11-1 mís';

11-2 çLrkouk
11-3 ifjp;
11-4 fMftVy dh ifjHkk"kk
11-5 fMftVy ehfM;k dh ladYiuk
11-6 fMftVy ehfM;k vkSj i=dkfjrk
11-7 daI;wVj % ifjp; vkSj fodkl ;k=k
11-8 Hkkjr esa daI;wVj dk foLrkj
11-9 daI;wVj dh Hkwfedk
11-10 eksckby % ifjp; vkSj fodkl ;k=k
11-11 Hkkjr esa eksckby dk foLrkj
11-12 Hkkjr esa lks'ky ehfM;k dk çknqHkkZo
11-13 lks'ky ehfM;k dk ifj–';
11-14 çeq[k lks'ky usVofdaZx lkbV~l
11-15 lkjka'k
11-16 cks/k iz”u
11-17 lanHkZ xzFa k@lkexzh
11-18 cks/k ç'uksa mÙkj@ladsr

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ vki %

fMftVy ehfM;k] daI;wVj] eksckby vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k ds ckjs esa tku
ldsaxAs
fMftVy ehfM;k] daI;wVj] eksckby vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k dk mi;ksx
tku ldsaxAs
fMftVy ehfM;k] daI;wVj vkSj eksckby ds Qk;ns dks le> ik,axAs
179
 fMftVy ehfM;k dh lhekvksa dk Kku çkIr dj ldsaxsA
ukxfjd i=dkfjrk ds nkSj esa fMftVy ehfM;k ds mi;ksx dks tku
ldsaxAs
lks'ky ehfM;k ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkudkjh dj ik,axAs

egku vkfo"dkjd Fk‚el vYok ,fMlu us o"kZ 1922 esa pyfp= dh Hkwfedk dks
ysdj dqN loky mBk, FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd pyfp= Hkfo"; dh 'kSf{kd
O;oLFkk esa Økafr ykus esa dke;kc gksxh vkSj dqN gh oä esa ikBîiqLrdksa esa Hkh
bldh Hkwfedk c<+ tk,xhA pyfp= ftls ge vkt flusek dgrs gS]a ftlds fy,
eks'ku fiDpj ;kuh xfr'khy fp= Hkh dgk tkrk gS] og Hkh fMftVy ;kuh
foanqvksa ds yxkrkj foLrkj vkSj i`FkDdhdj.k dh rduhd ij gh vk/kkfjr gSA
/khjs&/khjs tc rduhd c<+rh xbZ rks fMftVykbts'ku
;kuh foanqdj.k dh ;g çfØ;k Hkh rst gksrh xbZA
bldk foLrkj dEI;wVj vkSj ckn ds nkSj esa baVjusV
ds foLrkj ds lkFk gh gksrk x;kA vkt gkyr ;g gS
fd ,u‚y‚x ;kuh ikjaifjd rduhd ihNs NwVrh tk
jgh gSA fMftVy dh ladYiuk njvly fdlh Hkh
v‚CtsDV dks vafre d.k rd rksM+us vkSj fQj mlds
tfj, csgrj vkSj ltho urhts çkIr djus dh çfØ;k
gSA blls v‚CtsDV vkSj T;knk ltho o Li"V Q‚jesV esa yk, tk ldrs gSaA
blds lkFk gh bUgsa dEI;wVj vkSj usVodZ esa rhoz xfr ls lapkfjr Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA baVjusV ds çlkj ds nkSj esa ftl rjg fMftVyhdj.k dh çfØ;k dks
c<+kok feyk gS] mlls lwpukvksa ds rkRdkfyd çlkj vkSj 'kSf{kd foLrkj esa enn
gh feyh gSA dguk u gksxk fd ,fMlu dh djhc ,d lnh igys dh dYiuk
fdruh nwjan's kh FkhA blds vykok bl bdkbZ esa ge daI;wVj vkSj eksckby dh
Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsax]s tks orZeku lwpuk lekt dk etcwr LraHk cu pqds gSaA
ek'kZy eSDyqgku us dgk gS fd ^lan's kksa ds vknku&çnku esa ek/;e dh Hkwfedk
vge gksrh gSA* ,sls esa bu ek/;eksa dh Hkwfedk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA
[kklrkSj ij ,aMª‚;M LekVZQksu ds nkSj esa tc lks'ky ehfM;k] o‚V~l ,si vkSj
v‚uykbu 'k‚fiax tSlh phtksa dk VªsaM yksxksa ds flj p<+dj cksy jgk gS] rks ,sls
esa bu nksuksa ek/;eksa dh Hkwfedk dks le>k tk ldrk gSA vkt tc ^fMftVy
bafM;k* dh ckr gks jgh gS] rks ,sls esa bu ek/;eksa dk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk
gSA ;gka ge daI;wVj vkSj eksckby dh Hkwfedk dh ppkZ djsx a s vkSj bu nksuksa
ek/;eksa dh fodkl ;k=k ls Hkh :c: gksx a ]s lkFk gh bl ckr ij Hkh gekjk /;ku
dsafær gksxk fd U;w&ehfM;k dk çeq[k midj.k cudj ;s ek/;e fdl rjg mHkj
jgs gSa vkSj cnyko ds nkSj dks fdl çdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr dj jgs gSaA

nqfu;k dh i=dkfjrk esa O;kid cnyko ykus esa fMftVy ehfM;k dk u;k Lo:i
180 dkQh gn rd dke;kc gks pqdk gSA Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk esa blds tfj, cnyko
Hkh fn[kus yxk gSA ysfdu bldk T;knk vlj vkSj Qk;nk [kklrkSj ij lapkj
dh 5th rduhd ds foLrkj ds ckn c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA ftldk çHkko fuf'pr
rkSj ij Hkkoh i=dkfjrk vkSj lapkj ij Hkh iM+uk gh gSA vc baVjusV vkSj
eksckby Qksu ij Vsyhfotu dk çlkj rks gks gh jgk gSA tYn gh fQYeksa dk
çhfe;j Hkh eksckby Qksu vkSj baVjusV ij gksuk laHkkfor gSA ysfdu lcls cM+h
ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj daifu;ksa ds ikl mPp fMftVyh—r lkexzh
u ds cjkcj gSA
fMftVyhdj.k njvly vc flQZ Vhoh] v[kckj ;k
jsfM;ks rd gh lhfer ugha jgk] cfYd ;g ikBî
iqLrdksa vkSj lkekU; lwpukvksa rd foLrkfjr gks pqdk
gSA bldh ,d cM+h [kkfl;r gS] bldk lekos'kh
LoHkko] ftldh otg ls ;g [kkldj ubZ ih<+h ds fy, lgt Lohdk;Z gks x;k
gSA blls Hkh cM+h ckr ;g gS fd ubZ ih<+h ds yxko vkSj ncko esa bldh rjQ
iqjkuh ih<+h Hkh vkdf"kZr gks jgh gSA fMftVyhdj.k dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk blesa
lekfgr gksus tk jgh gSA rduhd ds foLrkj ds pyrs bldk LFkkuh;dj.k dh
rjQ Hkh :>ku c<+x s kA ;kuh LFkkuh; ?kVuk,a [kcjksa esa T;knk LFkku cuk,axh
vkSj mu ij ppkZ&fopkj Hkh gksxkA vaxzt s h lkfgR; ds egku vkykspd bZ ,e
QkLVj us viuh e'kgwj iqLrd v‚LisDV v‚Q u‚osy esa fy[kk gS fd varjjk"Vªh;
gksus ds fy, LFkkuh; gksuk igyh 'krZ gSA lkfgR; ds dkyt;h vkSj egku gksus
dh ;g [kkfl;r vc ehfM;k esa fn[kus yxh gSA fMftVyhdj.k ds tfj, dqN
gn rd ehfM;k vkSj [kcjksa dh nqfu;k dk LFkkuh;rk dh rjQ foLrkj gks Hkh
jgk gSA

oSls rks ^fMftVy* dh dbZ ifjHkk"kk,a nh xbZ gSA buesa lcls lVhd nks ifjHkk"kk,a
bu fnuksa T;knk Lohdk;Z gqbZ gSA igyh ifjHkk"kk dEI;wVj dh tkuh&ekuh ihlh
bulkDyksihfM;k us blds fy, rhu rjg dh ifjHkk"kk nh gS] blds eqrkfcd %
dEI;wVj }kjk rS;kj lHkh rjg ds MkVk ;kuh lkexzh fMftVy gksrh gSA
ysfdu dksbZ Hkh ra= vkSj midj.k fMftVy MkVk dks lajf{kr dj
ldrk gSA
MkVk] vkokt vkSj ohfM;ks lesr dEI;wVj esa
lajf{kr gj rjg dh lwpuk fMftVy dgh tk
ldrh gSA
osclkbV ;k Cy‚x ij çLrqr Vsyhfotu]
v[kckj vkSj if=dk dh lkexzh fMftVy
ehfM;k dk vax gSA

fctusl fMD'kujh ds eqrkfcd VsDLV] xzkfQDl] v‚fM;ks vkSj ohfM;ks dk og :i]

ftls baVjusV vkSj dEI;wVj usVodZ esa LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk lds] mls fMftVy
ehfM;k dgk tk ldrk gSA ;wfuoflZVh v‚Q xYQ ds eqrkfcd] og gj lkexzh
181
 ftls dEI;wVj ds tfj, i<+k] ns[kk lquk tk lds] ftls lhMh] MhohMh tSls
[Link] esa lajf{kr fd;k tk lds] ftls baVjusV ;k dEI;wVj usVodZ esa Vªkl
a Qj
fd;k tk lds vkSj mls dEI;wVj ds tfj, i<+k tk lds] og lc fMftVy
ehfM;k gSA
bu ifjHkk"kkvksa ls lkQ gS fd ikBî lkexzh] QksVksxzkfQDl] v‚fM;ks] ohfM;ks tSlh
lkexzh dks dEI;wVj vkSj baVjusV esa cnyk tk lds vkSj mUgsa dEI;wVj] eksckby
vkfn ds tfj, i<+k vkSj ns[kk tk lds] mls fMftVy ehfM;k dgk tk ldrk
gSA fMftVyhdj.k n'kdksa ls çpfyr rduhd ls flQZ bruk gh vyx gS fd
bls usVodZ esa uk flQZ bruk gh vyx gS fd bls usVodZ esa uk flQZ
LFkkukarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS] cfYd bls usVodZ ls Mkmuyksd djds mldk
iBu] okpu] –'; vkSj Jo.k dk vkuan vkSj vuqHko gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dqy feykdj dgk tk ldrk gS fd fMftVy ehfM;k] ehfM;k dk og Lo:i gS]
ftls e'khu ds tfj, jhMscy Q‚esZV ¼ikBî&–'; rjhds½ esa j[kk tk lds] ftls
lafpr fd;k tk lds]ftls foLrkfjr fd;k tk ldsA ftls i<+k vkSj ns[kk tk
lds vkSj mls dEI;wVj ij lajf{kr vkSj mPph—r fd;k tk ldsA

