bdkbZ 4 % bysDVªkWfud

bdkbZ LizsM'khV
4
¼Introduction to IT – ITeS
Industry½

ifjp;
gekjs nSfud thou esa ;k dk;ZLFky ij gesa fofHkUUk [Link],¡
djuh iM+rh gSaA [Link] dh iz—fr ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUUk rjhdksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ge ljy [Link] djus ds fy,
viuh vaxqfy;ksa ;k ekufld [Link] dk mi;ksx djrs gSa vkSj
yach [Link] ds fy, dSydqysVj dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA foKku
vkSj bathfu;Çjx esa] oSKkfud dSydqysVj dk mi;ksx ,d tfVy
izn'kZu [Link] ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA LizSM'khV ,Iyhds'ku ,d
Vwy gS ftldk mi;ksx lHkh izdkj dh [Link] vklkuh ls vkSj
lgh rjhds ls djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vius cpiu esa] vkius [Link] dk vH;kl djus ds fy,
jks vkSj dkWye ds lkFk fpfºur NksVs lsy ds lkFk ,d fo'ks"k
uksVcqd dk mi;ksx fd;k gksxkA geus [Link] [Link] Hkh lh[kh
gSA LizsM'khV MsVk fo'ys"k.k vkSj [Link] djus ds fy, daI;wVj
LØhu ij jks vkSj dkWye dh ,d yach 'khV gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
,d LizsM'khV ,d fxzM gS tks var%fØ;kRed :i ls jks vkSj
dkWye esa MsVk dks izcaf/kr vkSj O;ofLFkr djrk gSA bls
bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx foŸkh;
vkSj ys[kk nLrkostksa ds izca/ku] MsVk fjiksVZ cukus] pkyku cukus]
oSKkfud vkSj lkaf[;dh; vuqla/kkuksa ls MsVk fo'ys"k.k vkSj MsVk
ij dbZ izdkj dh [Link] djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
,d LizsM'khV lkW¶Vos;j MsVk dks LVksj] esfuiqysV djus ds lkFk blds
xzkfQdy izfrfuf/kRo cuk ldrk gSA
;wtj MsVk dks ,d LizsM'khV esa ,aVj dj ldrk gS] [Link]; ysus ds
fy, MsVk dks QkWesZV] [Link] vkSj fo'ys"k.k dj ldrk gSA ;wtj ds MsVk
ds vykok] LizsM'khV iSdst lkekU; [Link]; mathematical] foŸkh;
financial, lkaf[;dh; statistical vkSj rkÆdd lapkyu logical operations ds
fy, cgqr ifj"—r rjhds ls varÆufgr lw= vkSj dk;Z iznku djrs gSaA
LizsM'khV iSdst MsVk fo'ys"k.k vkSj ys[kkadu vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, O;kid
:i ls mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA bu {kerkvksa ds dkj.k LizsM'khV iSdst
lajfpr MsVk structured data rS;kj djus vkSj bldh izkslsÇlx ds fy,
,d lkoZHkkSfed dk;ZØe universal programme ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
tSls&tSls LizsM'khV cM+h gksrh xbZ] mudk izca/ku djuk eqf'dy gks
x;kA LizsM'khV ds c<+rs vkdkj dks laHkkyus ds fy,] dk;ZiqfLrdk dh
vo/[Link] dh igpku dh xbZ FkhA fycjs vkWfQl dSYdqysVj dk mi;ksx
fuEufyf[kr xfrfof/k;ksa dks lgh vkSj dq'kyrk ls djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
 MsVk dk [Link].k
 ljy [Link]; [Link]
 lw= vkSj dk;ks± dk mi;ksx djrs gq, tfVy [Link]
 vkjksgh vkSj vojksgh Øe ascending and descending ¼NaVuh½ esa MsVk
dh O;oLFkk djuk
 vko';d MsVk dks fQ+YVj djuk
 MsVk dh oS/krk dh tk¡p djsa
 ikloMZ dk mi;ksx djds MsVk dh lqj{kk
 Hkfo"; ds mi;ksx ds fy, cpr
fycjss vkWfQl dSYdqysVj ds lkFk 'kq#vkr djuk LizSM'khV lkW¶+Vos;j
fofHkUUk lkW¶+Vos;j dkWiksZjs'ku }kjk fofHkUUk izdkj ds LizsM'khV ,Iyhds'ku  ekbØkslkW¶V
fodflr fd, x, gSaA fycjss vkWfQl dSYdqysVj fycjss vkWfQl lwV dk ,Dlsy
LizsM'khV ,Iyhds'ku gSA  fycjs vkWfQl
fycjss vkWfQl dSYdqysVj 'kq: djuk dSYdqysVj
vkWijsÇVx flLVe fyuDl ¼mcaVw½ dks baLVkWy djrs le;] fycjs vkWfQl  vksiuvkWfQl
¼jkbVj] dSYdqysVj] bEizsl] vkfn½ ds izR;sd ?kVd ds fy, vkbdkWu ds dSYdqysVj
lkFk&lkFk fycjs vkWfQl fMQ+kWYV :i ls baLVkWy gks tkrk gSA bu  ,Iiy bad- uacj
vkbduksa dks fQj ykWUpj ij j[kk tkrk gSA ÇoMkst esa] vkidks bldh
vkf/kdkfjd osclkbV ls fycjs vkWfQl MkmuyksM djus vkSj bls vius
daI;wVj ij baLVkWy djus dh vko';drk gSA

