ^eksuksIys* cfYd cqUnsyh yksd u`R; ds Lokax vfHkUk; dk
vR;ar xaHkhj vkSj yxHkx [Link]% fodflr Lo:i izrhr gksrh gSA
mi;qZDr leLr fo'ks"krkvksa ds vfrfjDr Hkh t;iqj ?kjkus ds dFkdksa
us peRdkj izn'kZu ds fy, dfri; u`R;&fØ;k,¡ vkfo"d`r dh gSa ftudk y;&rky
;k Hkko dh n`f"V ls pkgs dksbZ egRo u gks fdUrq lkekU; n'kZd mUgsa ns[kdj
vfHkHkwr gq, fcuk ugha jg ikrkA ^^tehu ij xqyky fcNkdj ml ij ^xtiju*
ukprs gq, gkFkh dk fp= cuk nsuk] crk'ks fcNkdj mu ij bl dq'kyrk ls ukpuk
fd muesa ls ,d Hkh u VwVs] 'kj 'kS;k ¼[kM+h gqbZ rh[kh dhyksa ls Hkjs iVjs½ ij
ukpuk] uaxh ryokj dh /kkj ij ukpuk] dk¡p ds VqdM+s tehu ij QSyk dj ukpuk]
ikuh ls Hkjs Fkky ij bl izdkj iSj tek dj ukpuk fd ,d cw¡n ikuh Hkh u Nyds]
unh ;k rkykc ds ikuh esa iVjk Mky dj ml ij ukpuk] flj ij ihry ds lkr
?kM+s j[kdj ukpuk vkfn blh izdkj ds [Link] dkS'ky gSaA**104 ;s dkS'ky
t;iqj ?kjkus dh u`R; ijEijk esa izpfyr jgs gSa vkSj ftUgsa lk/kus ds fy, ?ku?kksj
Je gh djuk iM+rk gSA
tSls HkjrukV~;e ;k vksfMlh urZd eap ds ,d vksj nso izfrek
LFkkfir djds u`R; izLrqr djrs gS oSls gh fdlh le; t;iqj ?kjkus ds urZd Hkh
djrs FksA mudks 'kkL=h; fØ;kvksa dk Kku FkkA os /kzqin vkfn izcU/kksa] NUnksa o
dfoRr loS;ksa ij u`R; djrs Fks rFkk vk'kq izn'kZu izfrHkk ds lkFk dFkkvksa dh
izLrqfr djrs FksA mDr va'k ;g Hkh fl) djrk gS fd t;iqj dh u`R; ijEijk
eafnjksa ls lEc) jghA izkjaHk esa ;g eq[;r% iq#"kksa dk gh u`R; jgk gS ijUrq fL=;ksa
vkSj iq#"k nksuksa gh bls lkekU; :i ls cjrrs gSaA
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd t;iqj ?kjkuk dFkd u`R; 'kSyh dk
vkfne ?kjkuk gS tks fdlh ,d gh oa'k ;k [kkunku esa iYyfor u gksdj iwjs
jktLFkku esa QSys gq, dFkdksa ds lSdM+ksa ifjokjksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ;fn
104- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax & ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 158
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

- 268 -
Hkkjr dh vU; 'kkL=h; u`R; 'kSfy;k¡ viuh ijEijk,¡ 12oha&13oha 'krkCnh rd ys
tkrh gSa rks muds eqdkcys esa dFkd dh izkphu ijEijk ds izek.k t;iqj ?kjkus dh
ijEijk ls gh izLrqr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA dFkd dh ^^fgUnw 'kSyh^^ gh t;iqj ?kjkus
ds :i esa lqjf{kr gSA fgUnw /keZ ds leku gh mldh Hkh vusd 'kk[kk iz'kk[kk,¡ gSaA
blesa [Link] dh m)r pkfj;k¡ Hkh gSa vkSj ykL; dk yfyr vaxgkj HkhA HkfDr o
jhfr dkO; dh Hkko [Link]] laxhr dk lkgp;Z vkSj ns'kh&u`R;ksa dh lgt
xfreRrk us blds :i dks l¡okjk gSA y;dkfj;ksa ds dkS'[Link] iz;ksx us blesa
peRdkj iSnk fd;k gSA ^^le;&le; ij izkIr gksus okys jkT;kJ; ds ckotwn
eq[;r% yksdkJ; esa gh ;g dFkd t;iqj ?kjkuk iYyfor gqvk gSA guqeku izlkn]
ukjk;.k izlkn] t;yky o lqUnj izlkn tSls u`R;dkjksa us viuh dBksj lk/kuk ls
bls xkSjokfUor fd;k gSA o`gRrj Hkkjr dk dksbZ Hkkx ,slk ugha gS tgk¡ t;iqj ds
dykdkjksa us tkdj dFkd u`R; dk izpkj&izlkj u fd;k gksA vr% t;iqj ?kjkuk
gh mRrj Hkkjrh; u`R; ijEijk dk okLrfod izfrfuf/k ?kjkuk gSA**105
izdf` r vusd jaxksa ls vVh iM+h gSA dsoy ,d jax ds gh fofo/k Lo:i
ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA gYdk gjk] xgjk gjk] dkbZ gjk] lqdksey uohu ifRr;ksa dk
lkSE; gjk bR;kfnA cl ?kjkus Hkh eq>s blh rjg izrhr gksrs gSa] ?kj ?kjkus dh Lo;a
dh izrhfr] viuk jax] [kq'kcw vkSj lkSan;Z gS] ftls latks;k tkuk pkfg,A

105- nk/khp MkW- iq:] dFkd izlax & ys[k & t;iqj ?kjkuk] [Link] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1992] i`"B& 160
ISBN-81-7055-248-6,

- 269 -
 dFkd ds izk;ksfxd i{k esa t;iqj ?kjkus ds xq:vksa dk
;ksxnku

dkykarj esa t;iqj ?kjkus ds xq:vksa us dbZ izdkj dh dFkd dh

cafn'ksa cukbZA ftuesa vyx&vyx rkyksa esa vken ds izdkj] frgkbZ;k¡] tkfr;ksa dh
cafn'ksa] rksM+s&VqdM+s] ijuksa ds izdkj] ijesyw] dfoRr] yeNM+ cafn'ksa] fofo/k NUn]
f=iYyh] [Link]'k&ijusa bR;kfn gSaA budk orZeku dFkd u`R; 'kSyh esa ?kjkus ds
izfrfuf/k dykdkjksa }kjk eap&izLrqfr;ksa esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA dqN mnkgj.k
fuEufyf[kr gS %&

- 270 -
 rhu rky & 16 ek=k dh jpuk
/kk rh · V · d · rk x nh · x · u /kk · · rM+ /kk ·
/kkfrV /kkxs nhxs ukxsxs & frV drk & fdM+/kk/kk /kkxs nhxs &
ukxsxs frV drk & rhV & rk & frV drk &
f/kVrk & f/kV drk & fdM+/kk · fdM+/kk drk
frVrk f/kVdrk & frVrk f/kVdrk /kk · · rM+ /kk · ·
/kk=d f/kfdV f/kV/kk f/kV /kk /kk /kk
/kk=d f/kfdV & /kk =d f/kfdV
rk=d frfdV & rk=d frfdV rk·fdM+rk frV
rk =d frfdV & f/kV /kk & fdV~ /kk&/kk /kk
/kk =d f/kfdV /kk =d f/kfdV
f/kV /kk & f/kV /kk /kk /kk
/kk=d f/kfdV /kk=d f/kfdV /kk · · rM+ /kk·
fdM+/kk frV /kk frV /kk frV /kk frV /kk · · r /kk
fdM+/kk frV /kk frV /kk frV /kk frV /kk · · r /kk
fdM+/kk frV /kk frV /kk frV /kk frV /kk · · r /kk

& ia- lqanj izlkn th

- 271 -
 vken
rhu rky ¼16 ek=k½
/kkfrV /kkfrV&/kk/kkfrV&fdM+/kkfrV&/ksrkfdV&f/kfdV&/kkfnurk&fdM+/kkfnurk rd/kkfnurk
rfdVf/kfdV /kkxs & nhxs ux frVdrk & dfrV rfdV rkds &
=df/kfdV /kku /kk· & =d f/kfdV /kku /kk & =d f/kfdV /kku /kk rk/kk
rkFksbZ r~r~FkbZ & vkFksbZ r~r~FkbZ & FksbZr FksbZr & rr rr FksbZ·
=keFkbZFkbZrk &FkbZFkbZrk] FkbZ&fdVFkbZ & fdVFkbZ & fdVFkbZ & /kkfnuukuk drrk/kk
=keFkbZFkbZrk &FkbZFkbZrk] FkbZ & fdVFkbZ & fdVFkbZ&fdVFkbZ &/kkfnuukuk drrk/kk
=keFkbZFkbZrk &FkbZFkbZrk] FkbZ & fdVFkbZ & fdVFkbZ&fdVFkbZ& /kkfnuukuk drrk/kk

fcyafcr y; dh frgkbZ &

ukuk fdVrd FkksFkks fdVrd nhaxM+ /kk·
dr & FkksFkks fdVrd rkfrjfdV rd nhaxM+ /kk
rkfrjfdV rd nhaxM+ /kk
rkfrjfdV rd nhaxM+ /kk ¼rhu ckj½107

bl pDdjnkj dk ,d iYyk 53 ek=k dk gSA 53 x 3 ¾ 159 rFkk izFke iYys ds ckn

d ek=k :duk gS] nwljs iYys ds ckn Hkh ,d ek=k :duk gSA blfy;s 159 $ 2 ¾
161 ek=k gks xbZaA bl izdkj ;g pDdjnkj fcuk ?kVk, c<+k, rhu eky r;k >irky
esa vk tk;sxhA

106- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] jfp;rk xq: t;yky th uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh]
izFke laLdj.k] i`"B& 263

107- ogh i`"B&280

- 272 -
 yeNM+ pDdjnkj iju
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
fnxu uxu f/kM+ku & f?kM+ux & /ksr~ /ksr~/ksr~ rk & rk·?kM+ku & f/kVuxUu
f/ku rd f/ku & ?kk=df/kfdV & drkxnhfxu /kk· & /kk/kk/kk & nhnhnh &
ukukuk & /kk=df/kfdV & /kk· fdM+/kkfrV /kku /kku /kk
/kk· fdM+/kkfrV /kku /kku /kk
/kk· fdM+/kkfrV /kku /kku /kk ¼[Link] cksy rhu ckj½108
xaxkuh xq:th mijksDr cfn'k dks vn~Hkqr <ax ds izLrqr djrs gSA

pDdjnkj iju
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
xnhfxu ukxsfrV xnhfxu /kk · Øku /kk · fdM+ux frjfdV rfdV rdA
=d/ksr~ rkM+/kk xnhfxu /kk] Øku /kk xnh&fxu/kk··
Øku/kkk xnhfxu /kk·· Øku/kk xnhfxu/kk109

bl pDdjnkj iju dk ,d iryk 27 ek=k dk gS 27 x 3 ¾ 81 ek=k gqbZAa

rhurky rFkk >irky esa bl iju dks vklkuh ls ukp ldrs gSaA

108- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr

109- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke }kjk izkIr

- 273 -
 cksy
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
f/kVf/kV /kkxsfrV & fdM+/kkfrV rkxsfrV & dfrV rfxu /ksr rxUu /ksÙkk
fdM+rdrk & fdM+rd nha & fdM+rduk & fdM+rd Fkqu
xfn~nu & & & uk] fdM+rd nhaxM+/kk & fdM+rd nhaxM+ /kk & fdM+rd nhaxM+ /kk
xfn~nu & & & uk] fdM+rd nhaxM+/kk & fdM+rd nhaxM+ /kk & fdM+rd nhaxM+ /kk
xfn~nu & & & uk] fdM+rd nhaxM+/kk & fdM+rd nhaxM+ /kk & fdM+rd nhaxM+ /kk110

fizeyw& cksy
pDdjnkj iju
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
>sa f>ufd rd dwdw Fkjh ux& fne dwdw /kyk¡x FkjhZ & dwdw FkhZ & dwdw f>ufdV
FkjhZ rxux FkjhZ f>ufdV dqdqFkjh uV~BFkjh Vsg.k Vsg.k >ud >ud ckts ?kq¡?k:
jk/kk eksg ysr ukxj uVoj dks >yd ns[k jk/kk d`".ku dh ^ukjk;.k* ds
eugw¡ cl x;s & ukfnx fnxfnx Fkks fnxfnxfnx /kyk¡x
ukfnx fnxfnx Fkks fnxfnxfnx /kyk¡x
ukfnx fnxfnx Fkks fnxfnxfnx /kyk¡x ·111

110- ^dFkd niZ.k] jfp;rk rqylh* ia- rstizdk'k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]
i`"B& 284
111- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th d`r

- 274 -
 pDdjnkj dfoÙk
rhu rky 16 ek=k
/kM+ /kM+ /kM+ /kM+ ckny xjtr] rM+ rM+ rM+ rM+ fctyh pedr & ned
Ne Ne Ne Ne esgk cjlr] nknqj eksj iihgk cksys
^ukjk;.k* ds euga ukpr] Vsgdqdq & Vsgdqdq VqdqUMk VqdqUMk
Vsgdqdq VqdqUMk VqdqUMk
Vsgdqdq VqdqUMk VqdqUMk112
37 x 3 $ 2 ek=k dk ne ¾ 113 ek=k

alaxhr dk rksM+k
rhurky 16 ek=k
pDdjnkj&
uVoj ukpr laxhr xhr fofo/k Hkk¡r xfr ubZ ubZ
rkij ixuw¡ iw¡iqj ckts
Fkks fnx fnx =ke =ke FkbZ fnxfnx
Fkks fnx fnx =ke =ke FkbZ fnxfnx
Fkks fnx fnx =ke =ke FkbZ113

112- ^dFkd niZ.k] jfp;rk ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]
i`"B& 269
113- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr

- 275 -
 pDdjnkj rksM+k
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
rk··r Fkjh dqdq rk···r Fkjh dqdq >u·· >u··
Fkfjd >ur >ax nzx nzx FkbZ
dqdq >u uu uu] nzx >u uu uu rk >ark
·rkfnxfnx] FksbZrkFkbZ & FksbZ & FksbZ
·rkfnxfnx] FksbZrkFkbZ & FksbZ & FksbZ
·rkfnxfnx] FksbZrkFkbZ & FksbZ & FksbZ114

pDdjnkj iju ¼vuk?kkr½

rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
rd Fkjh] rd Fkjh] dqdqFkjh] dqdqFkjh] rd f/kykax rd f/kykax
/kqefdV /kqefdV] nfnfxu nfnfxu nfnfxu rk/kk
nfnfxu nfnfxu nfnfxu rk/kk
nfnfxu nfnfxu nfnfxu rk/kk115

114- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr ia- nsohyky th jfpr

115- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th jfpr

- 276 -
 frL= tkfr pDdjnkj Qjekb'kh
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
=kax =kax] rdr rdr] rdr Fkw¡x] fnxfnxfnx FkbZ··] f/kxr f/kxr & rkFkbZ;k &
rkFkbZ;k
r~r~r~] Fkq¡ Fkq¡ Fkq¡] ukukuk] fnxfnxfnx FkbZ
r~r~r~] Fkq¡ Fkq¡ Fkq¡] ukukuk] fnxfnxfnx FkbZ
r~r~r~] Fkq¡ Fkq¡ Fkq¡] ukukuk] fnxfnxfnx FkbZ116
¼uksV % igyh /kk igys le ij] nwljh /kk nwljs le ij] rhljh /kk rhljs le ij½

pDdjnkj rksM+k
rhu rky 16 ek=k
rd rd Fkq¡xk & rd rd Fkq¡xk & rd Fkq¡xk rd Fkq¡xk
fnxfnx rdk rdk & rd Fkq¡xk
fnxfnx FkbZ· fnxfnx FkbZ· fnxfnx FkbZ·
rFkbZ & rFkbZ rFkbZ··117

116- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr ia- t;yky th jfpr

117- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] jfp;rk jks'ku dqekjh th] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh]

izFke laLdj.k] i`"B& 285

- 277 -
 pDdjnkj rksM+k
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
/kk· Ø/kku & /kkxsfrV Ø/kku]
f/kV] /kkfdV rd] /kkxsfrV drk xnh fxu /kk·
rk/kk & /kk/kk/kk & nh nh nh & uk uk uk & frjfdVrku
/kk=d f/kfdV /kk fnUrk dr r /kk · &
/kk=d f/kfdV /kk fnUrk dr r /kk ·
/kk=d f/kfdV /kk fnUrk
dr r /kk & dr r/kk & dr r/kk
/kk=d f/kfdV /kk fnUrk
dr r /kk & dr r/kk & dr r/kk
/kk=d f/kfdV /kk fnUrk
dr r /kk & dr r/kk & dr r/kk118

118- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr ia- t;yky th jfpr

- 278 -
 xkscj/ku yhyk
lax esa fy;s xqvky cky] uV ukxj uUn yky]
lf[ka;k¡ lc meax Hkjh] xksoj/ku tkr gS]
fxjoj dh iwtk dju] =ke r~r~ FkbZ &
=ke r~r~ FkbZ vkuan eukor gS]
bUnz ns[k Øks/k djr lu~u~r~ iqjokbZ pyr]
/kM+ /kM+ ckny xjtr rM+ rM+ fctyh pedr]
cjlr ewlyk /kkj lf[k;k¡ lc cgh tkr]
d`".k pUnz xksoj/ku u[k ij mBk, ysr]
c`t dks cpk; ysr] nso _f"k vkdk'k ls
Qwy ls cjlkr gSa]
^ukjk;.k* xk; ukp d`".k dks fj>kor gSa]
ukfnxfnx & Fkksfnxfnx & ukfnxfnx & Fkksfnxfnx f/kykax ·
ukfnx fnx & Fkks fnxfnx & ukfnxfnx & Fkksfnxfnx f/kykax ·
ukfnxfnx & Fkks fnxfnx & ukfnxfnx & Fkksfnxfnx f/kykax ·119

dfoÙk dkfy;k ejnu

pDdjnkj
ieie ix /kjh] Qe Qe Quh ij]
fcefce fcurh djr uoyk
Hkaoj ?kksj dkfyUnjh xjtr]
ehu euksgj Nfc vfr fuj[kr
nso foeku iq"i uo cjlr]
d`".k djr & fdV FkbZ & fdV FkbZ & fdV FkbZ
d`".k djr & fdV FkbZ & fdV FkbZ & fdV FkbZ
d`".k djr & fdV FkbZ & fdV FkbZ & fdV FkbZ120

119- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th jfpr

120- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] jfp;rk ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ

fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`"B& 294

- 279 -
 ek[ku pksjh
d`".k l[kk fey x, xqvkyu ?kj]
fgjr fQjr ?kj ns[k fy;ks
tc xqvky ds dkU/ks p<+ ek[ku
mrkj fy;ks vkSj [kk; fy;ks]
nf/k dh eVdh] >Vds iVdh
vkSj nw/k dks ih; c[ksj fn;ks]
idM+ fy;ks jk/kk us tc rd]
xqvky cky lc Hkkx x,]
nf/k [kk, x;s] ns[kks ^ukjk;.k*
rky ctk; ds ukpu yxsA
rr FkbZr FkbZr FkbZ · & rr FkbZr FkbZr FkbZ · & rr FkbZr FkbZr121

laxhr dk rksM+k
rhurky 16 ek=k
uVoj ukpr laxhr xhr fofo/k Hkk¡r xfr ubZ ubZ
rkij ixuw¡ uw¡iqj ckts
Fkks fnx fnx =ke =ke FkbZ fnxfnx
Fkks fnx fnx =ke =ke FkbZ fnxfnx
Fkks fnx fnx =ke =ke122

121- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th jfpr

122- ogh]

- 280 -
 dkfy;k neu & ¼feL= tkfr½ rhu rky
xSUn [ksyr fgjr fQjrr djr Ny cy dkjh nsg esa dwn x,
ekj xksrk ukx th ds ikl tc rd igq¡p x;s
ukxU;ksa ls dgu ykxs mBkvks ukx nso dks
ukxrha rc ped mBha rqe gks ckr xksiky ykyk
gedks vkr gSa rjl rqe ij] galr&galr d`".k cksys ukx ukFku vk;ks eSa
ukx th us mBds ns[kk Øks/k ls ekjh Qaqdkj
lu uu Qaqdkj dh tc xwt
a /ofu Nk xbZ
d`".k th tc uhy cjuu Hk, yxs] nkS ;q) djus
>Vd >V >V iVd iV iV ukx th dks ukFk yh;ks
ukFk ls tc [khap dj ys vk, teuk /kkj esa] Qu uu ij pju uu /kj
ukfnxfnx & fnxfnxfnxfnx] Fkks fnxfnx & fnxfnxfnxfnx
=ke rrÙk FkbZ & =ke rrÙk FkbZ&fujr rr~ rr dju ykxs lk¡ojs xksiky ykyk
Fkjj jjjj ukxuh;sa dk¡i mV~Bh & pju uu ij & ij izHkq ds
fourh dj dgus yxh & vogw¡ tkuw¡ rqe gks d`".kkorkj izHkq th
ge dks nsvks lqgkx ykyk & ukxU;ksa dh Vsj lqu dj ukx th dks ns fn;ks
Hkwfe c`t esa /kwe ep xbZ] d`".k t; t; dkj ep xbZ
uUn ckckk exu Hk, tc ek¡ ;'kks/kk djr vkjrh
eksfr;u ds Fkky Hkj nsr ukjk;.k dks
xq.k izHkq ds xk, xk, ds ukps ukp ds
exu Hk, Hk, exu Hk, Hk,] exu Hk, ^ukjk;.k* tc
exu Hk, Hk, exu Hk, Hk,] exu Hk, ^ukjk;.k* tc
exu Hk, Hk, exu Hk, Hk,] exu Hk, ^ukjk;.k* tc123
& u`R;kpk;Z pj.k fxj/kj pk¡n lqiq= ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th }kjk jfpr

123- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr

- 281 -
 jkl [Link]
lksyg vax
jkl jpr uVoj d`".k dUgS;k & /kfdV rd /kqefdV rd & f/kxÙkku /kk fnurk
e`nax cktr lkjaxh vkSj chu rkuiwjk djrky cktr
vkor jk/kk dj lksyg flaxkj] lf[k;u ds >qUM /kk,
d`".k pUnz eUn eUn galr u`R; djr
glu nlu dld eld ped ned /kqju eqju ypd epd
m>d f>f>d pyr pky gko Hkko dVk{k lksyg vax cukor
jkpr jk/kk d`".k nkSÅ Fkfjax f/kykax Fkfjax f/kykax
rd rd rd] Fkq¡x Fkq¡x Fkq¡x] ux ux ux] ftx ftx ftx] rd rqdM+ rke
f>f>fdV rd & Fkqu rd f/kykax & d`".k lkaojs jk/kk xksjh
ukjk;.k ds eugw¡ cl x,] tqxy tksM+h jkl [Link] vfr jpksjh
eksle gS lqgkouksjh] lf[k;k¡ lc u`R; djr
fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ
fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ
fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV FkbZ fdV
Fkb124Z

& u`R;kpk;Z pj.k fxj/kj pkn¡ lqiq= ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th

124- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]

i`"B& 299

- 282 -
 lksyg Jaxkj

d`".k dUgS;k ukxj uVoj iu?kV ij rqe ?ksj ybZ gSa]

jk/kk dh ck¡gsa idM+ ybZ gSa]
eVdh >Vdh iVdh] >V iV jk/kk phj fNuk, ds lVdh
Hkkxh vkxs ns[kr ex esa Bkjks dUgS;k] calh ctkor xkor gS
rc ukpr gS] =kx rqdM+ =ke rqdqM+ =ke] FkksdM+rke FkksdM+rke
ukfnxfnxfnx] Fkksfnxfnxfnx] f/kykax Nyk¡x ekj ds jk/kk dks idM+ ybZ gS
jk/kk fQj dqN fcxM+h] dgus yxh rqe <hV dUgS;k
Qkxqu esa rksls yw¡xh eSa cnyk]
csanh yxkÅ¡ dtjk yxkÅ¡] ek¡x esa rksjs eksrh HkjkÅ¡]
lj ij Vhdk dku esa >wej ukd esa uFk cslj igukš
xys esa g¡lyh gkj iguk, ds] Hkqt esa cktw cUn igukÅ¡
pqfj;k¡ dykbZ maxy vkjlh] eSagnh ls rksgs gkFk jpkÅ¡
dej dudrh iSj esa ik;y] okds lax fcfN, igukš
dV esa ygaxk vax dapqdh lj is rksjs pquj m<+kš
ukxj uVoj ;k fof/k ls rksgs] u[k fl[k lksyg flaxkj cuk, ds
uUn yyk rksgs ukjh cuk, ds ^ukjk;.k* ds pax is upkš
ukfnx fnxfnx Fkksfnx fnxfnx f/kykax
ukfnx fnxfnx Fkksfnx fnxfnx f/kykax
ukfnx fnxfnx Fkksfnx fnxfnx f/kykax125

& u`R;kpk;Z ia- ukjk;.k izlkn th

125- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]

i`"B& 295

- 283 -
 fo".kq & dfoÙk

tx ex uj gj [kUc rs] HkM+d Toky /kx /kx & /kx /kx

rt meax Hko Hk; vljt vljt pyh Hkoku
v[kx fur lax [kx xx fur lax & ikyu ?kj f'k'kq ikyu /kj gj
gfj gjax gfj gjax fdM+/kk frV/kk fdM+/kk frV /kku /kku /kk
gfj gjax gfj gjax fdM+/kk frV/kk fdM+/kk frV /kku /kku /kk
gfj gjax gfj gjax fdM+/kk frV/kk fdM+/kk frV /kku /kku /kk126

& Lo- xq: lqUnjizlkn th ls izkIr

bls vki ,d rky rFkk pkSiky esa Hkh ukp ldrs gSa] D;ksafd bldh 49 ek=k gSaA

126- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]

i`"B& 305

- 284 -
 in vkSj Hktu
t;iqj ?kjkus esa dFkd u`R; esa ^in* vkSj ^Hktu* dk izLrqrhdj.k lnSo gksrk jgk
gSA u`R;dkj vius u`R; dk lekiu fdlh ^Hktu* vFkok ^Bqejh* ij HkkokfHkO;fDr ds
lkFk djrs gSaA d`".k in ds vykok t;iqj ?kjkus esa ehjk] lwjnkl dh dkO; jpukvksa
ij Hkh HkkokO;fDr djrs gSaA

n'kkorkj
gfj :i vusd /kj;ks
/kjfu /kld ikrkyfg igq¡ph] iad i;ksf/k lU;kSA
eRL; :i gfj /kkju dhUgks] dqUnqd le mNj;kSAA gfj ------------------
Mxexk; efg dair pjkpj] gkgkdkj /kU;ksA
gfj dPNi cfu Vsd yxk;ks] Hkw dks Hkkj gj~;kSAA gfj ------------------
fgj.;k{k cgq foIyo dhU;ks] nSR; fo'kky cU;kSA
ou ojkg gfj ;q) jpk;kS] vlqju tk; /kj;kSA gfj ----------------------

& ia- jktsUnz xaxkuh }kjk izkIr

ehjk dk in
NkaMks yaxj eksjh cfg;k¡ xgks uk
eSa rks ukfj ijk;s ?kj dh] esjs Hkjksls xqiky jgks uk
tks rqe esjh cbZ;k¡ xgr gks] uSu feyk; esjs izk.k gjks uk
o`Unkou dh dqat xyh esa jhr NksM+ vujhr djks uk
ehjk ds izHkq fxj/kj ukxj pj.k dey fpr Vkjs Vjks ukA

NSy xSy er jksdS rw gekjh jsA

pky dqpky pyks ftu papy ppkZ djS lc iqj ukjh js
ge lqdqekj BkM+h dkair gS] flj ij nf/k dh eVqfd;k Hkkjh js
ukjk;.k czt dkSu clSxks ,slh vuhfr tks djuh fopkjh jsA127
& ia ukjk;.k izlkn jfpr d`".k in
127- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr nksuks in

- 285 -
 gksjh %&
jfl;k dks ukjh cukoks jhA
dfV yg¡xk xy ekfg dapqdh] pqUnjh 'kh'k m<+koks jhAA
xky xqyky n`xu esa vatu] csanh Hkky yxkvks jhAA
^ukjk;.k* rkjh ctk; ds ;'kqefr fudV upkoks jhA
;k eksguk eksfga vku BX;ksjh] l[kh dks [ki /kj;ks uanuanu
vk;ks gekjh ikSjhA
eSa tkU;ksa dksbZ ije lqUnjh vkbZ gekjh vksjhA
/kk; ds eSa pj.k xg;ksjhAA
pj.k i[kkj efUnj yS vkbZ g¡l g¡l daB yX;ks jhA
lqUnj [Link] e/kqj Loj ltuh] rc esjk ft;k o'k Hk;ks jhAA
izse ru gks jgh cksjhAA
eksfg fyok; xbZ dq´tu esa dj Ny cy cgqrsjhA
fuiV bdsyh eksfga tku esjks ru eu xg;ksjhA
<hB Nfy;k uUndks jhAA
& ia- ukjk;.k izlkn jfpr gksjh

lwjnkl th jfpr ;g in ns[ksa

ijLij eku yhyk %&
';ke rsjh caljh usd ctkÅaA
tks rqe rku dgks eqjyh esa] lksbZ xk; lqukÅaAA
gejs Hkw"k.k rqe lc igjks] gkSa rqejs lc ikšA
gejha foUnjh rqe gh yxkoks] gkSa flj eqdqV /kjkšAA
rqe nf/k cspu tkgq o`Unkou] gkSa eu jksdu vkšA
rqEgjs flj ek[ku dh eVqfd;k gkSa fey Xoky yqVkšAA
ekuuh gksdj eku djks rqe] gkSa xfg pj.k eukšA
lwj L;ke izHkq rqe tks jkf/kdk] gkSa uUnbyky dgkšAA128

128- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk nksuks in izkIr

- 286 -
 Bqejh
eksgs NsM+ks uk] uUn ds fcgkjh
ex chp jksds djr tksjk tksjh
dadfj;k ekjh xxjh eksjh Qksjh
dk ls dgw¡] dkSu lqus] vjt gekjh------ eksgs------
xjok yxk, eq>dks lrk,
peds fctjh cnjk f?kj vk,
ibZ;ka i:¡] ?kj tkus ns] lk¡ojs eqjkjh ------
jax Hkjh fipdkjh ekjh]
lxjh Hkhxh pqufj;k gekjh
lf[k;k¡ BkM+h ns[ksa] djr fBBksyh] g¡lr ns ns rkjh----129
ia- jktsUnz xaxkuh }kjk iznRr

bl izdkj t;iqj ?kjkus ds dyk xq:vksa vkSj ltx dykdkjkas us dFkd lEink
dh j{kk djrs gq;s bl u`R;dyk dh ifjf/k dks foLrkj ,oa xfjek iznku dh gSA

129- xaxkuh iafMr jktsUnz] dFkdkpk;Z dFkd dsUnz ubZ fnYyh }kjk izkIr

- 287 -
 4-2-3& y[kuÅ ?kjkuk
dFkd u`R; dk y[kuÅ ?kjkuk dksey] lkSUn;Z;qDr ,oa Hkkoiz/kku
ekuk tkrk gSA vius dykRed oSf'k"V~; ds dkj.k gh vU; ?kjkuksa dh rqyuk esa
bldk fof'k"V LFkku gSA bl ?kjkus dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds lanHkZ esa Jh izksts'k cuthZ
us fy[kk gS &
"The Lucknow Gharana of Kathank to be characterised as a dance
which was graceful, lyrical, decorative, suggestive, expressive, soft and the
sensuous."

Hkkoizn'kZu y[kuÅ ?kjkus dk izk.k gS D;ksafd bldk fodkl eqxy

'kkldksa ds laj{k.k esa gqvk vkSj eqfLye laj{kdksa esa bruk /kS;Z ugha Fkk fd os dsoy
rduhfd n`f"V ls Js"B dyk ns[krs] Hkys gh og fdruh gh pdkpkSa/k djus okyh
D;ksa u gksA os ,slh dyk ns[kuk ilUn djrs Fks ftlesa thou vius lHkh Hkkoksa vkSj
mUeknksa ds lkFk izfrfcfEcr gksA vr% muds laj{k.k eas dFkd dk vPNk fodkl
gqvk rFkk mlesa ^Hkko&i{k* ij vf/kd tksj fn;k x;kA y[kuÅ ?kjkus dk dFkd
lkSUn;Z;qDr o vyadj.k ;qDr] [Link]] HkkokRed ,oa dkseyrk ls ifjiwfjr gSA
HkkokfHkO;fDr gsrq y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;ksZa us vusd uohu
jpuk,¡ o rduhdsa Hkh fodflr dhaA ;s bl izdkj gSa &
^Bqejh* }kjk HkkokfHkO;fDr& ^Bqejh* ij HkkokfHkO;fDr dh 'kq:vkr
y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;ksZa us gh dh gSA ^^^Bqejh* ds ,d&,d cksy dks fofHkUu
Hkkoksa vkSj vFkksZa ds lkFk fpÙkkd"kZd ladsrksa ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr djuk rFkk gj
ckj uohurk ds lkFk Hkko izdV djuk y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh fo'ks"krk gSA**130 oSls rks
orZeku le; esa izk;% lHkh ?kjkuksa ds u`R;dkj ^Bqejh* }kjk HkkokfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA
mYys[kuh; gS fd y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds fcUnknhu th us vla[;
Bqefj;ksa dh jpuk dh rFkk dq'ky vfHku; }kjk mUgsa iznf'kZr fd;kA os HkkokfHkO;fDr
130- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'kMZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 184]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 288 -
esa ekfgj FksA fcUnknhu th [kM+s gksdj vkd"kZdrk ds lkFk euksHkko O;Dr djrs FksA
y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds lqfo[;kr u`R;kpk;Z 'kEHkw egkjkt viuh u`R;
Bqefj;ksa] HkkokfHkO;atuk rFkk 'kSyh dh fofo/krk ds fy, vf}rh; FksA Hkkoksa dk rks
mUgsa egku~ [Link] djuk pkfg,A ,d gh 'kCn ij lSdM+ksa fdLe ds Hkko vkSj
vUnkt fn[kkus esa mUgsa deky gkfly FkkA HkkoHkafxekvksa }kjk jl&l`f"V djus esa
mudk tcko ugha FkkA vius u`R; dkS'ky ds [Link]:i gh os ^u`R; lezkV* rFkk
^vfHku;&pØorhZ* ds uke ls fo[;kr FksA 'kEHkw egkjkt us cSBdj Hkko crkus dh
izFkk 'kq: dhA HkkokfHkO;fDr esa yPNw egkjkt o fcjtw egkjkt Hkh fl) ekus
tkrs gSaA
^uk;d&ukf;dk Hksn* }kjk HkkokfHkO;fDr&y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds
u`R;kpk;ksZa us Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djus dh rduhd ds n`f"Vdks.k ls euq"; dh Hkkoukvksa
dks ^uk;d&ukf;dk Hksn* }kjk dfork ds ek/;e ls izLrqr dj Hkko&u`R; dks ,d
izHkkoh vkSj lQy i)fr cuk fn;kA
^xr&Hkko* }kjk HkkokfHkO;fDr&y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds u`R;dkj ^xr&Hkko*
}kjk lqUnj Hkko izn'kZu ls jl&foHkksj dj nsus esa [Link] l{ke gSaA ^'kEHkw&egkjkt* ds
fy, dgk tkrk gS fd os ^xr&fudkl* ij [kM+s gksrs rks ,sls yxrk ekuks fctyh
dkSa/k xbZ gksA bl ?kjkus esa ^xr&Hkko* esa Hkko&izn'kZu dh cgqr xqatkb'k gksrs gq,
Hkh dFkk,¡ vis{kkd`r NksVh gksrh gSaA

lu~ 1874 esa lkfnd vyh [kka lkgc us viuh mnwZ esa fyf[kr iqLrd
ljek&,&b'kjr ds u`R; v/;k; esa xr ds ckjs esa rLohj lfgr foLr`r [Link] fn;k
gSA ^^ys[kd us loZizFke u`R; 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s u`R; ds rhuksa izdkj
rkaMo] ykL;] f=Hkax dk foLr`r :i ls [Link] fd;k gSA u`R; dh fofHkUu xrksa ds
rksM+s vkfn dk [Link] Hkh ;gk¡ ij fd;k x;k gSA bl v/;k; dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk
;g gS fd ;g Hkko v/;k; dk [Link] Hkh gesa ;gka izkIr gksrk gSA ijUrq ;g [Link]
laf{kIr :i esa gSA u`R;] Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk lcls cM+k L=ksr gS blh

- 289 -
[Link]'k Hkkoksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh blh v/;k; esa crk;k x;k gSA blh v/;k; dh
lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ys[kd us fofHkUu izdkj dh xrksa dk [Link] buds
fp=ksa ds lkFk fd;k gSA blesa [Link] :[klkj ,oa ?kw¡?kV dh xr y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds
u`R;dkjksa }kjk orZeku esa cgqr cjrh tk jgh gSaA**

u;uksa }kjk HkkokfHkO;fDr & y[kuÅ ?kjkus esa psgjs dks Hkko
O;Dr djus dk eq[; ek/;e ekurs gSa vkSj fo'ks"kdj ^u;uksa* dks Hkkouk izfrfcfEcr
djus dk eq[; vax le>rs gSaA dgk tkrk gS fd 'kEHkw egkjkt dsoy uSu vkSj eq[k
ls ?[Link] HkkokfHkO;fDr djus esa l{ke FksA uSu ¼u;u½ o eq[k ds ek/;e ls vk'kk]
g"kZ] 'kksd] O;Fkk] meax] izrh{kk ds Hkko dq'kyrk ls vfHkO;Dr djuk y[kuÅ ?kjkus
dh fo'ks"krk gSA
Hkkoksa dh iz/kkurk o vfHku; i{k vf/kd etcwr gksuk gh ^y[kuÅ
?kjkus* dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gSA bl ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;ksZa dh ekU;rk gS fd gj eqnzk
Hkkoukvksa lfgr gksuk pkfg,A Hkko eqnzk ds fcuk VqdM+k dguk gkFk&iSj Qsadus ds
leku gSA

ut+kdr o dkseyrk
y[kuÅ ?kjkuk ut+kdr o dkseyrk ls [Link] gSA Hkkoksa dh dkseyre
vfHkO;fDr esa ;g ?kjkuk Js"B ekuk tkrk gSA ^^psgjs ds Hkko] vk¡[kksa dh xfr] gkFk]
ukd] flj vkfn lHkh Hkkoksa dks iznf'kZr djus esa lg;ksxh gksrs gSa rFkk ;s lHkh
^lapkjh&Hkko* ds varxZr vkrs gSaA dFkd u`R; ds ^u`R;&vax* esa ^lapkjh&Hkko* }kjk
HkkokfHkO;fDr y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh ,d fo'ks"krk gSA**131 i<+Ur djus dk dFkd u`R;
esa viuk fof'k"V LFkku gSA y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds u`R;dkj i<+Ur Hkh cM+s [Link] o
ygts ds lkFk djrs gSaA ;s cksyksa ds vuqlkj /ofu esa mrkj&p<+ko ds }kjk [Link]
mPpkj.k djrs gSaA budh ekU;rk gS fd u`R; pkgs cksy&iz/kku gks ;k dFkkud&

131- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'kMZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 185]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 290 -
iz/kku] fcuk Hkkouk ds 'kwU; gS blfy, gj 'kCn dh [Link] vfHkO;fDr gksuh
pkfg,A

^u`R;* ,oa ^u`Ùk* dk lkisf{kd egRo

y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;Z ^u`R;* o ^u`Ùk* vax dks ,d&nwljs dk
iwjd ekurs gSaA HkkokfHkO;fDr ds lkFk gh y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds dFkd esa ^u`Ùk* vax dk
Hkh egRo jgk gSA ;g vo'; gS fd ^u`Ùk* vax esa rksM+ksa] VqdM+ksa] iju bR;kfn ds
izn'kZu esa tks ohjrk] vkst] jkSnzrk] ^t;iqj ?kjkus* esa gS] og y[kuÅ ?kjkus esa ugha
gSA y[kuÅ ?kjkus esa dkseyrk gSA blhfy, bl ?kjkus esa u`R;kpk;ksZa us u, cksyksa
dh Hkh jpuk dhA

fo'kq) uVojh u`R; ds cksyksa dk iz;ksx

y[kuÅ ?kjkus dk u`R; uVojh u`R; dk izrhd gSA ^uVojh* ls
rkRi;Z gS jk/kkd`".k dh yhykvksa ls lEcfU/krA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd y[kuÅ
?kjkus ds ewy iq:"k Hkh bZ'ojhizlkn th us bl u`R; 'kSyh dks Hkkxoriqjk.k ij vk/
kkfjr fd;k gSA buds fo"k; esa ,slh ekU;rk gS fd bUgsa Hkxoku~ Jhd`".k us LoIu
esa n'kZu nsdj bl u`R; dk iqu:)kj djus dk vkns'k fn;k FkkA ^^vkt Hkh y[kuÅ
?kjkus ds dFkd u`R; esa d`".k yhyk vkSj ^jkl* dk Li"V izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA
uVoj Jhd`".k ds ^jkl&u`R;* ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k bls ^uVojh&u`R;* dgk
tkrk gSA**132
bl ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;ksZa us Hkh viuh dYiuk o l`tu'khy izfrHkk
}kjk vusd uohu jpuk,¡ cukdj bl ?kjkus dh ijEijk dks fodflr fd;k gSA
[Link]&fcUnknhu th us vla[; Bqefj;ksa dh jpuk dh o vusd [kwclwjr
cfUn'ksa Hkh cuk;haA ^^yPNw egkjkt us Hkh vusd xtysa] gksjh] dfoÙk fy[ks o mu
ij u`R; jpuk,¡ cuk;ha tSls&^n{k&;K* dh dFkk ij ,d dfoÙk dh jpuk dhA
fcjtw egkjkt us Hkh vusd u`R;ukfVdkvksa dk fuekZ.k dj dFkd jaxeap ij
132- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 60]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 291 -
vHkwriwoZ [;kfr vftZr dh gSA**133
ia- fcjtw egkjkt dk dguk gS fd ^^le;kuq:i uohu iz;ksx gksus
pkfg, vkSj ifjorZu djrs le; mlds 'kkL=h; [Link] ¼O;kdj.k½ ds ewy fu;eksa
dk mYya[ku ugha gksuk pkfg,A gLrd] eqnzk,¡] rky] y;] NUn vkfn ewy fu;eksa
dks t:j /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A**134

*ia- fcjtw egkjkt ls lk{kkRdkj ij vk/kkfjr

bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd u`R; dh vnk;xh] u`R; dk lkSUn;Z]

dkseyrk ¼ykL;½ u`Ùk&lapkyu] lkfÙodrk ,oa Hkko iz/kkurk y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA

dFkd dh os'kHkw"kk esa iq:"k u`R;dkj Jhd`".k ds leku js'keh

ihrkEcj] iVdk o [kqyk cnu ;k dqjrk j[krs gSaA blds vfrfjDr pwM+hnkj
ik;tkek o cxycUnh Hkh igurs gSaA fL=;k¡ ^jk/kk* ds leku yg¡xk] Cykmt]
vks<+uh ;k yEck ?ksjnkj vaxjD[kk igurh gSaA
izk;% dFkd ds lHkh ?kjkuksa esa urZd o u`R;kaxuk,¡ leku :i ls
lqlfTtr gksrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; u`R;&'kSfy;ksa esa ^dFkd&u`R;* esa gh bruk lkeZF;
gS ftlesa u`R; ds rhuksa Hksn ¼ukV~;] u`Rr vkSj u`R;½ vius okLrfod :i esa LorU=
:i ls lqfodflr gSaA

cksy oxhZdj.k ,oa y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh izpfyr cafn'ksa

dFkd u`R; eas ^in lapkyu* dh iz/kkurk gksus ds dkj.k ;g y;&
iz/kku gSa blesa dFkk ds vuq:i rky dk fuokZpu gksrk gSA rRi'pkr~ ^uk;d&ukf;dk*
rFkk vU; ik=ksa ds pfj= vkSj xfr;ksa ds vuq:i cksyksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA

133- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 186]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

134- ia- fcjtw egkjkt ls lk{kkRdkj ij vk/kkfjr

- 292 -
e`nax] rcyk vFkok u`R; ds [Link] dks ysdj fdlh Hkh rky esa fofHkUu y;dkfj;ksa
ls ;qDr tks fof'k"V jpuk dh tkrh gS] og ^cksy* dgykrh gSA rksM+k] VqdM+k] iju
bR;kfn ^cksy* ds gh fofHkUu izdkj gSaA u`R; ds cksyksa dks ikap Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA

u`R;kaxh cksy & ^rk FksbZ* vkfn u`R; ds rRdkfjd [Link] ls ftu cksyksa dh
jpuk gksrh gS] os ^u`R;kaxh cksy* dgykrs gSaA [Link] &
^^frXnk frXnk FksbZ frXnk frXnk FksbZ
rk FksbZ FksbZ rr ,bZ FksbZ FksbZ rr rr rr rr rr**
rk FksbZ FksbZ rr ,bZ FksbZ FksbZ rr rr rr rr
frXnk fnxfnx FksbZ frXnk fnxfnx FksbZ frXnk fnxfnx FksbZA**
bl izdkj ds cksyksa dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkko fo'ks"k ds izn'kZu ds le;
vaxgkj dks jkspd ,oa izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

u`Ùkkaxh cksy & y; dk peRdkj fn[kkus ds fy, e`nax vFkok rcys ds

cksyksa dks ^u`Ùkkaxh cksy* dgrs gSaA tSls &
^^f/kV f/kV /kkxs frV d`/kk frV /kkxs frV d`/kk frV
d`/kk frV d`/kk frV /kkxs frV /kk /kk =d /kk
rx Uu /kk =d /kk rx Uu /kk =d /kk rx Uu /kkAA**
;s cksy fo"k;kuq:i i`"BHkwfe dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, iz;qDr
gksrs gSaA

dforkaxh cksy &dforkaxh cksyksa dh jpuk fdlh Hkko fo'ks"k dks ysdj
dkO;kRed 'kCnksa ds lkFk dh tkrh gSA [Link] &
^^rr rr =k rd Hkjr fipdkjh rFksbZ rFksbZ FksbZ
cjtr jk/kk fnx fnx rk fnx fnx rk

- 293 -
 ys vchj xqyky lc nkSM+ha lf[k;k¡
ckts ?kq¡?k: ?kq¡ ?kq¡ Nuuu Nw¡ Nw¡ Nuuu
d`/kkfdV /kk d`/kkfdV /kk d`/kkfdV FkkA**135
;s cksy fdlh dFkkk vFkok ?kVuk ds vk/kkj ij gh jps tkrs gSa blfy,
buds fy, fdlh dFkkoLrq dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] ;s Lor% gh [Link] gksrs gSaA

laxhrkaxh cksy&tc fofHkUu Hkkoksa ds lwpd cksyksa dks muds fo"k;kuq:i

jkxjkfxfu;ksa esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] rks mUgsa laxhrkaxh ^cksy* dgrs gSAa [Link]&

rk · r r · r upr fQjr]

Mk · j Mk · j ik · r ik · r _rq cla · r

ygygk · r d`/k fdV rd rd Fkq · ³~xrk · u FksbZA

vFkkZr~ ;g clUr _rq dk cksy gS rFkk cgkj jkfxuh esa xk;k tkrk
gSA ^uVojh&u`R;* esa ,sls cksy vf/kd gksrs gSaA

feJ rFkk vU; cksy & u`R;kaxh] u`Ùkkaxh ,oa dforkaxh rhuksa dk
lfEeJ.k dj ftu cksyksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS] os feJ cksy dgykrs gSaA dqN
feJ cksyksa esa e`nax bR;kfn ok|ksa ds cksy Hkh lefUor jgrs gSaA [Link] &
DM+ku] fdM+ux f[kjZj~j~ vkfn uDdkjs ds 'kCn] f>a] f>u vkfn >k¡>
ds 'kCnA blh izdkj vU; ok|ksa ds [Link] dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA dqN cksyksa esa
i'kq&if{k;ksa ds /ofu 'kCn Hkh iz;qDr gksrs gSaA ftUgsa ijewyw ;k fizeyw Hkh dgrs gSaA
bu cksyksa ds Hkh nks miHksn fd, tk ldrs gSa &

135- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 60]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 294 -
 ¼1½ lkFkZd vkSj
¼2½ fujFkZd
^^lkFkZd cksyksa* dh [Link] esa ,sls cksy vkrs gSa] ftuds ek= mPpkj.k
ls mudk Hkko Li"V gks tkrk gSA os fdlh LFkku fo'ks"k ij gh Hkkokuqdwy iz;qDr
gksrs gSaA
^fujFkZd cksy* os gksrs gSa ftuds mPpkj.k ls dksbZ Hkko vFkok vFkZ
Li"V ugha gksrk fdUrq fLFkfr ds vuq:i iz;ksx ls dFkkud esa tku vk tkrh gSA
,sls cksy fdlh Hkh mi;qDr LFky ij iz;qDr gks ldrs gSaA
leLr cksyksa dks ?kq¡?k:vksa dh e/kqj >adkj vFkok ink?kkrksa ds }kjk
fudkyk tkrk gSA in&lapkyu ds lkFk&lkFk vax&lapkyu Hkh cksyksa ds vuq:i
gksuk vko';d gSA u`R; ds cksyksa dk vFkZ le>dj gh mi;qDr Hkkokuqlkj mls
vfHkO;Dr djuk pkfg,A lQy u`R;dkj ds fy, bu ckjhfd;ksa dk /;ku j[kuk
vko';d gSA
bl izdkj dFkd u`R;&'kSyh esa ^y;* vkSj cksyksa dk [Link] LFkku
gSA ;fn ^Hkko* u`R; dk lqUnj 'kjhj gS rks ^y;* mldh vkRek gS vkSj ^cksy* mldh
lk¡lsa gSaA ^^lqUnj Hkkoksa okyk u`R; Hkh y; ds vk/kkj fcuk [Link]&izfrek ds
leku gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ^y;* dk dFkd esa [Link] LFkku gS rFkk ^cksy*
mldh vk/kkj Hkwfe gSA**136
ok|&laxfr& dFkd u`R; esa laxfr&ok|ksa esa rcyk] i[kkot] lkjaxh] gkjeksfu;e]
flrkj] ck¡lqjh bR;kfn gksrs gSa rFkk ,d xk;d Hkh gksrk gS tks ^Bqejh* bR;kfn xkrk
gSA i[kkot o rcyk nksuksa ij y; nh tkrh gSA lkekU;r% ;g ns[kus dks feyrk
gS fd igys dqN cksy rcys ij ctrs gSa mlds i'pkr mUgha cksyksa dh i[kkot ij
ctk;k tkrk gSA blls ,d ekgkSy cu tkrk gSA
bl izdkj [Link] :i esa lqlfTtr gksdj urZd vFkok urZdh eap ij
136- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 61]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 295 -
viuh dyk dk izn'kZu djrs gSaA y[kuÅ ?kjkus esa izpfyr izLrqr dqN jpuk,¡
vken] rksM+s] VqdM+s] iju] frgkbZ] dfoÙk bR;kfn ¼fofHkUu rkyksa esa½ bl izdkj gSa &
cgqizpfyr vken nsf[k, &
$ 2
/kk rk Ddk /kqa xk · /kk xs A
0 3
nha xs rk · /kk f/ka rk · A
$ 2
/ksr~ rk fdV /kk rd~ dk Fkqa xk A
0 3
rfd Vr dk · frfV dr xfn xuk A
$ 2

rk FksbZ rÙkk FksbZ vk FksbZ rÙkk FksbZ A

0 3
FksbZ rFks bZr FksbZ FksbZ FksbZ rr rr A rkAA
$
^^/kk r d Fkqa xk&/kk xs f/ka x rk&
/kk f/ku rk n/ks Ùkk fdM /kk rk Dd Fkqe xk
rfd rr dk&frV dr xfn xu rk FksbZ rr
FksbZ rr FksbZ rr FksbZ FksbZ rFksbZ&rk FksbZ FksbZ rr rr rk**

^vken* ds fo"k; esa lq'khy dqekj lDlsuk dk er gS fd &

"To my mind, an 'Amad' in Kathak dance as probably also in the
'gatkaari" of instrumental music, is a pattern which emphasizes the manner

- 296 -
to gaining access to the 'Sum'."137

bl lanHkZ esa iz[;kr u`R;dkj fcjtw egkjkt dk er gS fd ftl

izdkj 'kkL=h; laxhr dk Lo:i /khjs&/khjs [kqyrk gS mlh izdkj u`R; dk Lo:i
Hkh /khjs&/khjs [kqyrk gSA oUnuk ls vken rd ,d ds ckn ,d dM+h tqM+rh pyh
tkrh gSA blesa y; ds ckn rky dk vkfoHkkZo gksrk gSA ^^FkkV esa xEHkhjrk o vken
esa ,d tks'k o mRlkg gksrk gSA vken esa pDdj dh xfr cgqr /kheh gksrh gSA blesa
pDdj ysus dh xqatkb'k ugha gSA**138
lq'khy dqekj lDlsuk ds vuqlkj&vxj ^BkB* dks ukpus ds fy,
^fet+kt cukuk* dgk tk,] rks ^vken* dks ukp dk LQqj.k dg ldrs gSA
dFkd u`R;dkj fofHkUu izdkj ls ^vken* izLrqr djrs gSa lS)kfUrd
vk/kkj ij bldh nks izdkj ls O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gS &
igyk] pw¡fd izn'kZu esa ;g loZizFke izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] blhfy,
^vken* esa dsoy mi;qZDr fyf[kr ewy ^cksy* iz;qDr gksrs gSaA nwljk] ^rky* dk cgko
^le* rd igqapus ds fy, Åij mBrk tku iM+rk gS] ;gh ^vken* dk eq[; lkSUn;Z
gS] tks dFkd u`R; esa vyx gh fn[krk gSA vFkkZr~ rky ds vuq:i] lqUnjrk ls ^le*
ij vkuk ^vken* dh fo'ks"krk gS rFkk ogh bldk oSf'k"V~; ,oa dykRed lkSUn;Z gSA
^vken* dh izLrqfr y;kRed ,oa fHkUu izdkj ls dh tkrh gSA bldk
izkjaHk /kheh xfr esa fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq nwljs va'k esa FkksM+h nqzrxfr gks tkrh gS vkSj
vfUre pj.k esa rks xfr ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡p tkrh gS ftlesa fofHkUu y;dkjh dks
iznf'kZr djrs gq, fo'ks"k izdkj ls lkSUn;Z ds lkFk ^le* ij vk;k tkrk gSA
^vken* ds fo"k; esa y[kuÅ] t;iqj ?kjkuksa ds er vyx&vyx gSa
t;iqj ?kjkus esa /kkfrV /kkfrV dh iju dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS o y[kuÅ ?kjkus
esa /kk rd Fkqaxk cjrk tkrk gSA

137- lDlsuk MkW- ,l-ds-] nh jksy vkWQ fjfne bu dFkd] if=dk ekxZ&1963] i`"B&49
138- HkVukxj MkW- Nk;k] laxhr if=dk twu 1977] ys[k dFkd dh 'kwU;rk,sa dqN lq>ko i`"B&49

- 297 -
 y[kuÅ&?kjkus okys ^vken* foyfEcr y; esa Bkg xfr esa
^/kk&r&d&Fkqa&xk* ukpdj vUr esa ^rk FksbZ rr FksbZ* yxkdj ^le* ij vkrs gSaA

vken rhu rky

/kkfrV /kkfrV /kk /kk frV&f/kM+/kkfrV&/kkfrV&/kkxs&nhxsu Fkqu Fkqu
ux ux&rwuk fdVrd&rfdV f/kfdV&f/ku uM+ku /kk fnu rk&fdM+rd fnu
rk
drk ?ks?ks /kk& ?ks?ks /kk& ?ks?ks&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kk
drk ?ks?ks /kk& ?ks?ks /kk& ?ks?ks&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kk
drk ?ks?ks /kk& ?ks?ks /kk& ?ks?ks&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kk
/kkfrV/kk frV/kk/kk frVfdM+ / kk frV/kkfrV /kkxs n h xs u Fkq u
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fkquuxux rwukfd Vrdr fdVf/kfdV f/kUu M+k·u/kk·
7 8 9 10 11 12
fnurk fdM+r fnurk·drk?ks ?ks/kk?ks /ksuk/ks/ks /kk·u/kk
13 14 15 16 1 2
·u/kk· u/kk·u /kk·drk ?ks?ks/kk ?ks?ks/kk?ks ?ks/kk·u/kk
3 4 5 6 7 8
·uk/kk· u/kk·u/kk ·drk?ks ?ks/kk?ks ?ks/kk?ks ?ks·u/kk
9 10 11 12 13 14
·u/kk· u/kk·u /kk139
15 16 x &yPNw egkjkt

139- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]

i`"B& 254

- 298 -
 FkkV
^FkkV* dFkd u`R; dh eq[; fLFkfr vFkok Hkafxek (Posture) gS ftldks lqUnjrk
rFkk y;&rky ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA FkkV dk vFkZ vyadj.k gSA ^^FkkV
esa y; dk rkjrE; cuk jgrk gS] ftlesa urZd ,d fo'ks"k vankt ls ik¡o ekjdj
vFkok xnZu ;k vk¡[kksa }kjk ^le* iznf'kZr djrk gSA**140 Bsdk pyrk jgrk gS vkSj
urZd ,d gkFk lkeus vkSj nwljk Åij j[kdj y; ds lkFk dykbZ] xnZu] us= vkSj
HkkSag lapkyu }kjk Hkko iznf'kZr dj ^le* fn[kkrk gSA
bl lanHkZ esa 'kjPpUnz Jh/kj ijkatis us fy[kk gS &^^;g 'kCn chu
dh rardkjh ls fy;k x;k gSA FkkV ds varxZr tSls ctk, tkus okys jksxksa dh
Hkwfedk Lojksa esa cka/kh tkrh gS] oSls gh u`R; ds FkkV esa u`R; dh igyh eqnzk bl rjg
ls izLrqr dh tkrh gS fd vkus okys u`R; dk vkHkkl vkjEHk esa gh gks tk,A**141
FkkV dh bl izdkj dh eqnzk,¡ ^FkkV&cU/ku* dgykrh gS vkSj ^vken*
ls igys izLrqr dh tkrh gSaA ^FkkV* dbZ eqnzkvksa vFkok Hkafxekvksa }kjk izLrqr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA izR;sd ?kjkus ds ^FkkV* esa vUrj gSA
^FkkV* esa rky dk 'kkUr izokg jgrk gSA ftlesa urZd u`R; dh
fofHkUu dykRed eqnzk,¡ cukrk gS rFkk fHkUu&fHkUu ek=kvksa ij vax ?kqekrk gqvk
fof'k"V eqnzk ls ^le* ij fLFkr gks tkrk gSA ^le* ds ckn ^vax* ds }kjk 'kjhj dks
dykRed jhfr ls >qykrs gq,] b/kj&m/kj ?kqekrs gq, dHkh dykbZ ls] dHkh Hk`d`frV
ls vFkok xnZu ls frgkbZ yxkrk gSA**142 FkkV ds ckn y; c<+k dj rksM+s&VqdM+s
izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA

140- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 26]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

141 ijktais 'kjrpaæ Jh/kj] laxhr cks/k] i`"B&178

142- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 27]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 299 -
 y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh dqN izpfyr cfn'ksa fuEukuqlkj gSa &

izpfyr cafn'ksa
vken rhu rky
16 ek=k foyafcr y;
/kk & /kkrdFkw¡xk ¼v½A /kkxs nhxs rk ¼v½A
/kk fnurk ¼v½A /ksrrkA fdM+/kk rDdkFkq¡xk
rfdVrdk frVdrk xnhfxu & rkFkbZ r~r~FkbZ & vkFkbZ r~r~FkbZ
FkbZ·rk FkbZrkFkbZ vrvrrk & ¼,d nks rhu½
FkbZ·rk FkbZrkFkbZ vrvrrk & ¼,d nks rhu½
FkbZ·rk FkbZrkFkbZ vrvrrk143

vken rhu rky

16 ek=k e/;y;
rkFkbZ rr· vk FkbZ rr
FkbZ&FkbZ&FkbZ rrrr rk·
FkbZ FkbZ FkbZ rr rr rk· r·r rk & r·r rk & r·r rk
FkbZ FkbZ FkbZ rr rr rk· r·r rk & r·r rk & r·r rk
FkbZ FkbZ FkbZ rr rr rk· r·r rk & r·r rk & r·r rk144
&in~eJh xq: 'kaHkw egkjkt

143- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]

i`"B& 255

144- ogh] i`"B&258

- 300 -
 vken
>irky 10 ek=k 6 vkorZu
Bkg & /kk r d Fkw¡ xk ·&/kk xs nh xs rk·&/kk fnu rk&/ksÙkk&fdM+rk
rd~ dk Fkq¡xk rfdV rdk · frVdrk xnhfxu
nqxqu&rk FkbZ r~r~ FkbZ&vk FkbZ r~r~ FkbZ&FkbZr FkbZr&FkbZ FkbZ FkbZ&rr rr rk&
r·r rk&r·r rk&r·r rk
FkbZr&FkbZ FkbZ FkbZ & rr rr rk
r·r rk&r·r rk&r·r rk
FkbZr&FkbZ FkbZ FkbZ&rr rr rk
r·r rk&r·r rk&r·r rk

ukS ¼9½ /kk

rhu rky dh cafn'k &
16 ek=k e/; y;
/ksÙkke /ksÙkke nx nx Fkqu rd Fkks
/ksÙkke /ksÙkke nx nx Fkqu rd Fkks
rfdV f/kfdV rd Fkqu rd xnh fxu
Fkw¡x uw¡u rd Fkqu rd rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ]
rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ] rh/kk fnx fnx FkbZ]
rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ] rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ] rh/kk fnx fnx FkbZ]
rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ] rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ] rh/kk fnx fnx FkbZ]145

& ia- fcjtw egkjkt

145- egkjkt ia- fcjtw }kjk fyf[kr

- 301 -
 11 /kk dk rksM+k &
rhu rky & 16 ek=k] e/; y;
rr rr FkbZ · rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ rk FkbZ r~r~ FkbZvk FkbZ r~r~ FkbZ
rk FkbZ r~r~ FkbZ FkbZr FkbZr FkbZ FkbZ FkbZ rr rr
rk·· rk·· rk·· rk·· rk·· rk·· rk··
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
rk·· rk·· rk·· rk146
8 9 10 x
& ia- fcjtw egkjkt

Qjekb'kh iju
rhu rky & 16 ek=k
/kxÙk rfdV] /kkxs rkxs frj fdV rd] rkxsfrV & rfdV rdk
fdM+/ksr/ksr&/kk /kk /kk & /kkxs frV] rk rk rk rkxs frV] uk uk uk ukxs frV dh dh dh fdV
fdV

/kk /kk & /kkxs frV] rk rk rkxs frV] uk uk ukxs frV] dh dh fdV fdV

/kk & /kkxs frV] rk rkxs frV] uk ukxs frV] dh fdV fdV rk147

fo'ks"krk %& bl cksy dh fo'ks"krk ;g gSa fd frgkbZ esa igys rhu&rhu /kk gSa] nwljh ckj nks&nks
/kk gS rFkk vUr esa dsoy ,d&,d /kk jg xbZ gSA ;kfu 3] 2] 1 dh Qjekb'kh iju Hkh dg
ldrs gSA

& Jh xq: fcjtw egkjkt

146- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]

i`"B& 276

147- ogh] i`"B&276

- 302 -
 fizeyw
cksy
uXxh FkjhZ & dqdq rd rd & f>ud f>ud rdrk
f>f>fdV f/kyk¡x /kqefdV rd/kk
f>f>fdV rd/kk f/kyk¡x f/kyk¡x] /kqefdV rd/kk·
fnxfnx rrrr & Fkks &
FkfjfdV rd & FkfjfdV & Fkfjfdrrd
rd FkfjfdV f/kyk¡x rd Fkks &
FkfjfdV rd & FkfjfdV & FkfjfdV rd
rd FkfjfdV f/kyk¡x rd Fkks &
ft?kM+ku· /kM+ku] rd /kqefdV
rd f/kyk¡x rd nxux FkbZ
ft?kM+ku· /kM+ku] rd /kqefdV
rd f/kyk¡x rd nxux FkbZ
ft?kM+ku· /kM+ku] rd /kqefdV

rd f/kyk¡x rd nxux FkbZ148

148- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]

i`"B& 255

- 303 -
 ia- izseukjk;.k xq: }kjk iznRr
rksM+k
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/; y;
$ 2
frx/kk ·frx /kk· FksbZ FksbZ DM+ku Fkk· dr
0 3
Fkk· ·· dr dr ·· DM+ku Fkk· dr
$
/kk· ·· dr dr ·· DM+ku Fkk· dr
0 3
Fkk· DM+ku /kk· dr /kk· DM+ku /kk· dr /kkAA149
$
iju
rhurky 16 ek=k e/; y;
$ 2
fdM+rd FkquFkqu ukrh Vrk ·/kk fnark fdM+/kk fnark
0 3
dfr V/kk fnark d· frV /kkfna rk· fdM+/ks
$ 2
Ùk/kk fnark dfr V/kk ·Fkq ·Ur /kk· dfr
0 3
V/kk ·Fkqq ·Ur /kk· dfr V/kk ·Fkq ·Ur /kkAA150
$
149- ia- izseukjk;.k xq: }kjk iznRr
150- ogh]

- 304 -
 iju
^iju* dFkd u`R; dk ,d [Link] Hkkx gSA dFkd ds izn'kZu esa bldk fo'ks"k
J`a[kykc) izn'kZu fd;k tkrk gS mnkgj.k &
iju
jkl rky] 13 ek=k
/ksr /ksr /ksr&f/kxUukM+&/kkxsfrV /kkxsfrV drk xnhfxu &
drk xnhfxu xuu xxu f/kV /kxu uxj
fdM+rd f/ku f/ku ukuk fdM+rd /kku /kku /kk·
fdM+rd f/ku f/ku ukuk fdM+rd /kku /kku /kk·
fdM+rd f/ku f/ku ukuk fdM+rd /kku /kku /kk·
/ksr /ksr /ksr f/kxu ·ukM+ /kkxsfrV /kkxsfrV drkxnh
1 2 3 4 5 6
fxudrk xnhfxu ufxxu fxuf/kV /kfuuu
7 8 9 10 11
fxufdM+rd f/ku··f/k ·uukuk fdM+rd/kk· u/kk·u
12 13 1 2 3
/kk·fdrd f/ku··f/k buukuk fdM+rd/kk· u/kk·u
4 5 6 7 8
/kk·fdM+rd f/ku··f/k bu ukuk fdM+rd/kk· u/kk·u /kk151
9 10 11 12 13 x
& xq: fcjtw egkjkt

151- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]

i`"B& 419

- 305 -
uVojh cksyksa esa frxnk] rr~ bR;kfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx tkrk gSA mnkgj.k&
^^frx/kk fnfxfnfx fnx Fkks fnfxfnfx FksbZ rr~&rk
FksbZ rk FksbZ frx/kk FksbZ frx/kk fnfxfnfx fnxFkks
fnfxfnfx FksbZ =ke FksbZ frx/kk fnfxfnfx fnx;k
fnfxfnfx FksbZ =ke FksbZ frx/kk fnfxfnfx fnx;k
fnfxfnfx FksbZ =ke FksbZA**152
dgk tkrk gS fd g¡fM;k ftys ds lqizfl) u`R;kpk;Z Lo- izdkl th
us 19oha 'krh esa dFkd dks ^jkl&u`R;* ds vk/kkj ij ifj"d`r djus dk iz;kl fd;k
FkkA uVoj Jhd`".k ds ^jkl&u`R;* ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k mUgksaus bls
^uVojh&u`R;* ds uke ls izpfyr fd;k FkkA rHkh ls ;g dqN fo}kuksa }kjk
^dFkd&uVojh u`R;* dgk tkus yxkA
lqfo[;kr u`R;dkj izdk'kth }kjk fyf[kr ^iks/kh&izdk'k* esa
^uVojh&u`R;* rFkk mlds [Link] vkSj ykL; vax dk mYys[k feyrk gS &
Hkqfo Hkkjr esa gfj ups [Link] urZu ykl]
lksbZ eSa ukpr jgh czt esa gfj ds iklA
[Link] fof/k dh xfr HkjkSa ykL; vax ds Hkko]
uVoj urZu uke /kfj ukpgq¡ lgt LoHkkoAA**153
,d bZ'ojh;&urZd ds :i esa d`".k dh dqN pkyksa ds uke gSa &
eÙkx;Un] gal] e`x] ejky] mn~?kV] lusy rFkk fo'ks"k uVojxfrA ^^dFkd&u`R;* esa
bu lcdk iz;ksx gksus ds dkj.k o d`".k&iz/kku u`R; gksus ds dkj.k gh bls
^dFkd&uVojh&u`R;* dgk tkus yxkA**154
izkphu Hkkjrh; u`R;&'kSyh ds nks Hksn&[Link] vkSj ykL; gSaA buesa
^[Link]* y;kfJr gS vkSj ^ykL;* HkkokfJrA ^^dkykUrj esa uVoj d`".k us vius
^jkl&u`R;* esa bu nksuksa dk lfEeJ.k fd;k vkSj ,d uohu 'kSyh tks fd ^uVojh*
152- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]i`"B&420

153- ehry izHkqn;ky czt dh dykvksa dk bfrgkl] 1977] i`"B&583

154- nk/khp MkW- iq:] if=dk laxhr dyk fogkj] ebZ 1982] i`"B&127

- 306 -
laKk ls fo[;kr gS] izpfyr gqbZA**155
dfoÙk
dFkd u`R; esa lkfgR; dh fo/kk&dfoRkk dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
dfoRr dFkd ds lkjs ?kjkuksa esa cjrs tkrs gSA ^dfoÙk* rky ij vk/kkfjr dfork
vFkok lajpuk gSA xk;u esa tks LFkku ^xhr* dk gS] ogha u`R; esa ^dfoÙk* dk gSA ;g
fo'kq) u`R; gksrk gS ftlesa urZd fofHkUu eqnzkvksa rFkk Hkko&Hkafxekvksa }kjk 'kCnksa
ds vFkZ dks izdkf'kr djrk gSA dfoÙk dh jpuk NUnc) gksrh gS ftlesa fdlh Hkh
fo"k;] ;Fkk&jk/kk&d`".k] xksfi;k¡] 'kadj&ikoZrh] [Link]'k] la;ksx&fo;ksx] jfr&ØhM+k]
cky&yhyk bR;kfn ij dfoÙk jpk tk ldrk gSA blesa u`R;dkj dks u`Ùk] u`R;
rFkk ukV~; rhuksa dk lefUor iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA fdlh dfork vFkok in dks
u`R;&cksyksa ds lkFk ck¡/kdj iznf'kZr djus dks ^dfoÙk* dgrs gSA ^^dfoÙk esa fufgr
Hkkoksa dks iznf'kZr djuk gh u`R; dk iz/kku dk;Z gSA bldh ek=kvksa esa loS;k]
?kuk{kjh] iap&pekjk bR;kfn gSa ftuesa uVojh va'k igys tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA**156
blesa fofHkUu eqnzkvksa }kjk vFkZ rFkk in lapkyuksa }kjk y; iznf'kZr djrs gSaA y;
izk/kkU; ds dkj.k vfHku; gksus ds ckn Hkh dfoRr dh [Link] ^u`Ùk* esa dh tkrh gSA
xq: yPNw egkjkt jfpr dfoRr
dfoÙk
y[kuÅ ?kjkuk] f=rky& 16 ek=k e/; y;
chu e`nax >k¡> MQ cktr] rkij ukpr d`".k dUgS;k
xksfiu ds lax jkl jpkor] ukp upkor rkrk Fkb;k
[ksyr xsan fxjks teuk esa] u`R;djks rgk¡ ukx uFkb;k
dksi ds bUnz p<~;ks czt Åij] xksfi djr lc gk gk nS;k
/kk; mBk; fy;ks fxj u[k ij] calh ctkor /ksuq pjb;k
tx ds eueksgu eu Hkk;s] esjs eu eb;k] esjs eu eb;k] esjs eu eb;k
155- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 60]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

156- ogh] i`"B&31

- 307 -
ch·ue` na·>k¡· >MQ ck·tr rk·ij uk·pr d`".k dUgS;k·
x 2 0 3 x 2 0 3
xks·fiu ds·lax jk·lj pk·or uk·p upk·or rk·rk ·FkbZ;k·
x 2 0 3 x 2 0 3
[ks·yr xsa·nfx jks·t euk·esa·
x 2 0 3
u`R;d jks·rgk¡ uk·xu FkbZ;k· dks·ids b·Unz p<~;ks·c` tÅ·ij
x 2 0 3 x 2 0 3
xks·fid jrlc gk·gk·n bZ;k·
x 2 0 3
/kk·; mBk·fy ;ks·fx fju[kij ca·lhc tk·or /ks·uqpj bZ;k·
x 2 0 3 x 2 0 3
txds eueks·g ueuHkk ·,·
x 2 0 3
es·js· eueb ;k··· es·js· eueb ;k··· es·js· eueb ;k157
x 2 0 3 x 2 0 3 x
& xq: yPNw egkjkt

dforkaxh&cksy
ukpr xksiky yky] rDdf/kfdV ?ks?ks rM+Uu
jk/kk eqldku vku & /kkfdV rd & /kqefdV f/kUuM+ku
eqjyh /kj v/kj yUgha] lkaojs us ,d rku
jkf/kdk us u`R; fd;ks] ekj ds dVk{k ck.k
fnu fnu fnu tkr tkr] rV rV rV ;equk rV
nzxu nzxu uhj tkr] dq¡t dq¡t eVd eVd
f/kzx f/kzxz f/kzx xksfiu dks] f/kzo f/kzx f/kzx Xokyu dks
157- vktkn ia- rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]i`"B&301

- 308 -
 fuj[ks gSa ftuds u;u] xksoj/ku /kkjh dks
/ku /ku /ku Hkkx muds gSa
/ku /ku /ku Hkkx muds gSa
/ku /ku /ku Hkkx muds gSa
uksV %& bl dfoÙk esa 40 ek=k gSaA nzqry; esa fyfi djus ij rhu rky esa vk x;kA
ijUrq ;gh dfoÙk >irky esa Hkh fcuk ?kVk,] c<+k, ukp ldrs gSaA
egkjkt Jh yPNw egkjkt
dFkd dh ifjlEifRr&egkjkt fcanknhu }kjk jfpr Bqefj;k¡
^dFkd* o ^Bqejh* dk ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA ^Bqejh* igys ^Bqejh* uke ls
ugha vfirq ,d yksdxhr Hksn ds :i esa izpfyr FkhA izkphurk dh n`f"V ls bl
lUnHkZ esa ^NkfyD;* uked 'kSyh dk mYys[k feyrk gS ftlesa u`R;] vfHku; vkSj
xku dh iz/kkurk gksrh FkhA dgk tkrk gS fd Bqejh ^NkfyD;* dk gh ns'kh :i gS
tks fd u`R; vfHku; ds lkFk xk;h tkrh jgh gSA y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;Z Jh
fcUnknhu egkjkt us vla[; Bqefj;ksa dh jpuk dh rFkk mu ij Hkko izn'kZu Hkh
fd;kA mudh jpuk,¡ d`".k vk/kkfjr /kkfeZd Hkkouk ls vksrizksr FkhaA ckn esa Bqejh
esa J`axkfjd Hkkouk iz/kku gks xbZA /khjs&/khjs ;g ijEijk fodflr gqbZ vkSj vkt
laxhr {ks= esa fo'ks"k lEeku izkIr dj Bqejh dFkd&u`R; izn'kZu dk vfHkUu vax cu
xbZ gSA
fcanknhu egkjkt us vla[; Bqefj;ksa dh jpuk dh FkhA ;s lkjh
jpuk,¡ dFkd ds fy, vR;ar [Link] gSA bUgsa vkt Hkh dFkd dykdj cM+h 'kku
ds lkFk eap ij izLrqr djrs gSaA eSaus Lo;a LoxhZ; 'kEHkw egkjkt ds nksuksa lqiq=ksa Jh
jke&eksgu ,oa Jh d`".k&eksgu th dks bu ij Hkko fl[kkrs gq, dbZ ckj ns[kk gSaA
ia- fcjtw egkjkt th rks fcUnknhu egkjkt th dh Bqefj;ksa ij vn~Hkqr Hkko izLrqr
djrs gh gSaA bu Bqefj;ksa dh izLrqfr ds fcuk rks y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds fdlh
izfrfuf/k dykdkj dh u`R; izLrqfr v/kwjh&lh izrhr gksrh gSA Bqefj;ksa dk ;g
[ktkuk dFkd u`R; dh vewY; /kjksgj gSaA egkjkt fcUnknhu th dh dqN
izfrfuf/k jpuk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa %&