Hkkjr esa Hkys gh fMftVy ehfM;k dk ç;ksx uCcs ds n'kd ds e/; esa 'kq: gqvk
gks] ysfdu if'peh ns'kksa [kkldj vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi esa 1950 ds n'kd esa gh
fMftVy ehfM;k dk foLrkj gksuk 'kq: gks x;k FkkA bl ij foLrkj ls tkus ls
igys rduhdh igyqvksa dh tkudkjh vkSj bfrgkl dh 'kq:vkrh tkudkjh gksuh
t:jh gSA e'khuksa ds tfj, VsDLV dks i<+us dh ifjdYiuk 1800 bZLoh ds
'kq:vkrh nkSj esa pkyZ~l cScts us dh FkhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd dksM fMQjsal
baftu vkSj ,uky‚fVdy baftu ds tfj, i<s tk ldrs gSaA 'kq: esa mUgksua s
[Link] dh xyfr;ksa dh tkap ds fy, ,d e'khu fMtkbu Hkh dh Fkh] ftls cSct s
baftu dgk x;kA 1822&1823 esa vMk ykoysl uked
oSKkfud us igyh ckj cScst baftu ds tfj, [Link] ds
fy, uacjksa dks rS;kj fd;k] ftls igyk dEI;wVj MkVk
ekuk tkrk gSA ykoysl gh igys 'k[l jgs] ftUgksaus
dEI;wVj ds lkekftd vlj vkSj çksxzkfeax dh dYiuk
dh FkhA cgjgky blh nkSj esa igyh ckj Iys;j ikbUl
vkSj tSDokMZ ywEl ds uke ls dksM jhMscy e'khusa cukbZ xbZAa pkgs cSost baftu
gks ;k Iys;j ikbUl vkSj tSDokMZ ywEl] ;s [Link] e'khusa ,d rjg ls
,uky‚x dEI;wVj FkhaA fMftVy dEI;wVj vkSj dEI;wVjhdj.k dh 'kq:vkr ckbujh
dksM vkSj cfy;u y‚ftd dh [kkst ds lkFk ekuh tkrh gSA ftuds tfj, VsDLV
;k MkVk dks lajf{kr djus ds lkFk gh ,d e'khu ls nwljs e'khu rd
LFkkukarfjr djus dh lqfo/kk feyhA igyk vk/kqfud fMftVy dEI;wVj 1948 vkSj
1949 esa cuk;k x;kA ftlds uke ekdZ&1 vkSj bZVh,l,lh FksA ;s ckbujh esa
budksM djrs FksA cgjgky vk/kqfud fMftVy dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k oSKkfud vkSj
bathfu;j oSfuoj cq'k us fd;k FkkA ysfdu bls xfr feyh 1970 ds n'kd es]a tc
rduhd dk foLrkj gqvk& mlesa Økafr gqbZA fMftVy ehfM;k ds fy,
182
laHkkoukvksa dks xfr oyZ~M okbV osc ;kuh dh [kkst vkSj baVjusV ds foLrkj ds
ckn feyhA
ubZ rduhdh Økafr ds nkSj esa fMftVy ehfM;k dks ,d
ubZ ;k U;w ehfM;k ;k eYVhehfM;k ds rkSj ij Hkh tkuk
tk jgk gSA fMftVy ehfM;k ds fy, vkt u, rjg ds
dkS'ky dh t:jr uk flQZ c<+h gS] cfYd mldh ekax
vkSj foLrkj Hkh c<+k gS] ftls VªkalfyVjslh] fMftVy
fyVjslh ;k ehfM;k fyVjslh ds rkSj ij tkuk tk jgk gSA
;g ikjaifjd lk{kjrk dh [kkfl;r i<+us vkSj fy[kus ls dgha vkxs dh pht gSA
pwafd vkt ds nkSj esa fMftVy rduhd vkSj baVjusV lwpuk vkSj lapkj dk lcls
cM+k okgd vkSj lzkrs gSA bu fnuksa blds tfj, gh
isijysl ;kuh dkxt jfgr lekt dk dY;k.k vkSj
mls lk{kj djus dh ço`fÙk c<+h gSA oSls Hkh ekStwnk
nkSj esa i;kZoj.k dks ysdj fo'oO;kih psruk c<+h
gSA bl otg ls dkxtksa ds fy, isM+ dkVus dh
ço`fÙk ij yxke yxkus dks ysdj ltxrk c<+h gSA
pwafd dkxt rS;kj djus ds fy, cM+s vkSj O;kid
Lrj ij isM+kas dh dVkbZ gksrh gS] blls taxyksa dk
uqdlku gksrk gSA bl otg ls Hkh dkxtjfgr lekt dh ifjdYiuk c<+h gSA
blfy, Hkh fMftVy ehfM;k dk foLrkj c<+ jgk gSA
rduhdh Økafr dh otg ls fMftVy ehfM;k dks ,d vkSj rjg dh pqukSrh vkSj
laHkkoukvksa ls tw>uk iM+ jgk gSA fMftVy ehfM;k esa dUotsZl ;kuh ijklj.k
dh pqukSrh vkSj lgwfy;r ekStnk lwpuk ra= dks u, vk;ke eqgS;k djk, gSaA
vkt Vsyhfotu ns[kus] v[kckj vkSj if=dk i<+u]s jsfM;ks lquus tSls reke dk;ksaZ
ds fy, baVjusV ds ,d gh IysVQkeZ ij ,d lkFk tk;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr
tSls ns'k esa tgka vc Hkh fctyh cM+h pqukSrh gS] fMftVyhdj.k dh çfØ;k vkSj
blds tfj, foLrkfjr lwpuk ra= ds Qk;ns mBkus ds fy, laHkkouk,a vlhe gSaA
Vsyhd‚e jsX;qyVs jh vFk‚fjVh v‚Q bafM;k ds vkadM+kas ds eqrkfcd ns'k esa eksckby
Qksu miHkksäkvksa dh la[;k djhc ,d vjc 20 djksM+ rd igqap xbZ gSA blh
rjg baVjusV miHkksäkvksa dh la[;k 35 djksM+ rd gqbZ gSA ns'k esa nwljh ih<+h ds
ckn rhljh vkSj pkSFkh ih<+h dh lapkj lgwfy;rsa c<+ xbZ gSaA tkfgj gS fd bldk
vHkh vkSj foLrkj gh gksuk gSA dqN mlh vankt esa Hkkjr
esa fMftVy ehfM;k ds fy, laHkkouk,a cuh vkSj cph
gqbZ gSa] tSlh if'peh ns'kksa esa Økafr gqbZ gSA ogka
ikjaifjd ehfM;k elyu v[kckj rks rdjhcu [kkRes ds
dxkj ij gSa ;k [kRe gks pqds gSaA dkxt ij NikbZ
vk/kkfjr ehfM;k vius vkf[kjh nkSj esa gSA e'kgwj vkSj
çHkko'kkyh çdk'ku rd NikbZ dh nqfu;k ls ukrk rksMr+ s gq, fMftVy ist
esfdax vkSj çdk'ku dh rjQ c<+ pqds gSaA tkfgj gS fd Hkkjr esa ;g Økafr gks
jgh gSA yksxksa dh c<+rh Ø; 'kfä] ,aMªk;M vkSj vk/kqfud eksckby Qksu vkSj
VscysV ds foLrkjhdj.k esa fMftVyhdj.k dh çfØ;k dks c<+kok fey gh jgk gS]
ysfdu vHkh vkSj c<+kok feyuk ckdh gh gSA fMftVyhdj.k dk if'peh ns'kksa esa 183
 viuk vlj fn[kk jgk gS] ftldh otg ls ogka ds Vsyhfotu pkSuyksa dh ?kVrh
n'kZd la[;k ds rkSj ij fn[k Hkh jgk gSA 2012 ds ,d vkadM+s ds eqrkfcd
vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi esa çlkfjr gksus vkSj çeq[krk ls ns[ks tkus okys U;wt
dkjiksj's ku ds çkbe Vkbe ds n'kZdksa dh la[;k esa 23 Qhlnh dh fxjkoV vk
xbZ gSA flLdks bad us baVjusV dks ysdj ,d vuqeku 2012 esa tkjh fd;k FkkA
ftlds eqrkfcd 2018 rd nqfu;k esa baVjusV miHkksäkvksa dh la[;k 2012 ds
eqdkcys pkSxquk c<+ tk,xhA nqfu;k esa baVjusV ds IysVQkeZ ij [kcj] Vhoh 'kks]
fQYe leh{kk] [ksy vkfn is'k djus okyh daiuh ;ax vdZ ds ikl 2012 esa
jkstkuk djhc lk<+s lk[k foftVj FksA
fMftVy ehfM;k us ikjaifjd ehfM;k dks flQZ çlkj ;k rduhdh o çksMD'ku
DokfyVh ds vk/kkj ij gh pqukSrh ugha nh gS] cfYd mlus d‚ihjkbV vkSj ckSf)d
laink ds ikjaifjd dkuwuksa vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks Hkh pqukSrh nh gSA ekStwnk d‚ihjkbV
dkuwuksa ds eqrkfcd ,d lkexzh dks fdlh nwljs ns'k esa çdkf'kr ;k çlkfjr ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA ysfdu baVjusV ds pyrs ;g jksd laHko Hkh ugha jghA fygktk
;g dkuwu dh csekuh gks x;k gSA fMftVy ehfM;k ds çlkj dk nkSj Hkkjrh;
v[kckjksa ds çlkj dk ç[Link] vkadM+k nsus okys v‚fMV C;wjks v‚Q ldqZys'ku dks
Hkh vçklafxd cuk ldrk gSA oSls C;wjks us fMftVy eSxthu ds fy, tks
ifjHkk"kk nh gS] og ifjHkk"kk gh vc vçklafxd gks xbZ gSA bl ifjHkk"kk ds
eqrkfcd fMftVy eSxthu] if=dk dh vuq—fr ;k uewuk gS] ftls çlkfjr fd;k
tkrk gS ;k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu vkt ds nkSj esa baVjusV ij dbZ ,slh
fMftVy if=dk,a gSa tks yxkrkj ihMh,Q Q‚esZV esa uk flQZ forfjr gks jgh gSa]
cfYd csph Hkh tk jgh gSaA

