9-1 ifjp;

9-2 mís';
9-3 mPp f'k{kk% ,d voyksdu
9-3-1 mPp f'k{kk ds y{;
9-3-2 Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dk ,sfrgkfld voyksdu
9-4 Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dh lajpuk
9-4-1 mPp f'k{kk ds fu;ked fudk;
9-5 mPp 'kS{[Link] laLFkkuksa ds çdkj
9-6 eqDr ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk ¼ODL½
9-7 eSflo vksisu v‚uykbu ikBîØe ¼MOOC½
9-8 jk"Vªh; mPprj f'k{kk vfHk;ku ¼:lk&RUSA½
9-9 fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ¼UGC½
9-10 f'k{kk ds fy, dsaæh; lykgdkj cksMZ ¼CABE½
9-11 lkjka'k
9-12 vH;kl dk;Z
9-13 lanHkZ lwph vkSj mi;ksxh v/;;u lkexzh
9-14 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

d{kk ckjgoha ds [Link] çrhf{kr Fks ---- gj dksbZ vPNs vad dh mEehn dj jgk Fkk! cPpksa
us mPp f'k{kk ds mís'; vkSj [Link] dh ?kks"[Link] ds ckn mPp f'k{kk esa 'kSf{kd voljksa
dh [kkst tks dh tk ldrh gS] mu ij ppkZ 'kq: dj nhA

os baVjusV ij [kkst djus yxsA mUgksaus ik;k fd fofHkUu laLFkkuksa }kjk mudh #fp ds
{ks=ksa esa nh tkus okys dbZ v/;;u dk;ZØe miyC/k gSaA bl çfØ;k ds nkSjku] mUgksaus
mPp f'k{kk ls lEcaf/kr dqN çeq[k 'kCnksa dh igpku dh%
Lukrd dk;ZØe] dsaæh; fo'ofo|ky;] ekfur fo'ofo|ky;] jk"Vªh; egRo ds
laLFkku] ,vkbZlhVhbZ }kjk vuqeksfnr] vkfnA

D;k vki tkurs gSa fd ;s çeq[k 'kCn D;k ladsr nsrs gSa\ Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dh lajpuk
D;k gS\ mPp f'k{kk ds laoxZ D;k gSa\ mPp f'k{kk ds çnkrk dkSu gSa\ os dkSu lh ,tsafl;ka
gSa tks mPp f'k{kk esa ekudksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, cuk;ha x;h gSa\
vkb;s bu dqN ç'uksa ds mÙkj foLrkj ls tkuus dk ç;kl djrs gSaA

171
 bl bdkbZ ds var rd] vki %
mPp f'k{kk ds y{;ksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxAs
Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dh lajpuk dk [Link] dj ldsaxAs
mPp f'k{kk dh fofHkUu laoxksaZ@/kkjkvksa dk vUos"k.k dj ldsaxsA
fofHkUu çdkj ds mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds chp varj dj ldsaxAs
mPp f'k{kk ds foLrkj gsrq eqä o nwjLFk f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk dh tk¡p dj ldsaxs] vkSj
mPp f'k{kk esa fu;ked fudk;ksa dh igpku dj ldsaxsA

Hkkjr esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk rhu vyx&vyx [Link] ;k Lrjksa ij nh tkrh gS] ;s gSa %
çkFkfed] ek/;fed vkSj r`rh;dA çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk] fo|ky; esa nh tkus
okyh f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr gS vkSj fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds nk;js esa vkrh gSA r`rh;d Lrj dh
f'k{kk fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk vuqlj.k djrh gS] vkSj bls mPp f'k{kk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk
gSA mPp f'k{kk ¼HE-Higher Education½ ,d fo'ofo|ky; ;k egkfo|ky; esa lh[kus
dk ,d :i gS ftlesa fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds ofj"B ek/;fed Lrj ls ijs v/;;u dk;ZØe
'kkfey djrk gSA mPp f'k{kk ;k r`rh;d f'k{kk fo'ofo|ky;ksa & ¼nksuksa lkoZtfud vkSj
futh½ egkfo|ky; vkSj O;kolkf;d o rduhdh çf'k{k.k laLFkku esa f'k{kk ls lanfHkZr gSA
ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk ds laLFkkuksa ds :i esa vuqeksfnr fo'ofo|ky;ksa]
egkfo|ky; vkSj vU; 'kS{[Link] laLFkkuksa dks v/;;u ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fMxzh] fMIyksek
vkSj ç[Link]= dk;ZØe çnku fd, tk ldrs gSaA
Lukrd dh mikf/k dks iwjk djus ds fy, fn;k x;k le; rhu ls pkj lky vkSj
LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij nks lky ¼mnkgj.k% ,e-,llh] ,e-,-] ,e-d‚e½ gks ldrk gSA
M‚DVjsV mPp f'k{kk Lrj ij nh tkus okyh mPpre 'kS{[Link] fMxzh gSA blds vkxs ;k
vkthou f'k{kk ds fy, fMIyksek vkSj çek.k i= dh vof/k] Ng eghus ls nks lky rd
gks ldrh gSA mPp f'k{kk esa eq[; xfrfof/k;ksa esa f'k{k.k ¼çlkj.k] çlkj vkSj Kku dk
vknku&çnku½] vuqla/kku ¼ckSf)d tkap ds lHkh laHkkfor {ks=ksa esa Kku dk fuekZ.k½ vkSj
Kku dk foLrkj ¼leqnk; ;k lekt ds fy, ;ksxnku½ lfEefyr gSaA

lehj dks fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds çfrf"Br egkfo|ky;ksa esa ls ,d esa ços'k feykA
og [kq'k Fkk] mlus vius lks'ky ehfM;k vdkmaV dks viMsV fd;k vkSj lk>k fd;k
fd fiNys lky] mlds ,d ofj"B dks] viuh f'k{kk iwjh djus ds ckn mls Hkkjr esa
lcls vf/kd osru iSdst dh is'kd'k dh x;h FkhA lks'ky ehfM;k ij muds ,d
fe= us [Link] dh& D;k mPp f'k{kk dk y{; ukSdfj;ksa vkSj osru rd lhfer gS\

vxj vki lehj ds nksLrksa esa ls ,d gksrs rks vki loky dk tokc dSls nsrs\

172
mPp f'k{kk laLFkku Kku] dkS'ky] vkSj ;ksX;rk fodflr djus esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrs
gSa tks mUgsa lekt ds lfØ; lnL; cuus esa l{ke cuk ldrs gSaA ;g va/kfo'okl vkSj
iwokZxzgksa ls gekjs eu dks eqä djus ds fy, rdZ vkSj fordZ ds lkFk lkspus ds midj.k
nsrk gSA mPp f'k{kk] O;fä dh ckSf)d {kerkvksa vkSj ;ksX;rk dks fodflr djrh gS
ftlls og thou esa vius y{;ksa] liuksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa dks iwjk dj ldsA ;g O;fä dks
mlds lkekftd&lkaL—frd ifjos'k esa ekStwn voljksa dk irk yxkus esa l{ke cukrk gS
vkSj mldh {kerk dk lcls vPNk ;ksxnku nsrk gSA ;g O;fä dh xaHkhj :i ls
çfrfcafcr] leh{kk vkSj mlds leqnk; esa çpfyr lkekftd&lkaL—frd çFkkvksa dks
cnyus dh {kerk dk iks"k.k djrk gSA-blds vfrfjä] ;g 'kkafr] ca/kqRo] vfgalk ds
lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks fodflr djrk gS vkSj ,d O;fä ds laca/k dks mldh
laL—fr] lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj okrkoj.k ds lkFk ns[kus ds fy, ,d [Link]
–f"Vdks.k fodflr djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA O;fä;ksa dks f'kf{kr djds vkSj mUgsa
çklafxd dkS'ky vkSj n{krkvksa ds lkFk çf'kf{kr djds] mPp f'k{kk Je cktkj ds fy,
ekuo iwath çnku djrh gSA orZeku esa] Kku {ks= esa fo'ks"kKrk ds fcuk dksbZ ukSdjh djus
;k fdlh o`fÙk ;k O;olk; esa ços'k dh mEehn dj ldrk gSA lHkh vkfFkZd çkfIr Kku
lapkfyr o Kku fuHkZj gSA mPp f'k{kk O;fä;ksa dks Kku vkSj dkS'ky ds lkFk rS;kj djrh
gS ftlls os ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa ços'k dj ldsa] tSls& ,d O;kolkf;d ds :i esaA mPp
f'k{kk Hkh f'k{kk ds lHkh [Link] esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk leFkZu djus ds fy, vko';d
lalk/kuksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gS] mnkgj.k& f'k{kd f'k{kk ¼ch-,M] ,E-,M½] tks fo|ky;h
f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr gSA

mPp f'k{kk dk ykHk dsoy O;fä rd lhfer ugha gS] vfirq os lekt ds fy, Hkh ykHk
mikftZr djrs gSaA ,d f'kf{kr vkcknh] ukxfjd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysrh gS D;ksafd
ukxfjd] vPNs LokLF; dh vko';drk vkSj ykHkksa ls voxr gksrs gSa] i;kZoj.k ds çfr
tkx:d gksrs gSa vkSj ,d etcwr jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA

mPp f'k{kk vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj xjhch esa deh ds chp ,d ldkjkRed laca/k gSA
f'kf{kr yksxksa ds ikl csgrj jkstxkj ds volj gSa] os mPp osru vftZr djrs gSa vkSj
vius thou ij fu;a=.k j[kus ds fy, csgrj fLFkfr esa gSaA
ckSf)d
{kerkvksa vkSj
O;fDr;ksa dh
;ksX;rk dk
iks"k.k