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 99
 ¼d½ ÇoMkst esa fycjs vkWfQl dSYdqysVj 'kq: djuk
 ÇoMkst esa] LVkVZ esuw ij ;k MsLdVkWi ij fycjs vkWfQl
dk 'kkWVZdV QkbaM djsaA fycjs vkWfQl vksiu djus ds
fy, 'kkWVZdV ij Mcy fDyd djsaA
 ;k ÇoMks esuw ij fDyd djsa] fycjs vkWfQl ,fIyds'ku
flysDV djsa] fQj fycjs vkWfQl dSYdqysVj ¼fp= 4-1½ ij
fDyd djsaA dSYdqysVj LizsM'khV ÇoMks vksiu gksxhA

fp= 4-1% ÇoMkst esa fycjs vkWfQl

dSYdqysVj LVkVZ djuk

100 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

¼[k½ fyuDl esa fycjs vkWfQl dSYdqysVj LVkVZ djuk
mcaVw fyuDl esa]
,fIyds'ku ykWUpj ij
dSYdqysVj vkbdu QkbaM
djsa ;k bls Þ'kks
,fIyds'kuÞ ij fDyd
djds lpZ djsaA tSlk
fd fp= 4-2 esa fn[kk;k
x;k gSA

fycjs vkWfQl dSYdqysVj

ds Hkkx
fp= 4-3 fycjs vkWfQl
dSYdqysVj ds Hkkx dks fp= 4-2% mcaVw fyuDl esa fycjs vkWfQl dSYdqysVj LVkVZ djuk
n'kkZrk gSA Hkkxksa ds ckjs
esa ,d laf{kIr fooj.k uhps fn;k x;k gSA

fp= 4-3 % fycjs vkWfQl dSYdqysVj ds Hkkxksa dks fn[kkus okyk ;wtj baVjQsl

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 101

 fVIif.k;ka ¼d½ VkbVy ckj % 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr 'kh"kZd ckj] orZeku LizsM'khV dk uke fn[kkrk
gSA tc ubZ LizsM'khV cukbZ tkrh gS] rks mldk uke vuVkbVYM ,Dl
gksrk gS] tgka ,Dl ,d uacj gksrk gSA igyh cukbZ xbZ LizSM'khV dk uke
vuVkbVy 1] nwljs dk 'kh"kZd vuVkbVy 2 vkSj blh rjg fy;k tkrk gSA
¼[k½ esuw ckj % esuw ckj VkbVy ckj ds Bhd uhps fLFkr gksrk gSA blesa
fofHkUUk dk;ks± ds fy, dekaM ds lkFk esuw 'kkfey gSaA izR;sd esuw
vkbVe esa ,d lcesuw gksrk gS ftls iqy&Mkmu esuw dgk tkrk gSA
fofHkUUk esuw vkbVe la{ksi esa uhps fn, x, gSaA
(i) Q+kby% [Link] MkWD;wesaV ij ,IykbZ dekaM 'kkfey gSa & vksiu] lso]
fotkM~lZ] ihMh,Q ds :i esa ,DliksVZ] ÇizV] fMftVy flXuspj vkSj
blh rjgA
(ii) ,fMV % ,fMV djus ds dekaM esa 'kkfey gSa & vuMw] dV] dkWih]
isLV] flysDV] QkbaM ,aM fjIysl vkSj blh rjg vU;A
(iii) O;w % ;wtj baVjQ+sl dks la'kksf/kr djus ds fy, dekaM 'kkfey gSa
& Vwyckj] dkWye ,aM jks] gsMj] Qqy LØhu] t+we vkSj blh rjgA
(iv) balVZ % ,d LizsM'khV esa rRoksa dks balVZ djus ds fy, dekaM 'kkfey
gSa & best] ehfM;k] pkVZ] vkWCtsDV] 'ksIl] fnukad] le;] gsMj ,aM QqVjA
(v) Q+kWesZV % ,d LizsM'khV ds ysvkmV dks ekWfMQkj~b djus ds fy, dekaM
esa 'kkfey gSa&lsy] jks] dkWye] ist] LVkby vkSj QkWesZÇVx] ,ykbuesaV vkSj
blh rjgA
(vi) LVkby % LVkby dk izca/ku djukA
(vii) 'khV % blesa balVZ ,aM fMyhV lsy] jks vkSj dkWye] balVZ 'khV] fjuse
'khV] fQy lsy vkfn ds fy, dekaM 'kkfey gSaA
(viii) MsVk % MsVk esa gsjQsj djus ds fy, dekaM 'kkfey gSa & fMQkbu
jsat] lkWVZ] vkSj blh rjg vU;A
(ix) Vwy % LizsM'khV dks psd ,aM dLVekbt djus ds fy, fofHkUUk
QaD'ku gSa & LisÇyx] ySaXost] xSyjh] eSØkst+ vkSj blh rjg vU;A
(x) ÇoMks % ÇoMks fMLIys djus ds fy, dekaM 'kkfey gSa & U;w ÇoMks]
fLIyV vkSj blh rjg vU;A
(xi) gsYi % blesa lkW¶Vos;j vkSj vU; fofo/k QaD'ku esa 'kkfey gsYi
flLVe ds Çyd 'kkfey gSa & gsYi] ykblsal baQkWesZ'ku] psd QkWj
viMsV~l vkSj blh rjg vU;A
¼x½ Vwyckj % dSYdqysVj fMQ+kWYV :i ls odZLisl ds VkWi ij LVSaMMZ ,aM fVIif.k;ka

