vkink izca/ku

2024 „ xzsfoVh VªSDVj% ,d varfj{k ;ku vius xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dk

mi;ksx djds] fdlh {kqæxzg ds lkFk çR;{k laidZ ds fcuk]
ç'u % {kqæxzg D;k gSa\ buls thou ds foyqIr gksus dk [krjk
fdruk okLrfod gS\ ,sls foèoal dks jksdus ds fy;s D;k le; ds lkFk mlds iFk dks èkhjs&èkhjs ifjofrZr dj ldrk
[Link] fodflr dh xbZ gS\ (250 'kCn] 15 vad) gSA
What are asteroids? How real is the threat of them z [Link] foLiQksV% ;|fi fo[kaMu dk [krjk gS] ysfdu pje
causing extinction of life? What strategies have been
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh {kqæxzg ds fudV [Link] ce foLiQksV djus
development to prevent such a catastrophe?
mÙkj% {kqæxzg (y?kq xzg) yxHkx 4-6 vjc o"kZ iwoZ lkSjeaMy ls og fo[kafMr gks ldrk gS ;k vius Vdjko iFk ls vyx gks
ds vkjafHkd fuekZ.k ds pV~Vkuh] ok;qfoghu vo'ks"k gSa] tks eq[; :i ldrk gSA
ls {kqæxzg iV~Vh esa eaxy vkSj c`gLifr ds chp lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs z Hkfo";ksUeq[kh n`f"Vdks.k% bljks us xzgh; lqj{kk esa lqèkkj ds fy;s
ik, tkrs gSaA o"kZ 2029 esa ,d {kqæxzg dk vè;;u djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gS]
{kqæxzgksa ls mRiUu ladV ftlds fy;s og laHkor% ,iksfiQl {kqæxzg fe'ku ds lkFk lg;ksx
z ,sfrgkfld çHkko% 66 fefy;u o"kZ iwoZ ,d o`gn {kqæxzg i`Foh djsxk] ftlesa JAXA] ESA vkSj NASA 'kkfey gSaA
ls Vdjk;k Fkk] ftlds dkj.k Mk;uklksj vkSj vU; çtkfr;k¡ fu"d"kZ% tcfd {kqæxzg ,d [krjk gSa] ysfdu [kkst djus] fo{ksi.k
foyqIr gks xb±A vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx esa çxfr ds ekè;e ls xzgksa dh lqj{kk esa lqèkkj
z LFkkuh; fouk'k% y?kq {kqæxzg LFkkuh; Lrj ij egÙ[Link] {kfr
gks jgk gSA blls {kqæxzg lalkèkuksa ds nksgu ds fy;s csgrj rS;kjh vkSj
igq¡pk ldrs gSa] ftlls lqukeh] rFkk oukfXu ok;qeaMyh; O;oèkku
Hkfo"; dh laHkkouk,¡ lqfuf'pr gksaxhA
ds ladV mRiUu gks ldrs gSaA
„ o"kZ 2013 esa psY;kfcaLd mYdkfiaM (:l) esa gq, foLiQksV ls
ç'u % vkink çfrjksèk D;k gS\ bls dSls fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk
'kgj ds pkjksa vksj fouk'k gqvk vkSj dbZ yksx ?kk;y gks x,A gS\ ,d çfrjksèk <k¡ps ds fofHkUu rÙoksa dk [Link] dhft;sA
„ lcls cM+h Kkr ?kVuk o"kZ 1808 esa :l ds lkbcsfj;k esa gqvk vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds fy;s lsaMkbZ <k¡ps (2015-
[krjukd foLiQksV Fkk ftls rqaxqLdk ?kVuk ds uke ls tkuk 2030) ds oSf'od y{;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k dhft;sA
tkrk gSA  (250 'kCn] 15 vad)
z varfj{k eyck% ,d [kafMr {kqæxzg [krjukd varfj{k eyck
What is disaster resilience? How is it determined?
mRiUu dj ldrk gS] ftlls mixzgksa] varfj{k LVs'kuksa vkSj Hkfo";
Describe various elements of a resilience framework.
ds varfj{k fe'kuksa dks [krjk gks ldrk gSA
Also mention the global targests of Sendai Framework
{kqæxzg çHkko vkink dks jksdus for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)
ds fy;s fodflr dh xbZ [Link];k¡ mÙkj% vkink çfrjksèk] yksxksa] LFkkuksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ij çkÑfrd
z {kqæxzg dk irk yxkuk vkSj fuxjkuh djuk% uklk] bZ,l, vkSj vkinkvksa ds gkfudkjd çHkkoksa dk lkeuk djus] jksdus rFkk muls
vU; laxBu tSlh varfj{k ,tsafl;k¡ lfØ; :i ls mu {kqæxzgksa mcjus dh {kerk gSA
dh fuxjkuh rFkk lwph fufeZr djrh gSa tks i`Foh ds fy;s [krjk
vkink çfrjksèk fofHkUu dkjdksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS] ftlesa
mRiUu dj ldrs gSaA
„ loZs{k.k vkSj VsyhLdksi% Hkwfe&vkèkkfjr vkSj varfj{k&vkèkkfjr
'kkfey gSa%
VsyhLdksi] tSls fd NASA dk NEOWISE fe'ku] NEOs z vuqdwyu {kerk% xM+cM+h ls fuiVus] {kfr dks de djus vkSj
ij u”kj j[krh gSa rFkk laHkkfor çHkko tksf[ke çHkko dk vk?kkrksa ls lh[kus dh {kerkA
vkdyu djrh gSaA z laHkkfor tksf[ke% vk?kkr ;k ruko dh rhozrk vkSj vko`fÙkA
z fo{ksi.k fe'ku%
z laosnu'khyrk% fdlh vk?kkr ;k ruko ls dksbZ ç.kkyh fdruh
„ dkbusfVd bEiSDVj% uklk ds Mcy ,LVsjkW;M jhMk;jsD'ku
VsLV (DART) fe'ku us ,d varfj{k ;ku dks ,d {kqæxzg ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA
Vdjkdj] xzgh; lqj{kk ds fy;s {kqæxzg fo{ksi.k dk çFke ijh{k.k z laxBu% vrhr dh vkinkvksa ls lh[kus vkSj Hkfo"; ds tksf[keksa
fd;kA dks de djus ds fy;s Lo;a dks laxfBr djus dh {kerkA
343
çfrjksèk <k¡ps ds pkj rÙo 'kgjh ck<+ ds dkj.k
vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds fy;s lsaMkbZ <k¡ps ds oSf'od z tyok;q ifjorZu% o"kkZ dh rhozrk esa o`f¼] 'kgjh ck<+ dks c<+kok
y{; (o"kZ 2015-2030)% vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds fy;s lsaMkbZ nsrk gSA m".k iouksa esa vfèkd vkæZrk gksrh gS] ftlds [Link]:i
<k¡pk la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk }kjk vuqeksfnr ,d le>kSrk gS ftldk Hkkjh o"kkZ ns[kus dks feyrh gSA rkieku o`f¼] fo'ks"k :i ls vcZu
mn~ns'; oSf'od y{;ksa vkSj ljdkjksa rFkk vU; fgrèkkjdksa ds chp lk>k ghV vkblySaM~l esa] tyok;q iSVuZ dks vkSj ckfèkr djrk gSA
f”kEesnkjh ds la;kstu ds ekè;e ls vkink tksf[ke rFkk {kfr dks de „ leqæ&Lrj esa o`f¼ ls rVh; 'kgjksa ds fy;s [krjk c<+ tkrk gS]