Kku dk l`tu] Je ckt+kj ds

lk>kdj.k vkSj fy, ekuo iwath
ewY;kadu iznku djuk

ukxfjdksa dh
fparu'khy
{kerk c<+kuk
173
 Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku lajpuk vius laxBu vkSj fu"iknu ds ekeys esa
vkSifuosf'kd ç.kkyh ls çHkkfor gSA ijUrq vaxzstksa ds Hkkjr vkus ls igys] Hkkjr esa oSfnd
dky ls gh mPp f'k{kk dh le`) ijaijk FkhA bl vof/k esa] xq#dqy mPp f'k{kk ds dsaæ
FksA mPp f'k{kk dh ç—fr xq# vkSj f'k"; ds chp ds laca/kksa ij vk/kkfjr FkhA çR;sd f'k";
dks ,d xq#] ,d f'k{kd pquuk gksrk FkkA ,d f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu esa] f'k"; 'kkL=ksa vkSj
Le`fr;ksa dk v/;;u djrs Fks] mís'; Fkk] vkRek dh lqf)A dkS'ky&vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dk Hkh
çko/kku FkkA dq'kydfeZ;ksa ds ,d leqnk; dks ^fxYM~l* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] tgka
dyk vkSj f'kYi ds fo'ks"kKksa us vius lacaf/kr Mksesu esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks Kku vkSj dkS'ky
çnku fd,A ckS) dky esa] eB lh[kus ds dsaæ ds :i esa mHkjsA bu dsaæksa ij ckS) xzaFkksa
dk v/;;u gqvkA eBksa us phu] usiky] frCcr vkfn ls dbZ fons'kh Nk=ksa dks vkdf"kZr
fd;kA osn] osnkax] yksdk;r] [kxksy foKku] laL—r vkSj ikyh lkfgR; çkphu Hkkjr esa
f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds ikBîØe dk fgLlk FksA ukyank] foØef'kyk vkSj oYyHk fo'ofo|ky;
viuh 'kS{[Link] çfr"Bk ds fy, çfl) FksA çkphu dsaæksa us leL;kvksa dk lkeuk fd;k
vkSj e/;;qxhu Hkkjr esa fons'kh vkØ[Link] ds dkj.k gksus okys lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd
fodkj ds rgr thfor ugha jg ldsA Hkys gh bu laLFkkuksa us viuh igpku [kks nh]
ysfdu os iwjh rjg ls xk;c ugha gq,A os enjlksa ds lkFk lg&vfLrRo esa Fks tks mPp
f'k{kk ds u, dsaæksa ds :i esa mHkjk FkkA os Kku vkSj tkuus dh bLykeh ijaijk ls çHkkfor
FksA enjlksa esa f'k{kk dk ek/;e vjch vkSj Qkjlh Hkk"kk FkhA
bl vof/k ds ckn] vaxzstksa }kjk Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa] vFkkZr~ fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj
egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA 1818 esa] vaxzstksa us Hkkjr esa dksydkrk ds ikl
lsjkeiqj esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds if'peh e‚My ij vk/kkfjr igyk egkfo|ky; LFkkfir
fd;kA blds ckn] dbZ egkfo|ky; vkxjk] c‚Ecs] eækl] ukxiqj vkSj iVuk] tSls&
[Link] ç'kklfud dsaæksa esa LFkkfir fd, x,A 1857 esa] rhu fo'ofo|ky;ksa& dydÙkk]
c‚Ecs vkSj eækl dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA bu fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk mís'; fczfV'k n'kZu dh
ç'kklfud O;oLFkk dks pykus vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu] lkfgR; vkSj dyk ds LFkku ij
if'peh dyk] foKku] n'kZu vkSj lkfgR; dk Kku çnku djus ds fy, Lukrdksa dk
mRiknu djuk FkkA yanu fo'ofo|ky; ds e‚My dks viuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj bu
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks egkfo|ky; ds Nk=ksa dks fMxzh çnku djus ds fy, ç'kklfud] lac)
vkSj tkap fudk;ksa ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA 1857 esa] bu fo'ofo|ky;ksa ls
lac) 25 egkfo|ky; FksA egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k gkykafd /khjs&/khjs c<+hA chloha
'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa u, fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks [kksyus dh ekax c<+h vkSj dbZ u,
fo'ofo|ky; [kksys x,A vktknh ds le;] 1947 esa Hkkjr esa 19 fo'ofo|ky; Fks] os lHkh
vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr ds ç'kklfud vkSj O;kikfjd dsaæksa esa fLFkr Fks] ftlls bu 'kgjksa ds
ckgj jgus okyksa ds fy, bu laLFkkuksa rd igq¡p eqf'dy gks xbZ FkhA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk
vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku vfHktkR; Fkh] ftlls dh oks lhfer yksxksa] rd igqap ikrh
FkhA vf/kdka'k yksxksa ds fy,] egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk çkIr djuk
eqf'dy FkkA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa

174 1½ çkphu dky esa f'k{kk esa ^fxYM~l* dk D;k egRo Fkk\
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2½ yanu fo'ofo|ky; ds e‚My ds ckn Hkkjr esa LFkkfir fd, x, fo'ofo|ky;ksa
dh fo'ks"krk,a D;k Fkha\
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;|fi f'k{kk ,d vkthou çfØ;k gS] bldh ,d vkSipkfjd] vuqØfed lajpuk vkSj
ifjHkkf"kr mís'; gSaA lkekU; f'k{kk lh[kus dk O;ofLFkr vkSj lajfpr rjhdk gSA ;g
d{kk&d{k vk/kkfjr gS vkSj fofHkUu ,tsafl;ksa vkSj 'kSf{kd fudk;ksa }kjk gLrkarfjr fd;k
tkrk gSA Nk= ek/;fed fo|ky;h f'k{kk iwjk gksus ij mPp f'k{kk esa 'kkfey gksrs gSaA os
egkfo|ky;] fo'ofo|ky; ;k fdlh vU; leku laLFkku esa tkrs gSa vkSj v/;;u ds
ikBîØeksa ls lacaf/kr f'k{k.k&vf/kxe xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA ikBîØeksa ds chp
lajpuk] xfr'khyrk vkSj varj&J`a[kyk] iwoZ&ifjHkkf"kr gS vkSj fMxzh ;k fMIyksek vftZr
djus ds fy, bldk dM+kbZ ls ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA

bl rjg dh lajpuk dks mPp f'k{kk dh vkSipkfjd lajpuk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds vfrfjä] mPp f'k{kk esa fMxzh gkfly djus ds dbZ xSj&vkSipkfjd
rjhds gSaA dksbZ Hkh vukSipkfjd f'k{kk Nk=ksa dks le; vkSj LFkku dh lajpukRed ck/kkvksa
ls ijs viuh f'k{kk tkjh j[kus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA ;g mUgsa viuh #fp dks vkxs c<+kus
vkSj Kku dh [kkst ds fy, va'kdkfyd dk;ZØeksa esa layXu gksus dk volj çnku djrk
gSA çkS<+ vkSj lrr f'k{kk dk;ZØe] Hkk"kk] laL—fr vkSj yksdra= ij fo'ks"k dk;ZØe]
O;kolkf;d fodkl ds dk;ZØe T;knkrj vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls çLrqr fd,
tkrs gSaA vkSipkfjd] vukSipkfjd vkSj xSj&vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds chp oSpkfjd varj
c‚Dl 1 esa Li"V :i ls fn;k x;k gSA
ifjHkkf"kr vkSj [Link]) laLFkkxr lajpuk ds Hkhrj ,d O;ofLFkr]
lajfpr vkSj laxfBr vf/kxe dh çfØ;k dks n'kkZrh gSA ;g çk;% [Link] gksrk
gS vkSj blesa vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr pj.k gksrs gSaA ;g ,d vkSipkfjd d{kk d{k
esa gksrk gS tgk¡ f'k{kd vkSj Nk= mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
f'k{kk Hkh tkudj vkSj laxfBr lh[kus dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa
gS] ysfdu ;s ra=] le; vkSj LFkku dh lhek ds Hkhrj dke ugha djrk gSA ;g ,d
vkSipkfjd d{kk dh pkj nhokjksa ls ijs gksrk gSA ;g mu yksxksa dks f'k{kk çnku
175
 djrk gS tks vU;Fkk vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dks NksM+ nsrs gSaA ;g vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds ckn
lh[kus dk ,d foLrkj gSA ;g vius le; vkSj lalk/ku dh deh dks /;ku esa j[krs
gq, f'k{kk dh vko';Drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gSA MOOC ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk vkSj
f'k{kk dk eqä o nwjLFk vf/kxe ra= ¼vksiu ,aM fMLVsal yfuaZx flLVe&ODL½
fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
thou Hkj pyus okyh çfØ;k gS tgk¡ ,d O;fä vius
okrkoj.k ftles ifjokj]lkFkh] dk;Z LFkku] vkfn gS] ds nSfud vuqHko ls lh[krk gSA

Hkkjr dh mPp f'k{kk ç.kkyh] mPp f'k{kk dh nqfu;k esa ukekadu ds lUnHkZ esa rhljh lcls
cM+h ç.kkyh gSA orZeku esa yxHkx 36-6 fefy;u Nk= mPp f'k{kk ¼HE½ esa ukekafdr gSa-
bl lajpuk esa ;ksX;rk ds rhu Lrjksa 'kkfey gSa %
vf/kdka'k Lukrd dh fMxzh dk;ZØe rhu
lky dh vof/k ds gksrs gSa vkSj Nk= }kjk fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds ckjg lky iwjs djus ds ckn
gh çnku fd;s tkrh gSA cSpyj v‚Q vkVZ~l ¼B.A.½ cSpyj bu lkbal ¼[Link]½ vkSj
cSpyj v‚Q d‚elZ ¼B. Com½ dqN ,sls yksdfç; Lukrd dk;ZØe gSa ftuesa rhu lky
ds v/;;u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA Lukrd Lrj ij O;kolkf;d f'k{kk pkj lky dh
vof/k dh gS% bathfu;fjax] —f"k] QkesZlh vkSj nar fpfdRlk esa v/;;u dk;ZØe ,sls
dk;ZØeksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA fpfdRlk dh Lukrd dh fMxzh dk;ZØe] ,d viokn gS]
;g 5 lky dh vof/k dk gSA f'k{kk vkSj iqLrdky; foKku esa Lukrd dh fMxzh dk;ZØe
Hkh gSA Lukrd dh fMxzh gkfly djus ds ckn mUgsa iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS; blfy,]
mUgsa nwljh Lukrd fMxzh ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA dkuwu tSls dqN uohu ,dh—r
Lukrd dk;ZØe gSa tks mnkj f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk O;kolkf;d f'k{kk çnku djrs gSaA
os vkerkSj ij nks lky ds
ikBîØe gSaA ,d ijkLukrd Lrj dk dk;ZØe fo'ks"k {ks= esa fo'ks"kKrk ds lkFk dBksj
vuq'kklukRed çf'k{k.k nsrk gSA vf/kdka'k ikBîØe cqfu;knh vuqla/kku çf'k{k.k Hkh
çnku djrs gSaA

buesa ekLVj v‚Q fQy‚lQh ¼,e-fQy-½ vkSj

M‚DVj v‚Q fQy‚lQh ¼ih,pMh½ 'kkfey gSaA bu ikBîØeksa dks vkxs c<+kus okys fo}kuksa
dks vius 'kks/kksa esa dBksj vuqla/kku i)fr ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA Nk=ksa dks fMxzh vftZr
djus ds fy, ,d ewy 'kks/k dk;Z dk mRiknu djus dh mEehn dh tkrh gSA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
3½ fofHkUu Lukrd dk;ZØeksa esa ços'k ds ekunaM dk vUos"k.k djsaA
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176
 4½ vkids {ks= esa ijkLukrd dk;ZØe ds ikBîØe lajpuk,a D;k gSa\
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5½ Hkkjr esa foKku@lkekftd foKku ds dqN loZJs"B@mPp lEekfur vuqla/kku
laLFkkuksa ds ckjs esa [kkst dj fy[ksA
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vkidks Kkr gksxk fd f'k{kk leorhZ lwph esa gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd dsaæh; vkSj
ikBîØferA jkT; ljdkjsa mPp f'k{kk dks fofu;fer djus] fu"ikfnr djus vkSj
ewY;kadu djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA dsaæ esa f'k{kk] mPp f'k{kk dh lajpukRed <kaps ds
'kh"kZ ij gSA

f'k{kk ea=ky; iwjs ns'k gsrq f'k{kk ds fy, uhfr <kapk çnku djrk gS vkSj blds
dk;kZUo;u dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ç;kl djrk gSA ;g vf/kd fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj
egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk djds f'k{kk esa voljksa ds foLrkj dh ;kstuk cuk jgk gS]
ftlls efgykvksa vkSj xjhcksa lfgr oafpr lewgksa vkSj nwjnjkt ds {ks=ksa esa jgus okys yksx
f'k{kk çkIr dj ldsaA ;g f'k{kk ds foÙkiks"k.k ds fy, Hkh mÙkjnk;h gSA
ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ¼MHRD½ 1985 esa cuk;k x;k Fkk] blls igys] ea=ky;
dks f'k{kk ea=ky; ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA o"kZ 2020 esa bls iqu% f'k{kk ea=ky; dgk
tkus yxkA f'k{kkea=ky; nks foHkkxksa ds ek/;e ls viuh mÙkjnkf;Roks dk fu"iknu djrk
gS %
;g fo|ky; f'k{kk vkSj lk{kjrk dk;ZØeksa dks
ns[krk gSA
;g foHkkx mPp f'k{kk dh uhfr] ;kstuk] foÙk O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr
gSA ;g mPp f'k{kk esa varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx ls lacfa /kr ekeyksa ls Hkh lacaf/kr gSA foHkkx
lekurk vkSj mR—"Vrk ds lkFk mPp f'k{kk esa igqap gsrq lq/kkj ds fy, dbZ uhfrxr
igy djrk gSA ;g jkT; ds fof'k"V lq/kkjksa ds fy, [Link] rS;kj djrk gSA ;g
ikBîØe ds fodkl vkSj blds dk;kZUo;u ds fy, ,d :ijs[kk Hkh rS;kj djrk gS rFkk
ijh{kk laca/kh lq/kkjksa dk lq>ko nsrk gSA 'kklu dk j[kj[kko vkSj fuxjkuh Hkh blds
nk;js esa vkrk gSA 177
 blds ç;klksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds laLFkkxr vk/kkj ds foLrkj ds fy, funsZf'kr fd;k tkrk
gSA mPp f'k{kk esa c<+h gqbZ igqap vkSj Hkkxhnkjh dks f'k{kk ea=ky; }kjk fd, x, ç;klksa
ds fy, Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lekt ds fofHkUu gkf'k, ij jgus okys yksxksa
dks [Link]Ù[Link] f'k{kk çnku djus ds mís'; ls vfHkuo dk;ZØeksa dk usr`Ro dj jgk gSA
;g mPp f'k{kk ds dsaæksa esa [Link]Ùkk o`f) çfØ;kvksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj cuk, j[k
jgk gSA ;g laLFkkxr Lok;Ùkrk lqfuf'pr djus ds mís'; ls dbZ 'kS{[Link] lq/kkjksa dk
Hkh usr`Ro dj jgk gSA fu;ked fudk; ljdkjh fudk; gSa tks ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, mÙkjnk;h gSa fd fu;eksa] ekunaMksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Bhd
ls ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA os f'k{k.k&f'k{k.k esa ekudksa vkSj [Link]Ùkk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy,
Hkh ftEesnkj gSaA mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkkjr esa eq[; fu;ked fudk; fuEufyf[kr gSa%
bls ;wthlh vf/kfu;e ds rgr 1956 esa
LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk ds ekudksa dk leUo; vkSj j[kj[kko
djrk gSA ;g fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj vuqla/kku laxBuksa dks vuqnku çnku djrk gSA
Hkkjr esa [Link]Ùkk rduhdh
f'k{kk ç.kkyh dks c<+kok nsus vkSj fodflr djus ds fy, ,d 'kh"kZ fudk; ds :i esa
,vkbZlhVhbZ vf/kfu;e ¼1987½ ds rgr bldh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA rduhdh laLFkkuksa
ds ekudksa vkSj ekunaMksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, bls oS/kkfud vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA
;gs rduhdh f'k{kk dh [Link]Ùkk dks cuk, j[kus] fuxjkuh djus ds fy, cuk;k x;kA
Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ifj"kn vf/kfu;e
¼1956½ }kjk LFkkfir dh xbZ vkSj 1993 esa la'kksf/kr fd;k x;kA ifj"kn Hkkjr esa
fo'ofo|ky;ksa ;k fpfdRlk laLFkkuksa }kjk ekU;rk çkIr fpfdRlk ;ksX;rk çnku djus ds
fy, vko';d fpfdRlk f'k{kk ds fy, U;wure ekudksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA u,
esfMdy egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, dsaæ ljdkj dks viuh flQkfj'ksa nsuk vkSj v/
;;u ds u, ;k mPprj ikBîØe [kksyus dh flQkfj'k djuk ifj"kn dh ftEesnkjh gSA
2018 esa] MCI dks Hkax dj fn;k x;k vkSj o"kZ 2019 esa] Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ifj"kn la'kks/
ku]2019 ikfjr fd;k x;kA vc Hkkjr esa fpfdRlk f'k{kk dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, ,d
jk"Vªh; fpfdRlk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
;g —f"k vuqla/kku vkSj f'k{kk
foHkkx] —f"k vkSj fdlku dY;k.k foHkkx ds rgr ,d Lok;Ùk laxBu gSA ;g Hkkjr esa
—f"k f'k{kk vkSj vuqla/kku ds ekxZn'kZu] leUo; vkSj çca/ku ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA 101
—f"k vuqla/kku laLFkku vkSj 71 —f"k fo'ofo|ky; blds nk;js esa vkrs gSaA