102 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 QkWesZÇVx Vwyckj ds lkFk vksiu gksrk gSA ;s Vwyckj lkekU; dekaM
vkSj Q+aD'kal dh ,d okbM jsat iznku djrs gSaA fdlh Hkh vkbdu ij
ekml dlZj j[kus ls ,d NksVk lk ckWDl fMLIys gksrk gS ftls VwyfVi
dgk tkrk gSA ;g vkbdu Q+aD'ku dk ,d laf{kIr fooj.k nsrk gSA
(i) LVSaMMZ Vwyckj % LVSaMMZ Vwy ckj vf/kdka'k lkekU; vkWijs'ku ds fy,
vkbdu fn[kkrk gS] tSls fd ,fMÇVx] vjsaÇtx] fQ+YVÇjx vkfn] tks
LizsM'khV ij dke djrs le; mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA
(ii) Q+kWesZÇVx Vwyckj % Q+kWesZÇVx Vwyckj esa QkWesZÇVx MsVk'khV ls lacaf/kr
lcls lkekU; vkWijs'ku gSA blesa Q+kWUV flysD'ku ds fy, cVu]
VsDLV dk lkbt] ,ykbuesaV] lsy oSY;w QkWesZÇVx vkSj baMsaVs'ku] vkfn
'kkfey gSaA
(iii) QkWewZyk Vwyckj % ;g lsy esa QkWewZys dks ,aVj vkSj ,fMV djus dh
lqfo/kk nsrk gSA QkWewZyk ckj esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa%
 use ckWDl % lsy lanHkZ n'kkZrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, ,1-
 QaD'ku fot+kMZ % miyC/k QaD'ku dh lwph ls Q+aD'ku lpZ djsaA
 le % flysDV fd, x, lsy ds Åij ds lsy esa dqy la[;kvksa
ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;ksx dks flysDV fd, x,
lsy esa j[kk x;k gSA
 QaD'ku % QaD'ku vkbdu ij fDyd djus ls flysDV fd, x,
lsy esa ,d leku ¼¾½ lkbu balVZ gksrk gS vkSj buiqV ykbu
QkWewZyk ,aVj djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
 buiqV ykbu % flysDV fd, x, lsy ¼MsVk] QkWewyk] ;k Q+aD'ku½
dh lkexzh dks fMLIys djrk gS vkSj lsy lkexzh dks ,fMV
djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA buiqV ykbu ,fj;k ds vanj ,fMV
djus ds fy,] ,fj;k esa fDyd djsa] fQj ifjorZu Vkbi djsaA
orZeku lsy ds Hkhrj ,fMV djus ds fy,] lsy esa flQZ
Mcy&fDyd djsaA
¼?k½ odZ'khV % dSYdqysVj esa odZ'khV dks LizsM'khV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
LizsM'khV esa dbZ 'khV gks ldrh gSaA izR;sd 'khV esa dbZ vyx vyx
lsy jks vkSj dkWye esa O;ofLFkr gks ldrh gSaA 'khV VSc 'khV 1] 'khV
2] 'khV 3]--- ds :i esa viuk fMQ+kWYV uke fn[kkrk gS