djuk gSA ftlls ck<+ vkSj ehBs ty dk çnw"k.k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
z 'kgjhdj.k% lrgksa dh vHks|rk dks c<+kdj ck<+ ds tksf[ke dks
dkjZokbZ dh çkFkfedrk,¡ c<+krk gS] ftlls ty viokg esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj ty vo'kks"k.k
z çkFkfedrk&1% vkink tksf[ke çcaèku dks Hks|rk] {kerk] O;fDr;ksa de gksrk gS] tcfd ck<+ ds eSnkuksa ij vfrØe.k ls vi;kZIr
vkSj ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk tksf[ke] [krjs dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ds fofu;eu ds [Link]:i çkÑfrd ty çokg ckfèkr gksrk gSA
leLr vk;keksa esa vkink tksf[ke dh le> ij vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg;sA z vuqfpr Bksl vif'k"V çcaèku% blls ty viokg ç.kkfy;k¡
z çkFkfedrk&2% jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od Lrj ij vkink vo#¼ gks tkrh gSa] ftlls Hkkjh o"kkZ ds nkSjku ty dk çokg
tksf[ke çcaèku lHkh {ks=kksa esa vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds çcaèku vfèkd gks tkrk gS rFkk lhost ,oa o"kkZ ty ds fey tkus ls
ds fy;s egÙ[Link] gSA ck<+ dk [krjk vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA
z çkFkfedrk&3% lajpukRed vkSj xSj&lajpukRed mik;ksa ds ekè;e çeq[k ck<+ dh ?kVuk,¡
ls vkink tksf[ke dh jksdFkke rFkk U;wuhdj.k esa lkoZtfud rFkk z psUubZ ck<+ (2015)% Hkkjh o"kkZ vkSj [kjkc ty viokg ra=k ds
futh fuos'k] O;fDr;ksa] leqnk;ksa] ns'kksa vkSj mudh ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk 'kgjh fodkl ds dkj.k 300 varnZs'kh; ty fudk;ksa ds
lkFk&lkFk i;kZoj.k dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd] LokLF; rFkk lkaLÑfrd u"V gksus ls ck<+ dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh cnrj gks xbZ gSA iYyhdjubZ
çfrjksèk c<+kus ds fy;s vko';d gSA ek'kZ esa mYys[kuh; deh us çkÑfrd ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj ck<+
z çkFkfedrk 4% çHkkoh çfrfØ;k ds fy;s vkink rS;kjh dks c<+kuk fu;a=k.k dks de”kksj dj fn;kA
rFkk iquçkZfIr] iquokZl vkSj iqufuZekZ.k esa csgrj fuekZ.k djukA z eqacbZ ck<+ (2005)% Hkkjh o"kkZ ds dkj.k vkbZ ck<+ us ,d lnh
fu"d"kZ% Hkkjr ljdkj us lsaMkbZ <k¡pk o"kZ 2015&2030 ds y{;ksa iqjkus ty viokg ra=k dks èoLr dj fn;k x;k] ftls dsoy
vkSj çkFkfedrkvksa ds vkèkkj ij çkFkfedrk okyh dkjZokb;ksa dk ,d 25 feeh- çfr ?kaVs dh o"kkZ dks laHkkyus ds fy;s fM”kkbu fd;k
lewg tkjh fd;k gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds x;k FkkA 'kgjhdj.k ds dkj.k eSaxzkso esa 40% dh deh vkbZ
fy;s ,f'k;kbZ eaf=kLrjh; lEesyu (AMCDRR) 2016 ds nkSjku ,f'k;kbZ ftlls ck<+ dh leL;k esa vkSj o`f¼ gqbZ lkFk gh ty dk çHkkoh
{ks=k esa vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds fy;s lsaMkbZ <k¡ps ds çHkkoh vo'kks"k.k ckfèkr gqvkA
dk;kZUo;u ds fy;s UNISDR dks 1 fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj dk Hkkjr esa 'kgjh ck<+ ls
vuqnku çnku fd;k gSA fuiVus ds fy;s uhfr;k¡ vkSj :ijs[kk
ç'u % 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa ck<+ ,d mHkjrh gqbZ tyok;q&çsfjr vkink z 'kgjh ck<+ çcaèku ij fn'kk&funZs'k (2010)% jk"Vªh; vkink
gSA bl vkink ds [Link] dh ppkZ dhft;sA fiNys nks çcaèku çkfèkdj.k }kjk tkjh ;s fn'kk&funZs'k 'kgjh ck<+ çcaèku ;kstuk
n'kdksa esa Hkkjr esa vkbZ ,slh nks çeq[k ck<+ksa dh ds fy;s cgq&fo"k;d n`f"Vdks.k dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dhft;sA Hkkjr dh mu uhfr;ksa z LekVZ flVht fe'ku (2015)% LekVZ ty fudklh vkSj ck<+
vkSj <k¡pksa dk [Link] dhft;s] ftudk mn~ns'; ,slh ck<+ksa çcaèku ç.kkfy;ksa lesr lrr~ 'kgjh cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
ls fuiVuk gSA (250 'kCn] 15 vad) z ve`r 2-0% ck<+ dh vk'kadk dks de djus ds fy;s pØokrh ty
Flooding in urban areas is as emerging climate-induced
viokg vkSj 'kgjh cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks mUur djus ij dsafær gSA
disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the
features of two major floods in the last two decades in z rwiQku ty fudklh ç.kkyh] 2019 ij eSuqvy% lrr~ pØokr
India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India ty çcaèku vkSj ck<+ çfrfØ;k lacaèkh ;kstuk ij ekxZn'kZu çnku
that aim at tackling such floods. djrk gSA
mÙkj% 'kgjh ck<+] ,d tyok;q&çsfjr vkink gS] tks rc ns[kus fu"d"kZ% tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k 'kgjh ck<+ ls 'kgjksa dks cgqr
dks feyrh gS tc Hkkjh o"kkZ ds dkj.k ty viokg ç.kkfy;k¡ çHkkfor vfèkd tksf[ke gksrk gSA lrr~ cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds ekè;e ls çHkkoh
gksrh gSa rFkk 'kgjksa tSls l?ku vkcknh okys {ks=kksa esa Hkwfe ;k laifÙk çcaèku vkSj NDMA ds fn'kk&funZs'kksa dk ikyu djrs gq, 'kgjh
tyeXu gks tkrh gSA yphysiu esa o`f¼ dh tk ldrh gSA

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ç'u % ck¡èkksa dh foiQyrk ges'kk çy;adkjh gksrh gSa] fo'ks"k :i ç'u % Hkkjr esa rVh; vijnu ds [Link] ,oa izHkkoksa dks
ls uhps dh vksj] ftlds [Link]:i thou vkSj laifÙk le>kb;sA [krjs dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy;s miyCèk
dk Hkkjh uqdlku gksrk gSA ck¡èkksa dh foiQyrk ds fofHkUu rVh; izcaèku rduhdsa D;k gSa\ (250 'kCn] 15 vad)
[Link] dk fo'ys"k.k dhft;sA cM+s ck¡èkksa dh foiQyrk ds Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India.
What are the available coastal management techniques
nks mnkgj.k nhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad) for combating the hazard?
Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the
downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and
mÙkj% rVh; {ks=kksa esa leqnzh ygjksa ds dkj.k rVh; Hkwfe dk dVko
property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give gksrk gS vkSj bu ygjksa ds lkFk rVh; e`nk leqnz esa çokfgr gks tkrh
two examples of large dam failures. gSA bls gh ^rVh; vijnu* dgrs gSaA
mÙkj% ck¡èkksa dh foiQyrk lkekU;r% ck¡èk esa lajpukRed rVh; vijnu ds mÙkjnk;h dkj.k
foiQyrkvksa vFkok dfe;ksa ds dkj.k ck¡èk ds fdlh tyk'k; ls ty
dh vfu;af=kr fudklh gSA cM+s ck¡èkksa ds fuekZ.k ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr rhljs ¹leqnzh ty dk Å"ehdj.kº
¹HkweaMyhdj.k
LFkku ij fLFkr gS] ck¡èkksa dh foiQyrk dh fLFkfr esa laHkkfor :i ls Å"ehdj.kº ‰ blus Hkkjrh; çk;}hi esa
cM+h ek=kk esa ty fu"dkflr gks ldrk gS] tks fupys fgLlksa esa yksxksa ‰ ok;qeaMy esa CO2 dh pØokrksa ds fuekZ.k esa o`f¼
;k laifÙk ds fy;s tksf•[Link] gks ldrk gSA lkanzrk esa o`f¼ ds dj.k dh gS vkSj rVh; {ks=kksa ds
ck¡èkksa dh foiQyrk dk dkj.k xzg dk rki c<+ jgk gS fouk'k esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
[Link]:i fgeun
z vksojVkWfiax% bldk çeq• dkj.k •jkc <yok¡ fM”kkbu gS] ftlls ¹xzgksa dh vofLFkfrº
fi?ky jgs gSa] ftlls
tyk'k; cgqr vfèkd Hkj tkrk gS] fo'ks"kdj Hkkjh o"kkZ ds le; esaA leqnz dk Lrj yxkrkj c<+ ‰ i`Foh vkSj panzek dh vofLFkfr
z volajpukRed nks"k% <ykuksa dh vfLFkjrk ls ck¡èk ds uhps ty jgk gSA leqnz esa Tokj dk dkj.k curh gSA
dk fjlko gks ldrk gSA ‰ bl çdkj {kj.k] ?k"kZ.k] ‰ iwjs xzg ij çokfgr gksus okyh
z ifjpkyu lacaèkh foiQyrk,¡% okYoksa vkSj ufydkvksa dh foiQyrk tyh; fØ;k rFkk çcy ok;q Hkkjh ÅtkZ mRiUu
ds [Link]:i vDlj lapkyu esa leL;k vkrh gS] ftlls ikuh vi?k"kZ.k] ygj ÅtkZ] djrh gS _ ;g mRiUu ÅtkZ
dk cgko çHkkfor gks ldrk gSA tyok;q ifjorZu] e”kcwr nh?kZdkfyd :i ls pV~Vkuksa dks
z Hkw&oSKkfud vfLFkjrk% HkwL•yu] Hkwdai tSlh VsDVksfud çsfjr rVorhZ cgko bR;kfn jsr esa [akfMr djus okys rVksa ij
'kkfey gSaA rjaxksa ds :i esa Vdjkrh gSaA
vkink,¡ ck¡èk lajpukvksa ds fy;s •rjk mRiUu dj ldrh gSaA
z ck¡èkksa dk iqjkuk gks tkuk% ck<+ dh c<+rh vko`fÙk vkSj vU; z i`Foh foKku ea=kky; ds varxZr us'kuy lsaVj iQkWj dksLVy fjlpZ
(NCCR) us ,d fjiksVZ çdkf'kr dh gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd
i;[Link]; ifjorZu ck¡èk dh lajpukRedrk ,oa fØ;kRedrk dks
Hkkjr ds leqnz rV dk ,d&frgkbZ fgLlk 28 o"kks± esa leqnzh {kj.k@
çHkkfor dj ldrs gSa] ftlls ck¡èk dh vk;q de gks tkrh gSA
dVko ls çHkkfor gqvk gSA
z lajpukRed foiQyrk% fM”kkbu] fuekZ.k lkexzh vFkok j•j•ko
rVh; vijnu ds mÙkjnk;h dkj.k
vkfn dh vi;kZIrrk ck¡èk foiQyrk dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
z fuekZrkvksa }kjk rVh; çcaèku {ks=k (CMZ) ds fu;eksa dk mYya?ku_
cM+s ck¡èkksa dh foiQyrk ds mnkgj.k
z rVh; {ks=kksa ds ikl [Link] ÅtkZ] Tokjh; ÅtkZ] tSls ÅtkZ mRiknu
z ePNw II ck¡èk foiQyrk (1979)% vuqfpr fM”kkbu vkSj Hkkjh o"kkZ la;a=kksa dk fuekZ.k_
ds dkj.k xqtjkr dk ePNw II ck¡èk {kfrxzLr gks x;k] ftlds z unh ls leqnz esa jsr dk çokg de gksukA
[Link]:i çy;adkjh ck<+ vkbZA ewlykèkkj çokg ds dkj.k dbZ
xk¡o u"V gks x, vkSj 2,000 ls vfèkd yksxksa dks tku x¡okuh iM+hA rVh; vijnu dk çHkko
z frokjs ck¡èk foiQyrk (2019)% vR;fèkd o"kkZ ds dkj.k egkjk"Vª leqnz ds Lrj esa o`f¼ ls NksVs }hiksa ds tyeXu gksus
ds jRukfxjh esa fLFkr frokjs ck¡èk VwV x;k] ftlls lkr xk¡o esa dk [krjk c<+ x;k gSA
ck<+ vkus ls dkiQh yksxksa dh e`R;q gks xbZA rVh; vijnu ls leqnzh lalkèkuksa esa deh vkrh gS]
ck¡èk lqj{kk vfèkfu;e 2021 vkSj ck¡èk iquokZl ,oa lqèkkj ifj;kstuk ftlls vk; dh gkfu Hkh gksrh gSA
(DRIP) tSls ç;kl Hkkjr esa ck¡èk foiQyrk dh çy;adkjh ?kVukvksa rVh; vkoklksa ds fouk'k ls rVh; ouLifr;ksa vkSj
dks jksdus ds fy;s mBk, x, çeq• dne gSaA thoksa ds fouk'k dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA

345
vijnu dks jksdus ds fy;s çeq[k rVh; çcaèku rduhdsa z 2004 esa fgan egklkxj esa uhps Hkwdaih; xfrfofèk ds dkj.k lqukeh
z [kkjk iRFkj&iSdsftax vkSj czsd okVj lajpukvksa dk fuekZ.k vkbZ] ftlus Hkkjr ds rVh; {ks=kksa dks çHkkfor fd;kA
z xSjksuh uked de Å¡pkbZ okys nhokjksa dk fuekZ.k djds vr% Hkwdai ”kksuy [krjksa ds çfr lqHks|rk ds vuq:i fodkl
z ft;ks&flaFksfVd V~;wcksa dks LFkkfir djds ;kstuk,¡ cukus dh vko';drk gS] rkfd i;kZoj.k larqyu ds lkFk lrr~
z leqnz rV ds vkl&ikl ikSèks yxkuk (eSaxzkso] çoky fHkfÙk;ksa vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok feys vkSj tku&eky dh {kfr de dh tk ldsA
ySxwu vkfn) ç'u % Hkw&L•yu ds fofHkUu [Link] vkSj çHkkoksa dk [Link] dhft;sA
z lkekftd okfudh dks çksRlkfgr djuk jk"Vªh; Hkw&L•yu tksf•e çca/u [Link] ds egÙ[Link]
z iqfyu jksèk (xzksbu) ;g ,d lfØ; lajpuk gS] tks rV ls leqnz ?kVdksa dk mYys• dhft;sA (250 'kCn] 15 vad)
rd foLrkfjr gksrh gS rFkk çk;% rVjs[kk ds yacor~ ;k FkksM+h frjNh Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides.
gksrh gS] iqfyu jksèk ;k xzksbu dgykrh gSA Mention the important components of the National
tyok;q ifjorZu ds [krjksa esa rhoz o`f¼ ds lkFk] leqnz dk c<+rk Landslide Risk Management Strategy.
Lrj bl çfØ;k dk ,d fuf'pr [Link] gSA pw¡fd iwjs Hkkjr esa rVh; mÙkj% ioZrh; <kyksa ;k unh rVksa ij NksVh f'kykvks]a feV~Vh ;k eycs
{ks=k ?kuh vkcknh okys gSa] blfy;s ;g vifjgk;Z gks x;k gS fd yksxksa dk vpkud f[klddj uhps vkuk gh HkwL[kyu gSA ;g ,d çkÑfrd
dks lqjf{kr LFkkuksa ij foLFkkf"kr djus ds fodYi dks è;ku esa j[krs ?kVuk gS] ftldh vko`fÙk ekuotfur [Link] ls dkiQh c<+ tkrh gSA
gq;s rVh; ;kstuk ij Bhd fopkj fd;k tk,A
tyok;q ifjorZu
2021 oSf'od rkieku esa o`f¼ ds dkj.k Xysf'k;jksa ds fi?kyus
ç'u % Hkwdai lacaf/r ladVksa ds fy;s Hkkjr dh Hks|rk dh foospuk vkSj Hkkjh o"kkZ dh ?kVukvksa dh nj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS] ftlds
HkwL[kyu ds dkj.k
dhft;sA fiNys rhu n'kdksa esa] Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa [Link]:i HkwL[kyu dk [krjk c<+rk tk jgk gSA
Hkwdai }kjk mRiUu cM+h vkinkvksa ds mnkgj.k çeq• Hkwdai vkSj Tokykeq[kh foLiQksV
fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk nhft;sA (150 'kCn] 10 vad) fgeky; ,d ;qok ioZr Ük`a[kyk gksus ds dkj.k ,d
Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake
related hazards. Give examples including the salient lfØ; vfHklj.k {ks=k ds Åij fLFkr gS] tks Hkwdai ds
features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in fy;s ço.k gS] ogha Tokykeq[kh mn~Hksnu ls Hkh igkM+h
different parts of India during the last three decades. {ks=kksa esa HkwL[kyu c<+ tkrk gSA
mÙkj% i`Foh dh lrg ij vpkud gksus okys daiu dks Hkwdai tula[;k dk ncko
dgrs gSaA ;g lcls ”;knk viwoZ'kkspuh; vksj foèoald gSA blds [krjs c<+rs tula[;k ncko ds dkj.k fodklkRed xfrfofèk;ksa
lrg ds VwVus] HkwL[kyu] nzohdj.k] foorZfud foÑfr] lqukeh vkfn ds fy;s ouksUewyu] ckaèk fuekZ.k] ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa gksVy
rd foLr`r gks ldrs gSaA vkSj vfu;ksftr clkoV vkfn ls Hkh HkwL[kyu dk [krjk
z ns'k ds orZeku flfLed ”kksu eSi ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh Hkwfe dk
c<+ tkrk gSA tSls& mÙkjk[kaM esa pkj èkke ifj;kstukA
yxHkx 59% fgLlk lkekU; ls xaHkhj Hkwdaiuh; [krjksa ds vèkhu
gSA Hkkjrh; IysV çfr o"kZ mÙkj o mÙkj&iwoZ fn'kk esa 1 lseh- f[kld bUgha [Link] ls HkwL[kyu ds çHkko gks ldrs gSa] ftuesa thou
jgh gS] ijarq mÙkj esa fLFkr ;wjsf'k;u IysV ds vojksèk ds dh gkfu] vkèkkjHkwr <k¡ps dk fouk'k ,oa çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dh gkfu
[Link]:i fgeky; dk rygVh {ks=k Hkwdai] nzohdj.k vkSj vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
HkwL[kyu dh pisV esa gSA z blls ufn;k¡ xkn vkSj vo'ks"kksa ls Hkjdj ck<+ yk ldrh gSa] tks
z vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg ,d varj&IysV lhek ij fLFkr Hkwfe] [kM+h iQlyksa] i'kqèku vkSj [kk| HkaMkj dks u"V djds fdlkuksa
gksus ds dkj.k vDlj fouk'kdkjh Hkwdaiksa dk vuqHko djrs gSaA dh vkthfodk dks dqçHkkfor dj ldrh gSA
z Hkkjr dh c<+rh vkcknh] O;kid voSKkfud [Link] ,oa vfu;ksftr
HkwL[kyu dk fLFkjhdj.k vkSj 'keu
'kgjhdj.k vkfn us Hkh Hkwdai ls tqM+s tksf[keksa dks c<+k fn;k gSA
,oa HkwL[kyu çcaèku gsrq fo'ks"k
z fiNys rhu n'kdksa esa Hkwdai ds dkj.k dbZ vkink,¡ gqb±_
HkwL[kyu tksf[ke {ks=k ç;ksT; okgu (SPV) dk [Link]
‹ 1993 esa ykrwj vkSj mLekukckn esa Hkwdai vk;k] ftlesa vis{kkÑr
mFkyh xgjkbZ ds dkj.k lrg dh cM+h {kfr gqbZA HkwL[kyu ioZrh; {ks=k
jk"Vªh; HkwL[kyu
‹ 1999 esa peksyh esa FkzLV iQkWYV ds dkj.k Hkwdai vk;kA
fuxjkuh vkSj fofu;eksa dh
tksf[ke çcaèku [Link]
[Link]:i HkwL[kyu] lrgh ty çokg esa ifjorZu] lrg iwoZ psrkouh rS;kjh vkSj
ds egÙ[Link] ?kVd
dk VwVuk vkSj dVh gqbZ ?kkfV;kas dks ns[kk x;kA ç.kkyh uhfr;k¡
z 2001 esa fj,fDVosVsM iQkWYV ds dkj.k Hkqt esa Hkwdai vk;k vkSj tkx:drk dk;ZØe fgrèkkjdksa dk çf'k{k.k
tku&eky dh Hkkjh {kfr gSA vkSj {kerk [Link]

