KAAV INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS,

COMMERCE & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

मुगऱ साम्राज्य का ऩतन और अठारहवीीं शताब्दी सम्बन्धी

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नरे श कुमार
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शोधाथी, इततहास ववर्ाग
महवषभ दयानन्द ववश्वववद्याऱय, रोहतक

lkjka”k
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dk dky ,d cgqr gh [Link]] thoar vkSj d¡id¡ih lh iSnk dj nsus okyk
fo"k; gS tks vius fojks/[Link] pfj= dks ysdj yEcs le; ls bfrgkldkjksa ds chp fookn dk fo"k; cuk gqvk
gSA egku eqxy lkezkT; tks yxHkx 150 o’kks± ls [Link] Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ij izHkko'kkyh <ax ls viuk fu;U=.k
LFkkfir fd, gq, Fkk] dk iru vFkok jktuhfrd fc[kjko bl 'krkCnh dh lokZf/kd [Link] ?kVuk gSA bl ?kVuk us
bfrgkldkjksa dk /;ku viuh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k vkSj muds e/; eqxy lkezkT; ds iru ds [Link] dks ysdj ,d
cgl dh “kq:vkr gks xbZA ;s oks dky Fkk ftlesa cgqr dqN u’V gks jgk Fkk rks cgqr dqN fufeZr gks jgk FkkA cgqr
dqN foLFkkfir gks jgk Fkk rks cgqr dqN izfrLFkkfir gks jgk FkkA blesa cgqr dqN vPNs ds fy, ?kfVr gks jgk Fkk rks
cgqr dqN cqjs ds fy, ?kfVr gks jgk FkkA blfy, ;s “krkCnh bfrgkldkjksa ds “kks/k ds fy, ,d Loifuy “krkCnh
cuh gqbZ gSA çLrqr 'kks/k i= esa eqxy lkezkT; ds iru vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkCnh lEcU/kh okn&fookn dks jktLFkku ds
fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa le>us dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA
ladsr 'kCn :- vBkjgoha 'krkCnh] eqxy lkezkT;] tkxhjnkjh ladV] d`f’k ladV] O;kikfjd iw¡th] tkxhj] O;kikj
vkSj [Link];