lwpuk Økafr ds bl nkSj esa i=dkfjrk ds Lo:i dh Hkkoh n'kk&fn'kk ij Hkh dbZ
fdarq&ijarq vkSj dbZ loky gSaA Hkkjr esa [kklrkSj Hkk"kk;h vkSj fganh i=dkfjrk esa
:f<+okn dgha T;knk gkoh jgk gSA ;gka tc 1990 ds n'kd esa igyh ckj
dEI;wVj vk;k] rc MhVhih ;kuh MsLd V‚i ifCyf'kax ds rkSj&rjhds dks viukus
esa fgpfdpkgV utj vkbZ FkhA gkykafd tc i=dkfjrk txr dks yxk fd
rduhd ihNk ugha NksM+us okyh gS rks fgpfdpkgV dks fganh lesr Hkk"kk;h
i=dkfjrk us R;kx fn;k vkSj dEI;wVj dks vkRelkr dj fy;kA pwfa d if'pe esa
fMftVy i=dkfjrk dks viukus esa nsj ugha yxh] fygktk Cy‚fxax vkSj lks'ky
ehfM;k us oSdfYid i=dkfjrk dk u flQZ LFkku ys fy;k] cfYd cnyko ykus
esa Hkh vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA 2008 ds vesfjdh jk"Vªifr pquko esa dgk tkrk gS fd
cjkd vksckek dh rqyuk esa fjifCydu ikVhZ ds mEehnokj t‚u eSdus u dgha
T;knk csgrj mEehnokj Fks] ysfdu t‚tZ cq'k dh e/;iwoZ vkSj vQxku uhfr dh
ukdkeh vkSj vkfFkZd ekspZs ij cq'k ç'kklu dh dfe;ksa dh cf[k;k ogka oSdfYid
ehfM;k ds rkSj ij mHkjs Cy‚xjksa us fuHkkbZA rc vesfjdk dk ikjaifjd ehfM;k]
ftlesa fMftVy v[kckj] if=dk,a vkSj jsfM;ks&Vhoh pkSuy Hkh Fks] cq'k ç'kklu
dh ukekfe;ksa dh lgh rlohj vesfjdh turk ds lkeus ugha j[k jgs FksA rc
Cy‚xjksa us ikjaifjd ehfM;k ls ijs tkdj lkekftd ljksdkj okyh Hkwfedk
184 fuHkkbZA ;gka ;g crk nsuk t:jh yxrk gS fd fMftVy ehfM;k esa ,d cM+k
fgLlk Cy‚fxax vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k dk Hkh gSA fuf'pr rkSj ij 'kq: esa eq[;/kkjk
dh i=dkfjrk bls mFkyk vkSj detksj daVsV ds fy, ds fy, dkslrh Fkh]
ysfdu vkt gkykr cny jgs gSaA ubZ ih<+h esa Cy‚fxax ds c<+rs :>ku dh otg
ls eq[;/kkjk dh ehfM;k vius fMftVy IysVQkeZ ij mUgsa txg eqgS;k djkus
yxh gSA vc eq[;/kkjk dk ehfM;k lanHkZ ds rkSj ij Cy‚fxax vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k
dk gokyk rd nsus yxk gSA cM+h gfLr;k¡ lks'ky ehfM;k ds tfj, viuh ckr
dgus yxh gSaA
fMftVy ehfM;k esa ço`fÙk ds fygkt ls u;kiu Hkh gS rks iqjkru /kkjk dks Hkh
;g vius esa lek, gq, gSA ;gka ikjaifjd laiknu] [kcj la;kstu vkSj ys[ku gS
rks O;fäxr rkSj ij ys[ku] laiknu vkSj çdk'ku ds fodYi Hkh c<+s gSaA [kklrkSj
ij lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj Cy‚fxax us tgka futh ys[ku vkSj laiknu dh lgwfy;r
nh gS rks nwljh rjQ ;wVîwc us v‚fM;ks vkSj fofM;ks dk;ZØe fuekZ.k] fjiksfVaZx
vkfn dh lqfo/kk eqgS;k djkbZ gSA rduhdh Økafr dh otg ls blesa yxkrkj
foLrkj gh gksuk gSA blfy, vkt laLFkkfud i=dkfjrk dks Hkh ,sls dk;Zdq'ky
yksxksa dh t:jr c<+h gS] tks flfVtu tuZfyTe ;kuh ukxfjd i=dkfjrk dks Hkh
tkurs gksa] o‚;l vksoj dj ldsa] fy[k Hkh ldsa] muesa Vhoh vkSj jsfM;ks dh
fLØIV fy[kus dh ;ksX;rk gks rks os fçaV ek/;e ds fy, ikjaifjd ys[k] fjiksV]Z
Qhpj Hkh fy[k ldsaA Vsyhfotu ij tks LVksjh rhu feuV esa dgh tkrh gks]
baVjusV ij mls ,d feuV esa fn[kk;k tk ldsA nqfu;kHkj esa vius jsfM;ks vkSj
Vsyhfotu çlkj.k ds fy, fo[;kr chchlh us fMftVy ehfM;k dh t#jrksa ds
eqrkfcd vius ;gka eYVhfefM;k çksMîwlj dkQh igys ls gh rSukr djus 'kq#
dj fn, FksA eYVhehfM;k çksMîwlj dk eryc ,slk i=dkj tks fçaV ek/;e
ljh[kk baVjusV osclkbV ds fy, fy[k lds] jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh ds pfj= ds
eqrkfcd çksxzke cuk ldsA dqy feykdj dg ldrs gSa fd fMftVy ehfM;k ds
nkSj esa i=dkfjrk Hkh cny jgh gSA og ,d lkFk LFkkuh; Hkh gks jgh gS rks
oSf'od HkhA blls Hkh cM+h ckr ;g gS fd fMftVy i=dkfjrk ds fy, cgqeq[kh
çfrHkk vkSj dkS'ky ds /kuh i=dkj Hkh pkfg,A

yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa mÙkj nhft,A

1- fMftVy ehfM;k D;k gS\
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2- rduhdh Økafr ds ckjs esa le>kb,A
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185
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3- fMftVy dS nkSj esa i=dkfjrk dh fLFkfr ij çdk'k Mkfy,A
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daI;wVj ,d ,slh bysDVª‚fud e'khu gS] tks MkVk rFkk funsZ'kksa dks buiqV ds :i
esa xzg.k djrk gS] mudk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS rFkk vko';d [Link] dks fuf'pr
çk:i esa vkmViqV ds :i esa fuxZr djrk gSA ;g MkVk ds HkaMkj.k rFkk rhoz
xfr ,oa =qfVjfgr <ax ls mlds fo'ys"k.k dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g tkuuk t:jh
gS fd daI;wVj 'kCn dh mRifr compute 'kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ
gksrk gS ^[Link] djukA* ;g 'kCn gesa crykrk gS fd daI;wVj [Link] djus okyh
,d e'khu gS] tks [Link] dks csgn vklku cuk nsrh gSA
*^daI;wVj ,d Lopkfyr bysDVª‚fud e'khu gS] tks vusd çdkj dh [Link]
[Link] ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA daI;wVj og e'khu gS] tks MkVk Lohdkj
djrk gS] mls HkaMkfjr djrh gS] fn, x, funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj mudk fo'ys".k
djrh gS rFkk fo'ysf"kr [Link] dks vko';drkuqlkj fuxZr djrh gSA**