346 2020
ç'u % vkink çcaèku esa iwoZorhZ çfrfØ;kRed mikxe ls gVrs gq, z vkink ds izca/u ,oa U;wuhdj.k gsrq [Link] vkink tksf[ke izca/u
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vkjaHk fd;s x, vfHkuwru mik;ksa dh n`f"Vdks.k (TDRM) lapkj ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx] is'ksoj
foospuk dhft;sA  (250 'kCn] 15 vad) izf'k{k.k dks 'kkfey fd;k tk jgk gSA
Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster z vkink izca/u dh fn'kk esa varj&,tsalh leUo; dks c<+kok nsrs
management by the Government of India departing gq;s vkink laca/h MkVk ds izlkj] cpko] vkokl] LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa
from the earlier reactive approach. vkfn dks eqgS;k djk;k tk jgk gSA
mÙkj% vkink ,d izkÑfrd ;k ekuo fu£er [Link] dk [Link] z i`Foh foKku ea=kky; }kjk 'kgjh ck<+ ds eísu”kj ,dhÑr ck<+
gS] tks vpkud lkekU; thou dks vLr&O;Lr dj nsrk gSA Hkkjr esa psrkouh [Link] (IFLOW) dks vey esa yk;k tk jgk gSA
vkink dk izca/u vkink izca/u vf/fu;e 2005 ds rgr fd;k tkrk fu"d"kZr% dgk tkrk gS fd NDRF us vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k
gSA vkink izca/u ,d Øfed vkSj lrr~ izfØ;k gS] ysfdu iwoZorhZ ds fy;s lsankbZ ÚseodZ ds rgr lHkh ekud gkfly dj fy;s gSaA 1999
izfrfØ;kRed mikxe ds varxZr vkink ds varxZr vkink ds i'pkr~ ds vksfM'kk lqij lkbDyksu us yxHkx 10]000 yksxksa dh tku ys yh]
izHkkfor {ks=kkas esa jkgr o cpko dk;Z fd;k tkrk FkkA blls tu/u dks gky gh esa vk, pØokrh rwiQku iQsuh us 64 yksxksa dh tku yhA bl
O;kid gkfu ds lkFk&lkFk izHkkfor yksxksa dk iquokZl o fjdojh lE;o~Q rjg ds u, mik;ksa ds lkFk Hkkjr fu;fer :i ls le; ds lkFk ?kVrs
:i ls ugha gks ikrh FkhA vk¡dM+ksa dks ns[krk gSA
[Link] vksfM'kk esa pØokr (1999)] lqukeh (2004) ds }kjk
2019
ekuo] vk£Fkd i;[Link];] HkkSfrd lalk/uksa dk fouk'k vkfnA blfy;s
vxzlfØ; mikxeksa ds varxZr jksdFkke ds mik;] mfpr rS;kjh] 'keu ç'u % vkink izHkkoksa vkSj yksxksa ds fy;s mlds [krjs dks ifjHkkf"kr
vkSj dkjZokbZ vkfn ds ekè;e ls vkinkvksa ds izHkko dks de djus djus ds fy;s Hks|rk ,d vR;ko';d rÙo gSA vkinkvksa
rFkk nh?kZdkfyd fuokjd vkSj lqj{kk mik;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ds izfr Hks|rk dk fdl izdkj vkSj fdu&fdu rjhdksa ds
lkFk pfj=k&fp=k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS\ vkinkvksa ds lanHkZ
lfØ; [Link] esa Hks|rk ds fofHkUu izdkjksa ij ppkZ dhft;sA
 (150 'kCn] 10 vad)
lexz vkSj jksdFkke 'keu rS;kjh Rofjr vkSj izHkkoh
Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster
lrr~ izfØ;k {kerk fuekZ.k dkjZokbZ ds impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways
vkink izca/u vkèkkjHkwr rÙo can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss
iqu£uekZ.k vkdyu iquokZl different types of vulnerability with reference to
disasters.
dkjZokbZ cpko] rqjar jkgr
mÙkj% la;qDr jk"Vª vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k (UNDRR) ds
lkekU; fLFkfr dh cgkyh vuqlkj Hks|rk dks HkkSfrd] lkekftd] vk£Fkd vkSj i;[Link]; dkjdksa
vkink izca/ku ds vfHkuwru mik; ;k izfØ;kvksa }kjk fu/kZfjr fLFkfr;kssa ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gS] tks fdlh O;fDr] leqnk; ifjlaifÙk;ksa ;k [Link];ksa ds [krjksa
z vkink iwoZ psrkouh [Link] dks etcwr djuk fofHkUu lSVsykbV] ds izfr laosnu'khyrk esa o`f¼ djrh gSA
tSls EOS&01 RISAT] INSAT bR;kfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
Hks|rk ewY;kadu dks tksf[ke ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds chp eq[;
z jk"Vªh; vkink izca/u ;kstuk 2016 dks lsankbZ ÚseodZ ds lkFk laca/ dk [Link] djus okyh Hks|rk dh [Link] vkSj ladYiuk ij
,dhÑr djds jk"Vªh;] jkT;] ftyk o LFkkuh; Lrjksa ij izkjafHkd vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg;sA ;fn yksxksa vkSj uhfr&fuekZrkvksa dks irk gks fd
psrkouh nsus] vkink ds ckn fuekZ.k dk;Z djus rFkk leqnk;ksa dks [Link] dgk¡ vkSj fdruh de”kksj gS rks vkinkvksa dh de”kksfj;ksa dks
vkink ds izfr tkx:d djukA de djus ds fy;s i;kZIr mik; fd;s tk ldrs gSaA blesa nks n`f"Vdks.k
z HkwL[kyu izo.k {ks=kksa dh eSfiax tksus'ku] ekWuhVfjax djus rFkk rS;kjh] 'kkfey gS&
{kerk fuekZ.k vkSj izf'k{k.k vkfn dks lqfuf'pr djus gsrq jk"Vªh; z oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k% blesa vuqla/ku {ks=k dh Hks|rk vkSj vkink
HkwL[kyu tksf[ke izca/u [Link] (NLRMS) dks viuk;k x;k gSA tksf[ke esa deh ds O;ogkfjd vkdyu n`f"Vdks.k 'kkfey gSaA
z pØokr ds tksf[ke o lqHks|rk dks de djus ds fy;s jk"Vªh; z uhfrxr n`f"Vdks.k% ;g fofHkUu izkÑfrd [krjksa ds fy;s Hks|rk
pØokr tksf[ke 'keu ifj;kstuk (NLRMS) dks ykxw djuk ,oa ds LFkkfud forj.k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djrk gS tgk¡
7 pØokr psrkouh dsanz Hkh LFkkfir fd;s x, gaSA vfèkdkfj;ksa dks dkjZokbZ djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
347
 lkekftd Hks|rk% vk£Fkd Hks|rk% vkink rS;kjh ,d lrr~ vkSj ,dhÑr izfozQ;k gS] tks tksf[ke de
fu/Z u ks a ] ,d vfHkHkkod vk£Fkd ifjla i fÙk;ks a vkS j djus okyh xfrfof/;ksa vkSj laLkk/uksa dh ,d foLr`r Üka`[kyk ls mRiUu
ifjokj] xHkZorh efgyk,¡] izfØ;kvksa ij vkinkvksa ds gksrh gS fdlh Hkh vkink izca/u izfØ;k esa bls igyk dne ekuk tkrk
ekrk,¡] fnO;kax] cPpksa] cqtqxks± fy;s laHkkfor izHkko] fofHkUu gS] D;ksafd blesa 'kkfey gSµ
tSls lewgksa ij vkinkdkjh vk£Fkd {ks=kksa dh Hks|rkA i;kZIr vkikrdkyhu izfrfØ;k {kerk rS;kfj;ksa
?kVukvksa dk laHkkfor izHkko mnkgj.k% de vk; okys ds Lrj dk j[kj[kko f'k{kk] izf'k{k.k
mnkgj.k% iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa ifjokj izk;% 'kgjksa ds mPp
vko';drk dh izR;k'kk tksf[ke ewY;kadu vkSj
efgyk,¡ vkSj cPps vkinkvksa tksf[ke okys {ks=kksa ds vklikl
lalk/u vkSj vkikr fiQV iwoZ psrkouh [Link]
ds izfr vf/d laosnu'khy gSa jgrs gSaA
vkink izca/u
fofHkUu izdkj dh izfØ;k,¡
dh Hks|rk,¡
vkikrdkyhu jksLVj j[kuk thou lqj{kk midj.k
vkSj fudklh ;kstuk (pØ.kr vkJ;)
i;[Link]; Hks|rk% i;kZoj.k HkkS f rd Hks | rk% HkkS f rd
(ouLifr;ksa] thoksa ikfjfLFkfrd i;kZoj.k ij HkkSfrd izHkko dh vkikrdkyhu lwpuk vkSj lapkj [Link]
ra=k tSo fofo/rk) ij vkinkvksa laHkkouk] ftls tksf[ke rÙo ds z HkwL[kyu ls tqM+s tksf[keksa dks de djus ds fy;s [krjukd vuq{ks=k
ds laHkkfor izHkkoA :i esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk ekufp=k.k vkink rS;kjh ra=kksa esa ls ,d gSA HkwL[kyu ds nkSjku
mnkgj.k% le'khrks".k {ks=k esa gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds izHkkoLo:i lrg ds lkFk <hyh feV~Vh vkSj
jgus okys yksxksa dh rqyuk esa mnkgj.k% ydM+h ds ?kj dks
vlaihfM+r pV~Vku lkexzh dk cM+s iSekus ij lapkyu 'kkfey gksrk gSA
m".kdfVca/h; {ks=kksa esa jgus Hkwdai esa fxjus dh laaHkkouk
okys yks x m".kdfVca / h; de gksrh gSA ysfdu vkx ;k z gky ds vè;;u ds vuqlkj Hkkjr lcls vf/d HkwL[kyu izHkkfor
pØokrksa ds izfr vf/d Hks| rwiQku esa fLFkfr vf/d Hks| ns'kksa esa ls ,d gS] fiNys 12 o"kks± esa ,slh ?kVukvksa esa de ls
gksrs gSaA gks ldrh gSA de 28% dk ;ksxnku gSA ,sls ifjn`'; esa HkwL[kyu ds ekeys esa
c<+h gqbZ vkink Hks|rk xjhch] ySafxd vU;k; ds tksf[ke dks [krjk {ks=k ekufp=k.k vkink U;wuhdj.k esa enn djsxkA
c<+krh gSA blfy;s SDG y{; esa jk"Vªksa dks vkinkvksa ls gksus okys z ySaMLykbM gStMZ tksus'ku (LHZ) eSfiax Hkwfe ds foHkktu dks
uqdlku dks de djus dh vko';drk gSA gkyk¡fd lHkh izdkj dh
ltkrh; {ks=kksa esa lan£Hkr djrk gSA
vkinkvksa dks jksdk ugha tk ldrk gS] ysfdu vxj ge lHkh gkFk feyk
ysa rks ge mudh Hks|rk dks de dj ldrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj vkinkvksa z ;s ekufp=k 'kgjh fodkl vkSj Hkwfe mi;ksx ;kstuk ds [Link];ksa dk
ls gksus okyh {kfr dks de dj ldrs gSaA leFkZu djus ds fy;s egÙ[Link] tkudkjh iznku djrs gSaA lkFk gh
ç'u % fdlh Hkh vkink izcaèku izozQe esa vkink rS;kjh igyk dne bu ekufp=kksa ds izHkkoh mi;ksx ls HkwL[kyu dh laHkkfor {kfr vkSj
gksrk gSA HkwL[kyuksa ds ekeys esa] Li"V dhft;s fd ladV vU; ykxr izHkkoksa dks dkiQh gn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vuq{ks=k ekufp=k.k fdl izdkj vkink vYihdj.k esa enn
z LHZ ekufp=k vfLFkj tksf[ke izo.k {ks=kksa dh igpku vkSj fp=k.k
djsxkA (250 'kCn] 15 vad)
Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster
djrs gSa] rkfd mi;qDr 'keu mik;ksa dks viukrs gq;s i;kZoj.k
management process. Explain how hazard zonation iqutZUe dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;s tk ldsaA
mapping will help in disaster mitigation in the case of z HkwL[kyu ds fy;s fdlh fn;s x, {ks=k dh laosnu'khyrk dks
landslides.
[krjukd {ks=khdj.k dk mi;ksx djds fu/kZfjr vkSj fpf=kr fd;k
mÙkj% vkink rS;kjh dk rkRi;Z vkinkvksa ds izHkkoksa dks rS;kj
tk ldrk gSA
djus vkSj de djus ds fy;s fd;s x, mik;ksa ls gS] ;kfu vkinkvksa
dh Hkfo";[Link] djuk vkSj mUgsa jksduk] muds izHkkoksa dks de djuk rs”kh ls c<+rh vkcknh ds dkj.k HkwL[kyu vkSj muds [Link]
vkSj muds [Link] dk tokc nsuk vkSj izHkkoh <ax ls mudk lkeuk vHkh Hkh dbZ ns'kksa ds fy;s ,d cM+h leL;k gSA [kkldj Hkkjr esa
djukA ;s mu dk;ZØeksa ds ekè;e ls izkIr fd;s tkrs gSa tks ljdkjh dsjy bldk gkfy;k mnkgj.k gSA bl dkj.k ls HkwL[kyu tksf[ke {ks=k
laxBuksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dh rduhdh vkSj izca/dh; {kerk dks e”kcwr ekufp=k.k ,dhÑr vkink izca/u ;kstuk ds dbZ ?kVdksa esa ls ,d ds
djrs gSaA :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