eqxy lkezkT; ds iru ds lanHkZ esa bfrgkldkj Li’V :i ls nks [kseksa esa foHkkftr utj vkrs gSaA bfrgkldkjksa ds
,d lewg ds vuqlkj eqxy lkezkT; ds jktuhfrd iru ds lkFk gh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd iru dh izfØ;k vkjEHk
gks xbZ FkhA tcfd bfrgkldkjksa dk nwljk lewg vBkjgoha “krkCnh dks blds Lo;a ds vkyksd esa eqxy lkezkT; ds
lk;s ls vyx djds bl jktuhfrd vO;oLFkk vFkok ladV dks vkfFkZd lEiUurk ls izsfjr {ks=h; mHkkj vFkok ncko
ds :i esa ns[krk gS ftlesa vkfFkZd iqujZpuk “kq:vkr gks xbZ FkhA izks0 lrh'k pUnz vkSj bjQku gchc us tkxhjnkjh
ladV vkSj d`f’k ladV lEcU/kh vo/[Link] izLrqr dj bl “krkCnh dks vkfFkZd ladV ds nkSj ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k
gSA lrh”k pUnz us tkxhj vkSj eulc tSlh eqxy laLFkkvksa dh dk;[Link] dh deh dks mÙkj lrjgoha lnh ds
foÙkh; ladV ds fy, mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;kAi ckn esa mUuhl lkS vLlh ds n”kd esa mUgkasus viuh fLFkfr esa FkksM+k
ifjorZu fd;k vkSj jktuhfrd&iz'kklfud lkezkT; ds ladV ds fy, vkfFkZd i{k ij cy fn;kA bl vo/[Link] dh
iqf’V djrs gq, bjQku gchc us ;g rdZ izLrqr fd;k fd eqxy lkezkT; }kjk jktLo dh Å¡ph ekax a ds dkj.k
fdlkuksa us cM+h la[;k esa d`f’k dk R;kx djds fu’Øe.k fd;k vkSj O;kid Lrj ij fonzksg fd, ftlds
[Link]:i lkezkT; dk iwjk ra= peejk x;k vkSj ,d vkfFkZd ladV mRiUu gks x;kA ii bl er ds foijhr
bfrgkldkjksa ds nwljs lewg us eqxyksa dh d``’kh; O;oLFkk ,oe~ jktLo laxzg dh O;oLFkk ds lhfer nk;js ls ckgj
fudy dj nwljs izdkj ds xSj vkfFkZd mRiknuksa dks vius “kks/k dk vk/kkj cuk;k gSA buds v/;;uksa ls ,d rF;
Li’Vr% mHkjrk gS fd jktuhfrd dsUnzh;d`r ukSdj”kkgh jkT; esa jktuhfrd iru ds i”pkr Hkh lkekftd ,oe~
vkfFkZd fodkl dh izfØ;k tkjh jghA vf”ku nkl xqIrk dh ekU;rk bl ckr dh iqf’V djrh gS fd la;qDr O;kikfjd
laLFkk,¡ iru ds nkSj esa Hkh jktuhfrd lhekvksa ds ikj vkokxeu] ysunsu ,oe~ chek lsokvksa dks tkjh j[krh gSA
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muds vuqlkj ;wjksih;u O;kikj ds izHkko ds dkj.k gk¡ykfd fu;kZr O;kikj vkSj lwjr tSls cUnjxkgh “kgjksa dk iru
gqvk fdUrq blds ckotwn vkUrfjd O;kikj esa dkQh c<+ksrjh gqbZA iii chŒ vkjŒ xzksoj us Hkh vBkjgoha “krkCnh esa
xzkeh.k O;kikj ds mRFkku ds ckjs esa fy[krs gq, dgk gS fd fons”kh vkØ[Link]]a ;wjksih; ,oe~ vaxzstksa ds e/; izfrLi/kkZ
,oe~ eqxy vehjksa dh cckZnh ds ckotwn Hkh LFkkuh; xzkeh.k O;kikfjd mRiknu us miegk}hi eas fLFkr izkUrh;
cktkjksa esa vius fy, jkLrs <wa< fy;s FksA blds dkj.k nLrdkjh m|ksx ls lEcfU/kr fons”kh O;kikj ds uqdlku dh
{kfriwfrZ gks xbZ FkhAiv djsu fy;ksukMZ ds vuqlkj Hkh O;kikfjd iw¡th dk dsUnz fnYyh ls gV dj izkUrh; dsUnzksa dh
vksj gks x;k FkkA cMs cSafdx Qeks± ds O;kikj ,oe~ ysunsu ds O;kikj ds LFkkukUrj.k ds lkFk gh pyu”khy O;kikfjd
oxZ dk Hkh mRFkku gqvk tks O;kikj] vdkamfUVax ,oa jktLo laxzg ds dke eas fu;qDr FksA blls izkUrh; dsUnzkas ij
O;kikfjd iw¡th ds lfØ; gksus ds ladsr feyrs gSaAv lh0 ,0 csyh us vius xzUFk :ylZ] VkmUleSu ,oa cktklZ esa Hkh
blh izdkj ds rF; dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gq, crk;k gS fd eqxy lSfud vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls “kfDr xzg.k dj ,d
uohu e/;eorhZ oxZ dk mRFkku gqvk ftlus NksVs “kgjksa vFkok dLcksa eas /ku fuos”k djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA blls
O;kikj vkSj [Link]; ds fodkl esa lgk;rk feyhAvi lh0 ,0 csyh us lSfud foÙkh;okn lEcU/kh vo/[Link] Hkh izLrqr
dh gSA blls mudk vfHkizk; gS fo”kky lsuk j[kuk vkSj mldks jktLo laxzg.k esa yxkukA blds ckotwn csyh dk