daI;wVj ds çksll
s j esa dkQh {kerk gksrh gS] ijUrq v‚ijsfVax flLVe ds funsZ'k ds
fcuk og dqN Hkh ugha dj ldrkA njvly] v‚ijsfVax flLVe Hkh ,d [kkl
rjg dk l‚¶Vos;j gksrk gS] tks çkslls j] enjcksMZ] jSe gkMZ fMLd] ¶y‚ih Mªkbo]
lhMh jkse ,oa vU; lHkh fMokblst ds chp rkyesy cukdj daI;wVj dks
dk;Z'khy cukrk gSA vkius ns[kk gksxk fd daI;wVj LVkVZ gksrs le; mlesa foaMkst
fy[kk gqvk vkrk gSA ;g foaMkst ,d v‚ijsfVax flLVe gS] ftls e'kgwj daI;wVj
fuekZrk daiuh ekbØksl‚¶V us cuk;k gSA blh rjg daI;wVj dk mi;ksx dkQh
gn rd mlesa viyksM fd, x, l‚¶Vos;lZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA l‚¶Vos;j ds
ek/;e ls daI;wVj vius ls tqM+s gj midj.k ls muds fy, fu/kkZfjr fd, x,
dk;Z djus esa enn djrk gSA fdlh midj.k dks dSls dk;Z esa ykuk gS mldh
tkudkjh l‚¶Vos;j ds vUnj igys ls gh LFkkfir jgrh gSA tSls& QksVks
,fMfVax ds fy, QksVks'k‚i l‚¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks v[kckjksa esa
ist esfdax ds fy, DokdZ ,Dlçsl l‚¶Vos;j bLrseky gksrk gSA blh rjg
186
ohfM;ks ,fMfVax ds Hkh l‚¶Vos;j gSaA gj {ks= esa [kkl rjg ds l‚¶Vos;lZ dk
bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
daI;wVj dh dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ % 1- xfr ¼Speed½ 2- 'kq)rk ¼Accuracy½ 3- lap;u
{kerk ¼Storage½ 4- Lopkyu ¼Automation½ 5- vuojrrk ¼Diligence½
6- O;kid mi;ksfxrk ¼Versatility½
vkt tks daI;wVj dk Lo:i gS] og U;weuS uked
oSKkfud dh nsu gSA lu 1642 esa oSKkfud Cyst
ikLdy us ,d ;kaf=d daI;wVj ^ikLdy* dk
vkfo"dkj fd;k Fkk] ftls daI;wVj ds ewy esa ns[kk
tk ldrk gSA dkykarj esa osjku xkVQhM oksu us
mlh ;a= dks la'kksf/kr fd;kA lu 1833 esa pkYlZ
cSost us dbZ lkyksa dh esgur ds ckn ,d e'khu
^,usfyfVdy* cukbZ] tks [Link]% Lopkfyr FkhA ;gh e'khu fodflr gksdj
vk/kqfud daI;wVj ds :ie esa tkuh xbZA pkyZ~l cSot s dks gh vk/kqfud daI;wVj
dk tud dgk tkrk gSA daI;wVj funsZ'kksa ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z djus okyh e'khu
gS] blesa ekuo efLr"d dh rjg lkspus vkSj le>us dh 'kfä ugha gSA bls
ftrus funsZ'k fn, tkrs gSa] ;g e'khu mrus gh dk;Z djrh gSA blds ckotwn
daI;wVj dh dk;Z{kerk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA
nqfu;k dk igyk daI;wVj ¼ENIAC½ vesfjdh j{kk foHkkx ds [kpsZ ls lu~ 1945 esa
fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA bl daI;wVj dk mi;ksx vesfjdh lsuk esa vkVZyjs h lsy
¼Artillery Cells½ dk fglkc j[kus ds fy, fd;k x;kA bfu;kd ds fuekZ.k esa
dbZ fefy;u M‚yj [kpZ gq, FksA ;g daI;wVj isuflYosfu;k fo'ofo|ky; ds 'ewj
Ldwy v‚Q bathfu;fjax' ds cgqr cM+s dejs esa fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA igyh
ckj tc bls pkyw fd;k x;k rks bruk vf/kd fo|qr fjlko gqvk fd iwjs
fQykMsfYQ;k dh fctyh vkiwfrZ BIi gks xbZA 'kq#vkrh fnuksa esa bl fo'kkydk;
daI;wVj dk [kpZ ogu djuk vklku ugha FkkA osru dh lwph cukus ;k fQj
[Link] ds vkadM+s rS;kj djus ls daI;wVj dh ;k=k 'kq: gqbZA

daI;wVj bZtkn gksus ds nl lky ckn Hkkjr vk;kA dydÙkk fLFkr 'Hkkjrh;
lkaf[;dh laLFkku' us 1955 esa igyk daI;wVj [kjhnkA blds ckn vkbZch,e ls
daI;wVj [kjhns x,A lu~ 1972 esa Hkkjr esa 172 daI;wVj FksA buesa ls rhu&pkSFkkbZ
vkbZch,e }kjk rS;kj fd, x, FksA
lu~ 1977 esa Hkkjr us fdlh fons'kh dEiuh ds ns'k esa O;olk; djus dks ysdj
dqN 'krsaZ fu/kkZfjr dj nha] ftlds ckn vkbZch,e dks viuk O;olk; can djds
tkuk iM+k- blds ckn 1984 esa rRdkyhu ç/kkuea=h jktho xka/kh ds dk;Zdky esa
Lons'kh ekbØks daI;wVj m|ksx dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, ljdkjh uhfr;ksa esa
Qsjcny fd;k x;kA vk;kr ds njokts [kksy fn, x, vkSj ljdkj us Hkkjrh;
daI;wVj fuekZrkvksa ds fy, varjjk"Vªh; ekunaMksa dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z cuk
fn;k] rkfd Hkkjrh; daI;wVj m|ksx oSf'od çfrLi/kkZ esa 'kkfey gks ldsA 187
 blh dM+h esa daI;wVj ds iqtksZa ds y?kq :i cukus dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ vkSj ilZuy
daI;wVj fodflr fd;k x;kA ysfdu ;g NksVk daI;wVj Hkh ml nkSj esa jsfÝtjsVj
ds cjkcj gksrk FkkA dgrs gSa rc bldh ykxr djhc 50 gtkj #i;s vkbZ FkhA
ekbØks daI;wVj dk fuekZ.k blls cgqr igys lu~ 1970 esa lseh daMDVj iqtksaZ ls
gks pqdk FkkA og NksVk Fkk vkSj MsLd ij j[kk tk ldrk FkkA bldh dher Hkh
igys ls de FkhA ekbØks daI;wVj dh fMtkbu ,d O;fä ds mi;ksx dj ldus
dk –f"Vdks.k lkeus j[kdj rS;kj dh xbZ FkhA blfy, bldk uke ilZuy
daI;wVj ¼ihlh½ j[kk x;kA
flfyd‚u oSyh esa 'tsj‚Dl i‚yks v‚YVks fjlpZ lsaVj' ¼PARC½ ds djhc ntZu
Hkj ;qokvksa us igyk ilZuy daI;wVj is'k fd;kA blds ckn ihlh nqfu;k Hkj esa
rsth ls yksdfç; gksus yxkA 1990 ds n'kd esa daI;wVj dk ç;ksx baVjusV ds
}kjk lans'kksa ds vknku&çnku esa rsth ls vkxs c<+us yxkA
ekbØks daI;wVlZ ds mi;ksx esa Hkkjr esa lu~ 1980 ds n'kd esa gh mNky vkus
yxk FkkA lu~ 1990 ds n'kd esa bldk rsth ls foLrkj gqvkA lu~ 1986 esa jsyos
fjtosZ'ku ç.kkyh ds fy, daI;wVj dke djus yxsA cSadksa us Hkh 'kgjksa vkSj xkaoksa esa
vius dkedkt esa daI;wVj dks 'kkfey djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA blls vke yksxksa esa
daI;wVj çkS|ksfxdh ds çfr psruk ,oa #fp /khjs&/khjs fodflr gksus yxhA 90 ds
n'kd esa ihlh dh ekax esa rsth ls c<+kÙs kjh gqbZA baVjusV dh nLrd ds ckn
ilZuy daI;wVj dh yksdfç;rk [kwc c<+ xbZA bu nks cM+s [Link] us Hkkjrh;
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh m|ksx dks xfr çnku dj nhA urhtk ;g gqvk fd 1999 esa
ilZuy daI;wVj dh fcØh ,d fefy;u dh la[;k dks ikj dj xbZ vkSj lu~
2000 esa ;g vkadM+k ikap xquk rd c<+ x;k FkkA 2005 esa Hkkjr esa çfr ,d
gtkj yksxksa ij ilZuy daI;wVlZ dh la[;k 15 ls vf/kd FkhA blesa yxkrkj
c<+ksÙkjh gks jgh gSA 90 ds n'kd esa ilZuy daI;wVj ds c<+rs mi;ksx dks
çksRlkgu feyus dk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh Fkk fd ml nkSj esa ,sls midj.k [kjhnus
ds fy, dbZ foÙkh; ;kstuk,a pykbZ xbZaA bl dkj.k dbZ e/;e oxhZ; ifjokjksa us
Hkh ilZuy daI;wVj [kjhn fy,A o"kZ 2000 esa isfa V;e&2 MsLdV‚i daI;wVj] fçaVj]
e‚Mse ,oa eYVhehfM;k fdV ds lkFk djhc 50 gtkj #i;s esa [kjhnk tk ldrk
FkkA gkykafd ml nkSj esa Hkh Hkkjr dh cgqla[; vkcknh ds fy, ;g jde [kpZ
djuk laHko ugha FkkA ,sls esa yksx fofHkUu daifu;ksa ds iqtksaZ dks ,lsacy djds
cuk, x, daI;wVj [kjhnus 'kq: dj fn,A m/kj cSd a Hkh daI;wVj [kjhnus ds fy,
yksu nsus yxs vkSj yksxksa us fdLrksa ij daI;wVj [kjhnuk 'kq: dj fn;kA