348
 2018 z áksxks esa tksf[ke ds izfr rS;kjh rFkk fuokj.k dks egÙo fn;k x;k
tcfd lsankbZ esa tksf[ke [Link] vkdyu] rS;kj rFkk fuokj.k lHkh
ç'u % Hkkjr esa vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k (Mh-vkj-vkj-) ds fy;s
^lsankbZ vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k izk:i (2015-2030)’ :iksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k x;kA
gLrk{kfjr djus ls iwoZ ,oa mlds i'pkr~ fd;s x, fofHkUu z lsankbZ ds rgr lkr y{;ksa dk fu/kZj.k fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa eq[;r%
mik;ksa dk [Link] dhft;sA ;g izk:i ^áksxks dkjZokbZ izk:i] oSf'od e`R;q nj esa deh] GDP esa vkink uqdlku dks de djuk
2005* ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\  (250 'kCn] 15 vad) vkfnA tcfd áksxks esa y{; vk/kfjr vizksp dks vf/d egÙo
Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster ugha fn;k FkkA
Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai
Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this fu"d"kZr% laasnkbZ izsQeodZ áksxks izk:i dk vxzxkeh :i gS] ftlesa
framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for áksxks izk:i ds rgr 'kkfey ugha fd;s x, y{;ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k
Action, 2005’?
gSA lkFk gh mís';ksa dks ,d fuf'pr vof/ esa izkIr djus dk y{;
mÙkj% vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds varxZr vkinkvksa ds foèoald
fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSaA
cyksa ds izHkko] vkinkvksa ds [Link] rFkk vkinkvksa ls mRiUu tksf[ke
dks de djuk 'kkfey gSA bl fn'kk esa Hkkjr us 2005 esa áksxks dkjZokbZ 2017
izk:i ls lsankbZ izsQeodZ dkjZokbZ izk:i rd lHkh vkink tksf[ke
U;wuhdj.k mik;ksa dks ykxw fd;kA ç'u % fnlacj 2004 dks lqukeh Hkkjr lfgr pkSng ns'kksa esa rckgh
vkink izca/u ds fy;s 2016 esa vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k yk;h FkhA lqukeh ds gksus ds fy;s f”kEesnkj dkjdksa ij ,oa
(2015&30) ds fy;s lasnkbZ izsQeodZ ij gLrk{kj djus ls igys Hkkjr thou rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+us okys mlds çHkkoksa ij
us fuEufyf[kr dne mBk, gSa& ppkZ dhft;sA ,u-Mh-,e-,- ds fn'kkfunZ's kksa (2010) ds çdk'k
z Hkkjr us o"kZ 2004 dh lqukeh ds i'pkr~ o"kZ 2005 esa áksxks esa] bl çdkj dh ?kVukvksa ds nkSjku tksf•e dks de djus
dkjZokbZ izk:i dks viuk;k rFkk o"kZ 2005 esa vkink izca/u vf/ dh rS;kfj;ksa dh fØ;kfofèk dk [Link] dhft;sA 
fu;e yk;k x;k] ftlds rgr jk"Vªh; vkink izca/u izkf/dj.k  (250 'kCn] 15 vad)
dk xBu fd;k x;kA On December 2004, tsumani brought havoc on 14
z jk"Vªh; vkink ekspu cy (NDRF) dk xBu fd;k x;kA countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible
z jkT; Lrj ij ,l Mh ,e , rFkk ftyk Lrj ij Mh Mh ,e , for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and
rFkk lkFk esa us'kuy Økbfll eSustesaV desVh (NCMC) dk xBu economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010)
fd;k x;k rFkk jkT; Lrj ij LVsV ,DthD;wfVo desVh dk Hkh describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce
xBu fd;k x;kA the risk during such events.