eq[; rdZ e/;eoxhZ oxZ ds mRFkku ls gS tks fd “kkgh “kfDr;ksa ls [Link] gSA bu jktLo laaxzgdksa dks lh0 ,0 csyh
vkSj lat; lqcze.;e us ^iksVZ Qksfy;ks iwathifr* dgdj iqdkjk gSAvii vxj foxr dqN o’kks± iwoZ dh ckr djsa rks
lkekftd&vkfFkZd igyqvksa ds en~nsutj j[krs gq, {ks=h; vk/kkj ij ,sfrgkfld “kks/k dk;Z dks fo”ks’k :i ls c<+kok
feyk gSA bl lanHkZ esa jktLFkku Hkh blls vNwrk ugha jgk vkSj bfrgkldkjksa ds “kks/k dk vk/kkj o muds vkd’kZ.k
dk dsUnz cuk jgkA lrh”k pUnz] ,l0 ih0 xqIrkviii vkSj fnyckx flagix us t;iqj jkT; ds lanHkZ esa [Link]
“kks/kdk;Z fd;k rks ogha ekjokM+ vkSj Hkjriqj jkT; th0 Mh0 “kekZ x] ch0 ,y0 Hknkuhxi vkSj vkj0 ih0 [Link] ds
v/;;u dk dsUnz fcUnq jgsA vxj vBkjgoha “krkCnh ds jktLFkku ds fo’k; esa ckr djsa rks ge ns[krs gSa fd ;gk¡
O;kikj vkSj [Link]; [Link]% fodflr voLFkk esa FkkA ,d rjQ rks vkSjaxtsc dh e`R;q ds ckn dsUnzh; lÙkk detksj
iM+h vkSj eqxy lkezkT; dk iru vkjEHk gks x;k ogha nwljh vksj LFkkuh; “kkldksa esa Hkh la?k’kZ vkjEHk gks x;kA
blds ckotwn lokZf/kd [Link] rF; ;s gS fd bl la?k"kZ vkSj ruko ds ckotwn jktLFkku esa O;kikj vkSj [Link];
dk [Link] fodkl gqvkA blds ihNs ;gk¡ ds “kkldksa dh O;kikj dks izkRs lkgu nsus dh uhfr dk;Z dj jgh Fkh
D;ksafd bu “kkldksa dks bl ckr dk vkHkkl gks x;k Fkk fd O;kikj vkSj [Link]; ds fodkl ds fcuk jkT; dh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blfy, mUgksua s O;kikfj;ksa dks fo”ks’k fj;k;rsa nh vkSj jktLFkku ds ckgj
ds O;kikfj;ksa dks Hkh jktLFkku esa vkdj clus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA
O;kikj izkRs lkgu dh bl uhfr vkSj O;kikj ds fy, vuqdwy izfrfLFkfr;k¡ ikdj vkxjk] fnYyh] xqtjkr]
ekyok] eqYrku] ykgkSj vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd da/kkj ls Hkh cM+s iSekus ij O;kikjh jktLFkku esa vkdj cls vkSj ;gk¡
O;kikj ,oa [Link]; ds fodkl esa [Link] Hkwfedk vnk dhA xii [Link]; vkSj O;kikj ds fodkl ds fy, vPNh lM+dksa
dk gksuk lokZf/kd egÙ[Link] gksrk gSA lkfgfR;d l=ksrksa ls bl ckr dh iqf’V gksrh gS fd vusd izeq[k O;kikfjd ekxZ
jktLFkku dks vU; O;kikfjd uxjksa ds lkFk tksM+rs FksA vCckl [kk¡ “ksjokuh ds fooj.k ls irk pyrk gS fd ,d
izeq[k ekxZ vkxjk ls fprkSM+ vkSj ,d vU; vkxjk ls tks/kiqj dks tksMr+ k FkkAxiii vtesj Hkh fofHkUu O;kikfjd ekxks±
ds }kjk vEcsj] esokr] flokuk] tks/kiqj vkSj lkEHkj ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk FkkA xiv rkjh[k&,&eqckjd”kkgh ds o`rkUr ds
vuqlkj ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd ekxZ fnYyh ls ekyok rd tkrk Fkk tks fd c;kuk ls gksdj xqtjrk FkkA xv blh izdkj
gesa rcdkr&,&vdcjh ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd ,d lh/kk jkLrk vkxjk ls [Link] rd tkrk Fkk tks fd [Link]]
dksVk vkSj mTtSu ls tkrk FkkAxvi ckcj ds o`rkUr ls Hkh gesa vkxjk ls Xokfy;j rd ds ,d lh/ks ekxZ dk irk
pyrk gSAxvii blh izdkj rqtqd&,&tgk¡xhjh ds vk/kkj ij gesa irk pyrk gS fd ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd ekxZ vtesj ls
ekyok rd tkrk Fkk tks fd Mklokyh] ckyksnk] dkujk vkSj [kSjkckn ds jkLrs tkrk FkkA xviii bl izdkj jktLFkku ds
izeq[k O;kikfjd uxjksa ds lkFk lh/ks lEcU/k FksA O;kikj ds fodkl esa ,d izeq[k ck/kk ;s Fkh fd bu O;kikfjd ekxks±
esa ls dbZ dkQh vlqjf{kr FksA gkM+kSrh] esokM+] esokr] ekjokM+ vkSj “ks[kkoVh vkfn {ks=ksa esa yqVjs s O;kikfj;ksa dks ywV
fy;k djrs FksA blfy, eqxy “kkldksa us bu O;kikfjd ekxks± dh lqj{kk ds fy, fo”ks’k mik; fd, ftldh iqf’V
ledkyhu L=ksrksa ls gksrh gSAxix bl izdkj bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas vBkjgoha “krkCnh esa jktLFkku {ks= esa O;kikj vkSj
[Link]; dk cgqr fodkl gqvkA