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 103

 ¼M½ jks ,aM dkWye % 'khV dks oÆVdy dkWye vkSj
gksfjtksaVy jks esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd 'khV esa
vf/kdre 1]048]576 ¼220½ jks vkSj 1024 ¼210½ dkWye gks
ldrs gSaA jks dks 1]2]3]4 ds :i esa fxuk tkrk gS]--- vkSj
dkWye dks ,] ch] lh] Mh] ----] tsM] ,,] ,ch] ,lh] ----] ,tsM]
ch, ls chtsM] lh,---] ,,ets ds :i esa fxuk tkrk gSA
¼p½ lsy ,aM lsy ,Mªsl % fdlh jks ,aM dkWye ds
fp= 4-4 % jks] dkWye ,aM ,fDVo lsy baVjlsD'ku dks lsy dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d LizsM'khV dk
csfld ,yhesaV gSA ;g MsVk] tSls fd VsDLV] uacj] QkWewZyk
vkSj blh rjg j[krk gSA ,d lsy ,Mªsl dks mlds dkWye ¼v{kj½
vkSj jks uacj }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Mh4] bZ9]
tsM89 lsy ,Mªsl dk ekU; mnkgj.k gSaA
(i) ,fDVo lsy % ,d LizsM'khV esa] lsy og LFkku gS tgka ge
MsVk ,aVj djrs gSaA lsy esa fdlh Hkh MsVk dks ,aVj djus
ls igys] ml ij dlZj j[kdj igys bls flysDV djuk
gksxkA tc ge ekml dlZj dks lsy ij j[krs gSa] rks og
flysDV gks tkrk gS vkSj ;wtj ls MsVk ysus ds fy, rS;kj
gksrk gSA bl flysDV fd, x, ;k ,fDVo fd, x, lsy
dks ,fDVo lsy dgk tkrk gSA ;g ges'kk ,d eksVh ckWMZj
ds lkFk] gkbykbV fd;k tkrk gSA ,fDVo lsy dk irk use
ckWDl esa fMLIys gksrk gSA fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] ch3
odZ'khV esa ,fDVo lsy ds :i esa gSA
vkb, vH;kl 1 djsa
fuEufyf[kr dk lsy ,Mªsl fy[ksa
 igyh jks vkSj igyk dkWye ------------------------------
 igyk dkWye vkSj vafre jks ------------------------------
 igyh jks vkSj vafre dkWye ------------------------------
 vafre dkWye igyh jks ------------------------------
 lkroka dkWye vkSj nloha jks ------------------------------
 nloka dkWye vkSj mUUkhloha jks ------------------------------
 lsy ,Mªsl ,yds89 jks uacj esa fLFkr gS ---------------------- vkSj
dkWye v{kj --------------------------
(ii) ,d odZ'khV esa ,fDVo lsy % lsy esa MsVk ,aVj djus ds
fy,] bls igys flysDV fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d odZ'khV esa
,fDVo lsy dks dht ;k dht ds dksfEcus'ku }kjk ewo vkSj
flysDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
dht ;k dht dht ;k dkWfEcus’ku dk [Link]

104 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 dkWfEcus’ku
,jks dht ,jks fn'kk esa Çlxy lsy dks ewo djsa
(←↑→↓)
daVªksy $ ,jks dht fdlh fo'ks"k fn'kk esa MsVk [Link] ds var esa
lsy dks ewo djrk gS
gkse jks ds lkFk dkWye , dks ewo djsa tgka
,fDVo lsy gS
daVªksy $ gkse lsy dks ,1 ikWth'ku esa ewo djsa
daVªksy $ ,aM MsVk jsat ds fupys nk,a lsy esa ewo djsa
Ikst vi odZ'khV dks ,d LØhu vi esa ewo djsa
Ikst Mkmu odZ'khV dks ,d LØhu Mkmu esa ewo djsa

(iii) lsy dh jsat % ,d odZ'khV esa lsy tksM+us dk ,d CykWd

ftls gkbykbV fd;k tkrk gS ;k flysDV fd;k tkrk gS
mls lsy dh jsat dgk tkrk gSA uhps fn, x, odZ'khV dk
fujh{k.k djsaA
 dkWye jsat dkWye esa QSyh lsy dh la[;k gSA ,d Øe esa
Çlxy dkWye ySVj vkSj dbZ jks la[;k }kjk
lsy ,Mªsl dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;k tkrk gSA bl
mnkgj.k esa dkWye v{kj lh] 2 ls 7 rd
fHkUUk jks ds lkFk fLFkj gSA lsy dh jsat lh2
ls LVkVZ gksrh gS vkSj lh7 esa ,aM gksrh gSA
lsy dh bl jsat esa lh2] lh3] lh4] lh5] lh6
vkSj lh7 uke dh lsy gksrh gSaA lsy dh
lhek lh2 esa LVkVZ gksrh gS vkSj lh7 esa ,aM fp= 4-5 % dkWye jsat
gksrh gS vkSj bls lh2%lh7 }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gS
tSlk fd fp= 4-5 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
 jkW jsat jks esa QSyh lsy dh la[;k gSA lsy
,Mªsl dks ch ls Mh dkWye ds vyx&vyx
dkWye ds lkFk Çlxy jks la[;k }kjk n'kkZ;k
tkrk gSA lsy dh jsat ch3 esa LVkVZ gksrh gS
vkSj Mh3 esa ,aM gksrh gSA lsy dh bl jsat
esa ch3] lh3] Mh3 uke dh lsy gksrh gSa] vkSj
bls fp= 4-6 esa fn[kk, x, vuqlkj ch3%Mh3 }kjk fp= 4-6 % jks jsat
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
 jkW ,aM dkWye jsat jks ,aM dkWye esa QSys lsy dh la[;k gSA
;g jsat ,d eSfVªDl gS ftlesa jks dh la[;k vkSj dkWye dh

