vf/kxe fl)kUr% vkbZ-lh-

bdkbZ 4 f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra= Vh- ds fy, fufgrkFkZ

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
4-1 ifjp;
4-2 mís';
4-3 f'k{k.k vf/kxe ra=% vukSipkfjd] vkSipkfjd ,oa fujkSipkfjd
4-3-1 vukSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=
4-3-2 vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=
4-3-3 fujkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=
4-4 f'k{k.k vf/kxe ra= ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh :ijs[kk] fodkl vkSj laHkkouk
4-4-1 f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra= ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh :ijs[kk vkSj fodkl
4-4-2 f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa vf/kxe ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh laHkkouk
4-5 d{kk&f'k{k.k ds fy, vkbZlhVh
4-5-1 f'k{k.k&vf/kxe çfØ;k esa vkbZlhVh
4-5-2 funkukRed tkap vkSj mipkjkRed f'k{k.k esa vkbZlhVh
4-5-3 ewY;kadu xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, vkbZlhVh
4-5-4 f'k{kkFkhZ ds euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ds fy, vkbZlhVh
4-5-5 f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa fpUru vkSj rkfdZdrk ds fodkl ds fy, vkbZlhVh
4-5-6 vuqns'kkRed lkexzh ds fodkl ds vkbZlhVh
4-6 vkHkklh vf/kxe ds fy, vkbZlhVh
4-7 vkbZlhVh ds lkFk lg;[Link] vf/kxe
4-8 lkjka'k
4-9 mi;ksxh v/;;u lkexzh rFkk lanHkZ lwph
4-10 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

4-1 ifjp;
f'k{kk thou i;aZr pyus okyh çfØ;k gSA ;g vkSipkfjd] vukSipkfjd vkSj fujkSipkfjd
rjhds ls lh[kus dks c<+kok nsrh gSA ;g lgh dgk x;k gS fd ^lh[kuk tUe ls vkjaHk
gksdj e`R;qi;aZr rd pyrk jgrk gSA* lh[kuk dSls gksrk gS\ ;g cgqr gh tfVy ç'u gS
vkSj blds cgqr ls mÙkj gks ldrs gSaA eksVs rkSj ij dgsa rks ^lh[kuk* orZeku lanHkZ esa
vkSipkfjd] vukSipkfjd vkSj fujkSipkfjd O;oLFkk esa fofHkUu rjhdksa ls gksrk gSA fdlh
Hkh lk/ku ;k O;oLFkk esa lh[kus dh n{krk vkSj [Link]Ùkk dk dsaæh; egÙo gksrk gSA bl
bdkbZ esa vki f'k{k.k dh fofHkUu i)fr& vkSipkfjd] vukSipkfjd vkSj fujkSipkfjd ds
ckjs esa i<+saxsA lh[kus&fl[kkus dh i)fr esa vkbZlhVh ds vfHkdYi] fodkl vkSj
laHkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh i<+saxsA d{kk&f'k{k.k] vkHkklh :i ls lh[kuk vkSj lg;ksx ds
lkFk lh[kus esa vkbZlhVh dh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa Hkh bl bdkbZ esa tkusaxsA

4-2 mís ' ;

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds mijkUr vki %
• f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ds rhuksa ra=ks&
a vkSipkfjd]vukSipkfjd vkSj fujkSipkfjd dk foLrkj
ls [Link] dj ldsaxs( 77
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh • f'k{k.k&vf/kxe dh rhuksa ra=ksa esa varj dj ldsaxs(
¼vkbZlhVh½ dh le>
• f'k{k.k&vf/kxe dh i)fr;ksa esa vkbZlhVh ds vfHkdYi vkSj fodkl dk [Link] dj
ldsaxs(
• d{kk&f'k{k.k esa vkbZlhVh dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxs(
• vkHkklh vf/kxe dk vFkZ vkSj Hkwfedk ij çdk'k Mky ik,axs( rFkk
• lg;[Link] vf/kxe esa vkbZlhVh dh Hkwfedk dh ppkZ dj ik;saxsA

4-3 f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=% vukSipkfjd] vkSipkfjd vkSj

fujkSipkfjd
f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=] fofHkUu vf/kxe [Link] vkSj lkekftd ifjos'kksa esa lfUufgr gS
tks fd 'kSf{kd çfØ;k dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA bu vf/kxe [Link] dks f'k{kkfon rhu
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSa& vukSipkfjd] vkSipkfjd vkSj fujkSipkfjdA

