,.

- _j Tw o ➔ :, ~ e
-- - - --- . -
-- J
Tew,~ey~,- e i~ e·h~ ,,+
7iio rS e c~ re ntn:~' O'h 19, w Ji ,'c-h __ VJrl Ce,., frcJ'i-c1Y)-
___:· -

-+ - Voluwie t .S i?ivo lv ed
·Tho.J ~ CQY)cenfrc,l-io-n
i'h ~ '-','c-h . vol~me, /.s, '!Jo+
C.~lled -·+
J
l>/c ~ -;/ e4Q~
On /')-\~)'\)_""tea+. lrn\Jolved ( ~ ~e~1,J- )
,t.c .¾ vol-ih\ f 0, 4ll · 1-nvof ved
,,8 o l...J-,. <-n ~ o 1e.J . c.~1 leic -
(-!M ~ ~tf
,·1
· . -) 1/. M -
v .
~0 i...~1~,'J ·l..Jt
~
oJ He.11.&c
~ mo Loy i t ~ (M-) 1 e'-i,· Mo JaQ,'ij (h,,J
Norm~' + - [t1_ol{]
---4 0 (tJ ) -~ M6le -~ c+i'on (>< )
-:-t 81Ye.-,;:1th (s)

f~m <c.>: JL
w+- .

<
V of.
/ 1-
. . ,) w .

[i] fei,cei,+'\te Co,,.ce..,frohO'h ~ 3 +:1~e > 1/. ";,j

V 1/" y_
® Perce.,+a3e hj c..wt ~ · · . · ·· .v
.. - - lnis r~ erceh-la8f? ('/. ~) ~ hoe ah s . );;:l . .9 m o£ SolcJ-e

d; ,) so\ved : '
r-n lo c ~ h-1 G{) .. ,361<:d-1 o'h ·

4 o -;. wt ,-Jct o H -) 4 o .g rn tJaO H di,&,&olve d

, w-+ . .
·1o o ~~ . ~ - solc.J-;01-1 .

• I

.
i~~ · ,,,_., loo .·
I

d.J'sJ o lvec ·
('!- 'J'.- ~m .vjl Solu.¾.e
h-i -l _ of S'o I cAi.011 .,
 I o o i..(11

M= ~ ~le ~ ·IJ O · ~ hiol e.s of solu.:1-e d;'.s solved ,~

C. \/o[qme ·T
) Oo D h'l) . OY . i L; ~~
·
o-P SoluJ-i(f'n . ,
rnoWn ~ :

➔ w,aJJ · (Jy ~
' -~f
J1olar mass Hwt-
~ _jf_)1J (lY V (w-i I)
Jt•4- ~ 2..4-oo .

No o-P ~ol [Link]

. ~ b .o n x 1o'l.J
-:.¥ . Mola-r;+j e>-f) p4~e wed-er 1.s ·· [Link]~ i-5 5 5. 5 M

.b/c · we•~nt ~ · vol'-fme · u-P u...[Link] Is some

_M=

· tooO == · 55 ,5" M
l0

"/o ~
j .f i--n V
r

looo ~rn cry

. .. _...
r
. rn ::. . M x i o o o: . - .
J~oo )( .f .~ M X MW~

' Can cen i-cJ-ed +han

' , ,s
'

Mola_y ;'➔ :f (!1)

h-iol~ '~ • (Wl) .
~ b/c I,,., 1 M Solc,.;Ho?-> ➔ · O'l1e · rriole · of soJul-e . ~ f -

'1
,
J L;-t,(1
,
of
• • I
.So/vft On •( l""cl«d e SoJJe + Sol veh+) .
71

;,;., ,1 ),-, s 01i.J-i' o'Yl .-:l o-ne m o!e c,f .so/td e p,e}Q,;rt
i "lo .i l'=j c,j' ,.'.l 6Jvent
r-
•

~ [4] Mote
'
~ . Tn e ..-, o..J1'0 oP hioJe a[J t'J

r:...: X == c,,·,ve., h:'ole

To 1o.{? h-,o /e
. Coh-> p oY1<?h+
op a..Q..Q
J-T o-l °'p J-r10IP
CCJ m )o<Yh eh-1- 1-' hO
aJ -
( .1) n

-,;,
~
,:,a
.,.,
~
..:,
~

i
I

{ra ~+,'o'"h IJ u_,,;+ ~ rS , ·

-k Mole
.i.-.,., .· c1 .2_ ~c i,'b i~ . --r el Ji 'o 'n .
6/c.v
~ -- w~µ ·
·s O
101 o'n1
·J Vo.-poc.,,y ~e Js u; -e •

-1:r· ~ 4 + ·~ [Link] . ---X l-o 'ci O.