NCTE ;g jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn

vf/kfu;e]1993 ds rgr LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA bls ;g ftEesnkjh nh xbZ gS fd f'k{kd
f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds fu;ksftr vkSj lefUor fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj ekunaMksa dh
flQkfj'k djus dh lqfo/kk çnku djsa o f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ekud dh laLrqfr Hkh
çLrqr djrk gSaA ;g fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ikBîØeksa dh is'kd'k djus okys laLFkkuksa dks
ekU;rk çnku djus dk vf/kdkj gSA
DCI nar fpfdRlk f'k{kk vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa nar fpfdRlk ds
O;olk; dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, ,d oS/kkfud fudk; ds :i esa nar fpfdRlk
vf/kfu;e ¼1948½ ds rgr bldk xBu fd;k x;k gSA ;g nar f'k{kk ds fy, ekudksa dks
178
cuk, j[kus vkSj nar fpfdRlk f'k{kk çnku djus okyh laLFkkvksa dks ekU;rk çnku djus]
ikBîØe dks fu/kkZfjr djus vkSj Hkkjr esa nar fpfdRlk f'k{kk dh ijh{kk vk;ksftr djus
ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
ihlhvkbZ dk xBu QkesZlh vf/kfu;e]
¼1948½ dh /kkjk 3 ds rgr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g Hkkjr esa QkesZlh f'k{kk vkSj O;olk; dks
Lukrd Lrj rd fu;af=r vkSj fu;fer djrk gSA ifj"kn QkekZflLV ds :i esa f'k{kk dk
U;wure ekud ;k vkj ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA
INC Hkkjrh; uflaZx ifj"kn vf/kfu;e ¼1947½ ds rgr xfBr
,d lkafof/kd fudk; gSA ifj"kn nkb;ksa] ulksaZ] lgk;d ulZ&nkb;ksa vkSj LokLF;
vkxarqdksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k ds ,d leku ekud ds fofu;eu vkSj j[kj[kko ds fy,
ftEesnkj gSA
chlhvkbZ ,d oS/kkfud fudk; gS tks
vf/koäk vf/kfu;e] 1961 ds rgr LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA ;g dkuwuh vH;kl vkSj
dkuwuh f'k{kk dks fu;af=r djrk gS vkSj vf/koäk ds :i esa ukekafdr gksus okys O;fä
ds oxZ ;k [Link] dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA ;g mu 'krksaZ dks Hkh fufnZ"V djrk gS ftuds
v/khu ,d vf/koäk dks vH;kl djus dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg, vkSj ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa ,d O;fä dks ,d vnkyr esa ,d odhy ds :i esa vH;kl djus ds fy, le>k tkuk
pkfg,A ;g mu laLFkkuksa dks ekU;rk çnku djrk gS] ftudh dkuwu esa fMxzh O;kolkf;d
rkSj ij [kqn dks odhy ds :i esa ukekafdr djus ds fy, ;ksX;rk ds :i esa ekuk
tk,xkA

CCH dh LFkkiuk gksE;ksiSFkh dsaæh; ifj"kn vf/kfu;e

¼1973½ ds rgr dh xbZ FkhA ifj"kn gksE;ksiSfFkd fpfdRlk ;ksX;rkvksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrh
gS vkSj mUgsa ekU;rk nsrh gSA dksbZ Hkh fpfdRlk laLFkku tks gksE;ksiFS kh esa fpfdRlk ;ksX;rk
çnku djuk pkgrk gS] mls gksE;ksiSFkh fpfdRlk f'k{kk pykus ds fy, ifj"kn esa vkosnu
djuk vko';d gSA gksE;ksiSFkh ds ,d dsaæh; jftLVj ds xBu vkSj j[kj[kko ds fy,
ifj"kn ftEesnkj gSA
CCIM ;g Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk dsaæh;
ifj"kn vf/kfu;e]1970 ds rgr xfBr ,d lkafof/kd fudk; gSA ;g Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk
i)fr vFkkZr~ vk;qoZns ] fl)] ;wukuh frCc esa f'k{kk ds U;wure ekudksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk
gSA ifj"kn Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk dk ,d dsaæh; jftLVj j[krk gSA ;g fpfdRldksa }kjk
O;kolkf;d vkpj.k] f'k"Vkpkj vkSj vkpkj lafgrk ds ekudksa dks n'kkZus ds dk;Z ns[krk
gSA
lh-vks-, dk xBu Hkkjr dh laln }kjk
vf/kfu;fer vkfdZVsDV~l vf/kfu;e ¼1972½ ds çko/kkuksa ds rgr fd;k x;k FkkA lhvks,
vkfdZVsDV~l ds iathdj.k] f'k{kk ds ekudksa] ekU;rk çkIr ;ksX;rk vkSj vH;kl ds ekudksa
dk vuqikyu djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA ;g vkfdZVsDV~l ds jftLVj dks cuk, j[kus
ds vykok iwjs Hkkjr esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk vkSj O;ogkj dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, Hkh
ftEesnkj gSA ^^vkfdZVsDV^^ ds is'ks esa tkus ds bPNqd fdlh Hkh O;fä dks dkmafly v‚Q
vkfdZVsDpj esa Lo;a dks iath—r djuk pkfg,A

179
 RCI bldk xBu] 1992 esa Hkkjrh; iquokZl ifj"kn
vf/kfu;e }kjk fd;k x;k gSA bldk tukns'k fnO;kaxrk ls xzLr O;fä dks nh tkus okyh
lsokvksa dks fofu;fer vkSj fuxjkuh djuk gSA ;g ekudh—r vkSj vyx&vyx fnO;kax
O;fä;ksa dks nh tkus okyh f'k{kk dh [Link]Ùkk dks Hkh lqfuf'pr djrk gSA ;g mu yksxksa
dh O;kolkf;d rS;kjh dh [Link]Ùkk dks ns[krk vkSj lqfuf'pr djrk gS tks vyx&vyx
:i ls fnO;kax O;fä dks viuh lsok,a nsrs gSaA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij vius mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls vius mÙkjksa dk feyku djsaA
6½ rkfydk ^ch* ls mi;qä fodYiksa ds lkFk ^,* rkfydk dk feyku djsaA

vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼AICTE½ —f"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds egkfo|ky;

Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn ¼ICAR½ y‚ fo|ky;
jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼NCTE½ bathfu;fjax egkfo|ky;
ckj dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k ¼chlhvkbZ½ f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkku

Hkkjr esa fofHkUu çdkj ds mPp f'k{k.k laLFkku&fo'ofo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky; gSaA os
viuh fo/kkf;dk fLFkfr vkSj 'kS{[Link] lajpuk esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA mUgsa fuEufyf[kr lewgksa
esa oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS%

dsaæh; fo'ofo|ky; 45
dsaæh; eqä fo'ofo|ky; 1
jk"Vªh; egRo ds laLFkku 101
jkT; lkoZtfud fo'ofo|ky; 351
jkT; fo/kkf;dk vf/kfu;e ds rgr laLFkk,a 5
jkT; eqä fo'ofo|ky; 14
jktdh; futh fo'ofo|ky; 262
jkT; futh eqä fo'ofo|ky; 1
MhEM ;wfuoflZVh& ljdkj 33
MhEM ;wfuoflZVh& ljdkj ls lgk;rk çkIr 10
MhEM ;wfuoflZVh&çkbosV@futh 80

AISHE-2017-18½

180
 ,d dsaæh; fo'ofo|ky; laln ds ,d vf/kfu;e }kjk LFkkfir
fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa 45 dsaæh; fo'ofo|ky; gSaA
bl çdkj ds fo'ofo|ky;] jkT; fo/kku vf/kfu;e
}kjk LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSaA orZeku esa 318 jkT; fo'ofo|ky; gSaA
bl [Link] esa vkus okys laLFkku fdlh Hkh 'kk[kk ;k Kku dh
'kk[kkvksa esa eqä vkSj nwjLFk ek/;e ls f'k{kk çnku djrs gSaA orZeku esa dsoy ,d dsaæh;
eqä fo'ofo|ky;&bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqä fo'ofo|ky; ¼IGNOU½ vkSj 14 jkT; eqä
fo'ofo|ky; gSaA
MhEM fo'ofo|ky; mPp çn'kZu djus okys laLFkku gSaA mUgsa ,d
fo'ofo|ky; dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gS vkSj os viuh gh fMxzh çnku dj ldrs gSAa AISHE
¼2017&18½]ds vuq l kj] orZ e ku es a 33 MhEM ;w fuoflZ V h&ljdkjh] 10 MhEM
;wfuoflZVh&ljdkjh }kjk lgk;rk çkIr o 80 MhEM ;wfuoflZVh&çkbosV@futh gSaA

dbZ HE laLFkku gSa ftUgsa laln ds ,d vf/kfu;e }kjk

^jk"Vªh; egRo* dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gS] orZeku esa 101 jk"Vªh; egRo ds laLFkku gSaA
jkT;@dsaæh; vf/kfu;e ds ek/;e ls futh fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh
LFkkiuk dh tkrh gS] ysfdu muds çca/ku dk /;ku lkslk;Vh iathdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1860
vkSj ;k ml le; ds fy, fdlh vU; lacaf/kr dkuwu ds rgr iath—r djk;k tkrk gS]
tks fd jkT; ;k lkoZtfud VªLV ;k ,DV esa ykxw gksrk gS o daiuh vf/kfu;e] 1956 dh
/kkjk 25 ds rgr jkT;@dsaæh; vf/kfu;e ds ek/;e ls iath—r gSA orZeku esa „ˆ„ jkT;
futh fo'ofo|ky; gSaA
;s jkT; fo/kkf;dk vf/kfu;e }kjk
LFkkfir ;k fuxfer laLFkku gSaA os mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds Lrj dk gh lEeku ysrs gSaA
orZeku esa 5 ,sls laLFkku gSaA

,d fo'ofo|ky;] f'k{k.k lg lac)rk ;k dsoy lac)rk ;k dsoy f'k{k.k fo'ofo|ky;

gks ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa vf/kdka'k fo'ofo|ky; lac) fo'ofo|ky; gSaA bu fo'ofo|ky;ksa
esa vPNh la[;k esa lEcaf/kr egkfo|ky; gSaA egkfo|ky; ljdkjh] lgk;rk çkIr ljdkjh
vkSj futh gks ldrs gSaA

ODL
eqä ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk ¼vksMh,y½ ç.kkyh mPp v/;;u ds fy, ,d f'k{kkFkhZ dsafær
ek/;e çnku djrh gS] tgka f'k{kkFkhZ fdlh Hkh le; vkSj fdlh Hkh LFkku ij lh[kus esa
layXu gks ldrs gSaA fdlh fo'ks"k le; vkSj LFkku ij mifLFkr gksus dh dksbZ ck/;rk
ugha gS vkSj u gh fdlh fuf'pr le; lhek ds Hkhrj fdlh Hkh dBksj ikBîØe lajpuk
dk l[rh ls ikyu fd;k tkuk gSA ços'k ds lanHkZ esa ç.kkyh yphyh gS] ;g mu yksxksa
dks vklku igq¡p çnku djrk gS tks vkSipkfjd ç.kkyh esa mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus esa l{ke
ugha gSaA ;g v/;;u vkSj ços'k ds rjhdksa esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh lqfo/kk vkSj t:jrksa dks
lacksf/kr djrk gS tks lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh lgk;rk ls çnku dh tkrh gS]
tks f'k{kk ds fodkl esa lgk;rk çnku djrs gSaA ikjaifjd ikBîØeksa vkSj v/;;u ds
dk;ZØeksa ds lkFk] vksMh,y fofHkUu O;kolkf;d vkSj rduhdh {ks=ksa esa vkthou lh[kus
181
 vkSj O;kolkf;d fodkl ds volj Hkh çnku djrk gS] tks Lo;a djus ds vuqHkoksa ds
ek/;e ls dkS'ky fodkl ds mi;qä voljksa ds lkFk gksrk gSA

lh[kus ds fy, O;fäxr lgk;rk çnku djuk vksMh,y ds çeq[k ?kVdksa esa ls ,d gSA
vksMh,y ek/;e esa ikBîØe çnku djus okys fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa blds fy, cM+h la[;k
esa v/;;u dsaæ gSaA v/;;u dsaæksa ij] f'k{kkFkhZ 'kSf{kd funsZ'kd@iFç/kk'kZd lkfFk;ksa vkSj
vU; fo'ks"kKksa ds lkFk ckrphr dj ldrs gSaA os iqLrdky;ksa vkSj vU; eYVhehfM;k
lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA nwjLFk f'k{kk dk 'kS{[Link] –f"Vdks.k Lo&iqLrd
lh[kus ij vk/kkfjr gSA ODL ikBîØe esa Lo&vuqns'kkRed fyf[kr lkexzh] JO;&–';
lkexzh] VsyhdkaÝsaflax] baVj,fDVo jsfM;ks d‚UÝsaflax ds :i esa f'k{k.k lkexzh 'kkfey gSA

le;] xfr] LFkku] vk;q vkSj ços'k ekunaM ds lanHkZ esa vksMh,y ç.kkyh] yphyh gSA
f'k{kkFkhZ viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj viuh xfr ls v/;;u dj ldrk gSA ;g yphyh ç.kkyh
ra= dks f'k{kkFkhZ dsafær cukrk gSA

vksMh,y ç.kkyh ykxr çHkkoh gS D;ksafd ;g iSekus dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij dke djrh gS]
;g cM+h la[;k esa Nk=ksa dks nkf[kyk nsrh gSA vksMh,y esa 'kkfey gksus okys Nk=] ç.kkyh
dks cgqr de ykxr okyk ikrs gSa D;ksafd blls mUgsa ifjogu dh ykxr cpkus esa enn
feyrh gS] gj fnu laLFkku dk [kpZ gksrk gS vkSj v/;;u lkexzh vkfn ij [kpZ gksrk gS]
Hkh cprk gSA

v/;;u dk le; vkSj xfr vkSj lh[kus dk le; f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk viuh lqfo/kk ds
vuqlkj fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh dfBukbZ ds ekeys esa] os vius ije'kZnkrk ls
v‚uykbu vkSj v‚Qykbu enn ys ldrs gSaA Hkkjr esa tula[;k dk ,d cM+k oxZ gS] tks
mPp f'k{kk lkekftd&vkfFkZd ;k lkaL—frd [Link] ls vkxs ugha c<+ ik;k gS] vksMh,y
ç.kkyh mUgsa f'k{kk dks yphyk vkSj lh[kus ds vuqdwy cukdj v/;;u djus ds volj
çnku djrh gSA vksMh,y ç.kkyh mu yksxksa ds fy, Kku mUu;u vkSj dkS'ky fodkl
ds volj Hkh çnku djrh gS tks vius dk;Z/ dk;ZØe dks ckf/kr fd, fcuk dke dj jgs
gSa ;k lsok esa gSaA