lUnHkZ:-

 lrh”k pUnz] ikfVZt ,.M ikWfyfVDl ,V n eqxy dksVZ ¼1770&1740½] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izSl] ubZ fnYyh]
2002
 bjQku gchc] n vaxzsfj;u flLVe vkWQ eqxy bf.M;k] 1556&1707] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izSl] ubZ fnYyh]
2002
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9
 vf”ku nkl xqIrk] bf.M;u epsZVl ,.M n fMDykbZu vkWQ lwjr% 1700&1750] euksgj ifCyds”ku] fnYyh]
1994
 ch0vkj0 xzksoj] ,u baVhxzsfVM iSVuZ vkWQ def”kZ;y ykbZQ bu n :jy lkslk;Vh vkWQ ukFkZ bf.M;k M;wfjax
n lsofa VaFk&,VhaFk lsapqjht] izkslhfMXl vkWQ bf.M;u fgLVksfjdy fjdkMZl deh”ku] 37 ¼1966½
 djsu fy;ksuksZM] n xzsV QeZ F;ksjh vkWQ n fMDykbZu vkWQ n eqxy vEik;j] dEis;jsfVo LVMht bu
lkslk;Vh ,.M fgLVªh] okWY;we&21] 1979] i`0 151&167
 lh0 ,0 oSyh] :ylZ] VkmUleSu ,.M cktklZ] ukFkZ bf.M;u lkslk;Vh bu n ,t vkWQ fczfV”k ,Dlisa”ku]
1770&1870 dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izSl] ubZ fnYyh] 1988
 ,l0 lqcze.;e ,.M lh0 ,0 csyh] iksVZ Qksfy;ks dSihVfyLV ,.M n ikWfyfVDy bdksukWeh vkWQ vyhZ ekMZu
bf.M;k] vkbZ0 ,0 ,l0 ,p0 vkj0] XIXV u0 4] 1988
 ,l0 ih0 xqIrk] n vxzsfj;u flLVe vkWQ bLVuZ jktLFkku] C.1600-C.1750, euksgj ifCyds”ku] ubZ fnYyh]
1986
 fnyckx flag] LVsV] ySM a ykMZl ,.M fitsaVl % jktLFkku bu nk ,fVaFk lsapqjh] euksgj ifCyds”ku] ubZ fnYyh]
1990
 th0 Mh0 “kekZ] jktiwr ikWfyVh% , LVMh vkWQ ikWfyfVDl ,.M ,MfefuLVªs”ku vkWQ n LVsV vkWQ ekjokM]
fnYyh] 1977
 ch0 ,y0 Hknkuh] fitsaVl] vkfVZtUl ,.M baVjizhfu;lZ % bdksukeh vkWQ ekjokM+ bu lsoaf VaFk lsapqjh] jkor
ifCyds”ku] t;iqj] 1999
 ch0 ,y xqIrk] VªSM ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku M;wfjax n ,fVaFk lsUpqjh] t;iqj ifCyf”kax gkÅl] t;iqj]
1987] i`0 242
 vCckl [kk¡ “ksjokuh] rkjh[k&,&”ksj”kkgh] bfy;V vkSj Mkmlu }kjk vaxzsth esa vuqokfnr] Hkkx&4] i`0
141&156
 futkeqn~nhu vgen] rcdkr&,&vdcjh] fcc0 [Link] lhfjt] dydÙkk] 1927] i`0 335&336
 rkjh[k&,&eqckjd”kkgh] ds0 ds0 clq }kjk vaxzsth esa vuqokfnr] xk;dokM+ vksfj;aVy lhjht] 1932] i`0 166]
193] 217
 futkeqn~nhu vgen] rcdkr&,&vdcjh] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 211&213
 ckcjukek ¼eseks;lZ vkWQ ckcj½] csofjt }kjk vuqokfnr] [k.M&2] yks izkbZl ifCyds”ku] fnYyh] 1989] i`0
577&608
 rqtqd&,&tgk¡xhjh] ,ysDtsaMj jkstlZ vkSj gsujh csofjt }kjk vuqokfnr [k.M&1] eq¡”khjke euksgjyky
ifCy”klZ fyfeVsM] jkuh >k¡lh jksM+] U;w fnYyh] FkMZ ,Mh”ku] 1978] i`0 340&349
 futkeqn~nhu vgen] rcdkr&,&vdcjh] iwoksZ)`r] i`0 340&342

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