- 309 -
 Bqejh
rky ,drky ;k nknjk & 12 ek=k o 6 ek=k
dkgs jksdr Mxj I;kjs uUnyky esjs
furgh djr >xjk gels
iu?kV ugha tkus nsr
ns[kr rc ukjh eksjh
cSagk D;ksa dgs jsAA dkgs -----AA
fourh d:a eSa ugha ok ekur
lqur ukgha esjh
Nhu yhuh gSa xjs dks gkj
ekxwa ufga ns jsAA dkgs -----AA
fcUnk ns[kks BhB yaxj
cjcl eksjh ykt ysr

dkgs jksdr Mxj I;kjs uUnyky esjs

Hktu
jkx & o`Unkouh lkjax
rky] >irky 10 ek=k e/;y;
fcanknhu egkjkt jfpr Hktu

esjh lquks ';keA

Nk¡M+ks v¡pjok] dgk eku ys I;kjs gw¡ rsjh psjhAA
esjh &
tkus ukgha nsr <hB yaxjok
fcUnk lquks ;s ukgha ekus ';ke ?ksjhAA158

158- izseukjk;.k xq: dFkdkpk;Z] cukjl ?kjkuk] lkxj e-iz- }kjk izkIr

- 310 -
 jkx & lksguh
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;

fcUnknhu egkjkt jfpr Bqejh

dkgs dks esjs ?kj vk, gksAA

izhre rqe jSu lkSru lax tkxs uSu jrukjsA
ib;k¡ u ijks , I;kjsAA
dkgs dks &
gVks tkvks rqe mugha ds lax jgks
gesa u NsM+ks ';ke
fcUnk lquks ;s ugha ekus th;k tkjs Mkjs
dgks dks &
fooj.k &
LFkku & x`g
dky & jkf= dk vfUre izgj
ik= & [[Link] ukf;dk
vuqekfur vk;q & 25 ls 28 o"kZ rd
ukf;dk izhre ds nsj ls ?kj ykSVus ds dkj.k :"V gS vkSj vusd <ax ls fojks/k
djrh gSA
uksV & bl Bqejh esa [[Link] ukf;dk ds fofHkUu izdkj ds Hkkoksa dk izn'kZu fd;k
tkrk gSA159

159- egkjkt fcjtw] jlxqatu&fcUnknhu egkjkt dh jpuk;sa] ikiqyj izdk'ku] cEcbZ&1994] i`"B&8
ISBN-81-7185-680-2

- 311 -
 Bqejh
jkx & eYgkj rhu rky 16 ek=k
e/;y;
fcUnknhu egkjkt jfpr Bqejh
f?kj f?kj vkbZa cknjkAA
peds xjts cjls esg
f?kj f?kj &
dkfj ?kVk ?ku?kksj ?ksj yhUgks
lwfu lst ft;k ekg Mjs
fcUnk Fkj&Fkj dk¡is nsgAA
f?kj f?kjAA
fooj.k &

LFkku & x`g

dky & lU/;k
ik= & [Link] ukf;dk
vuqekfur vk;q & 26 ls 30 o"kZ rd
izkjaHk esa ukf;dk mYyflr gS vkSj izhre dh ckV tksg jgh gSA ijarq
ckn esa fctyh dh ped ls Hk;Hkhr gS vkSj mldh xjt ls Hkh D;ksafd mlds izhre
?kj esa ugha gSaA160
uksV & izkjaHk esa J`axkj jl] fQj d:.k esa cny tk;sxkA ij ;g dykdkjksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gS fd os pkgsa rks iwjk d:.k Hkko j[k ldrs gSaA ;k vUr esa izhre dk
vkxeu Hkh fn[kk ldrs gSa] ftlls ogh ckny ns[kdj ukf;dk ¼l[kh½ >we mBsA
bl Bqejh dks dykdkj igys vUrjs rd J`axkfjd :i ls dj ldrk gSA nwljs
vUrjs ls Hk; vkSj d:.kk ds Hkko O;Dr fd;s tk ldrs gSA

160- ogh] i`"B& 10

- 312 -
 jkx & clUr fgaMksy Bqejh
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/;y;
bl Bqejh dks lHkh ?kjkus ds u`R;dkj djrs gSaA

eksgs NsM+ksa u uUn ds lqugwa NSyA

cM+h nsj HkbZ] ?kj tkus ns eksgs
rksjh ib;k¡ i:a eksjh jksdks u xSyAA
eksgs &
idjks u dj c`t ukjh ns[ksa lkjh Bk<+h
uun lqusxh nsxh xkjh rqe ekuks ukgha
fcank lquks ;s ft;k jk[kr eSyAA
eksgs &

LFkku & dqatou

dky & lU/;k
ik= & e/;k ukf;dk
vuqekfur vk;q & 25 ls 28 o"kZ rd
ukf;dk dks cgqr nsj gh x;h % lw;Z Hkh vLr gks
x;k] i'kq&i{kh ykSV x;sA161
ukf;dk uUnyky ls fourh djrh jgh ij tk ugha
ik;hA ?kj ds yksxksa ls dgk&lquh dk Hkh Mj gSA
uksV & vdsyh ukf;dk ¼l[kh½ ds Hkkoksa dk [Link] gksxkA

161- ogh] i`"B& 16

- 313 -
 gksjh
jkx & feJ [kekt] pk¡pj rky]
14 ek=k ¼:id rky esa Hkh½ e/;y;
eSa rks [ksywaxh mUgha ls gksjh xqbZ;kaA
eSa rks &
ySds vchj xqyky dqede
jax ls Hkjh fipdkjh xqabZ;kaAA
eSa rks &
tk;s ?ks:a Mxj ugha tkus nwa ?kj
,slks <hB yaxj ukgha ekus fuMj
vkt ';ke lqUnj ls jax epk
fcUnk ykšxh xgsa cjtksjhAA
eSa rks &
fooj.k &
LFkku & pkSeqgkuh ¼pkSjkgk½
dky & fnu ds izFke izgj ls f}rh; izgj rd
ik= & jk/kk o lf[k;k¡162
bl gksyh dh jpuk esa fo'ks"kdj d`".k ls gksyh [ksyus dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA iwjk
okrkoj.k vchj o xqyky ds jaxksa ls Hkj x;k gSA
xksfi;ksa us Bku j[kk gS fd vkt d`".k dks ge lc ?ksj rd mudks jax esa Mwcks nsaxs
vkSj fuR; dh jkj o NsM+ dk cnyk ysaxsA lHkh xksfi;ksa us feydj d`".k dks idM+k
vkSj viuh euekuh dh o vusdksa jaxksa ls ljkcksj djrs gq, vkufUnr gks jgh gSaA
uksV & bl jpuk esa meax Hkjs Hkkoksa dk izn'kZu o
rky ds vuqlkj in lapkyu dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

162- ogh] i`"B& 24

- 314 -
 gksjh
jkx & ns'k] :id rky] 7 ek=k e/;y;
fcUnknhu egkjkt d`r gksjh &

>wyr jk/ks uoy fd'kksjAA

tfM+r ef.k nksÅ [kEHk jkftr
>ksads nsr >dksjAA
>wyr jk/ks &
?ksfj ?ku ?kgjkr ckny
?kVk mBh ?ku?kksj
iou eUn lqxU/k Mksyr
cjl jgs pgw¡ vksjAA
>wyr jk/ks &
eqdqV br mfr pfUnzdk
br ';ke mr ru xksj
eugq¡ ?ku ij rfM+r pedr
ns[k ukpr HkksjAA >wyr jk/ks &
O;kse gfj 'kf'k jkf/kdk
lc lf[ku~ mfM+xu BkSj
tjh dh lkjh vax fcjktr
yX;ks eksfru dksjAA >wyr jk/ks &
czã f'ko ludkfn ukjn
djr t; t; 'kksj
fcUnknhu is d`ik djks izHkq
;gh ekaX;ks dj tksjAA
>wyr jk/ks &163

163- ogh] i`"B& 60

- 315 -
 Hktu
dFkd u`R; izLrqfr ds vk/ks Hkkx ds ckn Hktu ;k in ij HkkokO;fDr
djrs gSaA
y[kuÅ ?kjkus esa vf/kdrj d`".k] lwjnkl] jkepanz ds Hktuksa ij
izLrqfrdj.k gksrk gSA d`".k HkfDr iz/kku ?kjkuk gksus ds dkj.k d`".k&inksa ij
izLrqfr dh vf/kdrk gSA varjs ds igys] LFkkbZ in ds ckn iSjksa }kjk cksy&fudkyus
dh Hkh izFkk gSA dqN in o Hktu nsf[k, &

jkx&cM+gal ,oa :id rky ¼7 ek=k½ e/;y;

fcUnknhu egkjkt dk Hktu

,sls jke gSa nq[k gjuAA
[ksap nzkSinh yS nq'kklu phj ykX;ks gju
[ksap gkjks phj ck<~;ks lkal ykxs HkjuAA ,sls &
dksi ds tc bUnz ewlj /kkj ykX;ks iju
lIr fnu c`t j{kk dhUgks u[k is fxjoj /kjuAA ,sls &
czã f'ko ludkfn ukjn ykxs t; t; dju
fcUnknhu is d`ik djks izHkq ykxs jgs fpr pjuAA ,sls &
Hktu
esjh lquks ukFk ! tSls lcdks nq[k fuokjk]
flU/kq eFkr /kjfu /klr nhu gS iqdkjk]
deB :i /kj~;kS folky] g¸;kSa i`Foh Hkkjk]
xkSre fr; HkbZ ijoku] pj.k /kjr rkjk]
fxfj mBk; czt cpk;] bUnz cjfl gkjk]
vtkfey] [Link]] izg~ykn dks mckjk]
tud tkudh dh lksfp] /kuq"k rksfM+ Mkjk
foHkh"k.k dks pj.k ,d jko.k us ekjk
HkbZ Xykfu vk;ks 'kj.k] fryd jkt lkjk

- 316 -
 vUr dke dksÅ u vkr utj Hkj fuokjk
^fcUnk* dks ,d jke rsjks gh lgkjkA164
egku fcnknhu }kjk jfpr mijksDr Bqefj;k¡] Hktu bR;kfn cafn'ksa
dFkd u`R; dh vewY; fof/k gSaA ;s cafn'ksa dFkd ds y[kuÅ ?kjkus ds fljekSj
dykdkj ,oa xq: fcUnknhu egkjkt th ds dFkd u`R; ds {ks= esa vrqyuh;
;ksxnku dks n'kkZrh gSaA vr% buds }kjk jfpr Bqefj;k¡ dks dFkd dh ifjlEifRr
dgk x;k gSA

164- ogh] i`"B& 62

- 317 -
 4-2-6& cukjl ?kjkus dk oSf'k"V~;
cukjl ?kjkus dh viuh dqN fof'k"Vrk,¡ gSa ftuds vk/kkj ij ;g
vU; ?kjkuksa ls fcYdqy vyx o Li"V igpkuk tk ldrk gSA
cukjl ?kjkus dh lcls izeq[k fo'ks"krk gS fd blesa u`R; ds 'kq)
cksyksa dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gS] i[kkot o rcys ds cksyksa dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA bl
?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;ksZa dk er gS fd i[kkot o rcys dh cfUn'ksa rks ok|/keZ ds
vuqlkj] blfy, mu cfUn'kksa ij u`R; djuk ek= gkFk&ik¡o pykuk gSA vr% ftl
izdkj rcyk ;k i[kkot dh Hkk"kk vyx gS mlh izdkj u`R; dh Hkh viuh vyx
Hkk"kk gSA blfy, mUgksaus dsoy u`R; ds dqN cksyksa ij gh u`R; dh cfUn'kksa dh
jpuk dhA ;s jpuk,¡ ^uVojh* dgykrh gSa] ftuesa 'kq) u`R; ds cksyksa dk lekos'k
gksrk gSA
cukjl ?kjkus dk [Link] u`R; ^jkS* ;k ^fFkjdu* ij pyrk gSA vkSj
ogha cksyksa dh dkV&rjk'k gksrh gSA bl ?kjkus esa uVojh cksyksa dh cfUn'ksa bruh
fDy"V gksrh gSa fd tc rd 15 ;k 20 o"kZ dk fj;kt u gks mls rS;kjh esa vax 'kq)
j[krs gq, ukpuk vlEHko gSA vr% yEch lk/kuk }kjk gh bl ?kjkus esa dq'kyrk
izkIr gksrh gSA
bl ?kjkus esa cksyksa ds otu ds vuqlkj vax&lapkyu dk vf/kd
egRo gksrk gSA pw¡fd bl ?kjkus esa cksyksa dh cfUn'k vyx gS blhfy, muds
vax&lapkyu dk rjhdk Hkh vyx gSA bl ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;ksZa dh ekU;rk gS fd
u`R; ,d pk{kq"k&dyk gSA vr% blds vax&lapkyu esa [kwclwjrh dk iwjk /;ku
j[kuk pkfg,A
tkudh izlkn ?kjkus esa u`R; ds lHkh 'kkL=ksDr vaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS tSls mji] frji] ykx] MkV] f=Hkax] vfrHkax] meax bR;kfnA bl ?kjkus esa
ik¡oksa dh fLFkfr fHkUu gSA blesa ik¡oksa dh rS;kjh ds fy, xV~Vs vFkok ,M+h dh fLFkfr
vR;Ur [Link] gSA ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ^,M+h* dh rRdkj dk pyu blh ?kjkus us
vkjaHk fd;kA leikn] vxzry] lapj] vafpr] dqafpr] lwph bR;kfn dk mi;ksx bl

- 318 -
?kjkus esa cM+h lqUnjrk ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA bl ?kjkus esa Hkzejh dk mi;ksx
dsoy mi;qDr LFkkuksa ij gh gksrk gSA
bl u`R; 'kSyh esa izkjaHk ls ysdj vUr rd lkfRodrk dk Hkko jgrk
gSA bl ?kjkus dh lHkh cfUn'ksa ekaxY;&iz/kku] lÙ[Link] ls izHkkfor] ek/kq;Z ,oa
ykfyR;[Link] gksus ds dkj.k l'kDr o izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSaA ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;ksZa dh
ekU;rk gS fd dyk }kjk 'kq) lkfÙod vkuUne; okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k gksuk
pkfg,] u fd peRdkj dkA ^^vR;f/kd pDdj dkVuk] ,d ?kq¡?k: dh vkokt
fudkyuk] xqyky ij gkFkh vFkok fdlh tkuoj dk fp= cukuk bR;kfn [Link]
izn'kZu bl ?kjkus esa ugha gksrsA**165
ia- lq[knso izlkn us ukV~;'kkL= o vU; u`R;ksa ls [Link] ysdj eqnzk,¡
,oa ix lapkyu dh rduhd j[khA bl ?kjkus esa lkfÙko vfHku; ds vfrfjDr
vkafxd vfHku; dk Hkh [Link] LFkku gSA vkafxd vfHku; ,slk gksuk pkfg,
ftlesa psgjk gh ugha vfirq iwjk vax mlh Hkkouk dks iznf'kZr djsaA mYys[kuh; gS
fd bl ?kjkus ds izfl) uÙkZd ia- xksikyth vkafxd vfHku; ds fy, e'kgwj FksA
/kkfeZd i`"BHkwfe gksus ds dkj.k bl ?kjkus esa oanuk dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA [Link] o
jkSnz jpukvksa dk izk/kkU; Hkh bl ?kjkus esa gSA ohj jl dk vkf/kD; gksus ds dkj.k
nqxkZ&iju] f'ko&iju vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA
tkudh izlkn ?kjkus dk FkkV Hkh vyx gSA bl ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;ksZa
dh ekU;rk gS fd u`R; ds vUrxZr FkkV dk viuk fof'k"V LFkku gSA FkkV ds }kjk
okrkoj.k cukuk bl ?kjkus dh fo'ks"krk gSA FkkV esa bl ?kjkuk dk u`R;kax
vyx gSA
cukjl ?kjkus dk fl)kUr gs fd dyk vius vki esa Lora= gksuh pkfg,
vFkkZr fdlh nwljh dyk ij fuHkZj ugha gksuh pkfg,A blhfy, budh 'kSyh rcyk ;k
i[kkot ij fuHkZj ugha gSA blds vfrfjDr bl ?kjkus dk {ks= fdlh jktk&jbZl ds
nk;jksa esa u ca/kdj leLr lekt ds dY;[Link] Lora= fpUru dk jgk gSA
165- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 198
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 319 -
 blh izdkj bl ?kjkus esa rr~dkj ds izLrkj dk <ax Hkh vU; ?kjkuksa
dh rqyuk eas vyx gSA rcys ds dk;ns dh c<+r vkSj u`R; cksyksa esa vUrj gSA bl
?kjkus esa i<+Ur djus dh viuh fof'k"V 'kSyh gSA D;ksafd i<+Ur ls n'kZdksa esa le>
c<+rh gS vkSj jlkuqHkwfr Hkh c<+rh gSA
cukjl ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;Z xfr dks iz/kkurk ugha nsrs gSa] os 'kq)]
lkSUn;[Link] vax&lapkyu dks egRo nsrs gSa bl lanHkZ esa Jh izksts'k cuthZ us
fy[kk gS &

"Janki Prasad Gharana does not give importance to speed but

believes in executing steps and movements is slow or moderate tempo and with
grace and precision".166

cukjl ?kjkus esa uohu jpukvksa dks iznf'kZr djus dh ijEijk jgh
gSA dFkd u`R;&'kSyh esa ^rjkuk* }kjk u`R;kfHku; cukjl&lq[knso izlkn ?kjkus
}kjk gh izkjaHk gqvkA bl lanHkZ esa flrkjknsoh dk dFku gS& ^^^^rjkuk** ij
u`R;kfHku; igys ugha gksrk FkkA bls loZizFke eSaus gh 1965 esa ^lqjlaxe dkWUÝsal*
cEcbZ esa iznf'kZr fd;k FkkA**167 ^^fdUrq t;iqj ?kjkus ds u`R;kpk;Z Jh xkSjh'kadj th
dk dguk gS fd og 1953 esa gh ^rjkuk* dks dFkd u`R; 'kSyh }kjk iznf'kr dj
pqds gSaA**168 vr% bl fo"k; esa erHksn gSA blds vfrfjDr jkek;.k ls [Link] izkIr
dj flrkjknsoh us ^tVk;qeks{k* tSlh dfBu jpuk iznf'kZr dh ,oa vPNu egkjkt
ds ^e;wj&u`R;* dks bUgksaus yPNw egkjkt ls lh[kdj iznf'kZr fd;kA bl fo"k; esa
mudk dFku gS fd dsoy os gh bl u`R; dk izn'kZu djrh gSaA ijUrq vc bldk
vuqdj.k dkQh urZd djrs gSaA
uohu jpukvksa ds lanHkZ esa dFkd lkezkKh lqJh flrkjknsoh us
^e'khuxu* dh /ofu ds vk/kkj ij ,d rksM+k cuk;k gS ftldh izLrqfr ;s cM+s
166- cSuthZ Jh izksts'k] dFkd Mkal Fkzw ,t+st] i`"B&71
167- dFkd ds ?kjkuksa ij dk;Z'kkyk&fjiksVZ] ubZ fnYyh] 28 ls 30 ekpZ 1978] i`"B&7
168- Vkd MkW- ek;k] ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa dFkd u`R;] dfu"d ifCy'klZ] fnYyh] i`"B& 204]
ISBN-81-7391-740-X