vkt daI;wVj dk mi;ksx euksjt a u djus ds fy, ugha] cfYd dbZ çdkj dh
lwpuk,a] vkadM+]sa lekpkj] uhfr;ksa vkSj ;k=k laca/kh tkudkjh bR;kfn ikus ds
fy, cM+s iSekus ij fd;k tk jgk gSA vkt thou dk dksbZ ,slk {ks= ugha gS
ftlesa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk jgk gksA oSKkfud vuqla/kku]
O;kikj]m|ksx] i;kZoj.k] ekSle foKku] vUrfj{k vfHk;ku] lapkj] ;krk;kr]
fpfdRlk] f'k{kk] euksjatu vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx vifjgk;Z gks
188
pqdk gSA fo'o Hkj ds dEI;wVjksa ds ijLij tqM+ko ls cus lapkj rU= bUVjusV
dk çHkko bruk tcjnLr jgk gS fd blus ,d u, ;qx ^^lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh
;qx^^ dk lw=ikr dj fn;k gSA vkt ds bl lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds ;qx esa dEI;wVj
ds fcuk thou dh dYiuk djuk vlEHko gSA ekuork ds fodkl ds lHkh {ks=ksa
esa dEI;wVj dk ;ksxnku jgk gSA dEI;wVj us vusd tfVy leL;kvksa dks
lqy>k;k gS rFkk cgqr ls vlEHko dk;ksZ dks lEHko cuk;k gSA Hkkjr
tSl&s fodkl'khy ns'k ds fy, rks dEI;wVj vR;Ur vko';d gS] D;ksfa d dEI;wVj
jk"Vª dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA

bruh fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckotwn daI;wVj dh dqN lhek,a Hkh gSa %

1- daI;wVj esa lkspus o le>us dh {kerk ugha gksrhA ;g ,d tM+ e'khu gS
rFkk dsoy fn, x, funsZ'kksa ij gh dk;Z djrh gSA cqf)erk dh –f"V ls nks
o"kZ dk ckyd Hkh ,d daI;wVj ls vf/kd cqf)eku gksrk gSA orZeku esa dqN
mPp dksfV ds daI;wVjksa esa
—f=e cqf) ¼Artificial Intelligence½ Mkyus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA lEHko
gS fd dqN le; ckn ,sls daI;wVj ,sls vk tk,a] tks balku dh rjg lksp
Hkh ldrs gksaA
2- daI;wVj esa Lo;a =qfV lq/kkj {kerk dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gSA blesa fn, x,
funsZ'k [Link] :i ls lgh vkSj lVhd gksus pkfg,] D;ksafd daI;wVj Lo;a mlesa
lq/kkj ugha dj ldrkA
3- daI;wVj ds }kjk HkkSfrd dk;Z djuk yxHkx vlaHko gSA

yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa mÙkj nhft,A

1- daI;wVj dSls dk;Z djrk gS\ la{ksi esa le>k,aA
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2- Hkkjr esa daI;wVj dk foLrkj dSls gqvk\

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189
 3- daI;wVj dh lhek,a la{ksi esa le>kb,A
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eksckby Qksu dh [kkst ekuo tkfr ds fy, lcls cM+s ojnkuks esa ls ,d lkfcr
gqbZ gSA vkt eksckby Qksu gekjs thou dk ,d vfuok;Z fgLlk cu x, gSaA
ysfdu ,d le; esa eksckby flQZ le`) oxZ ds lnL;ksa rd gh lhfer FkkA ge
lcdks /kU;okn nsuk pkfg, ubZ rduhd dk] ftlus eksckby Qksu dks bruk
lLrk dj fn;k fd ;g vc gj vke vkneh ds ikl ekStnw gSA
eksckby us vkt gj fdlh dh ftanxh esa ,d lqjf{kr txg cuk yh
gS vkSj dqN yksx blds vkfn gks pqds gSaA eksckby Qksu dks vke
cksypky esa eksckby dgrs gSa- bls lsyQksu] lsyqyj Qksu] lsy]
ok;jysl Qksu] lsyqyj VsyhQksu Hkh dgk tkrk gS- ;g ,d ,d yach
nwjh dk bysDVª‚fud midj.k gS] ftls fo'ks"k csl LVs'kuksa ds ,d
usVodZ ds vk/kkj ij o‚;l ;k MkVk ds vknku çnku ds fy, mi;ksx
djrs gS-a ySaMykbu Qksu tgka vkerkSj ij flQZ o‚;l dks liksVZ djrk Fkk] ogh¡
eksckby dbZ vU; lsokvksa dks Hkh liksVZ djrk gS] tSls& ,l,e,l] bZey s ]
baVjusV ds mi;ksx ds fy, iSdVs fLofpax] xsfeax] CywVwFk] baÝk jsM] ohfM;ks
fjd‚MZj ds lkFk dSejs vkSj rLohjsa ysus dh lqfo/kk Hkh bl fMokbl esa gksrh gS-
ohfM;ks Hkstus vkSj çkIr djus ds fy, MMS] MP3 Iys;j] jsfM;ks vkSj GPS tSlh
lqfo/kkvksa us eksckbZy dks csgn yksdfç; cuk fn;k gS- vkt eksckbZy Qksu
vkfFkZd fijkfeM ds fupys LFkj dh yksxksa rd igq¡p cuk gS vkSj dkQh gn rd
MsLdV‚i dEI;wVj dh txg ys jgk gS- bZ&cSafdax] fjtosZ'ku] ,tqds'ku] U;wt
bR;kfn ,Dlsl ,Dlsl djus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx [kwc gks jgk gSA
nqfu;k ds igys eksckby Qksu dk çn'kZu eksVjksyk ds M‚ ekfVZu dwij us lu
1973 esa fd;k FkkA eksVksjksyk ds bl lsyQksu dh yEckkbZ 10 bap dh vksj otu
yxHkx ,d fdyks FkkA 3 vçSy 1973 dks eksVksjksyk daiuh ds fjlpZj ekfVZu
dwij us vius çfr}U}h csy ySCl ds M‚- tks,y ,l ,axy s dks igyh ckj
eksckby ls d‚y dh FkhA ,axy s le> x, fd og igyk eksckby Qksu is'k djus
dh jsl gkj x, gSaA eksVksjksyk ds igys gSaMlsV dk uke Fkk] Mk;uk Vh,lhA
bldh cSVªh dks ,d ckj fjpktZ dj 35 feuV rd ckrphr dh tk ldrh FkhA
djhc 10 lky ckn 1983 esa eksVksjksyk us igyk eksckby gSaMlsV cktkj esa mrkjk
FkkA Mk;uk Vh,lh dks cktkj esa mrkjus ls igys mldk otu djhc 794 xzke
rd de fd;k x;kA blds ckn Hkh ;g bruk Hkkjh Fkk fd bldh pksV ls fdlh
dh tku tk ldrh FkhA bldh dher Fkh djhc nks yk[k #i;sA lcls igyh
bldh fcØh vesfjdk esa 'kq: gqbZA 1990 rd vkrs&vkrs vesfjdk esa djksM+kas
190 eksckby Qksu ;wtlZ FksA
eksckby Qksu esa o‚bl esy dh lqfo/kk 1986 esa tksMh+ xbZA blds 10 lky ckn
eksckby ls baVjusV pykus dh lqfo/kk feyhA vktdy LekVZQksu dk pyu rsth
ls c<+ jgk gSA T;knkrj yksx bldk eryc vkbZQksu ls le>rs gSAa ysfdu
LekVZQksu vkbZQksu ds vkus ls lkyksa igys vk pqdk FkkA 1993 esa vkbZch,e
fleksu cktkj esa mrkjk x;k FkkA blesa dSysaMj] QSDl] Vp LØhu vkSj dbZ LekVZ
QhplZ FksA bldh dher Fkh yxHkx 41]194 #i;sA eksckby Qksu ls eSlt s Hkstus
dh 'kq#vkr djhc nks n'kd igys gqbZ FkhA 22 lky ds l‚¶Vos;j çksxzkej ukby
iSioFkZ us vius nksLr fØlel 'kqHkdkeuk ds :i esa nqfu;k dk igyk VsDLV
eSlts Hkstk FkkA ysfdu rc eksckby Qksu esa dhcksMZ ugha gksrk FkkA blfy,
eSlts dks daI;wVj ls Hkstk x;kA eksckby Qksu ds tfj, igyk QksVks 1997 esa
'ks;j fd;k x;k FkkA fQfyi dkà us viuh csVh lksQh ds iSnk gksrs gh mldh
QksVks Hkst nh FkhA Ýkal ds dkà dks igyk dSejk Qksu cukus dk Js; fn;k tkrk
gSA

bu eksckby Qksuksa ds igys Hkh jsfM;ks Qksu Fks] ysfdu muesa vkSj lsY;qyj Qksu
esa varj FkkA oLrqr% ok;jysl Qksu dkQh igys ls lSU; bLrseky esa vk jgs FksA
mudk igyk ukxfjd bLrseky 17 twu 1946 dks vesfjdk ds lsaV yqbZat esa 'csy
flLVEl eksckby VsyhQksu lfoZl' ds uke ls ,d dkj ls fd;k x;kA bls dkj
Qksu dk uke fn;k x;kA bldk otu Fkk djhc 36 fdyksxzkeA nqfu;k dh igyh
v‚VksesVMs dkj Qksu lsok 1960 esa LohMu esa 'kq: dh xbZA blds [Link] dk
otu djhc 40 fdyksxzke FkkA blds ckn 1962 esa oSD;we VîwCl dh txg txg
VªkaftLVj yxkdj dqN vkSj vk/kqfud Qksu lsok 'kq: dh xbZA 1971 esa ,eVhMh
Qksu lsok 'kq: dh xbZ] tks 1987 rd pyhA ij ;g dkj Qksu FkkA ml nkSj esa
,sls gSaMlsV ugha Fks] tSlk vkt ge ns[krs gSaA ekfVZu dwij us gh lcls igys
vius çfr}anh cSy ySCl ds M‚ tks,y ,l ,atsy dks Qksu djds igys eksckby
gSaMlsV dk çn'kZu fd;k FkkA