4-3-1 vukSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=

euq"; fdlh Hkh okrkoj.k esa lh[krk gSA euq"; tUe ls ysdj fd'kksjkoLFkk] fd'kksjkoLFkk
ls o`)koLFkk rd lh[krk jgrk gSA cPpk loZçFke ?kj ;k ifjokj esa lh[kuk vkjaHk djrk
gSA ;g ijaijkoknh f'k{kk gS ysfdu fofo/krk fy, gq, gSA ifjokj esa cPpk cgqr ls
fØ;kdykiksa ds ek/;e ls lh[krk gSA ;g lHkh xfrfof/k] O;ogkj vkSj fØ;k dks gh ge
^vukSipkfjd vf/kxe* dg ldrs gSaA ;g lc ,d ifjokj ;k laLFkk ds Hkhrj ?kfVr gksrk
gS tSls fd (i) Hkze.k] esyk] eLrh ds fy, iM+ksl ds Lruksa ij tkuk] euksjatu] bR;kfnA
(ii) jsfM;ks dk;ZØe lquuk] (iii) Vsyhfotu ij dk;ZØe ns[kuk] eksckby ij xse [ksyuk
;k eSnku ij [ksy [ksyuk] lewg esa xfrfof/k djuk (iv) Iys Ldwy esa tkuk ;k
lkeqnkf;d dk;ksaZ esa lgHkkfxrk djuk] [ksr cktkj] /kkfeZd LFkkuksa ij tkuk (v) fofHkUu
dk;ksaZ dh Hkwfedk esa & fdlku] Jfed nqdkunkj ;k dqN ,sls O;olk; dks viukuk tgka
ij O;fä ;k ukxfjd Lora= gksdj dk;Z djsA
la{ksi esa]^vukSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=*] vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k ra= ls igys ls ekStwn gSA bldh
tM+sa gesa ?kj] ifjokj] iM+ksl] LFkkuh; leqnk; ;k xk¡o esa feyrh gSaA
vukSipkfjd] vkSipkfjd vkSj fujkSipkfjd ra=ksa dh vf/kxe xfrfof/k;ksa esa le; lhek
fu/kkZfjr djuk csgn dfBu gSA vf/kxe xfrfof/k;ksa dks mijksä rhuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh
i)fr esa oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkb, ge ^vukSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= dh dqN fo'ks"krkvksa dks lqfuf'pr djrs gSa tks fd
bl çdkj gSa&
i) f'k{kkFkhZ dh HkkSfrd vkSj lkekftd var%fØ;k ds [Link]:i vukSipkfjd
vf/kxe i)fr esa fofHkUu çdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
ii) vukSipkfjd vf/kxe i)fr esa ^laxfBr* vkSj ^lajfpr vf/kxe* vuqHko vuqifLFkr
gksrk gSA
iii)- os xfrfof/k;ka vkSj dk;Z tks fd laHkkfor vf/kxe [Link] dh vksj ys tkrh gSa] mls
ge vukSipkfjd f'k{k.k@vf/kxe dg ldrs gSaA
iv) vukSipkfjd vf/kxe fofHkUu lkekftd vkSj HkkSfrd LFkkuksa ij gks ldrk gS] ftlds fy,
78 dksbZ fu/kkZfjr laxfBr lajpuk dh vko';drk ugha gSA fQj Hkh ;g ,d tfVy
 ikjaifjd lajpuk gS ftlds Åij orZeku vkSipkfjd vf/kxe i)fr dks cuk;k x;k f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=
gSA
v) vukSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= ,d mís';[Link] i)fr gS] ysfdu ;g vkdfLed ifjfLFkfr
esa Hkh gks ldrh gSA
vi) vkSipkfjd vf/kxe vkSj vukSipkfjd vf/kxe dh rjg vukSipkfjd vf/kxe thou
i;aZr pyus okyh çfØ;k gS tks fd fdlh O;fä ds tUe ls ysdj e`R;q i;aZr rd
pyrh jgrh gSA
fu"d"kZr%] ge dg ldrs gSa fd vukSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= ds Li"V ;k ifjHkkf"kr mís';
ugha gSa] fQj Hkh blds dqN eq[; mís'; bl çdkj gSa %
i) ,d mi;ksxh o;Ld thou thus dh rS;kjh
ii) ,d vkRefuHkZj vkSj mRiknd ukxfjd cuuk
iii) lekt esa nwljksa ds lkFk lek;kstu
iv) ,d ftEesnkj ukxfjd ds :i esa fodkl] fuf'pr :i ls ,d mfpr fMxzh esa
gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gSA okLro esa vukSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= lekthdj.k vkSj
f'k{kk dk lcls çk—frd :i gSA
4-3-2 vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=
f'k{kk dk vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= Kku] dkS'ky] –f"Vdks.k] ekU;rkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa]
ijaijkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds lapj.k ds ,d laxfBr] O;ofLFkr vkSj lajfpr ra= ls esy [kkrk
gS] ftldks lekt fufeZr djrk gS] çpkj djrk gS vkSj lajf{kr Hkh djrk gSA vkSipkfjd
f'k{kk dh çfØ;k esa f'k{kkFkhZ] f'k{kd vkSj fo|ky; 'kkfey jgrk gSA tSlk fd dgk x;k
gS fd fo|ky; lekt dh ,d laLFkk gS tks lekt ds O;kid y{;ksa ds fy, LFkkfir
vkSj lapkfyr gSA fo|ky;] egkfo|ky; vkSj fo'ofo|ky; }kjk viukbZ tkus okyh
orZeku f'k{kk ç.kkyh ljdkj ;k lekt ds vU; futh fudk;ksa }kjk LFkkfir dh tkrh
gS vkSj O;kid laoS/kkfud ekunaMksa vkSj lkekftd ekU;rkvksa o çFkkvksa ds vuqlkj jkT;
}kjk fu;af=r gksrh gSA
ge esa ls vf/kdka'k] vki] Nk= vkSj ge] f'k{kd vkSipkfjd vf/kxe i)fr tks fd vkt
çpfyr gS] mlh ds mRikn gSaA vkb, vkSipkfjd vf/kxe i)fr dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa
tkurs gSaA ;s fuEukuqlkj gSa&
i) lqifjHkkf"kr y{;% vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= O;kid lkekftd mís';ksa ij vk/kkfjr
o Li"V :i ls [Link] gSA bls nh?kZ dky esa gkfly djus ds fy, yf{kr fd;k
tkrk gSA bu nh?kZdkfyd y{;ksa dks vYidkfyd vkSj e/;orhZ y{;ksa ds ek/;e ls
gkfly djus ds fy, lajfpr fd;k tkrk gSA
ii) le; dk fu/kkZj.k% ,d vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= esa ^vf/kxe^ fo|ky; ;k jkT;
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr vkSj fu/kkZfjr le; lhek ds Hkhrj gksrk gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs
gSa] vkius vuqHko fd;k gksxk fd vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= cgqr dBksj le; lhek]
l[r fu;e vkSj vf/kfu;e ls çHkkfor gSA
iii) fu/kkZfjr ikBî lkexzh vkSj ikBîp;kZ% ikBîp;kZ vkSj ikBîlkexzh vke rkSj ij
jkT; vkSj bldh ,tsafl;ksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr vkSj fu;af=r gksrk gSA tks fd lkekftd
vko';drkvksa] t:jrksa] vkSj 'krksaZ ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA 79
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh iv) ços'k vko';drk,a% f'k{kk ds çkFkfed] f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;d Lrj ij ços'k
¼vkbZlhVh½ dh le> laca/kh vko';drkvksa dks jkT; fuf'pr vkSj fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
egkfo|ky; esa ços'k ds fy, fo|ky; f'k{kk dks [Link] djuk vfuok;Z gSA
v) ikBîp;kZ dk LFkkukarj.k% f'k{kk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij LFkkukarj.k ds :i esa
ikBîp;kZ vf/kdka'kr% lajpukRed :i ls dBksj gSA f'k{kkFkhZ ds ikl Lora=rk de
gS vkSj og fu;eksa o vf/kfu;eksa esa gh my>k jgrk gS] tcfd f'k{kd vf/kd fu;a=.k
dk vH;kl djrk gSA
vi) lh[kus dh miyfC/k dk vkadyu% vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ra= esa lh[kus dk vkadyu
djus ds fy, vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr vkSj lajfpr ra= ekStwn gSaA lh[kus dk
vkadyu eq[; :i ls vkof/kd ijh{k.k vkSj ijh{kk vk;ksftr djds fd;k tkrk gSA
lHkh vi;kZIrrkvksa vkSj vlaxrrkvksa ds lkFk vkt Hkh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ç.kkyh nqfu;k
Hkj esa f'k{kk ra= dk fgLlk cu xbZ gSA fufoZokn :i ls f'k{kk esa vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk
;ksxnku cgqr gh [Link] gSA gkykafd] lekt dh c<+rh vkSj cnyrh t:jrksa o ekaxksa
dks ns[krs gq, vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= iwjh nqfu;k esa fujkSipkfjd vf/kxe vkSj eqä ,oa
nwjLFk f'k{kk ¼vksMh,y½ ra= ds fy, jkLrk ns jgh gSA

4-3-3 fujkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=

vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= dks vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr fo'ks"krkvksa }kjk [Link] fd;k tkrk
gSA iwoZ ds vuqPNsn esa [Link] fo'ks"krkvksa esa dqN vuqifLFkr jg tkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ iM+rk
gS] blh vuqifLFkfr esa gh f'k{kk ds fujkSipkfjd ra= dk tUe gksrk gSA ¼DykmfM;k]
1988½- mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn f'k{kk dh çfØ;k esa d{kk dk lapkyu vlrr gS] ;k ;fn
f'k{kk [Link] gksus dh vof/k yphyh gS] rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd vf/kxe dh ç.kkyh
^fujkSipkfjd^ gSA

okLro esa] fujkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= dks fof'k"V :i ls ls vkSj O;kid :i ls

vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k ç.kkyh ls vyx djus ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA gkykafd]
fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk dks vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ç.kkyh ds ckgj lqO;ofLFkr 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k ds
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,d vyx ra= ds :i esa Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj fdlh
o`gn xfrfof/k dh [Link] fo'ks"krk ds :i esa Hkh] bu nksuksa gh Hkwfedkvksa esa bldk
mís'; yf{kr vf/kxe mís';ksa dks yf{kr lewg rd igqapkuk gksrk gSA ¼dkWEcl] izkslslj
rFkk vgen] 1973½-

fujkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= dks ikap n'kd iwoZ yxHkx 1960 ds n'kd esa vkjaHk fd;k x;k]
tc O;fäxr vkSj lkekftd t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ikBîp;kZ ds vHkko ds ckjs
esa ,d oSf'od fpark O;ä dh xbZ FkhA nqfu;k Hkj ds ns'kksa us vkSipkfjd ç.kkyh ds ek/
;e ls f'k{kk çnku djus esa fuf"k) ykxrksa dh ck/kkvksa dk vuqHko fd;kA ^vkthou
lh[kuk*¼ykbQyk¡x yfu±x½ vkSj ^,d lh[kus dk lekt*¼yfu±x dE;wfuVh½ dk fopkj
;wusLdks varjkZ"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ^^yfu±x Vw ch** 1972 ds ek/;e ls çdV
gqvkA ^Mh&Ldwfyax* esa boku bfyp us lekt dh ubZ mHkjrh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds
fy, vkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=] tSls fo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky; dh dBksjrk vkSj vuko';drk
ij cy fn;kA çkjaHk esa fujkSipkfjd vf/kxe dh çfØ;k yxHkx ,d 'krkCnh igys
i=kpkj v/;;u ds :i esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA i=kpkj v/;;u dh 'kq#vkr 1856 esa cfyZu
esa gqbZ FkhA baXySaM us Hkh 1886 esa i=kpkj v/;;u ikBîØe dks 'kq: fd;kA blh rjg
80
^, lkslkbVh Vw ,Udksjst LVMh ,V gkse^ dh LFkkiuk 1873 esa cksLVu esa gqbZ FkhA f'k{kk f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=
dk ;g :i ewy :i ls 'kSf{kd lkexzh dk nks rjQk Mkd lapkj FkkA

nwjLFk f'k{kk ç.kkyh /khjs&/khjs i=kpkj f'k{kk ç.kkyh ls gh fodflr gqbZA gksYexZ ds
vuqlkj ^mu f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls vf/kxe] ftlesa f'k{kkFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd ds chp
çR;{k var%fØ;k u gks] ysfdu var%fØ;k ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{k.k vkSj eqfnzr] eSdsfudy ;k
bysDVª‚fud [Link] dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA¼DykmfM;k] 1988½

fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk ,d vf/kd O;kid izfreku ^eqä f'k{kk^ gSA nqfu;k esa fujkSipkfjd
vf/kxe ra= ds dqN mnkgj.k eqä fo'ofo|ky;] eqä fo|ky;] vf/kxe izfreku]
bR;kfn gSaA fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk izfreku ds rgr Hkkjr esa o;Ld lk{kjrk dk;ZØe]
jk"Vªh; lk{kjrk fe'ku] LokLF; tkx:drk dk;ZØe vkSj ,slh vU; igysa gSa tks fof'k"V
yf{kr lewgksa ds lh[kus dh t:jrksa ij /;ku dsafær djrs gSaA¼DykmfM;k]1988½

vkb, vc fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh dqN fo'ks"krkvksa ij ppkZ djrs gSa&

i) fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk y{; eq[; :i ls fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa vkSj mís';ksa dks
çkIr djuk gS] tSls& eqä fo'ofo|ky; O;oLFkk dk fof'k"V y{; tula[;k ds
,d fgLls oafpr lewgksa dh mPp f'k{kk rd igqap dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
ii) dqN fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dks fu/kkZfjr le; lhek ds Hkhrj [Link] djus ds
fy, le; lhek fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSA tSls& LokLF; tkx:drk dk;ZØe vkSj
—f"k foLrkj dk;ZØe] tks y{;ksa dks gkfly fd, tkus rd vkorhZ vk/kkj ij
vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gSaA
iii) fof'k"V yf{kr lewgksa vkSj vf/kd O;fäxr lewgksa dh 'kSf{kd vko';drkvksa dks iwjk
djus ds fy, ikBîp;kZ dks rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&xzkeh.k vkSj
'kgjh {ks=ksa ds yf{kr lewgksa ds fy, foLrkj vkSj fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh ikBîp;kZ
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA
iv) f'k{k.k'kkL= vf/kd f'k{kkFkhZ dsafær o yphyk gS] vkSj ;g leqnk; ls lalk/ku çkIr
djrk gSA
v) fujkSipkfjd f'k{kk ra= dks ,d Lo&'kklh vkSj yksdrkaf=d çfØ;k esa ç'kkflr
fd;k tkrk gSA
vi) vkadyu l= ds e/;&vof/k vkSj l= lekfIr ij jpukRed vkSj lesfdr rjhdksa
ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
cks/k iz'u
[Link] % v½ vius mÙkjksa dks fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,A
[k½ vius mÙkjksa dks bl bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls feykb,A
1½ vukSipkfjd vkSj fujkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= esa mi;qä mnkgj.k lfgr nks eq[;
varj crkb,A
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh 4-4 f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra= ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh :ijs[kk] fodkl
¼vkbZlhVh½ dh le>
vkSj laHkkouk,¡
f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra= ds rhu vyx&vyx :iksa dks le>us ds ckn] vkb, ppkZ djsa fd
f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra= ds fy, vkbZlhVh dks dSls fMtkbu vkSj fodflr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA

4-4-1 f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra= ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh :ijs[kk vkSj fodkl

vkb, ns[krs gSa fd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds lh[kus ds vuqHkoksa esa vkbZlhVh dks dSls lekfgr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA lh[kus dh :ijs[kk esa fo'ks"k :i ls vkbZlhVh ds mi;ksx ds [Link]
igyqvksa ij fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vksfyoj ¼1999½ ds vuqlkj
1½ lh[kus ls lacaf/kr dk;ksaZ dks fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
2½ lh[kus ls lacaf/kr dk;ksaZ dks djus ds fy, lh[kus laca/kh lalk/kuksa dks miyC/k
djkuk pkfg,A
3½ f'k{kd lh[kus dks lqxe djus ds fy, lgk;d lkexzh dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A
bldh fp= 4-1 esa O;k[;k fd;k x;k gS&

lh[kus laca/kh dk;Z

leL;k
tka p &iM+ r ky
ifj;ks t uk
Hkw f edk vfHku;
V~ ; w V ks f j;y] lew g ] lg;ks x
iz ' uks Ù kjh] V~ ; w V ks f j;y]
vuq d j.k] lEes y u]
dk;Z i =d] nks L r]
Ms V kcs l ] lykgdkj
iz f reku vka d yu

vf/kxe lalk/ku lh[kus esa lgk;rk

iqLrdsa] izi=] LdS Q ks Y M]
vuq H ko ij vuq l w p h]
ys[k] uksV~l] funs ' k]
nLrkos t ] vk/kkfjr]
;q f Dr;k¡ ] iz f Ø;k]
lanHkZ] osc ?kks " [Link]
fya D l] iz f LFkfr uew u k
fooj.k

fp= 4-1% vf/kxe dh :ijs[kk ds ?kVd

lzksr% Oliver, R. (1999): Exploring Strategies for Online Teaching and Learning. Distance
Education, 20(2, 240-254) ([Link]
htmretrieved on 07-06-2017)