--- -- - I

.·x S'olvet1 + X (t1 W~f ) S alven"r ,

)(
S'oh,e..,t-
i'S
 ~
~
~
'-'I J

••• -t:
- ~ - - - - ·-i,B ::: M
)

X WR . - .
looo
(v
.. ~

~
+hi's \/[Link]
ru.t 'I 9-)
ei, 4 a:J-i' o 1-i Q) ~
><r; -
-
':h,y \,JA '4!1
XR loco· · - ~

><e, ~ ~
'nfl
WA _
· .. ~
--
X: Pl l oooX-np
C ------
'rJ"
-~

~
x'r3 ' h-1 X
~)< Mf\ ~
.·xA- . -
·-=--

'\: loo o _x ~-~ ~ -

Xrs rv, 'I- MA ~ - ~

------- --
~
XFr too o
-~

~
~
~

(x1a;4le X looO . ·.
~

(>Z)~o\venl- 'I< (r\(,)t) tSolv<2Y'}

-
fs] t'-' o--r t-naJl.d;t (N) ->
~~ ei,w v~ lent ef so tc.J-e
N ::: V c..Q;'+) ,_J
..
I o o o J.n/ 1
~1--n . eiV.-:vq/ ~hf of .s c lcJ-e ·. cliJSo lved · l'"n
OY

· 1-. i' t,e of jo IcJ--r' d 'n. ~ -now ~ 0/4 ~

. '

3 h--1 [Link]..w ""-' ent ><' \ (10 0 .

Vcj,r, Ji)
wt-
wt ;I. too o_
N -
· eq: wt . · ~C..,_;t)

. f _~~c.. ~c ;d. ·mo+ ~ ~.1-,· c. a~,·d :

t, h/c. . , t- ?>of ab I e +o : c _>&,µ:;,
· To/) : c~~ of. ac,'d I

~
• ~+ ICK> . I I ~
·--Ye..,c eive·.l o .., - P
· .
i,----s f.o....,
_ • . ·_- _L-) _ e~4~ - -~ • H+ - ,-o.'h · H o ""'- 0· .le c...,...Qit
+o C..o h-y teJ.e
. . l--
. -2
iH c<--1-e-+. •fr ,,., ~ Y"
---.el e c:-;-e ,-,+ ,' ~ ·
e•<=1 H SO 4- · - :;> :Z _H + -t- c5 O 4- .
2

·..., [!= -~J

(£)
C HJj,hophosJ,4-,crrO <>.! _ac_,'q)
. . · · . ~~.PDi ~
2 .(_ Johospho --YO ~ . ct c.;d J
I--J3 P03 -)
H 4--P2 05 ~ . 2 ·
(_ r~ r'h;,..; pnm~ <1-.r.:2j

l--13 (S 03 _; I
C 0 ,.,- f-1-,o ~""';.'' c : Qc;c! ) ,

• . cal> .
f ~Jj "'ot " o;,.. ~ " ' ~o~ bj- bd,.a.A
l _,,. ·1,u,,,1-' ...~:c! • rl ~~ ., ..., ~ ~1.,~-
~ .... Ow\- '°"' ~ v-Yal~~ h~ j._....
'i...... t,n~
.
r
r ®- Fo--, E~e~ @ foy__I~~
as

~ eitt~ to ~ H-:- ,' 01--) '7 e ~~o.Q to c h ,w ~ e. .