z lasnkbZ izsQeodZ ,d izxfr'khy <k¡pk gS vkSj bldk izeq[k mís'; mÙkj% fnlacj 2004 esa fgan egklkxj esa 9.15 esa rhozrk dk Hkwdai
o"kZ 2030 rd vkinkvksa ds dkj.k cqfu;knh <k¡ps dks gksus okys lqukeh ygj dk dkj.k cuk Fkk] ftlls lcls vfèkd baMksusf'k;k izHkkfor
uqdlku vkSj izHkkfor yksxksa dh la[;k esa deh ykuk gSA gqvkA Hkkjr eas rfeyukMq] vkaèkz izns'k vkSj dsjy lfgr vaMeku fudksckj
z 2016 esa Hkkjr us ns'k dh igyh jk"Vªh; vkink izca/u ;kstuk }hi lewg esa lqukeh ls lcls ”;knk rckgh gqbZ FkhA
tkjh dh] tks vkink ds uqdlku dks de djus ds fy;s oSf'od
CywfizaV ij vk/kfjr ,d nLrkos”k] vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds lqukeh dh mRifÙk
fy;s lsankbZ izsQeodZ gSA leqæ ;k >hy esa
ikuh ds uhps Hkwdai
Hkkjr us vkink tksf[ke esa deh ds fy;s lsna kbZ <k¡ps dks viuk;k gS ;k Tokykeq[kh; ty dh O;kid ek=kk
vkSj igyk ns'k gS] ftlus 2020 ds fy;s fu/kZfjr o vYidkfyd y{; xfrfofèk ds rsth ls foLFkkfir
miyfC/ y{; ds lkFk ,d jk"Vªh; vkSj LFkkuh; [Link] rS;kj dh gSA gksus ls gksrh gSA
áksxks izsQeodZ vkSj lasnkbZ izsQeodZ ds chp varj lqukeh dh
mRifÙk ds
z lsankbZ izsQeodZ (2015-30) áksxks izsQeodZ iQkWj ,D'ku (2005-15) dkj.k
dk mÙkjkf/dkjh lk/u gSA
cM+h rVh; pV~Vku leqæ dh rygVh ds
z áksxks <k¡pk igyh ;kstuk Fkh] ftlesa vkink ds uqdlku dks de uhps ;k blds lehi
;k >hy ds fdukjs
djus ds fy;s lHkh fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vyx&vyx yksxksa dks vko';d Tokykeq[kh mn~xkj vkfnA
ds HkwL[kyu
dk;ks± dks le>kus] [Link] djus rFkk foLrkj djus laca/h lHkh i{kksa
dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k FkkA
349
thou rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk ij iM+us okys izHkko fupys {ks=kksa esa vfu;ksftr fuekZ.k] 'kgjh ukyksa esa Bksl vif'k"V
z lqukeh ls leqæ rVh; {ks=k lokZfèkd izHkkfor gksrs gSaA vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k c<+rh o"kkZ oSf'od Lrj c<+us ds dqN
dkjd gSaA
z eRL;u rFkk leqæh i;ZVu O;olk; izHkkforA
gky ds o"kks± eas Hkkjr esa psUubZ] xq#xzke] caxyq#] gSnjkckn] Jhuxj
z lqukeh i'pkr~ rVksa ds lehi vif'k"V] eyck rFkk fofHkUu izdkj
bR;kfn 'kgjksa esa ck<+ dh leL;k mRiUu gqbZ gSA
ds iznw"kd tSls& rsy] jlk;u leqæ esa fey tkrs gSaA
z leqæh ifjra=k dks gkfu igq¡prh gS] bu {ks=kksa esa jks”kxkj ij udkjkRed fupys {ks=kksa esa vfu;ksftr fuekZ.k tyHkj.k dh leL;k
izHkko iM+rk gSA
tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k rhoz o"kkZ
z jkgr o cpko dk;Z] fpfdRldh; lqfoèkk,¡ vkfn lekèkku gsrq
vR;fèkd èku dk O;; gksrk gSA 'kgjksa eas lhesaV daØhV ds mi;ksx dkjk tyxzg.k {ks=k

'kgjh ck<+ ds izeq[k dkj.k

pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy;s ,uMh,e, ds fn'kk&funsZ'kksa esa dehA
(2020) ds vuqlkj rS;kfj;ksa dh fØ;kfofèk fuEufyf[kr gS% rVh; 'kgjksa esa Tokj ds dkj.k tyfudklh vo#¼
z lqukeh ls lacafèkr rS;kfj;ksa dks etcwr djus vkSj 'keu] lqukeh
dNkjh Hkwfe esa [Link] xfrfofèk c<+h] ck<+ ds
psrkouh [Link]] {kerk fuekZ.k] f'k{kk] HkoudksM vkSj lqj{kk ekud]
ikuh dh fudklh esa #dkoV
Hkwfe mi;ksx ;kstuk vkSj vU; bathfu;fjax lekèkkuksa tSls O;kid
i{kksa dks lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA xzh"e }hi izHkko ls 'kgjksa ds vkl&ikl Hkkjh o"kkZ
z Hkkjrh; lqukeh izkjafHkd psrkouh dsaæ dh LFkkiuk gSnjkckn esa dh
Bksl vif'k"V inkFkZ ekulwu ds le; tyfudklh esa
xbZ gS INCOIS-ESSO
leL;k iSnk djrs gSaA
z fdlh vkikr fLFkfr dh lwpuk dks mfpr izkfèkdkfj;ksa rd igq¡pkus
ds fy;s lapkj izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA tSls& Hkkjr ds dbZ 'kgj ufn;ksa ds fdukjs cls vfro`f"V
bZ&esy] iSQDl] ,l,e,l] osclkbV bR;kfnA ds le; ck<+ dh leL;k
z lkoZtfud tkx:drk ds fy;s VwyfdV% NDMA us lqukeh ds blds tksf[ke dks de djus ds fy;s fuEu fØ;kfofèk viukuh
izfr lkoZtfud tkx:drk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s dbZ igysa dh pkfg;s%
gSA tSls& ekWd fMªy] lwpuk cksMZ] vkikr fudkl vkfnA z vkfèkdkfèkd MkWIyj jMkj dks LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] ftlls
blds vfrfjDr] ljdkj }kjk ijke'kks± dk izHkkoh vkSj le; ij vfro`f"V dh le;iwoZ lwpuk izkIr dh tk ldsA
iz;ksx'kkyk ls lhèks izlkj djus ds fy;s ,d ,dhÑr lwpuk izlkj z 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa o"kkZ ty laxzg.k dks izksRlkgu fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA
[Link] [Link] dk fodkl fd;k x;k gSA ;g rVh; leqnk;ksa fo'ks"kr%
z tyfudklh [Link] ds uohuhdj.k vkSj {kerk foLrkj dh
eNqvkjksa dks mudh vkthfodk vkSj leqæ esa lqj{kk ds lacaèk esa ijke'kZ
vko';drk gSA
vkSj psrkouh nsus esa ;ksxnku nsxkA
z ck<+ vkink ds nkSjku rFkk i'pkr~~ izfrfØ;k ra=k dks Rofjr dk;Zokgh
2016 djus ds fy;s izf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
ç'u % dbZ o"kks± ls mPp rhozrk dh o"kkZ ds dkj.k 'kgjksa esa ck<+ z tutkx:drk o izpkj ds ekè;e ls vkinkvksa ds nkSjku dh tkus