vkbZlhVh ds mi;ksx }kjk vf/kxe :ijs[kk ds vuqØe dk fodkl

mi;qZä vf/kxe vuqØe ,d :ijs[kk dh O;k[;k djrk gS ftldk mi;ksx vkbZlhVh
}kjk lh[kus ds vuqHko ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA çk:i] dk;Z vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa dk
82
çn'kZu vkSj lgk;d ra= dks miyC/k djkuk] eq[; :i ls lkexzh ;k lalk/kuksa ls f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=
lacaf/kr gS] tks fd fu/kkZfjr fd, x, lh[kus ds dk;ksaZ dks iwjk djus ds fy, f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
ds mi;ksx ls lacaf/kr gSA vkb, ns[krs gSa fd Åij ppkZ fd, x, izfreku ds vk/kkj ij
vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx djds ,d lh[kus dh :ijs[kk dks dSls fodflr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fp= 4-2 ns[ksa

fo"k; nks fl)karksa ds vlekukarj

ls lcaf/kr ckjs esa fuca/k NksVk lewg
osclkbV ij ys[k fy[kuk ppkZ
14 lIrkg@
lsfeLVj
vkadyu ls lacfa /kr
5 i=ksa dh vlekukarj
vkykspuk vkSj
lewg esa i= d{kk ppkZ
osclkbV lkjka'k dh izfØ;k
ls lacaf/kr
lkjka'k i=

vkadyu ijke'kZ lkapk% lewg

fØ;k'khyrk izfØ;k(
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj vkadyu f'k{kd% i{k
}kjk lalk/kuksa izLrko dk ij ekxZn'kZu
dh [kkst fuekZ.k*

osclkbV
ij vkadyu
fjiksVZ Mkyuk

yf{kr vf/kxe ds [Link]%

• fofHkUu vkadyu i)fr;ksa vkSj muesa varfuZfgr Kkuehekalk dh ljkguk djuk
• ewY;kadu ds mís'; ds vk/kkj ij mfpr ewY;kadu fof/k;ksa dk p;u djuk
• v/;;u vkadyu ds fy, ,d izLrko fy[kuk

fp= 4-2% vkadyu fof/k;ksa ds fo"k; esa ,d vuqekfur 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh fo"k; esa fu;ksftr
lh[kus dh :ijs[kk dk mnkgj.k
lzksr% Oliver, R. (1999): Exploring Strategies for Online Teaching and Learning. Distance
Education, 20(2, 240-254) ([Link]
retrieved on 07-06-2017)

mijksä fp= 4-2 esa n'kkZ, x, ?kVdksa dh fuEukuqlkj O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gS%
i) xfrfof/k;ka% vk;rkdkj fp= lh[kus ds dk;ksaZ dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa vkSj
vkadyu xfrfof/k;ksa dks rkjkadu }kjk fpfàr fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&
,d vkadyu çLrko dk fuekZ.k

ii) vf/kxe lalk/ku% f=Hkqt lh[kus ds lalk/kuksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] osclkbZV leFkZuA xfrfof/k ¼oxZ½ ls lalk/ku ¼f=Hkqt½ rd rhj xfrfof/k ds
nkSjku lalk/ku cuk;k tkrk gS] dks bafxr djrk gS vkSj tks ckn esa nwljksa ds fy,
lalk/ku cu tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&,d lewg esa ys[ku ds nkSjku nh xbZ
xfrfof/k] fufeZr lkjka'k i= ckn esa vU; f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gSA tc rhj lalk/ku ¼f=dks.k½ ls xfrfof/k ¼oxZ½ rd fn[kk;k tkrk gS rks ;g
bafxr djrk gS fd dk;Z dks fu"ikfnr djus ds fy, f'k{kkFkhZ dks lalk/ku çnku
83
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh fd;k tk jgk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, f'k{kkFkhZ mi;qZDr fp= 4-2 esa vkadyu çLrko
¼vkbZlhVh½ dh le> ¼xfrfof/k½ fy[kus ds fy, osc ¼lalk/ku½ dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

iii) vf/kxe lg;ksx% xfrfof/k ds nkbZa vksj fn[kk;k x;k o`Ùk lh[kus dh lqxerk ds
fy, lg;ksxh lajpukvksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,& lekukarj
vkSj vlekukarj lewg xfrfof/k vkSj ppkZ&ifjppkZ

vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx djus okyh :ijs[kk esa xfrfof/k;ksa] lalk/kuksa vkSj leFkZu ç.kkfy;ksa
ds fofHkUu la;kstu 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA lalk/kuksa vkSj leFkZu dk mi;ksx ;k rks
xfrfof/k dh iwjh vof/k ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k ,d fof'k"V xfrfof/k ds fy,
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ckn ds mnkgj.k esa] ,d {kSfrt rhj fof'k"V xfrfof/k dks bafxr
djrk gS vkSj ;fn [Link] vof/k ds fy, ,d gh leFkZu çnku fd;k tkrk gS] rks ,d
yacor rhj fn[kk;k tkrk gS tks fd var rd lalk/ku ds çkjafHkd mi;ksx ds fcanq ls
'kq: gksrk gSA ,d vf/kxe xfrfof/k ds [Link] dks ckn esa lalk/ku ds :i esa mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

,d vkbZlhVh ,dh—r f'k{k.k :ijs[kk ds fodkl ds fy, f'k{kdksa ds }kjk cgqr

fopkj'khy ;kstuk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA cl gkMZos;j vkSj l‚¶Vos;j ds la;kstu ls
çHkkoh f'k{k.k :ijs[kk rS;kj ugha gksxh] tc rd f'k{kdksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr ugha gksxkA
f'k{kdksa dks vf/kxe mís';ksa vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fof'k"V y{; lewg ds vk/kkj ij mi;qä
midj.k] lalk/ku] vkSj [Link];ksa dks viukus dh vko';drk gSAdbZ izfreku ,sls gSa tks
fd fn'kkfunsZ'k çnku djrs gSa vkSj f'k{kd vkbZlhVh ,dhdj.k ds fy, viuh f'k{k.k
[Link];ksa dk p;u dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ASSURE izfreku [f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk
fo'ys"k.k] jkT; ds mís';] ehfM;k vkSj lkefxz;ksa dk p;u] ehfM;k vkSj lkefxz;ksa dk
mi;ksx] lh[kus dh Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk] ewY;kadu rFkk la'kks/kuA

ghfup] [Link]] jlV vkSj LekyfMuksa ¼2001½ }kjk fn;k x;kA cqfu;knh :i ls dqN
?kVd lHkh izfrekuksa esa leku gS tks f'k{kdksa dks ,d çHkkoh vkbZlhVh f'k{k.k izfreku
fodflr djus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA

4-4-2 f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa vf/kxe ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh laHkkouk

vkbZlhVh esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh lh[kus dh miyfC/k vkSj f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk dks c<+kus ds dh
cM+h laHkkouk gSA ¼czslQksMZ o vU;] 2000] foufxeyu ds-,- 2009- }kjk mn/k`r] xzso rFkk
xzso 2007½- ds 'kks/k esa ik;k x;k gS fd rduhdh f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds dkS'ky] ç[Link] vkSj Kku
dks çHkkfor djrh gSA f'k{kdksa }kjk vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks dk;Z lkSaius ds
fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx djds dk;Z iwjk dj ldrs
gSaA fo'o cSad dh fjiksVZ us f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh miyfC/k ij vkbZlhVh ds çHkko dks fuEukuqlkj
crk;k gS%
v½ f'k{kkFkhZ dh miyfC/k ij vkbZlhVh dk ldkjkRed çHkko rc vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrk gS
tc vkbZlhVh dks f'k{k.k'kkL= ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
c½ tc f'k{kkFkhZ daI;wVj lgk;rk çkIr funsZ'k ¼lh,vkbZ½ }kjk Lo v/;;u djrs gSa rks
mudk çn'kZu csgrj gksrk gSA
l½ çHkkoh rduhdh vk/kkfjr vf/kxe ds fy, f'k{kk esa vkbZlhVh dk fof'k"V vkSj Li"V
:i ls ifjHkkf"kr y{; vko';d gSA
84
n½ vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx f'k{kdksa vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks vfHkçsfjr djrk gSA bl ckr dk f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=
izek.k gS fd vkbZlhVh f'k{kkFkhZ dh Lok;Ùkrk dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
;½ vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k çfØ;k vkSj fo|ky; esa vkbZlhVh ,dhdj.k ds lQy izfreku
miyC/k gSa tSls fd d{kk ds ckgjAgkykafd] fdl mez esa daI;wVj vk/kkfjr f'k{kk
'kq: dh tk ldrh gS] ml ij vHkh rd dksbZ vke lgefr ugha cu ikbZ gSA
lzksr% Trucano, Michael. 2005. Knowledge Maps: ICTs in Education. Washing-
ton, DC: infoDev / World Bank. Retrieved from [Link]
knowledge-maps-icts-educationon 29-07-2017

cks/k iz'u
[Link] % v½ vius mÙkjksa dks fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,A
[k½ vius mÙkjksa dks bl bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls feykb,A
2½ vkbZlhVh vk/kkfjr vf/kxe ds Lo:i ds ?kVd D;k gSa\
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3½ v‚uykbu vf/kxe izfreku esa rduhdh lg;ksx ds egRo dh O;k[;k djsaA
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4-5 d{kk f'k{k.k ds fy, vkbZlhVh

f'k{k.k vf/kxe ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh :ijs[kk vkSj fodkl dh le> izkIr djus ds ckn]
ge d{kk f'k{k.k ds fy, vkbZlhVh dh vko';drk dks le>saxsA fo|ky; Lrj ij
vkbZlhVh dh fuEufyf[kr xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, vko';drk gSA ¼luluoky] 2009½
• f'k{k.k vf/kxe çfØ;k
• uSnkfud ijh{k.k vkSj mipkjkRed f'k{k.k
• vkadyu xfrfof/k
• f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k
• f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds chp fpUru vkSj rkfdZd {kerkvksa dk fodkl
• vuqns'kkRed lkexzh dk fodkl

85
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh
¼vkbZlhVh½ dh le>
f'k{k.k

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk uSnkfud ijh{k.k

euks o S K kfud vkSj mipkjkRed
fo'ys " k.k f'k{k.k
f'k{k.k
vf/kxe ds
fy,
vkbZ l hVh
fpUru vkSj
ew Y ;ka d u rkfdZd {kerkvksa
dk fodkl
vuq n s ' kkRed
lkexzh dk
fodkl

fp=%4-3 f'k{k.k&vf/kxe çfØ;k esa vkbZlhVh dh vko';drk

4-5-1 f'k{k.k&vf/kxe çfØ;k esa vkbZlhVh

vf/kdka'k f'k{kd O;k[;ku fof/k dk mi;ksx djus esa lgt eglwl djrs gSa] ysfdu ;g
d{kk f'k{k.k ds fofHkUu mís';ksa dks çkIr djus esa lQy ugha gSA f'k{k.k&vf/kxe çfØ;k
ds fofHkUu mís';ksa dks çkIr djus esa vkbZlhVh dk cgqr vPNk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gSA;g fofHkUu [Link] ds lkFk O;kid rjhds ls lgh tkudkjh çnku djrh gSA;g
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks muds lwpuk vk/kkj dks c<+kus esa enn djrh gSAvkbZlhVh lkexzh dh
çLrqfr esa fofo/krk çnku djrh gS] tks f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks viuh xfr ds vuqlkj lh[kus esa
enn djrh gSA ;g csgrj le>us] vkSj tkudkjh ds yacs le; rd /kkj.k esa enn
djrh gSA

4-5-2 uSnkfud ijh{k.k vkSj mipkjkRed f'k{k.k ds fy, vkbZlhVh

,d f'k{kd gksus ds ukrs] vkidks vuqHko gksuk pkfg, fd dqN ,sls Nk= gSa tks dqN
vo/[Link] dks le>us esa ;k yacs le; rd dqN tkudkjh dks ;kn j[kus esa vlQy
jgrs gSaAd{kk esa vf/kd la[;k] fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa uSnkfud ijh{[Link] dh vuqiyC/krk]
f'k{kd ds fgLls ij çf'k{k.k] lalk/kuksa vkSj bPNkvksa dh deh ds dkj.k f'k{kd uSnkfud
ijh{k.k vkSj mipkjkRed f'k{k.k çnku ugha djrs gSaA ;gka] vkbZlhVh f'k{kdksa ds
lkFk&lkFk leL;k {ks= dh igpku djus esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA
ijh{k.k fo|ky; dh osclkbV ij miyC/k fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ mUgsa ?kj ij
Hkh çkIr dj ldrs gSaA ekrk&firk }kjk bu vH;klksa dh ns[k&js[k Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA
vyx&vyx f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, mipkj dk;ZØe dks O;ofLFkr djuk vklku ugha gS
D;ksafd igpku dh xbZ leL;k,a fofo/k ç—fr dk gks ldrh gSaAblds fy,] O;fäxr
mipkj dk;ZØe rS;kj djus vkSj vk;ksftr djus ds fy, vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx fd;k
86
tk ldrk gSA ;g dk;ZØe v‚uykbu ;k v‚Qykbu vk;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
funsZf'kr lkexzh] tks fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh O;fäxr t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=
fy, lajfpr dh xbZ gS] vkSj fo|ky; dh osclkbV ij miyC/k dh xbZ gSa] fuf'pr :i
ls Nk=ksa dks ykHkkfUor djus dk dk;Z djsxhAbl rjg] vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
dks mipkjkRed f'k{k.k çnku djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4-5-3 ewY;kadu xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, vkbZlhVh

fo|ky; ijh{kk ç.kkyh dk mís'; f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds vdknfed çn'kZu dk ewY;kadu djuk
gksrk gSA vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx 'kSf{kd ewY;kadu esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA v‚uykbu
ijh{k.k dk mi;ksx f'k{kkFkhZ vius vf/kxe ds ewY;kadu esa dj ldrk gSA blesa f'k{kkFkhZ
rqjar vius çn'kZu dh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa izfriqf"V çkIr dj ldrs gSaA blesa ;fn xyr
mÙkj gS rks lgh mÙkj ds ckjs esa f'k{kkFkhZ irk yxk ldrs gSaA u dsoy f'k{kkFkhZ cfYd
f'k{kd Hkh vius f'k{k.k Kku ds ckjs esa vkadyu djus ds fy, bldk ç;ksx dj ldrs
gSAa