- 320 -
vuks[ks <ax ls djrh gS] budk dyk&dkS'ky ns[krs gh curk gSA bUgksaus vusd
uohu lkaxhfrd jpukvksa dk fuekZ.k dj mUgsa iznf'kZr fd;k gSA
lq[knso izlkn ?kjkus esa os'kHkw"kk dk vR;f/kd egRo gSA flrkjknsoh
dh ekU;rk gS fd pwM+hnkj ik;tkek vkfn eqxy&os'kHkw"kk esa Jhd`".k&jk/kk dh
NsM+NkM+ mfpr izrhr ugha gksrk gSA rksM+s&VqdM+s bR;kfn rks eqxy ifj/kku esa fQj
Hkh py ldrs gSa fdUrq ^oUnuk* d`".k jk/kk dh yhyk bR;kfn dk izn'kZu ygaxk]
pksyh o vks<u+ h igudj gh djuk pkfg,A bl ?kjkus esa eqxy iks'kkd ugha igursA
,slh ekU;rk gS fd :i&lTtk dk pyu blh ?kjkus ds }kjk izkjaHk gqvkA
dFkd u`R; esa laxfr&ok|ksa esa ^lkjaxh* o rcys dk iz;ksx rks izkjaHk
ls gh gksrk Fkk fdUrq ,slh ekU;rk gS fd eaathjs dk pyu cukjl ?kjkus ls gh 'kq:
gqvkA
cukjl ?kjkus dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd bl ?kjkus ds urZd vius
u`R;&izn'kZu ds nkSjku iwjs LVst dks doj djrs gSA ftlls n'kZdksa ij mfpr izHkko
iM+rk gSA blls [kkyhiu ugha yxrk] Hkjko jgrk gSA dkykUrj esa ;g gj vPNh
u`R;kaxuk ;k urZd }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
cukjl ?kjkuk dh lqfo[;kr u`R;kaxuk Jherh flrkjk nsoh dk er
gS fd ?kjkusokn ds pDdj esa ge ugha iM+rs] gka ;g vo'; gS fd ftl Hkh xq: ls
tks f'k{kk izkIr djks] izn'kZu ds le; mudk uke yks] pksjh er djksA ;gh dkj.k
gS fd flrkjk nsoh us vius firk ds vfrfjDr y[kuÅ o t;iqj nksuksa ?kjkuksa ds
u`R;kpk;ksZa ls cgqr dqN xzg.k fd;kA bl izdkj vius dykRed oSf'k"V; o [kqys
n`f"Vdks.k ia- lq[knso izlkn dh ijaijk cukjl ?kjkus ds :i esa izfrf"Br gSA
vU; fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk cukjl vFkok tkudh izlkn ?kjkus esa
dq'ky HkkokfHkO;fDr Hkh mldh ,d fo'ks"krk gSA bl ?kjkus ds Jhd`".k dqekj th
vius l'kDr Hkko&izn'kZu ds fy, izfl) gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd cukjl ^Bqejh* dk
dsUnz ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ^Bqejh* HkkokfHkO;fDr ds fy, cM+k vuqdwy ek/;e gS tSls
bl ?kjkus ds u`R;dkj cM+h dq'kyrk ds lkFk iznf'kZr djrs gSA

- 321 -
 ;|fi ^Bqejh* dk tUe y[kuÅ esa gqvk fdUrq lkfgfR;d o lkaxhfrd
n`f"V ls ^Bqejh* dk ifj"dkj cukjl esa gqvk gSA vf/kdka'kr% izfl) ^Bqejh*
xkf;dk,¡ cukjl dh gh gS ftUgksaus bl 'kSyh dks fodflr ,oa izpkfjr fd;k gSA
cukjl ^Bqejh* dk dsUnz gksus ds dkj.k gh dFkd ds cukjl vFkok tkudhizlkn
?kjkus esa ^Bqejh* }kjk HkkokfHkO;fDr lkSan;[Link] rjhds ls dh tkrh gSA

4-2-7& cukjl ?kjkus dh izfrfuf/k jpuk,¡

dforkaxh cksyksa dks cgqr lqUnj vax&lapkyu ds }kjk laikfnr
djuk] cukjl ?kjkus ds u`R; dh ,d mYys[kuh; fo'ks"krk gSA bl ?kjkus esa
jpukvksa dks vyx&vyx tkfr;ksa esa fuc) djds f'ko&iju] nqxkZ&iju]
egkjkl&iju] i{kh&iju ,oa gfLr&iju tSlh tfVy ,oa vR;ar fof'k"V jpukvksa
dks lqUnj vkafxd vfHkO;fDr ,oa HkkokfHku; ds lkFk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bl
?kjkus ds vax&lapkyu esa viuh ekSfydrk gSA dk'kh dh ikou Hkwfe ds laLdkj vkSj
ekgkSy dk izHkko Hkh blesa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA bUgha jpukvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k
izLrqr gS %&

- 322 -
 nqxkZ [Link]&iju
feL= tkfr&/kkxsu /kkxsfrV
f?kV /ksÙkk ?ks?ksud] rkfrjfdV ?ks?ksux]
dÙkk dÙkfrV] dfrV rk···
pedr fNir] nkfeuh lh nedr]
[kM+x [kiM+ ped rk···
nqxsZ & nqjxrh ukluh] ny vlqj nyey]
'kqEHk 'kqEHk fu'kqEHk ekj iNkM+ Mkjr]
rfud esa gfj Hkqou f=Hkqou] t;rh tS tS]
t;rh tS tS] t;rh tS] lqj vlqj fuHkZ; xku xkor
rky nS nS] nS e`nkaXxu rDd f>axu] [Link] [Link].k]
[Link] [Link].k] [Link] fn.k] fnUrk /kk
/kku fdu rd] /kk /kk /kk] fdV rd]
/kku /ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksr
/kku /ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksr
/kku /ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksr /kk] Ø/ksr /ksrA /kk169
x
uVjkt xksih d`".k }kjk izkIr jfp;rk ia- lq[knso egkjkt d`r

bl dfoRr dh 85 ek=k gSA

rhu rky ds vfrfjDr vki bls fcuk ?kVk, c<+k, /kekj esa Hkh ukp ldrs gSaA

169- vktkn rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`"B& 310

- 323 -
 egkjkl
rhu rky 16 ek=k
iksMl dyk fcjkts] Nfo Nkts]
[Link] lnZ jSu mft;kjh] vfr I;kjh
fujf[k tks[k tqxrh tkxj.k
txex tufgr ctk; eqjyh
v[kaM eUMy egkjkt eaMy g; fujrr]
nzx Fkkse] nzx Fkkse fnzfed fnzfed] rkFkb;k]
rkFkbZrk] rd rd rd] fnxfnxfnx
ctr chu e`nax MQ eqjpax]
eqjyh] e/kqj] /ofu djrky
nq¡nqfHk ctr ?ks?ks f?ku] Øku frx/kk fnxfnx rk]
=ke frx/kk fnxfnxrk
rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ & calh oV is] teuk rV is
rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ & calh oV is] teuk rV is
rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ & calh oV is] teuk rV is170
3 x 2 0 3 x

170- vktkn rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`"B& 311

- 324 -
 jkl
rhu rky 16 ek=k
rdr Fkqurd] rdr Fkqurd] rdr rd rda] rdr Fkqu rd
rky ns ns upr d`".kk] calh /kqu ij jkx lksguh
eu dks eksguh] xe/k] luh luh] js l fu l/k uh
/kqju] eqju] dld eld Hkksa deku uSuk¡ ck.k
d`".k lksyg vax cukor] nso lcds eu fj>kor
e`nax chuk >k¡> Me:] lqj xxu p<+gSa ctkor
l`f"V Åij ?kwe ekph] o`Unkou esa jkl jkph
dfrV rfxu /kkxs frVdrk xnhfxu]
/kk /kku /kk] fdV /kku /kku /kk
dfrV rfxu /kkxs frVdrk xnhfxu]
/kk /kku /kk] fdV /kku /kku /kk
dfrV rfxu /kkxs frVdrk xnhfxu]
/kk /kku /kk] fdV /kku /kku /kk171
JhjkepUnz }kjk izkIr jpf;rk Jh egknso izlkn dRFkd
bls vki >irky esa Hkh ukp ldrs gSA D;ksafd bldh 81 ek=k gSA
f'ko dfoRr
rhu rky
Å¡ fMed fMe Me: ckts
fxj dSyk'k f'kjoj ij jkts
f/keax] f/keax /kqfu e`nax ckts
'kh'kka xax vj/kax & fcjkts
mek jek gfj lc lqj lktsa
dj f='kwy Me: fy;s ukps
f'ko Ne Ne Ne Fku uu uu uu
rr FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk & FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk & FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk ·
f'ko Ne Ne Ne /ku uu uu uu

171- JhjkepUnz }kjk izkIr jpf;rk Jh egknso izlkn dRFkd

- 325 -
 rr FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk & FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk & FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk ·
f'ko Ne Ne Ne /ku uu uu uu
rr FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk & FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk & FkbZ;k FkbZ;k rk ·172
ia- izseukjk;.k xq: dks uVjkt xksih d`".k }kjk izkIr jfp;rk ia- lq[knso
egkjkt
bl dfoRr dh 57 ek=k gSA bls vki /kekj 14 ek=k ;k :id 7 ek=k rFkk rhojk esa Hkh
ukp ldrs gSA

dfoRr cksy
rhu rky
fujrr uUn unu ?kqe Nuuu] rdNqe rdNqe rr
rha/kk fnxfnx rr & fy;s jax lc l[kk lax
eu esa meax xr Ø/kax rk] [ksyr Hkqt esyr] yid >id jk/kk
yfyyk pUnzkoyh] fn;ks cksj jax cksj] lc chj cuokjh
eSa gkjh tk tk jh] eSa gkjh tk tk jh & eSa gkjh tktk jh173

u`R; lkezkKh flrkjk nsoh }kjk izkIr

jpf;rk Jh lq[knso egkjkt

;g cksy vki >irky esa Hkh ukp ldrs gSa D;ksafd bldh 41 ek=k gSA

172- ia- izseukjk;.k xq:] lkxj e-iz- dks uVjkt xksih d`".k }kjk izkIr jfp;rk ia- lq[knso egkjkt
173- 'kks/kkFkhZ dks u`R; lkezkKh flrkjk nsoh }kjk izkIr jpf;rk Jh lq[knso egkjkt

- 326 -
 egkjkl
rhu rky 16 ek=k
dq¡tu eSa vn~Hkqt jfp;ks jkl] :e >we lf[k;k¡ djr gkl eq[k foykl
eqfu eugkjh NkSe NkSe] Ne Ne] fNfN] fNfN NkSek rd Nqe
rd rd rd Nqe >udkjh ukuk fof/k xr ysr vxz Qsjh
rksM+k rqd cUnh cUn ijca/k vkM+h dqvkM+h rhu xqu pkSxqu
vkSj lksyg ykx Mk¡V Nfo vfr U;kjh
xksih dj /kj ds Hkqt Hkj ds jk/kk yfyrk o`UnkpUnzkofy
dkgu ds lax vkSj ';ke lksgr eu eksgr jkl eaMy
'kksHkk Hkkjh] upr ctr fdafdu :uu >quu
Nquu NEe] Ne Ne] NEe] NEe >k¡> >Ee >uu dkjh
Ø/ksr Ø/ksr cktr e`nax lax esa miax v: eqjt pax
eatj gqM+d djrky chu lqjeaMy [katfj vfr izoh.k
/kqfu fnzed fnzed nze /kk fnUrk fnxfnx rr
rr rr =ke =ke rr~dkjh
·r FkS;k ·r FkS;k ·r FkS;k ·r HkS;k ·r FkbZ rk
·r FkS;k ·r FkS;k ·r FkS;k ·r HkS;k ·r FkbZ rk
·r FkS;k ·r FkS;k ·r FkS;k ·r HkS;k ·r FkbZ rk174

Jh pkScs egkjkt ls izkIr jfp;rk ia- lq[knso egkjkt

bls vki /kekj esa Hkh ukp ldrs gS D;ksafd bldh 112 ek=k gSA

174- ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj e-iz- dks Jh pkScs egkjkt ls izkIr jfp;rk ia- lq[knso egkjkt

- 327 -
 dfoRr
rhu rky 16 ek=k,¡
mf>dr f>f>dr~ >kadr >qdr vkSj pkSd ped piyk peds·
ix ypd ypd dfV eVd eVd
eq[k ean glu eu eksgu vfr ek/kks ek/kks ek/kks
eq[k ean glu eu eksgu vfr ek/kks ek/kks ek/kks
eq[k ean glu eu eksgu vfr ek/kks ek/kks ek/kks
dfoRr
rhu rky&16 ek=k
ypdr dej enu ed >ydr uoy u;u uoyk jl cjlr
en xeuh eksfguh cfygkjh & cfygkjh & cfygkjh
uVoj ukpr piy pky papy xr fFkjdr
rkFkbZ· rkFkm;k NkSe NkSe Nu uu ukpr dUgS;k ··
rk rk dw dw uk uk fnxfnx dM+ku /kkk· dM+ku /kk·
rh/kk fnxfnx FkS FkS dM+ku /kk
rh/kk fnxfnx FkS FkS dM+ku /kk
rh/kk fnxfnx FkS FkS dM+ku /kk
$
uksV & bl dfoRr dks ,d rky esa Hkh ukp ldrs gSA bldh ek=k,sa 48 gSA
ia- lq[knso egkjkt jfpr
u`R; lkezkKh flrkjk nsoh ls ia- izseukjk;.k xq: dks izkIr
f'ko&[Link]
6 ekf=d rky&/kk /khuk] /kk rwuk
tVk twV en xax [kyDdr] 'kh'k pUnz yYykV HkYDdr
eq.M eky xys 'ks"k /kjuh /kj
ikjorh ifr f'kogj] gj gj gj·
ikjorh ifr f'kogj] gj gj gj·
ikjorh ifr f'kogj] gj gj gj·175
pDdjnkj & 1&12&7
175- esjs xq: ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj e-iz- dks Jh pkScs egkjkt ls izkIr jfp;rk ia- lq[knso egkjkt

- 328 -
 dfoRr
eqX/kk ukf;dk
fgpdr f>f>d >qdr >qd pyr ?kq¡?kV iV myV ns[kr
tkor piy ukj ubZ ukxfj;k]
xfr xfr vax ls] Hkko u;u ls] jkx dM+ ls] ru eu clr
clr eq[ku ftfe pUnz fdju dh ikofj;k
frx/ksr & rk & frx/kk fnxfnx rh/kk fnxfnx FkbZ & r·r FkbZ & r·r FkbZ &
r·r FkbZ
Jh d`".k dqekj egkjkt jfpr
esjs xq: & ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj }kjk iznRr

dfoRr&d`".k
rhu rky 16 ek=k
?kq¡?k: ?kuu] uu ';ke dUgS;k] u`R; eqfnr eu u`R; eqfnr xfr ukpr dUgS;k]
'ka[k pØ/kj xnk ine ?kj] dj eqjyh /kj] ihrkEcj /kj] v/kj lq/kk jl
fxj/kj fxj/kj dne rys] Hk`dqfV deku dey ny ykspu
>ud >ud /kkrh /kk & /kkrh /kk & /kkrh /kk ··
/kkrh /kk & /kkrh /kk & /kkrh /kk ··
/kkrh /kk & /kkrh /kk & /kkrh /kk ··
cukjl ?kjkuk egkjkt Jh d`".kdqekj
ia- izseukjk;.k xq:] lkxj }kjk iznRr
;g cksy e/;y; dk gSA bl izeyw dks foyafcr esa >irky esa ukp ldrs gSaA

izeyw pDdjnkj
nzx tkfxj] nzx tkfxj] >ax >ax] rd FkkbZd f>axu lax
rk rk dwd frx/kk fnx fnx FkbZ
rk rk dwd frx/kk fnx fnx FkbZ
rk rk dwd frx/kk fnx fnx FkbZ176
176- 'kks/kkFkhZ dks ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj e-iz- }kjk izkIr

- 329 -
 vken
cukjl ?kjkuk tkudh izlkn th rhu rky 16 ek=k
rdr Fkq¡xr fnxfnx frx/kk fnxfnx & =kax rdr drd & =kax rdd rdr rr rr
& fnxfnx
FkbZ···d rr rr & ukfnxfnxfnx & Fkks fnxfnxfnx =kax FkbZ & =kax FkbZ & =kax
FkbZ &
rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk·· rk·· rk
rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk·· rk·· rk
rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk FkbZrk r~r~ & rk·· rk·· rk
^^f?kjZ** fudkyk tkrk gS iSj ds vaxwBs ls rk·· rk·· rk esa
& d`".k dqekj egkjkt

vken
rhu rky 16 ek=k foyafcr y;
21 /kk
/kkfrV&/kkfrV&/kk/kk frV&fdM+/kkk frV&/kkfrV /kkxs nhxsu
FkquFkqu&uxux&rwuk fdVrd rfdV f/kfdV&
f?kuuM+ku&/kk fnurk&fdM+rd fnurk /kkxs frV drk xnh fxu
/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku
/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku
/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kku&/kk $177
& ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj e-iz-&dFkdkpk;Z

177- 'kks/kkFkhZ dks ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj e-iz- }kjk izkIr

- 330 -
 iju
rhu rky] 16 ek=k&e/;y;
9 pDdj
/kkxs frV fdV&/kkxs frV Ø/kku&?ks?ksfrV fdV&?ks?ksfrVfdV
/kkfdV /kku /kk&/kkfdV /kku /kk ·/kku /kk&/kfxu /kk· ··
rk/kk&fdM+rd Fkqu Fkqu & fdud frVrk
?ksrd f/ku /kk· ?ksrd f?ku /kk· ?ksrd f?ku /kk·
?ksrd f/ku /kk· ?ksrd f?ku /kk· ?ksrd f?ku /kk·
?ksrd f/ku /kk· ?ksrd f?ku /kk· ?ksrd f?ku /kk·

& ia- lq[knso izlkn jfpr

ia- izseukjk;.k xq: & lkxj }kjk iznÙk

pDdjnkj iju
rhu rky 16 ek=k e/; y;
5 vkorZu
/kk f/ku uk & /kk fru uk & /ksfrjfdVrd & rd/kM+ku rd /kk
/kM+Uurk fdM+rd rk & rM+UurkfdM+rd rk
/kkxsfrV & rkxsfrV & fdM+/kkfrV & /kkxsfrV /kk
/kkxsfrV & rkxsfrV & fdM+/kkfrV & /kkxsfrV /kk
/kkxsfrV & rkxsfrV & fdM+/kkfrV & /kkxsfrV /kk178

178- 'kks/kkFkhZ dks ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj e-iz- }kjk izkIr

- 331 -
 rksM+k
rhu rky 16 ek=k] e/; y;
2 vkorZu
xnhfxu ukxsfrV & rkxs frjfdVrd & rfdV rdk & /ksÙkk·/ksÙkk
fdM+rd rku rku rk & /kku /kk & /kku /kk & /kku /kk
1
fdM+rd rku rku rk & fdM+rd rku rku rk /kku /kk] /kku /kk] /kku /kk·
1 2
fdM+rd rku rku rk & fdM+rd rku rku rk] fdM+rdrku rku rk & /kku /kk] /kku
/kk /kk179
1 2 3

u`R; lkezkKh vk- flrkjk nsoh jfpr

ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj }kjk iznRr

179- 'kks/kkFkhZ dks ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj e-iz- }kjk izkIr