nqfu;k dh igyh d‚ef'kZ;y lsY;qyj Qksu lsok 1979 esa tkiku esa ,uVhVh us
VksD;ks esa 'kq: dhA blds ckn 1981 esa MsuekdZ] fQuySaM] u‚osZ vkSj LohMu esa
eksckby Qksu lsok,a 'kq: gks xbZaA bldk uke Fkk uksfnZd eksckby VsyhQksu
¼,u,eVh½A lu 1982 esa vesfjdh Vsyhfotu lhjht ukbV jkbMj esa igyh ckj
Vhoh ij V‚fYdax dkj fn[kkbZ xbZA dkjQksu dgk tkus okyk ;g Qksu dkj ds
vanj FkkA bldk otu 10 fdyksxzke Fkk vkSj ;g ,d jsfM;ks ls tqMk+ gqvk FkkA
;g ,d ,slh gkbZVsd LekVZ dkj Fkh] ftldk bLrseky vijk/k ds f[kykQ yM+us
esa fd;k tkrk FkkA 1983 esa vesfjdk us 1&th VsyhQksu usVodZ vesfjVsd uke ls
f'kdkxks esa 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA

vke vkneh LekVZQksu dk vFkZ vf/kd Qhpj okyk Qksu le>rk gS] tcfd
okLrfodrk blls fHkUu gSA LekVZQksu fdlh gkbZ-,aM eksckby Qksu dks dgk
tkrk gSA ,d ,slk cM+h dyj LØhu okyk eksckby Qksu gksrk gS] ftlesa
daI;[Link] tSlh mPp Lrjh; {kerk,a ,oa mUur Qhpj gksrs gS rFkk ,d 191
 lqifjHkkf"kr ¼oSy fMQkbaM½ v‚ijsfVax flLVe gksA LekVZQksu
gkMZos;j ,oa l‚¶Vos;j nksuksa gh Lrj ij csfld Qksu ls
mUur gksrk gSA gkMZo; s j dh –f"V ls blesa eseksjh dkMZ]
dSejk] CY;wVqFk tSls lkekU; Qhpj rks gksrs gh gSa] lkFk esa
rst çksll s j] vf/kd jSe] gkbZ fjt‚Y;w'ku fMLiys] th-ih-,l-
usohxs'ku rFkk eks'ku lsalj tSls vk/kqfud Qhpj Hkh gksrs gSaA
l‚¶Vos;j ds ekeys esa tgka blesa daI;wVj dh rjg ,d
v‚ijsfVax flLVe gksrk gS] ogha blds QaD'kUl dks ,WfIyds'kUl ¼,sIl½ dh
lgk;rk ls c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy vf/kdrj LekVZQksu VpLØhu ;qä
gksrs gSaA VpLØhu Qksu osc lfQaZx ds fy;s csgrj gksrs gSa vkSj cM+h LØhu ds
dkj.k ohfM;ks IyscSd Hkh csgrj gksrk gSA vf/kdrj u;s LekVZQksu 3th lqfo/kk
;qä gksrs gSa] ftlds }kjk muesa rst xfr [Link] rFkk ohfM;ks d‚y/pkSV vkfn
dk vkuUn fy;k tk ldrk gSA

djhc 650 fefy;u ls vf/kd ds xzkgdksa ds vk/kkj okyh Hkkjr dh eksckby

nwjlapkj ç.kkyh nqfu;k esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA 1990 esa bls futh daifu;ksa ds
gkFk esa lkSaik x;k FkkA eksckby ds usVodZ dk tky ns'k Hkj esa QSyk gqvk gSA
ljdkj vkSj dbZ futh daifu;ka eksckby lsok,a pykrh gSAa gky ds o"kksaZ esa
çfr;ksfxrk ds dkj.k dhersa ?kVh gSaA ysfdu Hkkjr esa eksckby lsok bruh lLrh
vius 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa ugha gqvk djrh FkhA
vkt rks o‚;l d‚y lquus ds fy, 'kqYd ugha nsuk iM+rk] ysfdu ,d tekus esa
o‚;l budfeax lquuk Hkh csgn egaxk gksrk FkkA ml nkSj esa rks eksckby Qksu
j[kuk lcds o'k dh ckr ugha FkhA ysfdu vkt ,slk ugha gS vkSj eksckby gj
vke vkneh dh t:jr cu pqdk gSA Hkkjr esa igyh eksckby Qksu lsok 15
vxLr 1995 esa fnYyh esa xSj&O;kolkf;d rkSj ij 'kq: dh xbZA vkt gkykr ;s
gSa fd LekVZQksu ij baVjusV dk bLrfseky djus okys yksxksa dh rknkn yxkrkj
c<+ jgh gSA e'kgwj daiuh ;kgw Hkh ekurh gS fd Hkkjr ds baVjusV m|ksx esa
vxyh Økafr eksckby ds {ks= esa gh vk,xhA rsth ls c<+ jgs eksckby baVjusV ds
cktkj esa lsok,a csgrj djus ds fy, daifu;ka rduhdh lq/kkj Hkh dj jgh gSaA
fjlpZ ,tsalh xkVZuj ds eqrkfcd cM+s 'kgjksa esa MkVk lsok,a csgrj dh tk jgh gS]a
tcfd NksVs 'kgjksa vkSj xkao ds bykdksa esa 3th lsok,a igqapkus ij dke py jgk
gSA Hkkjr esa baVjusV dk fodkl vc eksckby {ks= esa gksuk gSa D;ksafd u, miHkksäk
eksckby ds tfj, gh baVjusV ij vk jgs gSAa lLrs 3th Qksu vkSj lLrs baVjusV
iSd] eksckby baVjusV ds rsth ls gks jgs fodkl ds dqN vge [Link] esa ls gSAa
gkykafd baVjusV dh LihM vkSj dusfDVfoVh dks ysdj Hkh f'kdk;rsa vkrh jgrh
gSaA
Hkkjr esa eksckby baVjusV dh fodkl nj dk vanktk blh ls yx tkrk gS fd
ns'k esa 80 djksM+ cz‚McSM baVjusV ;wtlZ gS tcfd eksckby baVjusV ç;ksx djus
okyksa dk vk¡dM+k yxHkx 84 djksM+ gSA ns'k ds 1 vjc 51 djksM+ eksckby
192 miHkksäkvksa ds chp LekVZQksu ,d nwljs ls tqM+s jgus dk vge lk/ku ekuk tk
jgk gSA lks'ky ehfM;k osclkbV~l ij tqM+s jgus dh pkg Hkh eksckby baVjusV
dks c<+kok nsrh gSA

ns[kk tk, rks orZeku ifjos'k esa lks'ky ehfM;k lcls rsth ls foLrkj djus okys
vkHkklh eap ds :i esa lkeus vk;k gSA lks'ky ehfM;k dk nk;jk nqfu;k ds gj
ml Hkw& Hkkx rd QSyk gqvk gS tgka vke tu ekStnw gSA vkt ds lks'ky
ehfM;k ckdh lHkh vkHkklh eapksa ls dgha T;knk fodflr gS vkSj bl ij yksxksa
dh HkhM+ bls vkSj Hkh cM+k cukrh gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ge lHkh dh fnup;kZ dk
,d vge fgLlk cu pqdk gSA okLro esa lks'ky ehfM;k ij cgqr ls yksxksa ds
thou esa euksjatu] f'k{kk vkSj volj ds :i esa ekStwn gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ;k
lkekftd ehfM;k orZeku le; esa lHkh ds thou dk vfHkUu vax cu pqdk gS
ftlds fcuk gj O;fä vius vki dks v/kwjk eglwl djus yxk gSA yksxksa esa
lks'ky ehfM;k ds çfr bl çdkj dk yxko mUgsa blij fuHkZj cuk jgk gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k yksxksa ds f'k{kk] euksjatu] vk; rFkk dk;ZØe lapkyu eap vkfn
dk ,d lqfo/kktud tfj;k gSA okLro esa lks'ky ehfM;k yksxksa dk dke vkSj
vf/kd vklku cukus ds lkFk&lkFk viuh rjQ bruk vkdf"kZr djrk gS fd
yksx blds ihNs viuh jkstkuk ftanxh dk ,d dherh oä xok nsrs gSaA
o"kZ 2004 esa Qslcqd dh 'kq#vkr gksus ds ckn tc Qslcqd dk vkxeu Hkkjr esa
gqvk rHkh ls Hkkjr ds yksxksa dk lks'ky ehfM;k dh rjQ vkd"kZ.k c<+rk utj
vk;kA yksxksa us Qslcqd dks [kwc ilan fd;k mlds ckn 2006 esa ohfM;ks LVªhfeax
lks'ky ehfM;k ,si ;wVîwc dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ ftls Hkh yksxksa us Hkkjh la[;k esa
bLrseky fd;k vkSj /khjs&/khjs ;g yksxksa ds fy, euksjatu vkSj vk; dk lk/ku
cu x;kA le; c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk fV~oVj] OgkV~l,i] baLVkxzke] fVd&V‚d
vkfn lks'ky ehfM;k ,Iyhds'kUl vkrs jgs vkSj yksx lks'ky ehfM;k ds vkxks'k esa
vkrs pys x,A nwljh vksj] v‚uykbu lfØ;rkokn ;kuh baVjusV lfØ;rkokn
dks Hkh blh nkSj esa c<+kok feykA o"kZ 2004 ds ckn baVjusV ij ftl rjhds ls
lan's kksa ds vknku&çnku dk flyflyk pyk mlus vusd çdkj ds lewgksa dks
tUe fn;kA yk[kks& a djksMk+ sa yksxksa us vkil esa lcls lLrs pkSuy dk /kM+Yys ls
mi;ksx djuk 'kq: fd;k ftlus okLrfod rkSj ij ,d ubZ fcjknjh dks tUe fn;kA
ns[kk tk, rks ijaijkxr ehfM;k pkSuy dh vis{kk baVjusV ehfM;k ,d oSdfYid
ehfM;k ds :i esa lkeus vk;kA vkSj baVjusV ij mu phtksa dks T;knk çJ;
fn;k tkus yxk ftUgsa eq[;/kkjk dk ehfM;k fcYdqy doj ugha dj jgk FkkA ,slh
lwpuk,a tks okLro esa lks, gq, O;fä;ksa dks txkus okyh Fkha] bZ&esy vkSj vU;
xzqiksa ds ek/;e ls cjkcj 'ks;j dh tk jgh FkhaA lgh vFkksaZ esa lks'ky ehfM;k ds
tfj, fMftVy vf/kdkjksa ij cgl gksus yxh rFkk ,d u, ifjos'k us tUe fy;kA