dh ckjackjrk c<+ jgh gSA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa ck<+ ds [Link] ij okyh vko';d dk;Zokfg;ksa ls ifjfpr djk;k tkuk pkfg;sA
ppkZ djrs gq, bl izdkj dh ?kVukvksa ds nkSjku tksf[ke z 'kgjh ck<+ ds le; vLirky] o`¼kJeksa vkfn ds fy;s fo'ks"k o
de djus dh rS;kfj;ksa dh fØ;kfofèk ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA Rofjr dk;Zokgh dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg;sA
 (200 'kCn] 12½ vad) 'kgjh ck<+ ds izkÑfrd [Link] dks iwjh rjg jksdk ugha tk ldrk]
The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity ysfdu 'kgjksa eas tyfudklh ra=k o vU; {ks=kksa esa lqèkkj dj bldh
rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the
izHkkfork dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for
preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. ç'u % jk"Vªh; vkink izcaèku izkfèkdj.k (,u-Mh-,e-,) ds lq>koksa
mÙkj% rhoz ;k nh?kZdkfyd o"kkZ ds dkj.k 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa tyHkjko ds lanHkZ esa mÙkjk[kaM ds vusd LFkkuksa ij ckny iQVus dh
gksuk] tks fd 'kgj dh tyfudklh ra=k dh {kerk dks ikj dj tkrk ?kVukvksa ds la?kkr dks de djus ds fy;s viuk, tkus okys
gS] ^'kgjh ck<+* dgk tk ldrk gSA mik;ksa ij ppkZ dhft;sA  (200 'kCn] 12½ vad)

350
 With reference to National Disaster Management mÙkj% Hkw&çkÑfrd rFkk ekuotfur xfrfofèk;ksa ds dkj.k i`Foh
Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to
ds Hkw&iVy esa mRiUu ruko dk mldh lrg ij vpkud ÅtkZ eqDr
be adopted to mitigate the impact of the cloudbursts in
many places of Uttarakhand. gksus ls i`Foh dh lrg ds fgyus ;k dk¡ius dks ^Hkwdai* dgrs gSaA
mÙkj% ckny iQVus dh ?kVuk LFkkuh; Lrj ij ekSle esa gksus okyk Hkwdai ds dkjd
cnyko gS] ftlesa dqN gh feuVksa ds Hkhrj vR;fèkd o"kkZ gks tkrh z ekuotfur dkjd
gSA bl rjg ;g ewlykèkkj ckfj'k dk pje :i gS] bl nkSjku vksyko`f"V
‹ [Link] foLiQksV
Hkh gks ldrh gSA eSnkuh {ks=kksa dh vis{kk igkM+h {ks=kksa esa ,slh ?kVuk,¡
‹ ckaèk fuekZ.k
T;knk gksrh gSaA vkbZ,eMh ds vuqlkj yxHkx 20-30 oxZ lseh- ds {ks=k
esa izfr ?kaVk 100 feyhehVj ds cjkcj ;k mlls Hkh ”;knk ckfj'k ckny ‹ [kuu dsaækas dk èk¡luk

iQVuk gSA izkÏfrd dkjd

dsnkjukFk =kklnh ds iwoZ vkSj i'pkr~~ mÙkjk[kaM esa fujarj ckny z çkÑfrd dkjd
iQVus dh ?kVuk,¡ gksrh jgh gSa] ijarq gky esa bu ?kVukvksa esa o`f¼ gksrh
‹ foorZfudh fØ;k
tk jgh gSA
‹ Tokykeq[kh fØ;k
mi;qZDr fLFkfr;ksa dk voyksdu dj jk"Vªh; vkink izcaèku
izkfèkdj.k us ckny iQVus dh ?kVukvksa ds la?kkr dks de djus ds ‹ lefLFkfrdh lek;kstu

fy;s fuEufyf[kr mik; lq>k, gSa% Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa Hkwdai vkus ds dkj.k%
z jkT;] ftyk o LFkkuh; yksxksa dks ekSle foHkkx ds lekpkj cqysfVu
gky gh esa Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa Hkwdaiksa dh la[;k c<+h gSA bldh
ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsuk pkfg;s
iqf"V usiky] ikfdLrku] [Link] vkSj mÙkjk•aM esa vk, Hkwdaiksa ls gksrh
z bekjrksa ds fuekZ.k esa ,uMh,e, ds fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk l[rh ls
gSA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa fujarj Hkwdai vkus dk eq[; dkj.k%
ikyu gksuk pkfg;sA
z baMks&vkWLVªsfy;u rFkk ;wjsf'k;u IysV ds Vdjko ls mRiUu gypy
z igkM+h {ks=kksa esa lM+d fuekZ.k feV~Vh {kj.k vkSj HkwL[kyu esa Hkh
,oa mlls fueZqDr ÅtkZ gSA
egÙ[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
z Hkkjrh; IysV vkSj ;wjsf'k;u IysV dh VDdj ls Hkkjrh; IysV dk
z igkM+ksa ij o`{kkjksi.k ij HkwL[kyu dks de fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA
{ksi.k vkfnA
z ckny iQVus dh iwoZ lwpuk ds fy;s MkWIyj jkMkj LFkkfir fd;k
tkuk pkfg;sA Hkkjr esa Hkwdai fuokj.k gsrq mik;
z iz'kklu] LFkkuh; fudk;ksa] vkink jkgr cy vkfn esa lkeatL; o z{kerk fuekZ.k] izf'k{k.k izys[ku bR;kfn
laokn LFkkfir djus ds fy;s ra=k dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA z Hkwdai ço.k {ks=kksa esa vkikr fLFkfr ds fy;s {kerk fuekZ.k
z vkink dh fLFkfr esa Rofjr dk;Zokgh ds fy;s vkink izfrfØ;k
z ubZ Hkwdaijksèkh lajpukvksa dk fuekZ.k
cy dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg;sA
z iqjkuh lajpukvksa esa lek;kstu ,oa lqn`<+hdj.k
bl rjg mfpr le; ij lgh dk;Zokgh dj tu&èku dh gkfu
z fu;eu ,oa izorZu
dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA mÙkjk[kaM esa ekulwuh ekSle ds vkl&ikl
èkkfeZd i;ZVdksa dh la[;k dkiQh T;knk gksrh gS] blfy;s vkink izcaèku z tkx:drk ,oa rS;kjh (Hkwdai fuokj.k ls lacafèkr f'k{kk dk izlkj)

o uhfr fuekZ.k esa bl rF; dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg;s vksj Hkkjr esa Hkwdai ds çHkko ds U;wuhdj.k gsrq fuEufyf[kr
i;ZVdksa dks Hkh vkink ds le; vko';d cpko o viukbZ tkus okyh dfe;k¡ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa
izfØ;kvksa dk fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA z Hkwdai lwpuk rsy dk vHkko

2015 z Hkou fuekZ.k esa Hkwdaijksèkh ekudksa dk vuqikyu ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
z Hkwdai lacafèkr uhfr&fuèkkZj.k esa jkT; ,oa dsaæ ljdkj o ftyk
ç'u % Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa Hkwdaiksa dh vko`fÙk c<+rh gqbZ izrhr
gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh buds izHkko ds U;wuhdj.k gsrq Hkkjr dh vkink çcaèku lfefr;ksa ds eè; leUo; ugha gksukA
rS;kjh (rRijrk) esa egÙ[Link] dfe;k¡ gSaA fofHkUu igyqvksa z Hkwdai çHkkfor jkT;ksa }kjk cpko ds fy;s dksbZ fo'ks"k vuqfØ;k
dh ppkZ dhft;sA  (200 'kCn] 12½ vad) dk ikyu ughaA
The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased z ukxfjd lekt esa tkx:drk dk vHkko
in the Indian subcontinent. However, India's
z ekWdfMªy dk vk;kstu ,oa lapkyu yxkrkj u gksukA
preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant
gaps. Discuss various aspects. z Hkwdai laHkkfor {ks=k esa cM+h&cM+h ifj;kstuk dk [Link]