Hkkjr esa] vka/kz çns'k eqä fo'ofo|ky;] 1982 esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk tks vksMh,y
ek/;e esa ikBîØe çnku djrk gSA orZeku esa ;g M‚- ch-vkj- vEcsMdj eqä fo'ofo|ky;
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA 1985 esa] dsaæ ljdkj us bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqä fo'ofo|ky;
¼IGNOU½ dh LFkkiuk dhA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa ,d dsaæh; vkSj 14 jkT; eqä
fo'ofo|ky; gSaA

MOOC

lwpuk vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxfd;ksa us mPp f'k{kk dks tu&tu rd igqapkus dk ,d volj
çnku fd;k gSA gkykafd eqä o nwjLFk ¼vksiu ,aM fMLVsal yfuaZx½ dk;ZØe igys ls gh
Fks] ysfdu vkbZlhVh ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k f'k{kk dks vf/kd lqyHk cuk;k x;k gSA vxj
182
mlds ikl baVjusV gS rks dksbZ Hkh fdlh Hkh le; dgha Hkh lh[k ldrk gSA mPp f'k{kk
ds {ks= esa baVjusV Økafr us eSflo vksiu v‚uykbu ikBîØe ¼,evksvkslh½ ds :i dks
tUe fn;k gSA MOOC oSf'od Lrj ij vkSj vlhfer Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, v‚uykbu
ikBîØeksa dh is'kd'k ds çHkkoh rjhdksa esa ls ,d gSaA MOOC, ,d eap ds ek/;e ls
izLrqr gksrs gSaA dkslZbjk] ,M,Dl vkSj mMksflVh] ,evksvkslh IysVQ‚eZ ds dqN mnkgj.k
gSaA ;g mPp f'k{kk esa ukekadu c<+kus] 'kSf{kd vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djus vkSj vke turk dks [Link]Ù[Link] f'k{kk çnku djus dk ,d volj gSA
SWAYAM
Swayam ¼LVMh osCl v‚Q ,fDVo yfuaZx Q‚j ;ax ,Lik;fjax ekbaM~l½ ,d gkbZ
fo|ky; ls fo'ofo|ky; Lrj rd v‚uykbu ikBîØeksa dh estckuh ds fy, ,d osc
vk/kkfjr var%fØ;k gsrq eap gSA ;s dHkh Hkh] dgha Hkh eYVhehfM;k dk mi;ksx djds
[Link]Ù[Link] f'k{k.k lkexzh çnku djrk gSA SWAYAM ij fn, tkus okys ikBîØeksa rd
igqap vkSj fuxjkuh djuk vklku gSA ;g ,d var%fØ;k dk vclkjh {ks= gS tgka
lgikfB;ksa ds lkFk lewg ppkZ o var%fØ;k gksrh gSA dbZ ikBîØeksa esa gkbfczM e‚My
}kjk v‚uykbu o v‚Qykbu }kjk ikB~; okLrq çnku dh tkrh gSA ÞMOOCß eap ij
miyC/k ikBîØeksa dks prqHkqZth –f"Vdks.k dks viukrs gq, fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
vki MOOC osclkbV ij tk ldrs gSa vkSj irk yxk ldrs gSa fd D;k vkids fy, dksbZ
ikBîØe miyC/k gS] ;fn vki ,slk djrs gSa] rks vki ik,axs fd çR;sd ikBîØe esa ,d
fo"k;oLrq nh xbZ gSA ;g ikBîØe] lh[kus ds [Link] vkSj Hkkxhnkjh dh vis{kkvksa dk
[Link] djrk gSA blesa dkslZ le;lhek] çnÙk dk;Z vkSj ppkZvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh vkfn
dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

RUSA
Hkkjr esa çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk ds foLrkj ds fy, bZekunkj ç;kl fd, x, FksA
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ¼SSA½ vkSj jk"Vªh; e/;e f'k{kk vfHk;ku ¼RUSA½ tSls nks çeq[k
dk;ZØeksa us mPp f'k{kk ds fy, tulewg dh xfr'khyrk cukbZ gSA mPp f'k{kk ç.kkyh
dks cM+h la[;k esa Nk=ksa dks lek;ksftr djus vkSj mUgsa [Link]Ù[Link] f'k{kk çnku djus dh
pqukSrh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, dsaæ ljdkj us 2013 esa jk"Vªh; mPprj f'k{kk
vfHk;ku (RUSA) 'kq: fd;kA ;kstuk dk mís'; gS % jkT; Lrj ij] igqap] lekurk vkSj
[Link]Ùkk ds eqíksa dks lacksf/kr djus ds fy, mPp f'k{kk A bldk mís'; ekStwnk jkT;
fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa dks mudh loZJs"B {kerkvksa ds fy, fodflr djuk gSA
RUSA
;fn vki :lk dh vkf/kdkfjd osclkbV ij tkrs gSa] rks vkidks fuEufyf[kr mís';
lwphc) feysaxs %
;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd jkT; laLFkku mPp f'k{kk ds fy, fu/kkZfjr ekunaMksa vkSj
ekudksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA os ekU;rk dh çfØ;k ls xqtj pqds gSaA
;kstuk vkSj fuxjkuh ds fy, ,d laLFkkxr lajpuk cukuk] mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dh
Lok;Ùkrk dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj 'kklu esa lq/kkj djukA
183
 lac)rk] 'kS{[Link] vkSj ijh{kk ç.kkyh ls lacaf/kr lq/kkj lqfuf'pr djukA
ladk; f'k{kdksa dh miyC/krk lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj jkstxkj ds lHkh Lrjksa ij {kerk
fuekZ.k dks c<+kok nsukA
vuqla/kku vkSj uokpkj ds vuqdwy f'k{k.k okrkoj.k cukuk vkSj cuk, j[kukA
ekStwnk laLFkkuksa dh vfrfjä {kerk dk foLrkj djuk vkSj mUgsa lqyHk cukus ds
fy, u, laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk djukA
u, laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk djds {ks=h; vlarqyu ds eqís dks lacksf/kr djukA
lekt ds fofHkUu lhekar lewgksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa volj çnku djukA