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 105

 la[;k gksrh gSA bl mnkgj.k esa] jsat ch2 esa
LVkVZ gksrh gS vkSj lsy lh7 esa ,aM gksrh gSA
lsy dh bl [Link] esa ch2 ls ch7 rd vkSj
lh2 ls lh7 rd dh lsy gSaA ;g jsat ch2%lh7
tSlk fd fp= 4-7 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
[Link] % daVªksy dht dk mi;ksx ,d odZ'khV
esa ^jsat vkWQ lsYl* dh ,d ls vf/kd jsat dk
p;u djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA daVªksy
fp= 4-7 % jks ,aM dkWye jsat dht dks dhcksMZ ij ^daVªksy* ds :i esa fpfºur
fd;k x;k gSA

vkb, vH;kl 2 djsa

fuEufyf[kr odZ'khV ij vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds
mŸkj nsaA
1- jsat 1 }kjk n'kkZ, x, igys lsy dk
,Mªsl D;k gS\
2- jsat 1 }kjk n'kkZ, x, vafre lsy dk
,Mªsl D;k gS\
3- jsat 1 }kjk izLrqr lsy jsat fy[ksaA
4- jsat 2 }kjk n'kkZbZ xbZ lsy jsat dks
fy[ksaA
5- ,d jks ds lkFk lsy jsat dk uke D;k gS\
6- dkWye ds lkFk lsy jsat dk uke D;k gS\
7- jsat 3 }kjk n'kkZbZ xbZ lsy jsat fyf[k,A
8- jsat 3 }kjk n'kkZ, x, lsy jsat esa lsYl dh la[;k nsaA

MsVk ,aVj djuk

odZ'khV esa fdlh Hkh MsVk dks ,aVj djus ds fy,] izk;ksfxd
:i ls lsy esa] lsy dks flysDV djuk vko';d gSA lsy dks
ikWbaVj esa lsy esa LFkku nsdj flysDV fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,aVj fd;k tkus okyk MsVk yscy] eku ;k QkWewZyk gks
ldrk gSA
¼d½ yscy % yscy ,d dhcksMZ dk mi;ksx djds fdlh VsDLV
dks ,aVj djrk gSA ;g v{kjksa] la[;kvksa vkSj Lis'ky flEcy ds
lkFk dEckbu gks ldrk gSA fMQ+kWYV :i ls yscy fp= 4-8
esa fn[kk, x, vuqlkj ,ykbu fd, tkrs gSaA

106 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 fp= 4-8 % yscy ys¶V ,ykbu fd, x, gSa vkSj eku fMQ+kWYV :i ls jkbV ,ykbu gSa
¼[k½ eku Values % dsoy la[;kvksa okys la[;kRed
MsVk dks eku dgk tkrk gSA fMQ+kWYV :i ls
eku jkbV ,ykbu gksrs gSaA ekuksa ds fofHkUUk
:i gSa] tSls [Link]±d] n'keyo vkSj blh rjg
fp= 4-9 esa fn[kk, x, gSaA
¼x½ lw= % dksbZ Hkh ,Dlizs’ku tks ‘=’ ds cjkcj gksrk
gS] QkWewZys ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA vfHkO;fDr
esa] ‘=’ ds ckn ekuksa dks] lsy ,Mªsl vkSj QaD'ku
dks QkWewZys ds :i esa dgk tkrk gSA tc
fdlh odZ'khV esa lsy esa QkWewZyk Mkyk tkrk gS
rks lsy esa bDos'ku dk oSY;w fMLIys gksrk gS vkSj QkWewZyk
ckj esa QkWewZyk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fp= 4-9 % eku jkbV ,ykbu gSa
[Link] % eku iwoZorhZ 'kwU; dks fMLIys ugha djrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ
eku ¼tSls] VsyhQ+ksu uacj½] 0 ls igys gS] rks
igyk v{kj ^0* fMLIys ugha gksrk gS] tc MsVk dk
eku gksrk gSA iwoZorhZ ^0* dks fn[kkus ds fy,] MsVk
izdkj dks ^VsDLV* ds :i esa fuÆn"V djuk gksxkA
mnkgj.k % lsy lh1 esa lsy ,1 vkSj ch1 dk dqy
eku izkIr djus ds fy, fp= 4-10 ns[ksaA fp= 4-10 QkWewZys ds :i esa O;Dr