fy _ t-Jq_O H ~ f'-J;; + a H - ~
-a ·'=:])· . . =- 2
A -I ~r-1) ~ p1+.3 .f 30 H-
3
Cc\ +z.. - .2
__ CL:]) · A1 + 3 · . =- s
{E1 o e_:>ccej:,h'o'h . 1;, B~~ I

- 3

·® .J='oy soQ+ ➔
r
1 : : ~+>a y ~ Q ~ j f tJ 4kl be;J
· Ca ~ 2
- ~- Cof2
. j_
+ 2..·CQ
j_
+ ==-2)( 1 f=-IX2.
=- ® ·. . -= ct)
. . 2.
l="'e .2 (§·o4 ) 3 -;, %~ +3 + 3S04-
J .
">1
f : :. -2. '>Z._?
. = -C§)

CH··npc. u,,t or-·Solote ( i'l'-'l 9_)'q ~)

~e ,cf , po\~ 011 · ~~oC>Jry-") _ _-~ _ ~
OY . .

c....,·+. of. ·solute -~e~h+ . J~ c'h e .n..; f.r e : cf .sol c.d-1' c:J 'r) .
. '

wt .. of satJ-_
e
Volq~e ~ [Link]'Y) C..QJ

·s °' (~ MWt_
~ v-~}_ - ~!,_J~ ·-
_-¥ \'s~-.<. M x· Mw-tj ·
 ~ ::= ·._ ~ >< _M~
. .,f

[+] .
. · fay+ /?_eY · rn;JJion - CPP h->J ~
. ~ _( to 6 · ~.-)4;,..!ff J ..
-
~+ - ;.,.., ve d . Sm,, 11 m,,oc,nf ~
.
Wh en Solo:l'e
O:,m pall e . Jco · ,sol,.J.;o..., · +fien -term · ppm is we d .

--
. .\JJ
V
)<'lo~

....... -v
.V X }0 6
The . . Gt,, l£' ~fy-.:d-ion . oP .· ro I/ .,ta.,+,s
--....
,i
*' '
· 1$
of+eh . e.x,.pe;Jed J71 -teY/ 'Yl
i>-n c.., ale "f . O-f o::hr,o;s Jo 1-,e,y-e

of . .LI~ ho-, c' O'Y t,J,m .·

....
--.. J

..--...
-
r

©/ wokv
Qdd
1) .
- I 11 :: er, lnC/ay
lo

Cc~ ~ h f- @
>
,.
-Io o
.
M -= Cer;,-t ,>-r-iola.,.
[Link] ~[Link]'n ➔ .

~ . (
_ L _ M == M,'H ; ;n o/
cr y
x a lq Ji,;e
Jooo

/ H , v , =- M2. ·v 2. I
dY-

6mce~~of _;'>
J,,feyrnix icn~ . of polcJ-,'on
@

s~e
B°"e

r/JR Nn Vl'I ,t . Ng Vg -f -J· .rf'ln Nf)v: ; NgV_gl

/
=
V ,i -t V B -f - · · · L' F--
cc
·J
. Fl Vg

No"' rr>Q fif j ~ -Ye,)~,,+

Solwo'"n
.
r- .
of' So/..J€ +ho.t ea... be diHo ived
~ Solubil,'+::t__ se;> l-nqi<im 4/-n Qmoc.,.,/

~ . rn · q ~~ if,'c . cth10C1 1-1+ .of · So l ve~,I o.f- $~~ ,' f,'c +e~f, . 4-
~ ·'1Ye_J scn-e C.a I )<2 d -
of . ~ oluJ-e 4- So\v~n+-
~ o/>~ te
IJ- de.~ehd O"n
~ {
) Te1rny., evo.:k,.Ye . . f [Link] . .
-,0
~ r1J Sol<-tlo,lif:, of '
rm
~ ·

~
-..:, I~ ·f-e ya.C. t10"n

•
...
-..a .
dJ s-S oJve

Pola.., Sole.&~ d)ssolve

'