351
 Hkkjr esa Hkwdai dh foHkhf"kdk dks de djus gsrq fuEu mik, zjkT; Lrj ij vyx ls lw•k fuxjkuh lsy dk xBu] ftlesa visf{kr
fd;s tk ldrs gSa% ç'kklfud] rduhdh vkSj MsVk vuqj{k.k&deZpkjh gksaxsA
z C;wjks vkWiQ bafM;u LVSaMMZ }kjk tkjh Hkwdaijksèkh fcfYMax dksM dks z lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ij cy fn;k tk,xk] ftlls lw•s dh lVhd
vfuok;Z fd;k tk,A tkudkjh miyCèk djkbZ tk,A
z bekjrksa dk loZs djk;k tk,] {kerk ds vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k z okVj'ksM fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks çksRlkgu ,oa mudk fØ;kUo;u

tk, rFkk le;&le; ij vkWfMfVax gksA lw•s ds çcaèku esa egÙ[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA
z jkT; ,oa ftyk Lrj ij Hkwdai ds nkSjku Rofjr çfrfØ;k ny dk z lw•s dh fLFkfr ds O;kid vkdyu ds fy;s varfj{k çkS|ksfxdh

xBu fd;k tk,A ij cyA

z lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx ls iQlyksa dh iSnkokj es uqdlku]
z vke turk dk {kerk fuekZ.k fd;k tk, rFkk leqnk; vkèkkfjr
tyLrj esa deh] i'kqèku rFkk Hkwfe {k; dk vkdyuA
vkink çcaèku dks c<+kok fn;k tk,A
z jkT;ksa ds Ñf"k foHkkx vkSj Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky;] iQly fofoèkhdj.k
UNO dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds dk;Z ij vkink ds
lw{e flapkbZ rduhdksa dks c<+kok nsukA
ckn ftruk •pZ djrk gS] vxj mruk •pZ vuqlaèkku o jksdFkke ij
z {ks=kh; cSadks] xzkeh.k lgdkjh cSadksa bR;kfn ds ekè;e ls lw•k
djsa rks csgrj [Link] dh çkfIr gksxhA
çHkkfor {ks=kksa esa lk• miyCèk djokus ij fo'ks"k è;kuA
2014 z jkT; ou foHkkx ,oa i;kZoj.k ea=kky; ds lg;ksx ls ccwy] lhek#ck

ç'u % lw[ks dks mlds LFkkfud foLrkj] dkfyd vofèk] eaFkj izkjaHk bR;kfn ds vykok ck;ks Mhty okys ikSèkksa ds jksi.k dks c<+kok
nsukA
vkSj de”kksj oxks± ij LFkk;h izHkkoksa dh n`f"V ls vkink
z lw•k laHkkfor {ks=kksa ds fy;s fofHkUu chek ;kstuk ds ekè;e ls
ds :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA jk"Vªh; vkink izcaèku izkfèkdj.k
jkgr igq¡pkus dk dk;ZA
ds flracj 2010 ekxZn'khZ fl¼karksa ij è;ku dasfnzr djrs
z jk"Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k ds lg;ksx ls fofHkUu ljdkjh
gq, Hkkjr esa ,y&uhuks ,oa yk&uhuk ds laHkkfor nq"izHkkoksa
ls fuiVus ds fy;s rS;kj dh xbZ dk;Zfofèk;ksa ij ppkZ laLFkkvksa tSls jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k fodkl laLFkku] ç'kklfud çf'k{k.k
laLFkkvksa ds }kjk {kerk fuekZ.k dk;ZØeksa dks çksRlkgu nsukA bl
dhft;sA (200 'kCn] 12½ vad)
Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its
dk;Z esa xSj&lj‌dkjh laLFkkvksa] iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk
spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and ij Hkh cy fn;k tkuk vko';d gSA
lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on mi;ZqDr fØ;k fofèk;ksa dk leqfpr fØ;kUo;u dj lw•s ls çHkkfor
the September 2010 guidelines from the National de”kksj oxZ dks jkgr o lgk;rk çnku dh tk ldrh gS vkSj ,y&uhuks
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the o yk&uhuk ds laHkkfor nq"çHkkoksa dks Hkh de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely El Nino
and La Nina fallouts in India. 2013
mÙkj% Hkkjr esa yxHkx vkèkh tula[;k Ñf"k rFkk lac¼ xfrfofèk;ksa ç'u % vkink iwoZ izcèa ku ds fy;s laons u'khyrk o tksf[ke fuèkkZj.k
ls vkthfodk çkIr djrh gSA Ñf"k ij fdlh çdkj dk ladV tula[;k fdruk egÙ[Link] gS\ iz'kkld ds :i esa vki vkink izcèa ku
ds cM+s fgLls dks çR;{k rFkk vçR;{k :i ls çHkkfor djrk gSA Hkkjr [Link] esa fdu eq[; fcanvq ksa ij è;ku nsxa \s 
ekulwuh tyok;q okyk {ks=k gSA ;gk¡ Ñf"k eq[;r% ekulwuh o"kkZ ij  (200 'kCn] 10 vad)
fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% ekulwu esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dk fopyu Ñf"k dks How important are vulnerability and risk assessment
çHkkfor djrk gSA for pre-disaster management? As an administrator,
what are key areas that you would focus on in a Disaster
gky ds vuqlaèkkuksa ls ;g irk pyk gS fd Hkkjrh; ekulwu ij Management System?
vy&uhuks ,oa yk&uhuk dk vR;fèkd çHkko iM+rk gS vkSj ;s lw•s ,oa
mÙkj% jk"Vªh; vkink çcaèku vfèkfu;e 2005 ds vuqlkj vkink
vR;fèkd o"kkZ ds fy;s ftEesnkj dkjd gSA ls rkRi;Z fdlh {ks=k esa gq;s ml foèoal] vfu"V foifÙk ;k csgn xaHkhj
mi;ZqDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds leqfpr lekèkku ds fy;s jk"Vªh; vkink ?kVuk ls gS] tks çkÑfrd vFkok ekuotfur dkjdksa ls ;k nq?kZVuko'k ;k
çcaèku çkfèkdj.k us dqN ekxZn'khZ fl¼karksa dks viukus ij cy fn;k ykijokgh ls ?kfVr gksrh gSA blesa tku&eky dh O;kid gkfu igq¡prh
gS] ftlls lw•s dh fLFkfr dk csgrj rjhds ls lekèkku fd;k tk lds] gSA ogha vkink iwoZ çcaèku ls rkRi;Z vkink vkus ls iwoZ gh mlls gksus
rkfd vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa yksxksa ij bldk çHkko U;wure iM+sA ;s lq>ko okys vfu"V ;k gkfu dk vkdyu dj ;kstukc¼ <ax ls [Link];ksa
fuEufyf•r gSa& dks fØ;kfUor dj gksus okyh {kfr dks jksduk ;k de djuk gSA

352
vkink iwoZ çcaèku gsrq tksf[ke ,oa z vkink uhfr {ks=kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cusA
laosnu'khyrk ds fuèkkZj.k dk egÙo z uhfr ykxw djus gsrq dsaæ] jkT; ,oa ftyk Lrj ij ,d çkfèkdj.k
z vkink çcaèku dh vPNh le>] laosnu'khyrk o tksf•e fuèkkZj.k gks] ftlds ikl dq'ky] çf'kf{kr o Rofjr çfrfØ;k ny gksA
z vkink ds lHkh igyqvksa dk ckjhdh ls vkdyuA z ftyk Lrj ij NGOs LdkmV xkbM ,oa NCC dks Hkh çf'kf{kr
z vkdyu ds mijkar uhfr fuekZ.k] uhfr dks ykxw djus gsrq ekuo&cy dj mudh lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA
dks çf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA z le;&le; ij ekWdfMªy vk;ksftr djuk] turk dks fn'kk&funZs'k
z mfpr rduhd dk fodkl] ftldk mi;ksx vkink ds 'keu] cpko
tkjh djuk vkfnA
rFkk vkink i'pkr~ jkgr ,oa iquokZl dk;Z fd;k tk ldsA
z lwpuk ra=k dks fodflr djuk] ftlls ekSleh vkinkvksa] tSls
o"kZ 1999 esa vksfM'kk esa vk, pØokr ds dkj.k yxHkx 13,000/-
ck<+&lw•k gsrq ekSle ls iwoZ mlds çHkko dks de fd;k tk ldsA
ls T;knk tkusa xb±] ogha 2013 esa iQSfyu pØokr ls ek=k 22 tkusa xb±A
;g vkink iwoZ çcaèku dk mnkgj.k gSA z vkink ds ckn jkgr] iquokZl dh mfpr O;oLFkk vkink ds izHkko
vkink çcaèku ç.kkyh ds eq[; fcanq% dks de djsxhA
vkink ls cpko gsrq dq'ky vkink çcaèku ç.kkyh dk gksuk cgqr fdlh Hkh vkink ds nkSjku vR;fèkd laosnu'khy {ks=kksa dh Li"V
vko';d gSA dq'ky vkink çcaèku ç.kkyh ds varxZr ,d csgrj uhfr] igpku gksuh pkfg;s rFkk ,sls {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k tkx:drk vfHk;ku vkSj
uhfr dk dq'ky fØ;kUo;u rFkk vkink ds ckn cpko] jkgr ,oa ekWdfMªy dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg;sA vkink çcaèku ds vko';d
iquokZl dk;Z egÙ[Link] gSA lalkèkuksa dks bu {ks=kksa ds fudV gh LFkkfir djuk pkfg;sA vr% fdlh
blds varxZrµ Hkh vkink çcaèku ç.kkyh esa buds vko';d midj.k] rduhd ,oa
z dq'ky uhfr cukus gsrq ç'kkld] fo'ks"kK] NGO’s ,oa vketu ds dq'ky gsrq çf'k{k.k vR;fèkd vko';d gSA ftldk lekos'k vkink
fopkjksa dk leUo; gksuk pkfg;sA çcaèku ç.kkyh esa djuk pkfg;sA

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