4-5-4 f'k{kkFkhZ ds euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ds fy, vkbZlhVh

ge ns[k jgs gSa fd lHkh O;fä esa dqN u dqN O;fäxr fHkUurk,¡ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaAvke rkSj
ij fo|ky; esa çf'kf{kr euksoSKkfud ugha gS tks fd vdknfed miyfC/k ds dqN
lglaca/kksa ij Nk=ksa dk ewY;kadu dj ldrs gSaA [Link] çfØ;k vkSj ewY;kadu lfgr lHkh
euksoSKkfud ijh{[Link] dks fMftVy djuk vklku gSA;fn bls osclkbZV ij miyC/k dj
fn;k tk, rks vko';drk iM+us ij f'k{kkFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd bldk mi;ksx dj ldrs
gSaA;gka rd fd f'k{kkFkhZ bls O;fäxr :i ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa vkSj [Link] f'k{kd
ds lkFk lk>k dj ldrs gSaA ;g f'k{kkFkhZ dks mlds vdknfed çn'kZu esa lq/kkj djus
esa enn dj ldrk gSA bl çdkj vkbZlhVh euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k esa Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA

4-5-5 f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa fpUru vkSj rkfdZd {kerkvksa ds fodkl ds

fy, vkbZlhVh
vkbZlhVh dk ç;ksx cgqr ls fo"k;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA vkbZlhVh f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks fofHkUu
çdkj dh funsZ'ku lkexzh çnku djrk gS vkSj os mudks pqu ldrs gSa ftudks os Js"B
ekurs gSaAvkbZlhVh dk ç;ksx vyx&vyx vk;q oxZ ds f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds chp fpUru vkSj
rdZ {kerkvksa ds fodkl ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSAorZeku le; esa ;g [Link] gS
D;ksafd vf/kdka'k 'kS{[Link] laLFkku f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds chp fpUru vkSj rdZ {kerkvksa ds
fodkl ij /;ku ugha nsrs gSaA

4-5-5 vuqns'kkRed lkexzh ds fodkl ds vkbZlhVh

orZeku esa fofHkUu Lrjksa ij yxHkx lHkh fo"k;ksa esa ;ksX; vkSj l{ke f'k{kdksa dh deh
gSAdHkh&dHkh] eqfnzr :i esa miyC/k vuqns'kkRed lkexzh [Link]Ù[Link] vkSj v|ru ugha
gksrh gSaA ikBî&iqLrd dk v/;;u vDlj vkuannk;d ugha gksrh gS vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks
vo/[Link] dks le>us vkSj tkudkjh dks cuk, j[kus esa enn ugha djrh gSA ,sls dbZ
f'k{kd gSa tks fofHkUu fo"k; {ks=ksa esa vPNh rjg ls tkus tkrs gSaA muds O;k[;ku
lhMh&jkse esa fjd‚MZ fd, tkus pkfg,] ;k jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu ij çlkj.k ds ek/;e
ls lHkh f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks miyC/k djk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g d{kkvksa esa funsZ'k dh [Link]Ùkk
dks c<+krk gSA f'k{kd mUgsa viuh çLrqfr ;k çlkj.k ds ckn O;ofLFkr :i ls ppkZ ds
87
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh fy, Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaAf'k{kd lh/ks mu O;k[;kuksa dks Hkh MkmuyksM dj ldrs
¼vkbZlhVh½ dh le> gSaA;g f'k{k.k dks çHkkoh] lgHkkxh vkSj vkuannk;d cukrk gSA fMftVyh—r O;k[;ku
osclkbVksa ij viyksM fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ o f'k{kd mudh t:jrksa ds
vuqlkj mUgsa çkIr dj ldrs gSaA
xfrfof/k 1
vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx djds dqN xfrfof/k;ksa dks lwph cukb;s] ftudk vki vius
fo"k; esa vius f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds uSnkfud ijh{k.k ds fy, mi;ksx djuk pkgrs gSaA

cks/k iz'u
[Link] % v½ vius mÙkjksa dks fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,A
[k½ vius mÙkjksa dks bl bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls feykb,A
4½ d{kk f'k{k.k esa vkbZlhVh ds mi;ksx ij ppkZ djsa\
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5½ Åij ppkZ fd, x;s {ks=ksa ds vykok] vU; ,sls dkSu ls {ks= gSa] tgka vki f'k{k.k
vkSj vf/kxe esa lq/kkj ds fy, vkbZlhVh dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa\
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4-6 vkHkklh vf/kxe ds fy, vkbZlhVh

baVjusV vk/kkfjr daI;wVj vf/kxe [Link];ksa ds vuqç;ksxksa esa ls ,d vkHkklh vf/kxe gSA
v‚uykbu ppkZ eap esa] f'k{kkFkhZ ,d nwljs ls vkSj vkHkklh vf/kxe ds ifjos'k¼Virtual
Learning Environment(VLE)½ esa O;k[;ku vkSj ikBîØe lkexzh ls vf/kd lh[krs gSAa

;g lg;ksxh f'k{kk dk ,d :i gS ftlesa Nk= vius fopkj çLrqr djrs gSa ,oa v‚uykbu
eap ij Kku lk>k djrs gSa vkSj lkfFk;ksa ds fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj çfrfcac ds ek/;e ls
vius fo"k; Kku dk foLrkj djrs gSaA ,slh euu'khy çfØ;kvksa ls f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa lwpuk
çlaLdj.k dh fn'kk esa çxfr gksrh gSA lgdehZ ls ckrphr vkSj lg;ksx ds vk/kkj ij
vFkZ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ¼tqM ,oa vU; 2000] fiugk;jks] }kjk mn/k`r½

88
vkidks vkHkklh vf/kxe ifjos'k ¼oh,ybZ½ ds vFkZ dks le>uk vko';d gSA ^^;g ,d f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=
l‚¶Vos;j midj.k gS tks ,dh—r okrkoj.k] lalk/kuksa dh J`a[kyk dks lkFk ysdj vkrk
gS tks f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks v‚uykbu ckrphr djus ds fy,] lkexzh forj.k vkSj
ekxZu ¼VªSfdax½ esa l{ke cukrk gSA ¼csDVk] 2004½-
vkHkklh vf/kxe ifjos'k dh dqN fo'ks"krk,a ;gk¡ lwphc) gSa%
i) lapkj midj.k% bZesy] pSV :e] cqysfVu cksMZ
ii) lg;ksx midj.k% v‚uykbu eap] baVªkusV
iii) v‚uykbu lkexzh cukus ds fy, midj.k% WIKI, oscy‚x
iv) v‚uykbu vkadyu fof/k;ka

v) f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh fo|ky; ls ijs lkexzh vkSj lapkj [Link] rd igqapA

vkHkklh vf/kxe ifjos'k ds dqN ,sls ykHk gSa tks fd cgqr gh çklafxd gSA buesa fuEu
'kkfey gSa%
i) vkbZlhVh ,dh—r okrkoj.k esa f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ bls ç;ksx djus esa vf/kd
vklkuh dk vuqHko djrs gS]
ii) tSlk fd Åij dgk x;k gS fd oh,ybZ [Link] ds ek/;e ls vf/kd laidZ vkSj
laokn gksrk gSA
iii) f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ^^dHkh Hkh dgha Hkh^^ lh[kus dh çfØ;k rd igqapus dk ykHk gksrk gSA
iv) blls f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa vf/kd ç[Link] vkSj tqM+ko jgrk gSA
v) ;g mPp Øe ds vf/kxe dkS'ky ds fodkl dh lqfo/kk çnku djrk gSA
vi) ;g fuf"Ø; f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ckrphr djus vkSj d{kk esa 'kkfey gksus dk volj
çnku djrk gSA
vii) ;g f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds ç[Link] ds Lrj dks c<+kok nsrk gS D;ksafd ;g mudh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj
vH;kl ds ek/;e ls lg;ksx dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
viii) ekrk&firk vklkuh ls vius cPps dh çxfr ij utj j[k ldrs gSa vkSj fo|ky;
leqnk; esa csgrj rjhds ls tqM+ ldrs gSA
¼mijksä [kaM csDVk] 2004] ls gS fy;k x;k tks [Link]-org/uk/researchls ij
miyC/k gSA½