;fn vki :lk ds ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh çkIr djrs gSa] rks vkidks ;kstuk ds dqN
ekxZn'kZd fl)kar feysaxs%
:lk dh dYiuk gS fd lHkh jkT; mPp f'k{kk
laLFkkuksa dks lcdks mPp [Link]Ùkk okyh f'k{kk çnku djuh pkfg,A varfuZfgr fl)kar ;g
gS fd mPp f'k{kk ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij igqap mPp [Link]Ùkk ekudksa ds fcuk mPp
Qynk;h ugha gksxhA ;g cy nsrk gS fd lHkh jkT; laLFkkuksa dks NAAC ¼uSd½ ekU;rk
ls xqtjuk pkfg, rkfd U;wure [Link]Ùkk vk'oklu fn;k tk,A blds vfrfjä] bu
laLFkkuksa dks vuqla/kku vkSj uokpkj dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xk]
ftlds fy, mUgsa lalk/ku vkSj /ku miyC/k djk;k tk,xk] bl vk/kkj ij fd mUgsa
vuqla/kku dh [Link]Ùkk lqfuf'pr djuh gS tks fofHkUu ekunaM tSls 'kks/k çdk'kuksa dh
la[;k] if=dkvksa ds çHkko dkjd ftlesa i= çdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSa] m)j.k] 'kks/k
fuf/k dh jkf'k dks vkdf"kZr fd;k tkrk gS] vkfn dk mi;ksx vuqla/kku dh [Link]Ùkk
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd;k tk,xkA jkT;ksa ds laLFkkuksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os
bl {ks= esa bZekunkjh ls viuh orZeku fLFkfr dh ?kks"[Link] djsa vkSj lwpuk vkSj lapkj
çkS|ksfxdh ¼vkbZlhVh½ ds mi;ksx lfgr lq/kkj ds fy, fof'k"V [Link];ksa dh :ijs[kk
rS;kj djsaA
:lk ¼RUSA½ vuqnku çnku
djus ds fy, dsaæ çk;ksftr ;kstuk gSA bls bl rjg ls :ikafdr fd;k x;k gS fd
foÙkh; vkn'kZ vk/kkfjr gS vkSj Hkfo"; ds vuqnku [Link] ij fuHkZj gSaA f'k{kk ea=ky; dks
çLrqr /ku dh fiNyh miyfC/k;ksa vkSj mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij Hkfo"; ds foÙkiks"k.k dk
[Link]; fy;k tkrk gSA
;kstuk dks vkSj vf/kd çHkkoh cukus ds fy, bls csgrj çn'kZu
dks çksRlkfgr djus vkSj de çn'kZu dks fo?kfVr djus dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSA bl
çdkj] çfØ;k pkfyr vkSj çfrLi/khZ gksxhA
:lk ¼RUSA½ ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, çfrc) gS fd
;kstuk ds rgr lHkh [Link]; fu"i{k] vikjaifjd vkSj O;kolkf;d rjhds ls fd, tk,aA
blfy,] ;g çn'kZu&vk/kkfjr ewY;kadu dks viukrk gSA ;g Hkh vis{kk djrk gS fd jkT;
lq/kkjksa dks fu"ikfnr vkSj lqfo/kktud cukrs gq, fu"i{k] mnklhu vkSj O;kolkf;d gksaxsA
:lk [Link]Ùkk vkSj tokcnsgh ds fy, ,d vfuok;Z 'krZ ds :i esa Lok;Ùkrk
dh ifjdYiuk djrk gSA blfy,] ;g laLFkkuksa dks mudh fo'ks"k vko';drkvksa vkSj
184 t:jrksa ds vk/kkj ij fof'k"V gLr{ksi dh ;kstuk cukus dh [Link] Lora=rk nsrk gSA
 Hkkx ysus okys laLFkkuksa dks Nk=ksa] vfHkHkkodksa vkSj
lekt ds fy, ftEesnkj cuk;k tkrk gSA çdVhdj.k&vk/kkfjr 'kklu dks Hkh cjdjkj
j[kk tkrk gS] tgka dksbZ Hkh laLFkk vius fu;ked vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk vius
xzkgdksa ds fy, Hkh ftEesnkj gksrh gSA
:lk ;kstuk ds rgr igy dk mís'; gkf'k, ij jgus okys
lewgksa vFkkZr efgykvksa] tutkfr;ksa vkSj vyx&vyx yksxksa ds fy, leku volj rS;kj
djuk gksxkA

:lk dh vkf/kdkfjd osclkbV ij nh xbZ tkudkjh ds vuqlkj] ;kstuk ds çkFkfed

?kVd fuEufyf[kr gSa %
ekStwnk Lok;Ùk egkfo|ky;ksa dk fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa mUu;u
egkfo|ky;ksa dks lewg fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa cnyuk
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks vk/kkj&lajpuk vuqnku
u, e‚My egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk
ekStwnk fMxzh egkfo|ky;ksa dk e‚My egkfo|ky;ksa esa mUu;u
u, O;kolkf;d egkfo|ky;ksa dk fodkl djuk
egkfo|ky;ksa dks vk/kkj&lajpuk vuqnku
vuqla/kku] uokpkj vkSj [Link]Ùkk esa lq/kkj
lekurk dh igy
ladk; HkrhZ dk leFkZu
ladk; esa lq/kkj
mPp f'k{kk dk O;kolkf;ddj.k
'kSf{kd ç'kkldksa dk usr`Ro fodkl
{kerk fuekZ.k vkSj rS;kjh] MsVk@çnÙk laxzg vkSj fu;kstu
¼lzksr % :lk osclkbV½

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
7½ :lk ds ckjs esa dqN dFku fn, x, gSaA lgh d{kksa ds lkeus fu'kku ¼ ½ yxk;s
1½ :lk ;kstuk jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk çk;ksftr gSA ¼ ½
2½ :lk ;kstuk mPp f'k{kk ds ijh{kk lq/kkjksa rd lhfer gS ¼ ½
3½ :lk ;kstuk esa ekStwnk laLFkkuksa ds mUu;u vkSj u, laLFkkuksa ¼ ½
dh LFkkiuk] nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA

185
 UGC
mPp f'k{kk esa uhfrxr fn'kkfunsZ'kksa vkSj funsZ'kksa dh flQkfj'k djus ds fy, o"kZ 1948 esa
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA vk;ksx us fczVsu esa fo'ofo|ky;
vuqnku vk;ksx ds e‚My ds ckn fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh flQkfj'k
dhA ;wthlh 1953 esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA ;g laln ds vf/kfu;e }kjk 1956 esa ,d
oS/kkfud fudk; cu x;kA ;wthlh dks nks ftEesnkfj;ka lkSaih xbZ gSa% fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks
/ku eqgS;k djkuk vkSj ns'k esa fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk ds ekudksa dk leUo;] fu/kkZj.k vkSj
j[kj[kkoA ;fn vki UGC dh osclkbV ij tkrs gSa] rks vki bldk 'kklukns'k
fuEukuqlkj ik ldrs gSa %
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj leUo; djuk
fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa f'k{k.k] ijh{kk vkSj vuqla/kku ds ekudksa dk fu/kkZj.k vkSj j[kj[kko
f'k{kk ds U;wure ekudksa esa fu;e cukuk
egkfo|ky; vkSj fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fodkl dh fuxjkuh djuk]
fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa dks vuqnku nsuk
dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds chp ,d [Link] dM+h ds :i
esa lsok djuk
fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ds fy, vko';d mik;ksa ij dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa
dks lykg nsuk

CABE
dsaæh; lykgdkj cksMZ v‚Q ,tqds'ku ¼CABE½ jk"Vªh; Lrj dk fudk; gS tks dsaæ vkSj
jkT; ljdkjksa dks f'k{kk esa eqíksa ds ckjs esa lykg nsrk gSA CABE dks 1920 esa LFkkfir
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj 1923 esa Hkax dj fn;k x;k FkkA bls 1935 esa iquxZfBr fd;k x;k
Fkk vkSj 1994 rd tkjh j[kk x;kA CABE 'kSf{kd uhfr vkSj blds dk;kZUo;u dh
leh{kk vkSj lykg nsus esa [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA CABE dks 2004 esa iquxZfBr
fd;k x;k FkkA cksMZ esa dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ds ea=h] fofHkUu fgr lewgksa ds
çfrfuf/k vkSj yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk ds ukfer lnL; 'kkfey gSaA CABE ds dk;Z bl
çdkj gSa%
le;&le; ij f'k{kk dh çxfr dh leh{kk djuk
dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj vU; lacaf/kr ,tsafl;ksa }kjk f'k{kk uhfr dks fdl gn
rd ykxw fd;k x;k gS] bldk ewY;kadu djus ds fy,
f'k{kk ds eqíksa ds ckjs esa mfpr lykg nsuk
f'k{kk uhfr ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kd fodkl ds fy, dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa@dsaæ 'kkflr
çns'kksa ds ç'kklu ]jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj xSj&ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa ds chp leUo; ds
ckjs esa lykg nsuk
fdlh 'kSf{kd ç'u ij dsaæ ljdkj ;k fdlh jkT; ljdkj ;k dsaæ 'kkflr çns'k
ç'kklu }kjk fd, x, lanHkZ ij lykg nsuk

186
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds rhu Lrj gSa% çkFkfed] ek/;fed vkSj mPprj@r`rh;dA çkFkfed vkSj
ek/;fed f'k{kk fo|ky; f'k{kk ds nk;js esa vkrh gS vkSj r`rh;d f'k{kk dks mPp f'k{kk
ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mPp f'k{kk esa fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds ofj"B ek/;fed Lrj ls ijs
v/;;u dk;ZØe 'kkfey gSaA mPp f'k{kk O;fä;ksa dh ckSf)d {kerkvksa vkSj ;ksX;rk dk
iks"k.k djrh gS vkSj Kku ds fuekZ.k] lk>kdj.k vkSj ewY;kadu esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA ;g
Je cktkj ds fy, ekuo iwath çnku djrk gSA Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk dh orZeku lajpuk
dk laxBu vkSj fu"iknu ds lanHkZ esa vkSifuosf'kd çHkko gSA gkykafd] Hkkjr esa oSfnd
dky ls gh mPp f'k{kk dh le`) ijaijk gS] mPp f'k{kk dk mís'; vkRek dh eqfä FkkA
çkphu Hkkjr esa ukyank] foØef'kyk vkSj oYyHk fo'ofo|ky; vius 'kS{[Link] ewY; ds
fy, çfl) FksA 1857 esa] rhu fo'ofo|ky;ksa& dydÙkk] c‚Ecs vkSj eækl dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ FkhA vaxzstksa ds vuqlkj] f'kf{kr yksxksa dk ,d lewg rS;kj djus ds fy, tks
vkSifuosf'kd ç'kklu pyk ldrs Fks vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa dks ;wjksi dh dyk] foKku] n'kZu vkSj
lkfgR; dk Kku çnku dj ldrs FksA

Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk ç.kkyh ukekadu ds ekeys esa nqfu;k dh rhljh lcls cM+h ç.kkyh
gSA orZeku esa yxHkx 36-6 fefy;u Nk= gSa tks fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa esa ukekafdr gSaA bldh
lajpuk esa ;ksX;rk ds rhu Lrj lfEefyr gSa% Lukrd ;k Lukrd fMxzh çksxzke] ekLVj ;k
ijk&Lukrd fMxzh çksxzke vkSj çh&M‚DVksjy vkSj M‚DVksjy çksxzkeA f'k{kk] leorhZ lwph
esa gS] tks dsaæ vkSj jkT; nksuksa ljdkjksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds fu;eu] dk;kZUo;u vkSj
ewY;kadu ds fy, ftEesnkj cukrk gSA f'k{kk ea=ky;] mPp f'k{kk ds <kaps ds 'kh"kZ ij gSA
fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ekudksa dks cuk, j[kus vkSj leUo; ds fy, dbZ fu;ked fudk; gSa%
fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ¼UGC½] vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼AICTE½]
esfMdy dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k ¼MCI½] Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn ¼ICAR½ vkSj
jk"Vªh; ifj"kn f'k{kd f'k{kk ¼NCTE½ vkfnA mPp f'k{kk ds fofHkUu çdkj ds laLFkku gSa]
tks mPp f'k{kk çnku djrs gSa ftUgsa fuEukuqlkj oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS % dsaæh;
fo'ofo|ky;] jk"Vªh; egRo ds laLFkku] jkT; lkoZtfud fo'ofo|ky;] jkT; fo/kku
eaMy ds rgr laLFkku] jkT; eqä fo'ofo|ky;] jkT; futh fo'ofo|ky; vkSj jkT;
futh eqä fo'ofo|ky;] tSls dbZ lalFkku mPp f'k{kk ds fy, gSaA eqDr ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk
¼vksMh,y½ ç.kkyh mPp v/;;u dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, ,d f'k{kkFkhZ dsafær fo/kk gS tgka
f'k{kkFkhZ fdlh Hkh le; vkSj fdlh Hkh LFkku ij lh[kus esa layXu gks ldrk gSA fdlh
fo'ks"k le; vkSj LFkku ij mifLFkr gksus dh dksbZ ck/;rk ugha gS vkSj u gh fdlh
fuf'pr le; lhek ds Hkhrj fdlh Hkh dBksj ikBîØe lajpuk dk l[rh ls ikyu fd;k
tkuk gSA ;g ços'k vkSj ijh{kk ds ekeys esa yphyk gSA vksMh,y ç.kkyh ds fy,
vkbZlhVh rduhd ds lkFk U;wure vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk vkSj ;ksX;rk dh vko';drk gksrh
gSA fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k {ks= ls dbZ Nk= ODL ç.kkyh esa ukekadu dj jgs gSa ftuds ikl
nksuksa gh ugha gSA f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa vkeus lkeus ckrphr dk lkeuk djus dh vknr gksrh gSA
os vksMh,y dks fMxzh gkfly djus dk ,d vklku jkg ekurs gSaA mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
baVjusV Økafr dks eSflo vksiu v‚uykbu ikBîØe ¼MOOC½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
MOOC vlhfer Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, fo'o Lrj ij v‚uykbu ikBîØeksa dh is'kd'k
djus ds çHkkoh rjhdksa esa ls ,d gSaA ;g ,d eap ds ek/;e ls is'k fd;k tkrk gSA
dkSjlsjk] ,M,Dl vkSj mMkflVh] MOOC IysVQ‚eZ ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA SWAYAM
¼LVMh oscl v‚Q ,fDVo yfuaZx Q‚j ;ax vfLifjax ekbaMl½] gkbZ fo|ky; ls fo'ofo|ky;
187
 Lrj rd v‚uykbu vkSj ikBîØeksa dh estckuh ds fy, ,d osc vk/kkfjr var%fØ;k gsrq
eap gSA blesa dHkh Hkh] dgha Hkh eYVhehfM;k dk mi;ksx o [Link]Ù[Link] f'k{k.k lkexzh
çnku djrk gSA SWAYAM ij fn, tkus okys ikBîØeksa rd igqap vkSj fuxjkuh djuk
vklku gSA ;g ,d baVjSfDVo opqZvy Lisl gS tgka lgikfB;ksa o lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ppkZ
o var%fØ;k gksrh gSA dbZ ikBîØe flaØksul vkSj ,flaØksul var%fØ;k ds lkFk] gkbfczM
e‚My dk ikyu djrs gSaA orZeku esa dsaæ ljdkj [Link]Ù[Link] mPp f'k{kk dks turk rd
igq¡pkus ds fy, çfrc) gSA :lk ¼RUSA½ ;kstuk dsaæ çk;ksftr ;kstukvksa esa ls ,d
gS tks jkT; laLFkkuksa dks [Link]Ùkk ekudksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA blh çdkj
ls] lh,chbZ ¼CABE½ ljdkj dks H.E. dh igqap] [Link]Ùkk vkSj lekurk ls lacaf/kr eqíksa
ds ckjs esa Hkh lykg ns jgk gSA

1½ Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk ds fu;eu esa ;w-th-lh- dh Hkwfedk dh vkykspukRed foospuk
dhft,A

2½ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr&2020 if<+, rFkk mPp f'k{kk ds iquxZBu vkSj fu;ked lajpuk
ds ckjs esa fn, x, lq>koksa dks ppkZ dhft,A

vxzoky] ih ¼2012-½ , gkQ lsapqjh v‚Q gk;j ,tqds'ku fnYyh% lst ifCyds'ku
csfVy] ,- ¼2010½-;wfuoflZVht ,V n ØkljksM~l fnYyh% v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
çslA
Hkw"k.k],l- ¼2016½- ifCyd ;wfuoflZVh bu v MseksØslh- vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd
lkIrkfgd] 51 ¼17½] 35&40
diwj] Mh- vkSj esgrk] ih-ch- ¼2004½- bafM;u gk;j ,tqds'ku fjQke%Z Ý‚e gkQ csDM
lks'kfyTe rks gkQ csDM dSfiVfyTe ¼CID oksfdaZx isij u- 108½
diwj] Mh- vkSj esgrk] ih-ch- ¼la½ ¼2017½-usfoxsfVax n ykfC;zUFk% ilZisfDVOl vksu
bafM;k gk;j ,tqds'ku- fnYyh% vksfj,aV CySdLoku
fryd] ts-ch-th- ¼2014]la½- gk;j ,tqds'ku bu bafM;k% bu lpZ v‚Q bDofyVh]
DokfyVh ,aM DokafVVh- fnYyh% vksfj,aV CySdLoku
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188 tid¾12
1½ O;kolkf;d vkSj rduhdh f'k{kk
2½ os if'peh lekt ds Kku] dyk vkSj n'kZu dk çpkj djus ds mís'; ls lac)
fo'ofo|ky; gSa-
3½ vius ok;Z {ks= ds vuqlkj mÙkj nhft,A
4½ viuh [kkst dk [Link] fyf[k,A
5½
6½ rkfydk dk feyku%

vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn bathfu;fjax egkfo|ky;

¼AICTE½
Hkkjrh; —f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn ¼ICAR½ —f"k fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds egkfo|ky;
jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼NCTE½ f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkku
ckj dkmafly v‚Q bafM;k ¼BCI½ y‚ fo|ky;

7½ :lk ds ckjs esa dqN dFku fn, x, gSaA lgh c;kuksa ds lkeus fu'kku ¼ ½
:lk ;kstuk jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk çk;ksftr gSA
:lk ;kstuk H.E ds ijh{kk lq/kkjksa rd lhfer gS
:lk ekStwnk laLFkkuksa ds mUu;u vkSj u, laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk nksuksa 'kkfey
gSaA ¼ ½

189