- 332 -
 rksM+k >irky
10 ek=k
Bkg&frx/kk fnxfnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ · r r ·r FkbZ
nqxqu&rrFkbZ dqdq rk & frx/kk fnxfnxfnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
frx/kk fnxfnxfnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
frx/kk fnxfnxfnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
fyfi&1 ek=k ls 8oha rd Bkg y; vkSj 9oha ls vUr rd nqxqu esa

frx/kk fnxfnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ· r~ r~ ·r FkbZ· rr FkbZ dqdq rk frx/kk fnxfnx
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ· =kax· FkbZ · frx/kk fnxfnx fnx Fkks fnx fnx FkbZ · =k¡x
· FkbZ ·
2 3 4 5 6 7
frx/kk fnxfnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ· =k¡x· FkbZ180
8 9 10 x

egkjkt d`".kdqekj th cukjl ?kjkuk tkudhizlkn th

180- vktkn rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`"B& 318

- 333 -
 pDdjnkj rksM+k
,drky & 12 ek=k 7 vkoZru
frx/kk fnxfnxfnx Fkks fnxfnxFkbZ&r·r rFkbZ&rrFkbZ dqdqrk]
frx/kk fnxfnxfnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ·· rk&rk&rFkbZ
x
frx/kk fnxfnxfnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ·· rk&rk&rFkbZ
frx/kk fnxfnxfnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ·· rk&rk&rFkbZ181
pDdjnkj rksM+k egkjkt d`".kdqekj cukjl ?kjkuk
¼igyh FkbZ igys le ij] nwljh FkbZ nwljs le ij] rhljh FkbZ rhljs le ij½
FkbZ&bls vki fcuk ?kVk, c<+k, T;ksa dk R;ksa /kekj esa Hkh ukp ldrs gSA D;ksafd
bldh 85 ek=k gSA

pDdjnkj rksM+k
,drky&12 ek=k 4 vkoZru
frx/kk fnx fnxfnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ···
rr·r FkbZ ·· rÙk FkbZ] dq dq rk
frx/kk fnxfnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ ·
frx/kk fnxfnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ ·
frx/kk fnxfnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ ·
rr·r FkbZ rÙk FkbZ] dqdq rk
frx/kk fnx fnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
frx/kk fnx fnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
frx/kk fnx fnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
rr·r FkbZ rÙk FkbZ] dqdq rk
frx/kk fnx fnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
frx/kk fnx fnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
frx/kk fnx fnx fnx Fkks fnxfnx FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ182
& d`".kdqekj egkjkt
181- vktkn rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`"B& 341

182- ogh] i`"B&344

- 334 -
 iju
rky &>irky& 10 ek=k 3 vkoZru
rdr Fkq¡xr fnxfnx & frx/kk fnxfnx & =k¡x rdr rdr & rk¡x rdr rdr
rr rr & fnxfnx FkbZ·
rr rr & uk fnx fnxfnx Fkksfnx fnxfnx =k¡x FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ =k¡x FkbZ
/kk f?kUrk dr~] /kk f/kUrk dr~] /kk f/kUrk dr~] /kk· /kk· /kk
/kk f?kUrk dr~] /kk f/kUrk dr~] /kk f/kUrk dr~] /kk· /kk· /kk
/kk f?kUrk dr~] /kk f/kUrk dr~] /kk f/kUrk dr~] /kk· /kk· /kk183
egkjkt d`".k dqekj
iju
,drky&12 ek=k 2 vkoZru
xnh fxu ukxsfrV rkxsfrj fdVrd&rfdV rdk /ksÙkk · /ksÙkk
fdM+rd rku rku rk&fdM+rd rku rku rk&
/kku /kk] /kku /kk] /kku /kk] &
/kku /kk] /kku /kk] /kku /kk] &
/kku /kk] /kku /kk] /kku /kk] &184
u`R; lkezkKh flrkjknsoh
rksM+k pDdjnkj
>irky rFkk rhurky feL= tkfr
rdr f/kM+ux & rdr f/kM+ux & rdr f?kM+uu /kk &
rf/kM+ ux /kk & rf?kM+ux/kk & rk &
rfVd f/ku f/ku /kk · Øf/ku f/ku /kk ·
rfVd f/ku f/ku /kk · Øf/ku f/ku /kk ·
rfVd f/ku f/ku /kk · Øf/ku f/ku /kk ·185 pDdjnkj rksM+k
;g pDdjnkj rksM+k fcuk ?kVk, c<+k, ,sls gh rhu rky esa Hkh vk tk;sxkA

183- vktkn rhjFkjke] dFkd niZ.k] uVs'oj dyk eafnj] fodkl ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k] i`"B& 330
184- ogh] i`"B&337
185- ogh] i`"B&320

- 335 -
 Hktu
vP;qr&v"Vd
vP;qra ds'koa jkeukjk;.ka d`".knkeksnja oklqnsoa gfje~A
Jh/kja ek/koa xksfidkoYyHka tkudhuk;da jkepUnza HktsAA 1AA
vP;qra ds'koa lR;Hkkek/koa ek/koa Jh/kja jkf/kdkjkf/kre~A
bfUnjkefUnja psrlk lqUnja nsodhuUnua uUnt lUn/ksAA 2AA
fo".kos ft".kos 'kf³~[kus pfØ.ks :[Link] tkudhtku;sA
oYyohoYyHkk;kfpZrk;kReus dlfo/oaflus of'kus rs ue%AA 3AA
d`".k xksfoUn gs jke ukjk;.k Jhirs oklqnsokftr Jhfu/ksA
vP;qrkuUr gs ek/kok/kks{kt }kjdkuk;d nzkSinhj{kdAA 4AA

ljLorh oanuk

;k dqUnsUnqrq"kkjgkj/koyk ;k 'kqHkzolzko`rk
;k [Link] ;k 'osrin~eklukA
;k czãkP;qr'k³~dizHk`frfHknsZoS% lnk ofUnrk
lkeka ikrq ljLorh Hkxorh fu%'ks"ktkM~;kigkAA186

mi;qZä cukjl ?kjkus dh izfrfuf/k jpuk;sa viuh vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk

fy;s gq , gSaA cksy] i<+Ur] vax lapkyu] eqækvksa }kjk cukjl ?kjkus dk u`Ùkkax
Li"Vr;k n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA

186- 'kks/kkFkhZ dks ia- izseukjk;.k xq: lkxj e-iz- }kjk izkIr

- 336 -
 4-2-8 jk;x<+ ?kjkuk & fo'ks"krk,¡

jk;x<+ ?kjkus dk dFkd jktk pØ/kjflag }kjk izohr cksy] ijuksa dk

izn'kZu gh fo'ks"k :i ls djrk gSA ;gk¡ ds cksy ,oa iju dkO;kRed ,oa /oU;kRed
gSaA os ek= rRdkj ds cksy ugha] ;s rcyk ls Hkh mrus gh lqxerk ls fudkys tk
ldrs gSa ftrus fd ?kq¡?k:vksa lsA dFkd u`R; esa rcys vkSj ?kq¡?k:vksa dk cjkcj dk
dke gksrk gSA jktk lkgc nksuksa fo/kkvksa esa n{k Fks] mUgksaus nksuksa fo/kkvksa ij nqyZHk
vkSj vuwBs xzUFkksa dh jpuk dhA

jk;x<+ ?kjkus ds vfLrRo dk lcls cM+k vk/kkj jktk lkgc }kjk

fufeZr u,&u, cksy vkSj pDdjnkj ijusa gSaA viuh dYiuk'kfDr o l`tu'khy
izo`fRr ds }kjk mUgksaus dFkd u`R; esa vuwBs iz;ksx fd, gSaA ^^mUgksaus dFkd ds ewy
Lo:i dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq, ;qxkuq:i ifjorZu fd, gSA jktk lkgc dh dyk&n{krk
ds fo"k; esa ppkZ gS fd os xxjh&xr dks chl fof/k;ksa ls fn[kkrs FksA jktk lkgc
^dFkd* ds izfr [Link] lefiZr FksA buds laj{k.k esa ^dFkd* dks ,d vyx Å¡pkbZ
feyhA**187

izn'kZu&rduhd dh n`f"V ls ^dFkd* ds jk;x<+ ?kjkus esa fuEu vaxksa

dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS &

¼1½ eaxykpj.k

¼2½ FkkV] vpy ,oa py

¼3½ vken] rksM+k] iju pDdjnkj

¼4½ xrHkko ¼xfr ,oa ewdHkko izn'kZu½

¼5½ y;dkjh izn'kZu ¼?kq¡?k:vksa }kjk½

¼6½ [Link]] ykL;] NUn&dfoÙk

187- jkl/kkjh&jk;x<+ jktkt dUVªhO;wlu vkWQ dFkd& ekxZ if=dk 1963] i`"B&12

- 337 -
¼7½ nzqry;ksa esa jsyk&[Link]~

¼8½ Hkko] xt+y] Bqejh] Hktu ¼cSBdh Hkko½

mnkgj.k &

^^jktk pØ/kj flag us viuh iqLrd ^urZu&loZLoe~* o ^urZu&jgL;e~*

esa ^rksM+k* dks =ksVde~ vkSj ^vken* dks ^miksn~?kkre~* fy[kk gSA**188

jk;x<+ ?kjkus dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa &

xq:&oUnuk dk egRo

dgk tkrk gS fd jk;x<+ ?kjkus esa ckn esa f'ko] fo".kq] [Link]'k]
ljLorh bR;kfn dh oUnuk dh tkrh gSA

FkkV

jk;x<+ ?kjkus esa FkkV ds varxZr ,d LFkku ij [kM+s jgdj Hkkoksa dk

vax] izR;ax vkSj mikaxksa }kjk izn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA FkkV ds nks Hkkx gSa& py FkkV
vkSj vpy FkkVA py FkkV esa fofHkUu vaxksikaxksa }kjk y; ds vuq:i HkkokfHkO;fDr
dh tkrh gS rFkk vpy FkkV ds varxZr ,d LFkku ij [kM+s jgdj vax&izR;axksa ds
lapkyu }kjk ewdHkko iznf'kZr fd, tkrs gSA

xrHkko

jk;x<+ ?kjkus esa xrHkko ds varxZr jk/kk&d`".k] ?kw¡?kV] NsM+NkM+

vkfn dk izn'kZu fd;k tkrk gSA bl ?kjkus esa [kwclwjrh vkSj eksgdrk ij Hkh fo'ks"k
/;ku fn;k tkrk gSA

188- vk'khZokne MkW- ih-Mh-&odZ'kkWi vkWu nh ?kjkuk vkWQ dFkd] 28&30 ekpZ 1978] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B&188

- 338 -
yksdu`R; dk izHkko

jk;x<+ ?kjkus ds dFkd u`R; ij yksd u`R; dk izHkko Li"V yf{kr

gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd bl ?kjkus ds izk;% lHkh urZd iwoZ esa ,d
yksd&urZd Fks] blfy, blds Lo:i esa yksdu`R; dh FkksM+h&cgqr Nfo vkrh gSA

fof'k"V cksy

bl ?kjkus esa cksy /oU;kRed ,oa fp=kRed gksrs gSaA ;s dsoy rRdkj
ds cksy ugha oju~ rcyk o ?kq¡?k: nksuksa esa bUgsa ljyrkiwoZd fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
bl ?kjkus esa nksuksa dk gh dke cjkcj gksrk gSA

y;&oSf'k"V~;

bl ?kjkus dh vfr foyfEcr y; ml le; pkSalB ek=kvksa rd

gksrh FkhA [Link]] [k.M] feJ] frlz] prlz ik¡pksa tkfr;ksa dh y; dk iz;ksx Hkh
;gk¡ dh fo'ks"krk gSA [kwclwjrh] Hkkoksa dh iz/kkurk rFkk yksdu`R;ksa tSlh xfr'khyrk
,d lkFk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA

jk;x<+ ?kjkus dh dqN cafn'ksa fuEukuqlkj gSa&

vken
/kkfrV/kk frV/kk/kk frVd`/kk frVd`/kk
frV/kkfr V/kkfxfn fxuFkqx a Fkqx
a ux
uxrquk fdMuxrkfx u/kkfxu~ f?kuuM+k
&u/kk& /kkfnaurk& fdM+ux/ksr` rk&dÙkk
?ks /ks /kk ?ks ?ks /ks /kk ?ks /kk&dÙkk ?ks /ks /kk ?ks
?ks /ks /kk ?ks /kk&dÙkk ?ks /ks /kk ?ks ?ks /ks /kk ?ks
rk&FksbZ rr~ FksbZ vkFksbZ rr~ FksbZ
FksbZ rFks bZr FksbZ FksbZ FksbZ rr~=ke~
rk &&& && FksbZ FksbZ FksbZ rr~=ke~
rk &&& && FksbZ FksbZ FksbZ rr~=ke~
AA rkAA189
189- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 48

- 339 -
 rksM+k
f?kuuu uxfrV d`/ksr/ks fdV?ks?ks
frV?ks?ks uk&frV x·n~nh xnk&u
uxfrV drk&u rfdV/k fdV/kk
fdVf/ku rjk&u /kk fdVf/kau
rjk&u /kk fdVf/kau rjk&u
/kk rk fdVf/kau rjk&u
/kk fdVf/kau rjk&u /kk
fdVf/kau rjk&u /kk rk
fdVf/kau rjk&u /kk fdVf/kau
rjk&u /kk fdVf/kau rjk&u
AA /kkAA190
ij.k
uXxh Fkjjha dqdq rdtx
f>udf> uddqdq Fkk&fdV fdVf/kyka
x/kqe fdVrd Fkk& &&
FkjfdV rdFkj fdVFkj fdVrd
rdFkj fdVf/kyka &xrd Fkks &
FkjfdV rd/kj fdVFkj fdVrd
rdFkj fdVf/kyka &xrd Fkh
ftXxM+k &urjk & urd /kqefdV
/kqefdV fdVrd nr~ rr~
FksbZ fdVrd nr~ rr~
FksbZ fdVrd nr~ rr~
AA FksbZAA191

190- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 48

191- ogh] i`"B&49

- 340 -
 ykL; rksM+k
rV frV d`r jk & /kk & && fnu fnu
uV d`r /;k u/k jr d`r rd` rd`
rr fnu tk & rfr un` xu n`x n`x
n`x uo ls & jk & /kk & jk & /kk & jk &
AA /kkAA192

d`".k jk/kk ykL;

teq ukds rV ij d` & 'ud UgS ;k &
fuj rd jr lc Xok yok & y lax
rk & Fks & ;k & rk & Fks & ;k & rk & Fks &
;k & & & & & & rk & Fks & ;k & rk &
Fks & ;k & rk & Fks & ;k & & & & & & &
rk & Fks & ;k & rk & Fks & ;k & rk & Fks &193

d`".k ykL; rksM+k

fdfda dqdq da& xd ne rys fnuk ukFks
nÙk ok & dkU & rs fxj oj r# ur
#u fiz; dkU rs & jk & /kk & & & & &
f/kf/k dd ud /kk & f/kzdk & u & /kk f/kzdk
& u /kk & f/kzdk & u /kk && f/kzdk & u
/kk & f/kzdk & u /kk & f/kzdk & u /kk & & &
f/kzdk & u /kk & f/kzdk & u /kk & f/kzdk & U
AA /kkAA194

192- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 52

193- ogh] i`"B&52

194- ogh] i`"B&52

- 341 -
 ij.k c<+S;k
fdM+/kk & u/kk & u /kxuuk & M+/kk &
fdVrd /kqedfV rd?ks?ks & rk & u
/kk & ?ks?k &rk & u /kk & rk & u/kk & r
fdV/kk & && rk & /kk·f?kM+ udfn &
fn & DM+ rkurku rk & DM+ /kku/kku
/kk & DM+ rkurku rk & DM+ /kku/kku
AA /kkAA195
vken vkM+h
=kax =kax && =kax rdr && rdr rdr
rdr Fkaqu fnxfnxfnx FksbZ rkFksbZ rkFksbZ rrFksbZ rrFksbZ
FkqFa kqFa kqa rkrr~rr~ FksbZFksbZFksbZ rr~=ke FksbZ && &&& FkqFa kqFa kqa rkrr~rr~
FksbZFksbZFksbZ rr~=ke FksbZ && &&& FkqFa kqFa kqa rkrr~rr~ FksbFZ ksbFZ ksbZ rr~=ke196

pDdjnkj ij.k
rk& Fkqx
a k rdk dsFkqa xkr dr fnx
rfn
xr rd Fkqau rd Fkqu && rr~rr~
rrFkqa
xkrk Fkqx
a k fnxfnx fnxfnx fnxfnx FksbZ rr~rr~
FksbZrr~
rrFksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZrr~ rrFksbZ rr~rr~
FksbZ
rr~rr~ FksbZrr~ rr~FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZ && rk &
Fkqx
a k
rdk dsFkqa xkr dr fnx rfn xr
rd
Fkqx
a rd Fkqau & rr~rr~ rÙFkqa xkrk
195- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 53

196- ogh] i`"B&53

- 342 -
Fkqx
a k
fnxfnx fnxfnx fnxfnx FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZrr~ rr~FksbZ
rr~rr~
FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZrr~ rr~FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZ rr~rr~
FksbZrr~
rr~FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZ && rk & Fkqx
a k rdk
dsFkqa
xkr dr fnx rfn xr rd Fkqau
rd
Fkqau && rr~rr~ rr~Fkqa xkrk Fkqx
a k fnxfnx
fnxfnx
fnxfnx FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZrr~ rr~FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZ
rr~rr~
FksbZrr~ rr~FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZ rr~rr~ FksbZrr~ rr~FksbZ
rr~rr~
AA FksbZAA197
ij.k pDdjnkj
/ksfrjfdVrd rk&& drk/ks/ks fnu&&
ux/ksr~ &&frv f?kurjk && ur
fdV rdk Dr frVdrk
xfnxu /kk&frV drxfn xu/kk&
frVdrk xfnxnu /kk &&= ksfrjfdVrd
rk&&& drk?ks?ks fnu&& ux/kr~
&&frV f?kurjk &&ur fdV
rdk dr frVdrk xfnxu
/kk&frV drkxfn xu/kk frVdrk
xfnxu /kk && ?ksfrjfdVrd rk &&&
drk?ks?ks fnu&& ux/ksr~ &&frV
f/karjk &ur fdV rdk
197- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 58

- 343 -
dr frVdrk xfnxu /kk&frV
drxfn xu/kk frVdrk xfnxu
AA ?kkAA198

ij.k
fnxfnx rjka&x rkrks rjka&x
rdFkqau Fkqaurd FkqauFkqau fr/kkfnxfnx
FksbZ fnxfnx rjkax rkrks
rjka&x rdFkaqu Fkqaurd FkqauFkqu
fr/kkfnxfnx FksbZ fnxfnx rjka&x
rkrks rjka&x rdFkqau Fkqaurd
FkqauFkqu fr/kkfnxfnx FksbZrd FkqauFkqau
fr/kkfnxfnx FksbZrd FkqauFkqau fr/kkfnxfnx
AA FksbZAA199
vken f'[Link]
/ky /ky f/kfe Fkks&
&e f/kfe Fkks& &e
fdV fdV fd.k Fkks&
&e fd.k Fkks &e
fduqxn xnfduq rrgr rgdqdq
f>f>fdr [Link] f>f>fdr [Link]
rr~f/kyka &xf/kfe f/kyka&e /kyrr~
/kqdqdqr rdnf/k fxuFkks& &e&&
unf/kfe fdVrr~ f/kfefdV rr~f/kfe
fdVrr~ reux nkFkfjnka nkafdM+fxM+
Fkfjnkanka fdM+fxM+udq usdqxqufdV dqdqnzsansa
rkFksbZ rr~FksbZ vkFksbZrr~FksbZ FksbZrFksbZrFksbZ rr~rr~fr/kkdqdq
AA rAA200
198- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 60
199- ogh] i`"B& 61
200- ogh] i`"B& 67