4-7 lg;[Link] vf/kxe vkSj vkbZlhVh

,d f'k{k.k'kkL=h; midj.k ds :i esa lg;[Link] vf/kxe dh vo/[Link] dbZ o"kksaZ ls
vfLrRo esa gS tks lqdjkr ds laokn esa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSA orZeku le; esa fofHkUu
ekaxksa tSls Kku vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk] O;fä;ksa dk lewg esa dke djus dh vko';drk
vkSj [Link] ¼vkmViqV½ lk>k djuk] dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g rduhd iqu% çorZu ds
:i esa ns[kh tk jgh gSA

tSlk ^^lg;[Link] vf/kxe^^ ls gh çrhr gksrk gS fd vf/kxe ,d lewg esa gksrk gS ftlesa
lewg ds lnL; vkil esa Kku dks lk>k djrs gSA ;g vFkZ cukus dh ,d la;qä fØ;k
89
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh gS tksfd ,d lewg esa gksrh gS ftlesa leku y{; r; fd;s tkrs gS vkSj mUgsa çkIr djus
¼vkbZlhVh½ dh le> ds fy, feydj dke fd;k tkrk gSA dqN f'k{kkfon lg;[Link] f'k{kk dks lgdkjh
f'k{kk ds :i esa Hkh ns[krs gSaA lgdkjh f'k{kk esa] dk;Z dks dbZ fgLlksa esa ckaV fn;k tkrk
gS vkSj lnL; mu Hkkxksa ij O;fäxr :i ls dke djrs gSa vkSj O;fäxr dk;Z ds ckn]
Hkkxksa dks [Link] dk;Z ds :i esa iquxZfBr fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Z dks ,d lewg esa fd;k tkrk
gS vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa dks lk>k le> o vFkZ ds ek/;e ls [Link] fd;k tkrk gSA ¼pkbZ rFkk
Vsu] 2010½
lg;[Link] vf/kxe ds y{k.k
lQy lewgksa ij fd;s x;s 'kks/kksa dh leh{kk ds mijkUr lg;[Link] vf/kxe ds y{k.k
bl çdkj gS%
v½ leku y{; r; djukA
c½ Li"V Je foHkktu] ;kuh lnL;ksa ds chp dk;ksaZ dk forj.k@vkoaVuA
l½ lewgksa vkSj O;fä;ksa dks tokcnsg vkSj ftEesnkj cukukA
n½ lewg esa var%fØ;k'khyrk vkSj ckrphr lqfuf'pr djukA
;½ ifjiDo lewg ç[Link]
vkbZlhVh vk/kkfjr lg;[Link] vf/kxe
vU; vf/kxe lajpukvksa dh rqyuk esa lg;[Link] vf/kxe ds vdknfed] lkekftd vkSj
euksoSKkfud ykHk gSaA f'k{kkFkhZ Kku dk ,d lg fuekZrk gS] og ,d fLFkfr dks fofHkUu
–f"[Link] ls ijh{k.k djus esa l{ke gS o usr`Ro fo'ks"krkvksa dks fodflr djrk gS vkSj
,d larks"ktud vf/kxe ds vuqHko thrk gSA ¼osydkjlsy] ,-th-] cflyksÍk] oh]
xkjfl;k],y-lh-] 2014½

vkbZlhVh esa lg;[Link] vf/kxe ds izk:i dks vkSj etcwr djus dh {kerk gS vkSj bls
vkSj vf/kd çHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

tSlk fd pkbZ rFkk Vsu ¼2010½] us dgk gS] vkbZlhVh rhu eq[; rjhdksa ls lg;[Link]
vf/kxe dk leFkZu dj ldrk gS%
i) ikjLifjd lapkj ds fy, ,d midj.k ds :i esa] vkeus&lkeus dh O;oLFkk esaA
ii) daI;wVj dk mi;ksx djds lg;ksxh xfrfof/k;ka] tgka lnL;ksa dks leku dk;Z lkSais
tkrs gS
iii) daI;wVj }kjk lefFkZr lg;[Link] vf/kxe] ftldk mís'; ls vFkZ cukus okys
lnL;ksa ds fy, ckrphr dk leFkZu djuk gSA
vki lg;[Link] vf/kxe vkSj lg;[Link] vf/kxe ds fy, vkbZlhVh ds ç;ksx ds ckjs esa
bl ikB~;Øe ds [k.M 3 dh bdkbZ 12 esa foLrkj ls tku ldsaxsaA
cks/k iz'u
[Link] % v½ vius mÙkjksa dks fn, x, fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,A
[k½ vius mÙkjksa dks bl bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls feykb,A
6½ vkHkklh vf/kxe ds vki D;k le>rs gS\
90
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=

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7½ lg;[Link] vf/kxe dh vo/[Link] dh O;k[;k djsaA
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4-8 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ esa] f'k{k.k vf/kxe O;oLFkkvksa ds ckjs lh[kk tks fd vkSipkfjd] vukSipkfjd
vkSj fujkSipkfjd esa oxhZ—r gksrh gSA muds mnHko] y{[Link] vkSj O;fä ij muds çHkkoksa
dh ppkZ dh xbZA ewyHkwr la?kVdksa] [Link] vkSj :ijs[kk fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k o vkbZlhVh
ds ek/;e ls f'k{k.k&vf/kxe O;oLFkkvksa ds fodkl ds ckjs esa ppkZ dh xbZA geus
vkHkklh vf/kxe ifjos'k vkSj blds y{[Link] dh O;k[;k dhA lg;[Link] vf/kxe] bldh
fo'ks"krk,a vkSj bdkbZ ds vafre Hkkx esa lg;[Link] vf/kxe ds fy, vkbZlhVh ds ç;ksx
ij çdk'k Mkyk x;kA

4-9 mi;ksxh v/;;u lkexzh ,oa lUnHkZ lwph

Becta (2004). A review of the research literature on barriers to the uptake of
ICT by teachers Retrieved from [Link]
barrierstouptake_litrev.pdf and [Link]/researchon 10-06-2017
Becta, (2003).Virtual Learning Environments in education: a review of the
literature. Retrieved from [Link] research/
VLE_report.pdf, on 28-07-17
Bransford, J., Brown, A.L., and Cocking, R.R., (Eds). (2000). How people learn:
brain, mind experience and school (2nd ed.) Washington D.C.: National Academy
Press,in Bingimlas, K.A., 2009, Barriers to the Successful Integration of ICTs in
Teaching and Learning Environments. A Review of the Literature. Eurasia Journal
of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2009, 5 (3), 235-245.
Chai, C.S. and Tan, S.C. (2010). Collaborative Learning and ICT, in C.S. Chai
& Q.Y. Wang (Eds.), ICT for self-directed and collaborative learning (pp 52-
69). Singapore: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Retrieved from: [Link]
Desktop/Unit4/04_collaborative_learning_280409.pdfon 28-03-17 on 28-03-17
Claudio Zakib, Dib, (1988). Formal, non-formal and informal education:
Concepts/Applicability. Presented at the “Interamerican Conference on Physics
Education”, Oaxtepec, Mexico, 1987. Published in “Cooperative Networks in
91
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh Physics Education - Conference Proceedings 173”, American Institute of Physics,
¼vkbZlhVh½ dh le> New York, 1988, pgs. 300-315. Retrieved from [Link]
downloads/[Link] on 07-06-2017.