QkWewZys esa iz;qDr [Link]; vkWijsVj

LizsM'khV lkW¶Vos;j esa QkWewZys dk mi;ksx djds la[;kRed
MsVk dh [Link] djus ds fy, lcls mi;ksxh fo'ks"krk,a
gSaA tc ge [Link] ds fy, ,d dSydqysVj dk mi;ksx

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 107

 fVIif.k;ka djrs gSa] rks dSYdqysVj tksM+] ?kVkus] Hkkx nsus] [Link] vkSj cgqr dqN [Link],a
dj ldrk gSA fycjs vkWfQl dSYdqysVj QkWewZyk ds fy, ekud vkWijsVjksa
dk mi;ksx djrk gS] tSls fd [Link]; vkWijs'ku ds fy, Iyl ¼$½]
ekbul ¼&½] [Link] ¼*½] Hkkx nsuk ¼@½A
[Link] % ewY;kadu dk Øe czSdsV dk mi;ksx djds cnyk tk ldrk gSA
¼czSdsV ds Hkhrj ds ,Dlizs’ku dk igys ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS½A
[Link]; vkWijsVj Mathematical vkWijsVj ojh;rk Operator
Operators precedence
+ addition tksM+uk igyk First ( )
- subtraction ?kVuk nwljk Second ^
* multiplication xq.k djuk rhljk Third /, *
/ division Hkkx nsuk pkSFkk Fourth + , -
^ exponentiation (power) ?kkrkad ¼ikoj½
eku vkSj vkWijsVjksa dk mi;ksx djds ljy [Link]
uhps nh xbZ rkfydk 4-1 ekuksa vkSj vkWijsVjksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fy[ks
x, dqN QkWewZys fn[kk, x, gaSA QkWewZys esa ,d ls vf/kd [Link]; vkWijsVj
'kkfey fd, tk ldrs gSaA vkb, tkusa fd vkWijsVjksa dk ewY;kadu dSls
djsaA rkfydk 4-1 vkSj 4-2 ns[ksaA
rkfydk 4-1 % ljy QkWewZyk fy[kuk
vkWijsVj QkWewZyk [Link]
tksM+uk Addition (+) = 23+ 6 29
?kVuk Subtraction 0–6 -6
Xkq.k djuk Multiplication (*) 9*6 54
Hkkx nsuk Division (/) 88/8 11
?kkrkad Exponentiation (^) 2^5 32

rkfydk 4-2 % ljy [Link] esa czsdsV dk mi;ksx

QkWewZyk ewY;kadu [Link]
= 4+5*3 = 4+15 19
= (4+5)*3 = 9*3 27
= 5*4^2 = 5*16 80
= (5*4)^2 = 20^2 400
= (4/4)^2 = 2^2 4
= 16/(4^2) = 16/16 1

108 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

vkb, vH;kl 3 djsa
vkWijsVj ojh;rk dk mi;ksx djds fuEufyf[kr [Link] dk ewY;kadu
djsa vkSj fQj LizsM'khV esa [Link] dk ijh{k.k djsa
1. 8-4/2 2. 5*5+8
3. 3+5*4 4. 2^5+8
5. 3+2^2 6. 5+6*2^2
7. 8/4*4 8. -4/2+2
9. 1+2^2-2 10. 4*3/2

lsy ,Mªsl vkSj vkWijsVjksa ds lkFk QkWewZyk

lsy ,Mªsl vkSj vkWijsVjksa ds lkFk QkWewZys esa ,aVj djus dk eq[; ykHk]
,d osfj,cy dh rjg dke djrk gSA tc lacaf/kr lsy ds eku
cnyrs gSa rks QkewZys }kjk izkIr [Link] Hkh rnuqlkj viMsV gks tkrs
gSaA eku ysa fd nks lsy ,1 vkSj ,2 esa eku tksM+sa vkSj lsy ,3 esa
tksM+ gkfly dj ysaA ;fn ge dlZj dks lsy ,3 esa j[krs gSa vkSj
dsoy ekuksa dks 5 $ 8 ds :i esa tksM+rs gSa] rks gesa lsy ,3 esa lgh
tksM+ feysxkA ysfdu ;fn ge lsy ,1 ls 6 vkSj ,2 ls 7 esa eku
cnyrs gSa] rks fQj ls lsy ,3 dks tksM+dj ¾ 6 $ 7 fy[kdj izkIr
djuk gksxkA ysfdu ;fn ge lsy ,3 esa lkekU; QkWewZyk ¾ ,1 $ ,2
fy[krs gSaA fQj gesa lsy ,3 esa tksM+ ugha djuk pkfg,A ge lsy ,1
vkSj ,2 esa ekuksa esa cnyko ds lkFk lacaf/kr tksM+ izkIr djsaxsA