.Q; ke
,,

1'"n .'°h(YY) :_ ~ola-r ~c\c.J-~ diJ.s Cli ve

pola.0 Solve~+ j'h -. cncrn- y=,olq-r ~olvent- ·

~
~
·t1 . No. CJ cUssclve · ,' t)) Hi.O ·
...,.
~ , - .t .
Su.~q r
[Link] Ive

-,iJ eiU.: Ubr1 C.d·n IiS -Y~Cl fr) J

,. Sotw,-a:1-e~ . ·Sott.d--ioi, -) a . SoM-io-n -l'h ·GJht'c-h ~o h-1ore

:: . -~olc4-e .dJssolve nt eiveh fe1,,,p ' .5 )crm'!~e '
ey · · COi ifh w'cJ-er [Link] J
.....,,
.,.
 ~hSakrr olec! Sol~O' n _j A Solc.d-iD'r; . ;.,., w~i'e-1,-, h->CTYe

Soluf-e · cl,-'ssolve ·oJ- @, v(?h . temp, , . 4 ~e.s sc.4 ..-e :

ej

Tf dJ\S'Solc.:H on
h-nces/ ½> .LlHs9/

<o
.· ' . I

*
I

Effe-c+ cf · P"'(e jJ':fYe· .- - -:- -·

s;gJ.nit1 CQ h➔
1
. No . .eff.e_e_f-'

r~1 So lQ!, ~I;+~ of BDJ '

l'n ~''t).u~d .-:)

~ Cn~e.s d)Jso lve

I

l '"Y"> JU i,w'd to~n"' Homo9-Ah~C)tLJ ·

r,'libl-t<.tYe ·
I •

Solven+ · ~o I<..J-i o,,,

•
~
tc

-+h aj . l oco -I e mJ:, '.3- . Hi J h f-q v o r...,yJ

~ cVs I- t! · .... n @0-d
. SO UT JO 'r) . _ Uf
~
~ E· 1 !;J I.

•
,a. . E tf ed- of p,-[Link]. o...,., So lu bi lit 'j [Link] .&:)Od

•..a
-o · (C '
af a Jo.J i~ .Q,· 9.--eu c!
rJ

~ ·The . Sol4bi/;1-~ (>-nole f,a tfi on )

~ is c!Jye_c+lj ~~ ~+-iono.Q _ fo ~cwJ-ia.Q p,es.s c.n-- e
· CSolc.diOY1)
~ of . -~ ~
--a_·
~ (PP1~ oZ X.~aj -. .

J ~
~ -

~
-.._\
I Cpp) ~ a-!) , = k 1-1 X 8 <>a\ I:'.fF H h 'Y';j G,-,--J ,fq .., +-

...
--a
~
. (p P)3~ - ~H
h-, X
. -L
X + 0
+c

----
. S lo~e , ,

· rt I .

--
~
slot,-::: ~H

r-
r- x~
r-- c6 co-k
r- o f·.
~
r, .:S-\

~
'

,-..
r-
 of)· HehYj 's· [Link].0 ->
· Applicafton w,t')'")fey
ry,CJY'€ C.or4cyfct bJe. 1--n
a>ii-~ fee~ 'S
R'/}-{ alt' C [Link]
+e~r -
L.
® cJi,,,,oSp~eyr' G
'
IS Low . 1

Se.o..&o-n 'ofc ' · -1,,_J.8 h ·

IJ
~~
Hence . So/'-fh;1;+
J. ~ Oz_
~:JJ,
oJ- { ,'3h fYeJ~c.r,-e
cV [Link] Ive
\

d:1 in ~ . CO2. IS
. (D :Jn " Cold . ~ J S U re
c!.J.c1r·e~ e;J ~o (Oz

wJ.-on ,'+ I
eS oy
\
,en ~h

+n wcJ-e,y w,
. {o;~ afJ. . f(-ofh .. ,~
C, u1- o.Q_(JY)<r
Coh1eJ
;Z o Sol" 1c, : I,·-1- j
re ssure l'Yl ere o;1 (' rS