osc 1-0 oyZ~M okbM osc dh igyh lh<+h gS] ftldk le; pØ 1991 ls 2004 ds
chp dk gSA 2004 ds ckn ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyha vkSj osc 2-0 dk tUe gqvkA okLro
esa osc 2-0 dk vFkZ gS lks'ky usV ofdaZx esa btkQk gksukA osc 2-0 dh [kkst
193
 Mkjlh MhuqDdh us dh FkhA ckn esa fVe fvksjys vkSj Msy MkxgVhZ us bls dkQh
çflf) fnykbZA
orZeku le; esa lks'ky ehfM;k dk foLrkj bl çdkj ls gS fd yksx lqcg ls
ysdj 'kke rd lks'ky ehfM;k ij lfØ; jgrs gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k ls yksxksa dk
yxko bl çdkj dk gS fd vc cgqr ls yksx viuh iwjh fnup;kZ dks rLohj ;k
pyfp= ds ek/;e ls lks'ky ehfM;k ij çsf"kr djrs gSaA yksxksa us D;k [kk;k gS]
D;k iguk gS] dgk¡ ?kweus x, gSa vkfn phtsa lks'ky ehfM;k ij lk>k djus ds
lkFk lkFk oks orZeku le; is D;k eglwl dj jgs gS]a ;s rd lks'ky ehfM;k ij
lk>k djrs gSaA
vxj vkadM+kas dh ckr djsa rks chrs pkj o"kksaZ esa OgkV~l,i ij 10%] ;wVîwc ij
12%, Qslcqd ij 6%] baLVkxzke ij 8% rFkk fV~oVj ij 5% mi;ksxdrkZvksa dk
btkQk gqvk gSA u, losZ{[Link] ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa rdjhcu 44-8 djksM+ yksx
lks'ky ehfM;k ij lfØ; jgrs gSaA vxj Hkkjr ds Nk=ksa dh ckr djsa rks yxHkx
37-6 djksM+ Nk= lks'ky ehfM;k ij lfØ; gSAa fo'o Hkj ds ;wVîwclZ esa 16%
;wVîwclZ vdsys Hkkjr ds gSa ;g tula[;k yxHkx 22-5 djksM+ dh gSA lks'ky
ehfM;k us vkt ds nkSj esa yxHkx lHkh {ks=ksa esa viuh ,d vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ
gSA ckr pkgs vkbZVh lsDVj dh] —f"k lsDVj dh] fpfdRlk {ks= dh ;k fQj f'k{kk
{ks= dh djsa gj dgha lks'ky ehfM;k fdlh u fdlh :i ls viuh fgLlsnkjh
fuHkkrh gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls yksx fiNM+s ls fiNM+s bykdksa ls viuh
çfrHkk dks nqfu;k ds lkeus j[k ldrs gSaA yksxksa dks lks'ky ehfM;k ds tfj,
vk; ds ,d ls ,d volj çkIr gks tkrs gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k ,d ,slk IysVQ‚eZ
gS ftldh enn ls yksx vius ?kj ,d dejs esa cSBdj yk[kksa dk vk; dj
ldrs gSAa vkt ds le; esa fdlh Hkh dk;ZØe dks çlkfjr djus dk ,d
csgrjhu eap gS lks'ky ehfM;kA
lks'ky ehfM;k ds çeq[k ykHk fuEufyf[kr gS %
lks'ky ehfM;k ds }kjk yksx vius nwj fLFkr lacaf/k;ksa ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA
blds vykok lks'ky ehfM;k vk; vtZu esa Hkh enn djrh gSA
blds ek/;e ls ,d le; esa yk[kksa yksxksa rd lwpuk lk>k dj ldrs
gSaA
lks'ky ehfM;k ds }kjk ge ljdkj ;k mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa rd viuh
ckr igq¡p ldrs gSaA
blds ek/;e ls ge ?kj cSBs f'k{kk çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
;g ,d vPNk euksjtau dk lk/ku gSA
lks'ky ehfM;k ds çeq[k uqDlku fuEufyf[kr gSa %
lks'ky ehfM;k ds }kjk vQokgksa dks Hkh cM+h vklkuh ls QSyk;k tk
194 ldrk gSA
 bl ij T;knk le; nsus ls ;qok iFkHkzfer gks tkrk gSA
bldk cgqr vf/kd bLrseky djus ls cgqr ls ekufld chekfj;ka Hkh
gksrh gSaA
lks'ky ehfM;k ij yksxksa dh fuHkZjrk mUgsa vkylh cuk jgk gSA
;g rjg rjg ds lkbcj Økbe dk Hkh dkj.k gSA

lgh vFkksaZ esa lks'ky ehfM;k us okLro esa tulk/kkj.k esa viuh iSB cukbZa vkSj
mls dke Hkh ns fn;kA

lks'ky usVofdax
Z dk vFkZ gS lkekftd :i ls vkil esa tqM+uk ;k tksM+ukA usV
ij viuh çksQkby ds tfj, yksx vkil esa tqM+dj viuh tkudkfj;ksa dk
vknku&çnku djrs gSAa lks'ky usVodZ 'kCn dk igyh ckj ç;ksx o"kZ 1950 esa
fd;k x;k FkkA lks'ky usVofdaZx dh lsok,a nks çdkj dh gksrh gSaA ,d] fo"k;
oLrq ij vk/kkfjr lsok tSls ;w&V`;cw vkSj nwljh lsok vkidh çksQkby ds
vuqlkj gksrh gS tSls Qslcqd vkfnA lks'ky usVofdaZx lkbV dk fodkl o"kZ
1990 ls vkjaHk gqvkA blds ckn 1994 esa Fksxy‚c MkV d‚e] 1995 esa
ft;ksflVht lkbV o Vªkbi‚M MkV d‚e rFkk 2002 esa ÝsaM LVkj vkfn lks'ky
usVofdaZx lkbV`l ykap gqbZa ftudk edln dsoy pkSV miyC/k djkuk FkkA dqN
çeq[k lks'ky usVofdaZx lkbV dk [Link] bl çdkj gS %
1- % o"kZ 2004 esa ekdZ tqdjcxZ us Qslcqd dh LFkkiuk dhA vkt ;g
fo'o dh lcls cM+h lks'ky usVofdaZx lkbV gSA 13 o"kZ ls T;knk dh mez
dk dksbZ Hkh O;fä ftldh bZ&esy vkbZMh gS og viuk Qslcqd ij vdkmaV
[kksydj vklkuh ls viuk ;wtj çksQkby cuk ldrk gSA Qslcqd dk u;k
uke esVk j[kk x;k gSA
2- % bldh LFkkiuk 2005 esa pkSM gkysZ] LVho psu] tkosn djhe us dh
FkhA bldk eq[;ky; dSyhQksfuZ;k esa gSA tkosn djhe us igyk ohfM;ks
;wVîwc ij viyksM fd;k FkkA bls ohfM;ks 'ks;fjax osclkbV dgk tkrk gSA
dksbZ Hkh ;wtj ;gka ds ohfM;ks ns[k ldrk gS vkSj MkmuyksM Hkh dj ldrk
gSAgSA blds vykok bZey s ds tfj, og ohfM;ks fDyi nwljh txg Hkh vius
fdlh fe= dks Hkst ldrk gSA
3- % bldh LFkkiuk 2006 esa tSd MklhZ us dh FkhA bls ekbØksCykfxax
lkbV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa vf/kdre 140 v{kj fy[ks tk ldrs gSAa iwjh
nqfu;k esa vius fe=ksa vkSj pkgus okyksa dks blds tfj, lan's k vklkuh ls
Hkstk tk ldrk gSA [kklckr gS fd blds mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vkFkj Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA
4- % o"kZ 2010 esa dsfou flLVªke vkSj ekbdy Økbxj us bldh
LFkkiuk dh FkhA bldk eq[;ky; lSuÝkaflldks esa gSA blds djhc 100
195
 djksM+ ls T;knk QkyksolZ gSaA Qslcqd us baLVkxzke dks 2012 esa [kjhnk FkkA
blds lhbZvks ,Me ekSljs h gSaA
5- % fnlacj 2002 esa jhM gkQeSu] ,ysu Cyw] ds xq,fjds] ,fjd yh]
thuyqd fofy;V us bldh LFkkiuk dh FkhA bldk eq[;ky; dSyhQksfuZ;k
esa gSA blds eq[; dk;Zdkjh bf/kdkjh tsQ osbuj gSaA
6- % Qjojh 2009 esa bldh LFkkiuk dh xbZA tsudwe vkSj czk;u
,DVu OgkV~l,i ds lw=/kkj FksA bldk eq[;ky; dSyhQksfuZ;k esa gSA ;s ,si
Hkh lcls E;knk iwjs fo'o esa ç;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gSA chrs fnuksa OgkV~l
,si us vius flLVe esa dbZ u, cnyko fd, gSa] ftldk mi;ksx iwjh nqfu;k
esa gks jgk gSA
7- % bldh LFkkiuk ekpZ 2013 esa ikosy Mwjo }kjk dh xbZ FkhA
bldk eq[;ky; yanu vkSj nqcbZ esa gSA Vsyhxzke ,si dk mi;ksx T;knkrj
ns'k ds fo'ofo|ky; vkSj f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA

blds vykok 2015 esa vadq'k lpnsok us caxyq: esa 'ks;jpkSV dh LFkkiuk dhA
2014 esa vesfjdu QkmaMs'ku flXuy }kjk flxuy ,si dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZA
2011 esa LuSipkSV dh dSyhQksfuZ;k esa boku vkSj c‚ch }kjk] 2016 esa bfeax >kax
us fVd V‚d] 2011 esa gh ohpkSV rFkk 2010 esa fiuVªsLV dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
nwljh vksj] ekdsZV esa jsfMV us Hkh viuh mifLFkfr 2006 esa ntZ djkbZA blds
laLFkkid gQeSu] LokVZt vkSj vksgkfu;u jgsA o"kZ 1990 esa Cy‚x dh 'kq#vkr
gqbZA

yxHkx 100 'kCnksa esa mÙkj nhft,A

1- LekVZ Qksu ds ckjs esa le>k,aA

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2- lks'ky ehfM;k ds foLrkj ij uksV fyf[k,A

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196
3- Qslcqd vkSj OgkV~l ,Ii ds ckjs esa fyf[k,A
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fMftVy ehfM;k dk u;k Lo:i nqfu;k dh i=dkfjrk esa O;kid cnyko ykus esa
dke;kc gks pqdk gSA Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk esa blds tfj, cnyko Hkh fn[kus yxk
gS] ysfdu bldk T;knk vlj vkSj Qk;nk [kklrkSj ij lapkj dh 4th rduhd
ds foLrkj ds ckn c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA ftldk çHkko fuf'pr rkSj ij Hkkoh
i=dkfjrk vkSj lapkj ij Hkh iM+uk gh gSA vc baVjusV vkSj eksckby Qksu ij
Vsyhfotu dk çlkj rks gks gh jgk gSA tYn gh fQYeksa dk çhfe;j Hkh eksckby
Qksu vkSj baVjusV ij gksuk laHkkfor gS] ysfdu lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj daifu;ksa ds ikl mPp fMftVyh—r lkexzh u ds cjkcj
gSA fMftVyhdj.k njvly vc flQZ Vhoh] v[kckj ;k jsfM;ks rd gh lhfer
ugha jgk] cfYd ;g ikBîiqLrdksa vkSj lkekU; lwpukvksa rd foLrkfjr gks pqdk
gSA bldh ,d cM+h [kkfl;r gS] bldk lekos'kh LoHkko] ftldh otg ls ;g
[kkldj ubZ ih<+h ds fy, lgt Lohdk;Z gks x;k gSA Hkkjr esa fMftVy ehfM;k
dk ç;ksx uCcs ds n'kd ds e/; esa 'kq: gqvk gks] ysfdu if'peh ns'kksa [kkldj
vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi esa 1950 ds n'kd esa gh fMftVy ehfM;k dk foLrkj gksuk
'kq: gks x;k FkkA okLr o esa ns[kk tk, rks rduhdh Økafr dh otg ls
fMftVy ehfM;k dks ,d vkSj rjg dh pqukSrh vkSj laHkkoukvksa ls tw>uk iM+
jgk gSA fMftVy ehfM;k esa dUotsZl ;kuh ijklj.k dh pqukSrh vkSj lgwfy;r
ekStnk lwpuk ra= dks u, vk;ke eqgS;k djk, gSaA vkt Vsyhfotu ns[kus]
v[kckj vkSj if=dk i<+u]s jsfM;ks lquus tSls reke dk;ksZa ds fy, baVjusV ds
,d gh IysVQkeZ ij ,d lkFk tk;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgka vc
Hkh fctyh cM+h pqukSrh gS] fMftVyhdj.k dh çfØ;k vkSj blds tfj, foLrkfjr
lwpuk ra= ds Qk;ns mBkus ds fy, laHkkouk,a vlhe gSaA Hkkjr esa fMftVy
ehfM;k ds fy, laHkkouk,a cuh vkSj cph gqbZ gS]a tSlh if'peh ns'kksa esa Økafr gqbZ
gSA ogka ikjaifjd ehfM;k elyu v[kckj rks rdjhcu [kkRes ds dxkj ij gSa ;k
[kRe gks pqds gSAa dkxt ij NikbZ vk/kkfjr ehfM;k vius vkf[kjh nkSj esa gSA
ns[kk tk, rks fMftVy ehfM;k ds nkSj esa i=dkfjrk Hkh cny jgh gS vkSj blds
fy, u, i=dkjh; ekunaMksa okyk lsVvi vkSj u, fdLe; ds i=dkj rS;kj fd,
tkus pkfg,A

daI;wVj ds }kjk nwjlapkj ds {ks= esa ,d ubZ Økafr vkbZ gSA daI;wVj ,d ,slh
e'khu gS] tks ,d lsdM a esa gtkjksa 'kCn] rLohjsa ,oa vU; MkVk ,d LFkku ls
nwljs LFkku ij çsf"kr dj ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh lan's k dks daI;wVj dh Hkk"kk esa
cnydj çlkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA daI;wVj dk dk;Z vkns'k ysuk] vkns'kksa dks
dk;ZØe ds :i esa lafpr djuk] mldk fØ;kUo;u djuk] [Link] lafpr djuk 197
 vkSj funsZ'kksa ds vuqlkj [Link] dks lkeus j[kuk gSA tcfd eksckby Qksu
ySaMykbu Qksu lsok dk foLrkj dgk tk ldrk gS] ftlus gesa bl ckr dh
lgwfy;r ns nh gS fd vkt ge pyrs&fQjrs dgha Hkh ckrphr dj ldrs gSaA

eksckby Qksu esa eYVhehfM;k QhplZ tqM+us ds ckn vkt bldk mi;ksx daI;wVj
dh rjg gksus yxk gSA bZey s Hkstus ls ysdj lks'ky ehfM;k ij ij dgha Hkh
viMsV djus dh lgwfy;r eksckby ds mUur otZu ;kuh LekVZQksu ls fey xbZ
gSA mPpks DokfyVh ds ohfM;ks ,oa v‚fM;ks dk mi;ksx ,oa fjd‚fMaZx eksckby
Qksu ij ge dj ldrs gSAa euksjatu ds vykok] O;olk;] 'k‚fiax bR;kfn dk
[Link] Vwy cudj eksckby Qksu mHkj jgs gSaA lks'ky ehfM;k us viuh /ked
ls iwjs fo'o dks pfdr dj j[kk gSA gj rjhds dh lks'ky usVofdaZx lkbV us
viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djk j[kh gSA lks'ky ehfM;k ds vius Qk;ns Hkh gSa vkSj
uqdlku Hkh gSaA

1- fMftVy ehfM;k dh ifjHkk"kk nhft, rFkk mldk fo"k; {ks= crkb,A

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2- fMftVy ehfM;k] ikjaifjd ehfM;k ls fHkUu gS] bl dFku dh O;k[;k
dhft,A
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3- LFkkuh;rk vkSj oSf'odrk ds /kjkry ij [kM+s fMftVy ehfM;k dh pqukSfr;ksa
le>kb,A
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4- daI;wVj dh dk;Z ç.kkyh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
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5- daI;wVj ds fodkl Øe ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk,¡A
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6- Hkkjr esa daI;wVj ds foLrkj dh ppkZ dhft,A
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198
7- eksckby Qksu dk tUe dc vkSj dSls gqvk\
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8- eksckby Qksu vkSj LekVZQksu esa D;k varj gS\
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9- lks'ku usVofdaZx D;k gSA blds uqdlku vkSj ykHk crk,¡\
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10- [kkl lks'ky usVofdaZx lkbV~l ds ckjs esa fy[ksa\
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1- osc i=dkfjrk&u;k ehfM;k u;s #>ku&'kkfyuh tks'kh] f'koçlkn tks'kh]

jk/kk—".k çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
2- lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vkSj lekpkj i=&johaæ 'kqDyk] jk/kk—f".k çdk'ku] ubZ
fnYyhA
3- fganh Cy‚fxax] vfHkO;fä dh ubZ Økafr] vfouk'k okpLifr] fganh lkfgR;
fudsru] fctukSjA
4- baVjusV i=dkfjrk&f'koçlkn tks'kh] jktdey çdk'ku] fnYyhA
5- jk;VlZ fMftVy ehfM;k fjiksVZ 2012
6- New Media and online Journalism by Abhay Chawla
7- Digital Media&University of Gulf
8- [Link]
9- [Link]
10- Handbook of Journalism & mass communication & VB Aggarwal and
VS Gupta, (Concept Publishing)
11- [Link]

1- fcanq la[;k 11-4 o 11-5 ns[ksaA

199
 2- fcanq la[;k 11-5 ns[ksaA
3- fcanq la[;k 11-6 ns[ksaA

1- fcanq la[;k 11-7 ns[ksaA

2- fcanq la[;k 11-8 ns[ksaA
3- fcanq la[;k 11-9 ns[ksaA

1- fcanq la[;k 11-10 ns[ksaA

2- fcanq la[;k 11-13 ns[ksaA
3- fcanq la[;k 11-14 ns[ksaA

200