- 344 -
 u`r vken rcyk i[kkot
drfrV ?ks?ksfrV drk&u FkqaurM+ &Uu/kk& fnUrk fdM+ux?ks?ksFkkse
drfrV drk?ks?ks fVdrk Fks?ksun ?ks?ks&rk &u?kk& drxfnxu/kk
/kk&drk &u?kk& rk&u?kk &u?kk& f/kVdrk &ufrV xsfnUrk &u/kk&
/kk&dr rk&dr dr/kk& frV/kk& f/kV/kk& dr/kk& f?ku/kk&fr/kkfnxfnx=ke
AA FksbZAA201

vken f'[Link]
f>ufdV Fk&jha fVxuFk fjdf/kfe dqdqf>& Uuk&dqdq f>Uuk& f/kfeux
f/kdFkks& f/kf/kDr f/kf/kDr f/kd;ks rd/kqea fdVf/k;k¡ &xrd xfnfxu
f/kfeux f/kfeux rdrd f/kfeux FkfjdFk fjdFkfj FkfjdFk fjdFkfj
FkfjdFk fjdFkfj rk&FksbZ rrFksbZ FksbZrFks bZrFksbZ FksbZFksbZ rr~=ke
AA FksbZAA202
d`".kykL; =ksVd
eqjyhLo jfefyr uwijq ?o fuHkZofr
f>ufdV f>ufdV NqedN edFksbZ
;equkiq fyue`nq urZue uqjfpr
e/;j eufnxfnx ukfnxfnxuk fnxfnxfnxfnx
FkksfnxfnxFkks fnxfnxfnxfnx rr~=d FksbZ;d
FksbZ=d FksbZ;d FksbZ=d FksbZ;d
AA FksbZAA203
jkf/kdk ykL;
ns&xks& jh&n`x ns&ns& Hkjdr gS&vua &xn`x ns&ns& /k/kdr
gha&&& ns&xks& jh&n`x ns&ns& Hkjdr gSa&vua &xn`x ns&ns
/k/kdr gha&&& ns&xks& jh&n`x ns&ns& Hkjdr gSa&vua &xn`x
ns&ns& /k/kdr gha&n`x ns&ns& /k/kdr gha&n`x ns&ns& /k/kdr
AA ghaAA204
201- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 69
202 ogh] i`"B& 69
203- ogh] i`"B& 71
204- ogh] i`"B& 72

- 345 -
 4-2-9& jk;x<+ egkjkt pØ/kj flag d`r cfUn'ksa
ny ckny iju
rhu rky & e/; y;
uxu /ksr&r/ks rM+= /kk] /kk] fdM+ /ks&/ks&/ks] /kM+= f/kV f/kV /kxu d&r]
/kxu d&r]
frV frV f/kV f/kV & rM+= rfdV rd&fnxfxUukM+ f/kr rxUu /kk
rk/kk] frVdrk /?ksfrV rxu rkxs frV xfnu rku /kk
rk/kk] frVdrk /?ksfrV rxu rkxs frV xfnu rku /kk
rk/kk] frVdrk /?ksfrV rxu rkxs frV xfnu rku /kk¼/ksr /ksr fnUukM+
f/kV½
& xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr

dYyksyuh
rhu rky & e/; y;
Ø/kk frV ?ks?ksfrV f/kUu /kk/kk frV] /kk /ks /ks frV Ø/kk frV] f/kV f/kV
f/kV] dfrV f/krk /kqefdV rd]
/kk=d] /ksfrjfdV f/kjfdV dfrV /kk
/kk=d] /ksfrjfdV f/kjfdV dfrV /kk
/kk=d] /ksfrjfdV f/kjfdV dfrV /kk
¼bl iju dk ,d iYyk 21 ek=k dk gSA ,d ek=k dk foJke gS
ijUrq foJke ds LFkku ij ¼/ksr/ksr½ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blfy;s
21$1$21$1$21¾65½205
& xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr
205- nksuksa cafn'ksa xq: jkeyky th }kjk izkIr

- 346 -
 iju cztukPNn
rhu rky & e/; y;
/kk nhaxM+] /kk nhaxM+ /kk /kk rfdV rd] fdV rd Fkqu rd nsr] /kkfdV
rd/kqe fdVrd& /kk nhax /kk /kk fnaxM+/kk fn
/kk /kk nhaxM+ fdM+ux frjfdV xfnxu /kk
/kk /kk nhaxM+ fdM+ux frjfdV xfnxu /kk
/kk /kk nhaxM+ fdM+ux frjfdV xfnxu /kk
& xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr
oYyHk
rhu rky & e/; y;
d--r ?ks?ksfrV dr dr ?ks?ksfrV] rfdV Fkq¡fdV dr] ?ksfrV rfdV frV&/kk
fnark fdV rfdV rdk
rd /kqefdrrd rfdV rdk&f/ku rjku /kkfnark uxfnr & fdM+ rdFkqu Fkqu
fnu fnu fdM+rd & DM+kurfdV rd&/kk/kk rfdV rdk xfnxu /kk&rk/kk
fnu fnu fdM+rd & DM+kurfdV rd&/kk/kk rfdV rdk xfnxu /kk&rk/kk
fnu fnu fdM+rd & DM+kurfdV rd&/kk/kk rfdV rdk xfnxu /kk&rk/kk
& xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr
HkwrukFk
rhu rky & e/; y;% osne pDdjnkj iju
Ø/kk d`/kk d/ks d`/ks rxu] /kkfrjfdV /kk frVdr fxfnUu frV/ks·
d`/kk fnxaM /kk & DMka /kk & d /kk & DM+ka /kk
d`/kk fnxaM /kk & DMka /kk & d /kk & DM+ka /kk
d`/kk fnxaM /kk & DMka /kk & d /kk & DM+ka /kk206
& xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr
206- cafn'ksa xq: jkeyky th }kjk izkIr

- 347 -
 nkokuy
pDdjnkj iju
/kkfdVrd /kqefdVrd] /kk /kh]
/kkfdVrd /kqefdVrd xfnxu rd
frjfdVrd rdfrjfdVrd rd /kqefdVrd /kk & ·]
/kkfdVrd /kqefdV rd xfnxu /kk DM+ku /kk dr /kk
/kkfdVrd /kqefdV rd xfnxu /kk DM+ku /kk dr /kk
/kkfdVrd /kqefdV rd xfnxu /kk DM+ku /kk dr /kk
¼bl iju dk ,d iYyk 43 ek=k dk gSA blfy;s 43$43$43¾129 ek=k½

& xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr

vkM+h jkl foykl

rhu rky & e/; y;
f/kfdV rxu] f/kfdV rxu] rku /kk & rku /kk] rfdV /kk] ?ksfrV /kk
?ksu & r/kk & fnx fnUrk & /kkx`n f/kfdV /kxu uxu
?ksusus uuu frV drku rxr~ nha rd dM+ku /kk
frV drku rxr~ nha rd dM+ku /kk
frV drku rxr~ nha rd dM+ku /kk207

¼bl iju dk ,d iYyk 43 ek=k dk gSA blfy;s 43$43$43¾129 ek=k½

16) 129 ) 8 vko`fÙk
128
1 ij le & xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr

207- cafn'ksa xq: jkeyky th }kjk izkIr

- 348 -
 dqjax okgu
rhu rky&e/; % csne pDdjnkj iju
/kkfxu fnUu fdV /kkfrjfdVrd f/kjf/kj fdV rd
d`/kk d`/kk d`/kk /kkfrjfdVrd /ks)s)s)
/kkfdVrd /kqefdVrd xfnxu /kk· DM+ku /kk d /kk
/kkfdVrd /kqefdVrd xfnxu /kk· DM+ku /kk d /kk
/kkfdVrd /kqefdVrd xfnxu /kk· DM+ku /kk d /kk
& xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr

dM+d fctyh f=pØh ¼pDdjnkj½

fdM+f/kÙkk fdV /kk fd·V /kkxsfrjfdV rfM+Ùk rM+rM+
f/ka·Uu ?ks?ksfrV /kkxsu DM+kaurwuk dfrV /kk ?ks?ks fnar
d`/kkfrV dÙk fxM+fxM+ fxM+fdM+ /kk
r fxM+fxM+ fxM+fxM+ /kk
r fxM+fxM+ fxM+fxM+ /kk208

21$1$21$1$21 ¾ 65 ek=k
16) 129 ) 8 vko`fÙk & xq: jke yky th }kjk izkIr
128
1 ij le

208- cafn'ksa xq: jkeyky th }kjk izkIr

- 349 -
bUnztky iju %
frV drku & f/kV drku & f/kVf/kV drku & f/kfdV /kk rd /ksÙkku /ksr
rfdM+ /ksÙk rku f/kfdV rDd & f/kfdV rku /kk] fdM+rd fnUu fnUu rk
?ks?ksrku /ksÙkk drku] /kk rku /kk ?ks?ksrku /ksÙkk drku]
/kk rku /kk ?ks?ksrku /ksÙkk drku] /kk rku /kk

dfoÙk
rV frV d`r jk/kk & fnu fnu uV & d`r /;ku /kjr & d`r d`r d`rr
fnu tkr fru
n`xu & n`x n`x & n`xu cls & jk/kk&jk/kk&jk/kk

xtfoykl
QjekbZ'kh pDdjnkj iju
igyh /kk] igys le ij] nwljh /kk nwljs le] ij rhljh /kk rhljs le ij
f/kfdV /ksÙk /ksÙk rk] /ks/ksfrV d`rua d`rua] rM+/ksr~ rk] rM+Uu fdVrd xfnxu
uxsfrV xsfnUr rkxsfrV fdVrd fdM+ /kMUu fnxfnx uuku] fnx rM+Uu /ksÙkk /kk]
fnxu/ksÙk /kk dÙkk rku /ksÙkk
rM+/ksÙkk /ksr~ rfdV /kku /kk rM+/ksÙkk /ksr~ rfdV /kku /kk rM+/ksÙkk /ksr~ rfdV
/kku /kk
xt iju pDdjnkj
drfrV ?ks?ksfrV drku Fkqu rM+Uu /kk] fnurk fdM+ux rd Fkqu&dr xfnxu dr frV]
dr ?ks?ksfrV dr xsnku
dr frV dr?ks?ks frVdr ?ks?ks un ?ks?ks rku /kk /kk drk xfnxu /kk rk /kk]
dr frV dr?ks?ks frVdr ?ks?ks un ?ks?ks rku /kk /kk drk xfnxu /kk rk /kk]
dr frV dr?ks?ks frVdr ?ks?ks un ?ks?ks rku /kk /kk drk xfnxu /kk rk /kk]209

209- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jfp;rk [Link] flag] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 84

- 350 -
 [Link]'ko [Link]
[kfjDd nk¡&nk¡& xM+nDd Fkks&
a Vs& A xM+nDd Fkks&
a Vs& rduxrdtx
0
tDdqt &DMqMkd dquk&e && A >s&XM+>s &XM+>s &XM+Mks&
a xd
$
fMfedfM fedfMfe fdVfdV fdVfdV A vjxM+/ks &rdqdq rk&dqdrq k&&&
0
txUu FkjjhZ& dqdqFkj jhZ&ux A FkjjhZ& f/kfeux rM+h&nh&&&e
$
fnxfnx FksbZfnx fnxFksbZ fnxfnx A FksbZ && txUu FkjjhZ&
0
dqdqFkj jhZ&ux Fkjjh& f/kfeux A rfM+&nh &&&e fnxfnx FksbfZ nx
fnxFksbZ fnxfnx FksbZ && A txUu FkjjhZ& dqdqFkj jhZ&ux
0
Fkjjh& f/kfeux rfM+&nh &&&e Afnxfnx FksbfZ nx fnxFksbZ fnxfnx A
AA FksbZ AA

ve`r/ofu
$ A
>d>d ik&uh& A HkjrFkh &&&
0 A
ifjgk& jhu>d A >ks&j& f?kjh&l
$ A
?kucj lk&?kVk A &&& ?kd?kd
0 A
?ku?ku ?kks&&j A ?kd?kd ?ku?ku
$ A
?kks&jo jovfr A fcn~nqr nedr
0 A
[kks&pr fprHkbZ A lkS&pr p[kty
$ A
cwa&nr njlr A dkUgu fujf[klq
0 A
va&dd dfjvuq A jk&xx xrJe210
210- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jfp;rk [Link] flag] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 85

- 351 -
 jk;x<+ ds egkjkt pØ/kj flag th ^pØfi;k* ds uke ls fy[krs FksA
buds }kjk jfpr Bqefj;k¡ bl ?kjkus dh u`R;kaxukvksa }kjk c[kwch cjrh
tkrh gSaA buds dqN mnkgj.k ;gk¡ m)jr djuk mfpr gksxkA
J`axkjjl Hkkoxhr
Fkk;h panzcnfu e`x ykspuh] nkfeuh nqzr xksjh
vycsyh uoy ukfj djfr fpr dh pksjhAA panzcnfu -----
varjk Nu Nu Jaxkj ltr Ne Ne ix uwiqj ctr
cu Bu fi;k feyu pyh dkfeuh fd'kksjhAA panzcnfu -----
yVdr [Link] vuqi ekuksa ukfxu Lo:i
panzke`r iku dju vkbZ Hkou vksjhA panzcnfu -----
pØfi;k uoy cky vkor fy;ksa nhi Fkky
ean ean xfr ejky] y[kr HkkSa ejksjhAA panzcnfu -----
Bqejh
LFkk;h eksgs NsM+ks ukfga ';ke
xqtfj;k eSa ?kj dh vdsyhAA eksgs ---
varjk izse dh cfr;k¡ eSa ugha tkur
nqj vtgq¡ esjks /kkeAA eksgs ------
jkr v¡/ksjh cknj ?ksjs
pØfi;k ls gS dkeAA eksg----
Bqejh
LFkk;h eksjh xfyu dc ,sgks eksgu
varjk fcjg ?kV ns[kh f?kj&f?kj vkor
dc eksgs nj'k fn[kSgks eksguAA eksjh ------
fctyh peds ft;jk yjts
dc rd gfj dy iS gksAA eksjh----
eks eu /khj /kjr uk pØfi;k
lk¡ph dgks dc ,sgks eksguAA eksjh----
nknjk Hkkoxhr
LFkk;h ns[kks ns[kks fcgkjh jh>h ukjh lxjh] mexh ijr jl dh xxjhAA ns[kks-----
varjk pØfi;k oj gS ojlk ls] pgy&igy NkbZ usgk uxjhAA ns[kks-----211
211- jke dkfrZd] jk;x<+ esa dFkd] jfp;rk [Link] flag] jktdey izdk'ku izFke laLdj.k 1982 i`"B& 85

- 352 -
 + Bqejh
Bqejh okld lTtk ukf;dk
pUnz cnfu e`x ykspuh] nkfeuh nzqr xksjhA
vycsyh uoy ukfj djfr fpr dh pksjhAA ------pUnz cnfuAA
Nu Nu J`axkj ltr] Ne Ne ix uwiwj ctrA
cu <u fi;k feyu pyh {kkfeuh fd'kksjhAA----- pUnz cnfuAA
yVdr [Link] vuwi ekuks ukfxu Lo:iA
panzke`r iku djr vkbZ Hkou vksjhAA ------- pUnz cnfuAA
pØfi;k uoy ukj vkor fy;ks nhi FkkyA
ean en xfr ejky] y[kr HkkSa ejksjhAA ------ pUnz cnfuAA
& [Link] flag }kjk izkIr
Bqejh fojgksRdkaBrk
fojg lrkos lkfj jfr;k¡] fi;k¡ ugha vkosA
lst jgh lwuh vkor cspSuh
dkls dgw¡ ehBh ckfr;k¡ jsAA ---- fojg lrkosAA
uhan ufga vkos dqN u lqgkosA
/kM+dr eksjh Nfr;k¡ jsAA ------ fojg lrkosAA
pØfi;k eksfg csx feykoksA
fcljr ugha lqjfr;k¡ jsAA ----- fojg lrkosAA
& [Link] flag }kjk izkIr
bl izdkj y[kuÅ o t;iqj ?kjkus ds xq:vksa ls izkIr rkyhe
ds vk/kkj ij dFkd ds fy, u, n`f"Vdks.k jktk pØ/kj egkjkt us cafn'ksa
rS;kj dh tks bl ?kjkus dk eq[; oSf'k"V~; jgk gSA

- 353 -
 prqFkZ v/;k;
dFkd u`R; ds ?kjkuksa dk vkfoZHkko&
,d fof'k"V vk;ke
 prqFkZ v/;k;
dFkd u`R; ds ?kjkuksa dk vkfoHkkZo&,d fof'k"V vk;ke
4-1 ?kjkuksa dh mRifRr ,oa fodkl
4-1-1& ?kjkus dh ifjHkk"kk
4-1-2& ?kjkuksa dh ijEijk e/;dky dh [Link] nsu
4-1-3& ?kjkuksa dk ukedj.k
4-1-4& ?kjkuksa dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ,oa fodklØe
4-1-4-1& t;iqj ?kjkuk
4-1-4-2& t;iqj ?kjkus dh oa'k ijaijk
4-1-4-3& t;iqj ?kjkus dh fofHkUu 'kk[kk,¡
4-1-4-4& y[kuÅ ?kjkuk
4-1-4-5& cukjl ?kjkuk
4-1-4-6& cukjl ds ia- lq[knso egkjkt dk dFkd esa ;ksxnku
4-1-4-7& cukjl ?kjkus dh f'k"; ijaijk
4-1-4-8& jk;x<+ ?kjkuk
4-1-4-9& 19oha 'krkCnh dh ,sfrgkfld miyfC/k&
jktk pØ/kj flag d`r xzFa k
4-1-4-10& jk;x<+ njckj ds izeq[k dFkd urZd
4-2 ?kjkuksa dh 'kSyhxr fo'ks"krk,a ,oa egRo &
4-2-1& t;iqj ?kjkus dh fo'ks"krk,¡
4-2-2& dFkd ds izk;ksfxd i{k esa t;iqj ?kjkus ds xq:vksa dk ;ksxnku
4-2-3& y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh fo'ks"krk,¡
4-2-4& cksy oxhZdj.k ,oa y[kuÅ ?kjkus dh izpfyr cafn'ksa
4-2-5& dFkd dh ifjlEifRr&egkjkt fcanknhu jfpr Bqefj;k¡
4-2-6& cukjl ?kjkus dk oSf'k"V~;
4-2-7& cukjl ?kjkus dh izfrfuf/k jpuk,¡
4-2-8& jk;x<+ ?kjkus ds fo'ks"krk,¡
4-2-9& jk;x<+ egkjkt pØ/kj flag d`r cafn'kas