Coombs, Processor & Ahmed, (1973).New paths to learning for rural children
and youth, ICED, NewYork, in Sharma, A., and Chowdhary, P. Learning in
Different Educational Settings; Methodological concerns. IOSR Journal Of
Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 4, Ver. IV (Apr.
2015), PP 18-25 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. Retrieved from http:/
/[Link]/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol20-issue4/Version-4/D020441825.
pdfon 07-06-2017.

Delors, J., (1996). Learning- The Treasure Within-Report to UNESCO of the

International Commission on Education for the 21st Century, Paris: UNESCO.

Grabe, M., and Grabe, C., (2007). Integrating technology for meaningful learning
(5th ed). Boston, New York: Houghton Miffin, in Bingimlas, K.A., 2009, Barriers
to the Successful Integration of ICTs in Teaching and Learning Environments. A
Review of the Literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and
Technology Education, 2009, 5 (3), 235-245.

Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (2001). Instructional
media and technologies for learning (7th ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall, in Wang, L.C., (2008) A generic model for guiding the integration of ICT
into teaching and learning 45:4, 411-419, DOI: 10.1080/14703290802377307
Retrieved from [Link]
307on 02-07-2017

IGNOU (2013). Unit-12: Use of ICTs for Teaching-learning in BES-002:

Teaching-learning and Assessment, IGNOU: New Delhi

Judd, T., Kennedy, G., & Cropper, S. (2010). Using wikis for collaborative
learning: assessing collaboration through contribution. Australasian Journal of
Educational Technology, 23(3), 341- 354, in M. M. Pinheiroa and Dora Simões,
2012, Constructing Knowledge: An Experience of Active and Collaborative
Learning in ICT Classrooms. 1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The Association Science
Education and Technology doi: 10.1016/[Link].2012.11.046

Oliver, R. (1999): Exploring Strategies for Online Teaching and Learning. Distance
Education, 20(2, 240-254), retrieved from [Link]
[Link]/project/learn_design.htmon 07-06-2017

Sansanwal, D.N. (2009). Use of ICT in Teaching, learning and evaluation,

Central Institute of Educational Technology, NCERT, New Delhi and State Institute
of Education, Chandigarh, Educational Technology Lecture Series, February 27,
retrieved from [Link]
Learning-and-Evaluation

Trucano, Michael. 2005. Knowledge Maps: ICTs in Education. Washington,

DC: infoDev / World Bank. Retrieved from [Link]
knowledge-maps-icts-educationon 29-07-2017

92
UNESCO retrieved from[Link] f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ra=
learning/curriculum-materials/appropriate-educational-technologies on 29-08-
2017

Valcarcel,A.G., Basilotta, V., Garcia, L. C., 2014. ICT in collaborative Learning

in the classrooms of primary and secondary education. Retrieved from http://
[Link]/dspace/bitstream/handle/10272/7740/ict_in_collaborative.
pdf?sequence=3, DOI: [Link] on 29-07-2017

4-10 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

1½ vukSipkfjd vf/kxe ra= os gS] ftudk ,d fuf'pr laxBu vkSj lajpuk ugha gksrh
gSA ,sls ra= esa] vf/kxe y{; fof'k"V ugha gksrs gSa ;|fi vukSipkfjd f'k{kk ra= esa
v/kZi.w kZ vf/kxe fu"ifÙk;k¡ visf{kr gksrh gSAa ] mnkgj.k% iBuh; ,oa 'kS{[Link] eSxthu]
,d vPNh fQYe ns[kuk] jsfM;k dk;ZØe lquuk] jk"Vªh; laxzgky;ksa] ,sfrgkfld
LFkyksa ij ;k=k ,oa 'kSf{kd Hkze.k
fujkSipkfjd vf/kxe ra=] vukSipkfjd ra=ksa dh rqyuk esa dqN vf/kd lajfpr gksrs
gSa] ijUrq v/;;u dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kkFkhZ dks vf/kd yksp'khyrk iznku
djrs gSa] vf/kxe fu"ifÙk;k¡ fof'k"VhÑr gksrh gSaA ,slh vf/kxe lajpuk,a f'k{kkFkhZ
dsfUnzr gksrh gSa vkSj f'k{kk ds igqp
a rFkk miyC/krk dks c<+kdj f'k{kk ds yksdra=hdj.k
ds y{; dks izkIr djrh gSA mnkgj.k] eqDr nwjLFk vf/kxe ra= vFkkZr~ eqDr
fo'ofo|ky;] eqDr fo|ky;
2½ vkbZ-lh-Vh- ekf/;r vf/kxe lajpuk ds ?kVd gSa] f'k{k.k'kkL=] vFkkZr~] f'k{k.k
vf/kxe 'kSyh] lekftd O;oLFkk tgk¡ vf/kxe ?kfVr gksrk gS rFkk vf/kxe esa
lgk;rk gsrq rduhdh lgk;rkA
3½ vkbZ-lh-Vh ekf/;r vf/kxe ra=ksa esa rduhdh lgk;rk [Link] gS D;ksafd ;g
f'k{kkFkhZ dks fn, x, vf/kxe dk;Z dks 'kkfey vkSj rhozxfr ls iwjk djus esa enn
djrh gSA fu/kkZfjr dk;Z ;k fØ;kdyki dh izo`fr@lajpuk ds vuqlkj rduhdh
lgk;rk vf/kxe ds iwjs le; ;k ,d NksVs le; ds fy, yh tk ldrh gSA ,d
rduhdh ek/;r lajpuk] f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh fo"k;oLrq] lkfFk;ksa] f'k{kdksa dh lkFk
vf/kd var%fØ;k djkrh gS rFkk mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds fy, igqap esa gS] miyC/k gS vkSj
vklkuh ls mi;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA
4½ vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk iz;ksx d{kkd{k f'k{k.k ds fofHkUu vk;;keksa] tSls funkukRed
ijh{k.k] mipkjkRed f'k{k.k] ewY;kadu fØ;kdykiksa] f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds euksoSKkfud
fo'ys"k.k] fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa rdZ vkSj fpUru dk fodkl rFkk vuqns'kkRed lkexzh
fuekZ.k] vkfn esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5½ vius voyksduksa ds vk/kkj ij mÙkj fy[ksaA
6½ vkHkklh vf/kxe ,d izdkj dk lg;ksxkRed vf/kxe dk Lo:i gS tgka fo|kFkhZ
vius fopkjksa rFkk ckaVs tkus okys Kku dks ,d vkuykbu IysVQkeZ ij miyC/k
djkrs gSa rFkk ppkZ vkSj lkfFk;ksa dh fVIif.k;ksa }kjk vius Kku {ks= dk izlkj djrs
gSAa
7½ lg;ksxh vf/kxe] vFkZfuekZ.k dh ,d la;qDr xfrfof/k gS ftlesa ,d lewg esa leku
vf/kxe mís';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djus vkSj mUgsa izkIr djus ds fy, lkFk&2 dk;Z djus
izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA 93