mnkgj.k % lsy Øe'k% ,2] ch2 vkSj lh2 esa nh xbZ

yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj ÅapkbZ okys ckWDl ds okWY;we dh
[Link] djus ds fy, esa lsy Mh2 ¼fp= 4-12 ns[ksa½
esa ,aVj fd x, okWY;we dks izkIr djus dk QkWewZyk
ns[ksaA
fp= 4-12 % ckWDl dk vk;ru
vkb, vH;kl 4 djsa
fp= 4-12 ds vk/kkj ij ,d odZ'khV cuk,aA tc vki lsy
,2] ch2 vkSj lh2 esa fHkUUk eku ,aVj djrs gq, dkWye Mh ds
QkWewZys ls izkIr ekuksa esa ifjorZu ns[ksaA

[Link] % QkWewZyk ‘=’ fpºu ls LVkVZ gksrk gS vkSj cjkcj ds fpºu

(‘=’) ds ckbZa vksj dqN Hkh ugha fy[kk tkuk pkfg,A ;fn vki QkWewZys

ls igys ‘=’ Mkyuk Hkwy x, gSa] rks bls ,d yscy ds :i esa ekuk
tk,xkA

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 109

 ;fn vki lsy ch2 esa QkWewZyk ch1 ¾ ,2 $ ,3 fy[krs gSa] rks
bls ,d yscy ds :i esa fy;k tk,xk vkSj [Link] ugha dh
tk,xhA tc vki cjkcj ds fpºu (‘=’) ds lkFk QkWewZyk ,aVj
djrs gSa] rks ,d QkWewZyk ckj Lor% lfØ; gks tkrh gSA blls
;g tkuus esa enn feyrh gS fd ,aVj fd, x, VsDLV ,d
QkWewZyk gS ;k ugha ¼fp= 4-14½A

fp= 4-13 % QkWewZys dk xyr rjhdk fp= 4-14 % QkWewZys dk lgh rjhdk

mnkgj.k % vkb, ge ,d ljy LizsM'khV cukrs gSa rkfd

fuEufyf[kr vkbVe dh [kjhnkjh dk fcy rS;kj fd;k tk ldsA
Item Quantity Unit Price
Register 3 40
Single Rule Copy 12 25
Notebook 6 30
Pencil Box 1 50
Color Box 1 120
Notebook Cover 20 3

LizsM'khV cukus ds pj.k fuEukuqlkj gSa%

pj.k 1 % ekud izfØ;k dk mi;ksx djds fycjs vkWfQl
dSYdqysVj vksiu djsaA
pj.k 2 % fujh{k.k djsa fd dSYdqysVj us Lopkfyr :i ls
odZ'khV cukbZ gSA odZ'khV ^LVs'kujh fcy* dks fof'k"V uke nsaA
;g djus ds fy,
 esuw 'khV → fjuse 'khV flysDV djsa
 mi;qDr uke nsa] odZ'khV dks ^LVs'kujh fcy* dgsa vkSj vksds
ij fDyd djsaA odZ'khV uke esa ifjorZu ij /;ku nsaA

110 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

pj.k 3 % odZ'khV esa mijksDr Vscy esa fn;k x;k MsVk ,aVj djsaA
odZ'khV ^LVs'kujh fcy* esa mijksDr MsVk ,aVj djus ds fy, fuEu
dk;Z djsa %
 lsy ,1 ij fDyd ¼fDyd dk vFkZ ys¶V
fDyd½ djsaA 'kCn ÞvkbVeÞ ,aVj djsa vkSj
,aVj dht izsl djsaA
 lsy ch1 ij fDyd djsaA 'kCn ÞDokafVVhÞ
,aVj djsa vkSj ,aVj dht izsl djsaA
 lsy lh1 ij fDyd djsaA 'kCn Þ;wfuV