© J,,,., c/ee f:, ,sell Jo [Link] er.s. w~,.,,

;.,,., . ~e oi
.f ea..se.s ;'Y' cn:o.1e . 1
c, e ·.
#,eh ~ t 4 r
C,owie,.S ovd- · .[Link],
ct.:verp
-
n ~
ckc'Y'eO-d t::,,-.> ~
J c!J, , sso·lve . ~a. Je. J . Com e.s Cu-.:r
o ·
th e · 1--l i .g ~ ·· Co i,,-,e .s o uJ- )'>" fon,., of b Ll/:,b l e J;--o1--n
b loo d . 4-- b lo cl<: ihQ CCJ..jo dlaYle,s . \Lho"-Jn
.
~ ([ Behd)l"
o/
* lfo,d,,i · P ~e>J..,., fc,J!. . 4- v0>:J ck,1-, do-y{JWJ ~ J-o .(Jj.(e. ·
>,\' Av o id~ b~ nd , +h e -1-anJL [Link] ..Sect · c{;vQ/YS -{',·Jled
w ;th d.,,' tcded oJ"" wi th . - He 1iu ~ .
.r ,,.".} 'l, He , 56 •2. . '/; 1-' L. -:J · 3z .•I '/, 0
.1-l
-!l'- Fl+ --h;.'.l h ~+;-/'-1<:l e , j;n--e H t1Y€. , d_a_UY' eo-4 e.,s .So ~o w
&,,-,c.e ..,.Jy,,J-,·o'h . c,j) o ¥ :1 .¥l h ~~ .., .J- ; ..,.., Btu-od ; +r'J N e •
~

q; p0Y. J.
.

blo od O 'i__j ~h Ca ~ es ~( A ~o ~·
~ ~ <JY1 (_,.J .ea K..
1

\..--/ Ur ab I e t-o +h ; T'1 IL.

C l ~ a"( I:] ,
f+fe,c..~ of_ ·Te ~~ e,y o:Juye ~. '))

~ ~e a~ e~ ·. ·w ; +h
So\qb ili½ of . .@~e,.,S
I

l'Yl

'
rr- 1,s e
i 'Y) +en-ip e Y cJq,y-e

I. o I 3 2 s hen-
. (ff)[JO:J ~ !CH X
.- nP
~pp )~ ~ ILn ;;;;_.,.,g
J
t ~ f )¥" ~ ~ ~j 4< l o.-J--i.,,. - , •o , s 2 s x~ o s- f~cc!J.

lfa,J;~ ~""' :__ ·r,3J · I •

·I · 6 "f-- X,,..J-o~ ,, fod c.,_Q_
. 4· O I3 z. S )ti✓
r ~OpO UY f'Y€~ S4re ~>
-::Jh ep-Ye.s..[Link] ezcey~ ed
0'), SQrk te Or j_;i-w'd . k. hcJW"r )

. ..Q; 'f.,CM' c! .
s~,.-.fc,.ce. . 4( +nev-e IJ ct ~o/)·a ml C

eci.u11,' byic.,M . e.s-l-ah:1i.d··, hlw

,af-e_ ~ Vo..pa qyiJ o:J-,'011 4- ry-d€
cf C. OYI ~ h S o.J.; C--,,-, ,

~ Vo.j,o<1T ~essq re 'hot d9-j,,e-nd c..+,o-,, S<-tr.f,.tte

buf -vo-pocni so:h'o'r") · ~t?-h d on Slfrr{Ac.e_ · a Yee{ .

H:z_ 0 C1-HsOH ( CH.?-O - C~

:;_ - H ·bond I - H h oi-,d N 0 . H- bond

. i
-> p _ o<_ V . P. f t,
_ e_m_,__
[T

[f,·1 fz ~ V~0'-1,,.. j,re..J{<.J >(:

~ re>-f:, T , "5- -r 2

bHvo.p --, H e.c:d- cf Vof,ottr; SoJ101,,-;

r, b r 1... -) vot,oe,yy Jores-sc.w-e. ,
 pY-es-S4Ye ~ J).j 1,Lu,d - ~• <j_.w·d Sol~~>
[IJ Vo.-f,ouY
..L ~ 1

.CM' Vo lo.J,' le vo tc.J--r le

s olute Solveht-
~o~4)S Law c-p - - -.

[Link]-.;oQ vo..pe~y ~ J J_ure oP q Componeh+ oJ- CanJ+an+-

+em),, I .s di ,,-e c+ I~ ~ j:,a<+; on o.Q J--ci /r:ol e. {,-act-1cm o-fl

+he,..} Co h--1po'neh'1 .
d X
= po>< r

j;q,~ d. A

mole ~(.tiqy) -> XA .· I

0 po
vo}o<..tf ~e.).scn-e~ PA . 6
;..,.., ~C.('T'e,
- s+ol-e.
(pr)A ~ r~ x A -_ (1)
(Pl')r, ~ r~ ><s -@

a cc o ')'~ ~ tJ oO.+-on s L0-t0 -

► Pr - (f P) A ·+ .(_f PJg
t ;/ l Ps - pFt )( A . + f"e Xs I
►
j
_v~v [Link] of
,. Co~ ~c:flrl e 1-1 t- iCy,

F."e ~ ~-c:J--e
 CJ

><A + PB 7 g
t'.)

Ps = Pc0B XB Ps ::: PA
f1er? X'g- = l ~ XA )
Xp, + I>( B -= j

~o XA ::: . l - Xg

O Cl
0
P.~ = pA )({:) + p (] - f (3 XR

0 0 0
fs = P~ + p'°p xp - P;x~
= PA - PAt<.g + P8 Xg

PA .
. C,

+ (_p~ - f A) x' ,s"l

0 ps -= . f ~ +-. 0~ - P~ ) X/¾/
) Ps
~= C -f- rn ~
~ -- C + h, ,~

Ci) Pf) = PAX.A

T 3-f Xfl -= o ~~h PA ==- 0

\/o f,o uy
~n·e.>54 ye _·
@ .. fe =: . p~ >(C

Jf X! =- O ~ fg =-- o
0

J-f X'! = :i & r8 ~ Pg .

XA :::-('.)
X8 = f
·l-no Ie ~ cti' <rn ~

.,
 cry-
'

[Link] ~ d -; 0 1 7 ,,...,,,
I

1-/L lc,{<..o

,. Vo./,oqy fa>~e (YA) .

A [Link]-d,"1§ Dai2+-on's LQc.u ~
op JO-J = To +a..Q >< Hole ,f:a_c-h'o,;}
[Parf-io.l! /,YeJoq,e }:,re JS 4Ye

· hie le ~ c- li'o,,, - ) Ye
. j'h [Link]
ph~e
· 1l · 1L · .

_ A c c.,a,, c{; 'YIJ . £

ao u.Q 1_ -! La_c0 -.;>

(f PA)3cy - = PT YA
- 0
( PPA).jjqw·d = p; '>(A - (D

'CPPe) 3v:1 = PT Ye - @
== _P~ X13 .- ®
(f Pe) JJci~d
~ 1'-@
- ) <'. Cf_Cl CJ:h 'n _~ ¼ aJ /o 'r ) (]) .4-{2) * e i4 -J t~ - eci}-i a}-1
n- ,

.
-- (ePA)gw 0

PT Yrs
(PPR )J,i i~ d PBXB ==

I
0

~
.
0
pft 'Xp
-- PT -YA P5 Xa
Py
p~ XA
I ~A j ~
=
PT
[PT== f 4
0
XA .+ r; Xg1

. t
I
 [Link] ~essl4Y€ oP -So(td-10'n ~ {\)o}id 1,.-, c9.:,~)-A:i d, ~
- --- - -1- - -- i- ~

"1011 - Volatife vc /[Link] le

So/uh? So /[Link]

0
e · D
0
0 1~ C, 0 ""ll
Add 'hon-
0

.
,
Vo
l t!
C1T"1
re > ·

.
-( .- -5~
-
, -
· S [Link]
€J $L{,3<W
- Urea_ ·
0
Puye ·Solveb.t"(f' J · .$olcJ-i O'n ( p.r) ,.

Vof,o4Y ~J-Slffe 1-nwe vof,oyy ~ei-s4re [Link] ·

a .
~ c..JhQhV <no'n- volol-;/e .solc.J-e [Link] · ,~to _pcn-e ·Solven+
· · +hen ~ V~r ~JSCf r-e q) Joluli'o n i.s . L--oe0e, tho,,.,
Vof,oqr ~nes~[Link] af ~(.(Ye So [veht or .s a_h-1€ ·+e1--n~ .
,.
~ DecYeo-de · l<n va-foour · ~es 04 ye, 6f pcrre -Solve_hf ~ n d
On Q4Qh-hf'j of -'flan - vota:h le ? otul-e ~ h t · ;,, the
Sc lc.d-i O fJ ,, "n o-f ~hd Gr) . i ~ .· 'Yl o=tC-( r-e

Ps = So lu:h' an
. P'YeJ-f4Ye
po == p,e>~vv-e f
f::,c.n,- e ..So h.1€ fJ+

-I
Ps

I . .
I M ·U,y~q
1,5 t---1 Cn4Lo,se @ :;2. t--1 (a y,e · G) .1-5 H UYeq _
lD _ . .. S4rjqy

To/' obove Qt,.J!ti0'>-7

 Ideo.Q · 4· ('Jo'"Y) - I de_~- Solc.,..h'o'YJ $>

f "
fi] Ide~ So/u.J.;o~ ~ :1-he Soltd-i'o n ~'1 ,'d, folto0 · -yq ot.&t)J Ul u.J ·
~ e,,-hr-e Co.2.Q) r9 h~e cf Canceh ·tra-h'o,,_ !:chow,-, aJ -
-~ l·ti_ob_S~_ _ ·~ _·-'¥ {1:)l = p°pxA '+ Pexg_/.
. AHt-n,,c =-0 ~ tne..a1-i.s -H-,eve . ,'s '110 He.o.1- ,·s evolve d OY

absOY bed ~he h --I-he Co f;o po o/ie. n+ ·OJul._ rn /;,( ec!_ .

+ lAV,-..,;~ =·o t ~o\C-(me ~ - Solu.:h'o?1 _ eq_,4~ ~o 3u,-...., of

\/OlLI 1-ne of +w~ Corri po'n e ht ·
• · T,,,., itMnOI ec..o-Qo ..- ./'ore e afl a:H,a.c+.' O'n 6 I c.,.:J
\ ·

r:A-l? ~ Compo1'1e½+ "A- B . e.,_4.o.Q_ to r<-nte--r mD/e_e,u-Qa.,,-

fayC.e ·op a:ttra. ·c-f-io-n of _A _:. R o y B - 8
C Pt.f""C · Co 1-nbane ht-).

pe4-,e_ ®
L - - - ' - -_ _.__. ~ >=9-B
'f:(A-A

~ ·-i "h - [Link]. · + <'Y)- -h e ~-Jcu, e -

-) 8-Yo hio e¼ah e + c-h ICJY-0 e:,fhq h ~
~ - 8' e,n Z.:E:.h~ + Tolu...O.h e '·

. S, C__Q 4- + ((__Q_ 4-
-?

--j [Link] BY +- CLH5 _I

-I<
~ ~ t,
rs . , \o,,,;,c
,:, 4--ve

"". -Ve ._ ¾-)

rL 1, I c. e ..,+.ol-.:t ""e.s.
·11
.
~ e.A<'--4,
.-~ f .
, ~;~
,---
 t'-Joo/l - Icteo.P Solcd-io11 ~
~ d- -?o ll o w ry q_ oe;_Q ttS La 0

. Pm '>< =f F~ Xri +- P~ ><'.!l

J: I :n,.,o J'.;Jf'P 0:>1 }bP .b o.!i J a-£ 1
.J Vo--poq•y· rn: JSY~ .
Whic-h shocu po.i',[Link] wh ie:-h sho <>.'.l -n eg ~ ve
~- ® ~vi oJion
. C j{ V· f. !J move)
~v ~C l1'1 ~
C .IF v . P. 1..-~s:s) ·
0 . ()

* Pi,,,0,1 < PA Xri + •Pe, Xe

•

~A-._ B ) -rFl - A UY J=" B-&

t6H 1-v,, >( == · + ve

_ +v e

~➔ ~..Jh<1<nol + ace-!-crne ·
c·s2 + c-hloro~Yr-1 t- ace+trne.
ace·td11e \

0
. J-1 tJ O3 + H~O
Ci_H50H + Cl-!J H
 r'Yl ; x-ft-f re --h~ve ~ a me Coh-fxJ s;l-- ,on 1".)

birnqy:J w h,·c-J,
' - 4 · V ~ c,c.,y pha..Je ) bo ;/ a:rConrs:+ah+
1')-J J1'icL.'c!,

+eh0peyo._-k1Ye . ;
CaY) 'rl·o+ be .s e fo aycJ--ed .b.::1
f a c h 'cYn cU'-5 +i I a
ti o h
1
I fvtlxi>num bo; l 1'
'7 l~ ·

Mi-ni h-?4~ bo; 1,·'n8 . mj y-}c,. r-€

Q 2 [Link] pIC
a--zeo-Jyof::,,' c
h , jy k i Y(?
bo, Ii-nd Joo ,en-+. of
P?17) + o{J
+ ·-:;µ,,e, .

* The bo,J i-n~

fh e
itS 11 1;1 he., +hq"
fn,'y-k,ye
.Q o we'(' +ha n
h-i ;x·k ore 1' s
he, -5t bo ;J ,' ~ poin+
b o ; J''n& po,rn+ +n e -h i~
+he _Qo wecS+ ht- i<)-j -fh e
c.o ~P o~ef-J+ 'o/) th
e f q
c h J C o m pan e
of q .,:1
h , Jt>( fc-1 ye_
h-J i xf"YYe

3 z. 1/.

C 1) ·l 50 H .
(35 J1 5 ~ )

.3 9 :? · S ~ ]
· 3 5 0 ~5 f::-

poc-511-1v(; . * S h oco b r~e _"r> e9odi vc

* S h ·ou0 J2ay8 e
ac:t o ~ 1 J; 5
_.1 :
&v ; ~ cm.
_/ .;. V_J I ,f (j' ()
~
.
v
~ O h' )

d,Qv ' a..-h' o 1-,

fr ,o m ;_;.~ ou.Q +\s . [Link]
). _Q u
r
Co I l i a_o..H v~~ k ,yft' e.s ~ '""t ,.,,~ vP i&J~

ThB J,,-o ~12 Y/- irl.l o.j) fio t,J; Oh ,-hj ~e

(;.1 h,· hd o,,,., , --re. LaJi v e
<"rlYh--lbeY ~ fo lwe pctrrf-i' caQ odd e d , bu.t t;;, o+ cl_a-f:,~
D'Y"\ 1'1~Y€ . 1 .· s·,3(; J- c-har,3e o-f \)o lcJ- e' pcrr+·hle ~[Link] ,
Cl-b-

4 t:i j,e 4
;E'.el dive .0. owc,,-i'l'l,g , ) <r, V~ O<n' ),re Js '-'' e (~ n
-) tle\:!ol-io "n ·10'1 Bai l;7t1 poi'Yrl ·. (bTb)
Depre-SS i O'n /'Y) teez.i-n.g ' po ;n-:J ' (pTf)
DJmo+,c ~J<Sllr e. . [0)

D-J RetcJive /...ow0ri 1•\~ h,. vof,ou-Y j-;,reJ~ure ~t~)

1?=t+ ►-e louJ~Yf'Y'~ . J'"'n vo.-po~n- ~eJS~Y e cL;rec..}-l j ~ 'r,a-f},·crno.Q
+a · ~o le· fra.c+-io'h @P · -So /cJ-e, ·
<O
~p ex ~i Ps :::: PA X,=r
Ps == P<'.)A [ 1 ~ x8 l
I() .

6P .
-- PA x 8

~p
_;,_...- -- Xg . D O .

D PA-Ps = PA)(E
.p·A
n5 -7 lM - p~ ;; J
~(}
c0
- '?1 A + ccn B
PA
}=oy veYj di lure Sold-i O n
- 'nf3 ;(< ,,·fl

bP -· -'r1A
<"rlB
0
PA
0
----W~ ~ Hp
· PA - Ps ~ -;;;;: MB
D
Pr:r