izkbtÞ ,aVj djsa vkSj ,aVj dht izsl djsaA fp= 4-15 % VsDLV] uacj vkSj QkWewZys dk
vki bls fjlkbt djus ds fy, dkWye esa MªSx dj MsVk ,aVj djsa
ldrs gSaA vkbVe dk uke ,aVj djrs le; ,d
dkWye dks fjlkbt djus dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA fjlkbt ds
fy,] ekml dks dkWye ds fdukjs ij j[ksa] vkSj bls vko';d yackbZ
rd MªSx djsaA gSÇMx lsy dks flysDV djsa vkSj mUgsa QkWesZÇVx Vwyckj
dk mi;ksx djds cksYM djsaA vc MsVk ,aVj djsa rkfd odZ'khV
fn[kkbZ ns tSlk fd fp= 4-15 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
pj.k 4 % odZ'khV dks mfpr uke ls lso
djsa rkfd MsVk [kks u tk,A odZ'khV dks
lso djus ds fy, Qkby → lso ij
fDyd djsaA lso Mk;ykWx ckWDl fp= 4-
16 tSlk fn[kkbZ nsxkA ml yksds'ku dks
flysDV djsa tgk¡ vki Q+kby dks lso
djuk pkgrs gSaA Q+kby dk
uke‘Stationery_ Bill’ds :i esa ,aVj
djsa] vkSj lso cVu ij fDyd djsaA
LizsM'khV Q+kby dks Stationery_Bill.ods
uke ds lkFk ODF QkWesZV esa fMQ+kWYV
:i ls lso gksxkA Hkfo"; esa bls iqu%
izkIr djus ds fy,] Q+kby dk uke vkSj
yksds'ku ;kn j[ksaA fp= 4-16 % lso Mk;ykWx ckWDl dk mi;ksx djds odZ'khV
vc bl odZ'khV esa izR;sd vkbVe lso djuk
dh dqy ykxr dh [Link] djsaA gSÇMx ,aVj djsa D;ksafd ge ^;wfuV
izkbt* ds fy, jkbV U;w dkWye balVZ gksxk vkSj lsy Mh1 esa ^VksVy
dksLV* ds :i esa gSÇMx nsaxsA ;gka gesa U;w dkWye balVZ djus dh

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 111

 vko';drk ugha gSA pwafd ge LizsM'khV dks vuqØfed rjhds ls
,fMV dj jgs gSa] vxyk dkWye MsVk ,aVªh ds fy, miyC/k gSA
gkyk¡fd] ;fn vki fiNys dkWye esa MsVk ,aVj djuk pkgrs gSa rks
vkidks dkWye lh ls igys dkWye dks balVZ djuk gksxkA rkfd
dkWye lh esa MsVk dkWye Mh ij f'k¶V gks tk, vkSj ,d [kkyh
dkWye lh cu tk,A
fdlh Hkh dkWye ls igys dkWye dks balVZ djus ds fy,] dkWye
ds fdlh Hkh lsy ij dlZj j[ksa] ftlds igys vki dkWye
Mkyuk pkgrs gSa vkSj 'khV → balVZ dkWye → dkWye → dkWye
ys¶V ¼fp= 4-17½ flysDV djsa
blh rjg] dkWye dks nkbZa vksj ls balVZ djus ds fy, 'khV →
balVZ dkWye → dkWye → dkWye jkbV flysDV djsa

fp= 4-17 % LizsM'khV esa dkWye balVZ djuk

vc izR;sd vkbVe ds fy, dkWye Mh esa

dqy ykxr dh [Link] djus ds fy,] lsy
Mh2 ij dlZj dks ewo djsa] vkSj ^jftLVj ds
fy, dqy ykxr dh [Link] djus ds fy,
QkWewZyk ¾ ch2* lh2 ,aVj djsaA gesa vxys
vkbVe ds fy, leku lw= ,Iyk; djus
dh vko';drk gSA blfy, vxys lsy Mh3
ls Mh7 esa fQj ls QkewZyk fy[kus ds ctk;]
lsy Mh2 ij fDyd djsa] bls idM+dj Mh7
fp= 4-18 % LizsM'khV esa QkWewZyk balVZ djuk rd MªSx djsaA dqy ykxr dh [Link] djus
ds QkWewZyk dkWih gks tk,axkA fujh{k.k djsa
fd fp= 4-18 esa fn[kk, vuqlkj lsy dk ,Mªsl vius vki cny tkrk gSA vc lHkh vkbVeksa dh
dqy ykxr dh [Link] djus ds fy, lsy Mh8 esa lw= ^¾ Mh2 $ Mh3 $ Mh4 $ Mh5 $ Mh6 $
Mh7* ds :i esa ,aVj djsaA

112 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 vkb, vH;kl 5 djsa
fp= 4-18 esa fn[kk, vuqlkj odZ'khV rS;kj djsaA lsy ch1
vkSj ch2 esa ekuksa dks cnysaA lsy Mh2] Mh3] Mh4] Mh5] Mh7
vkSj Mh8 esa QkWewZys ls izkIr [Link] ij xkSj djsaA
mnkgj.k % tc ,d i{k dh yackbZ ¼fp= 4-19½ nh tkrh
gS] rks ,d ?ku ds {ks=Qy vkSj vk;ru dh [Link] djukA
vkb, vH;kl 6
djsa
fp= 4-17 esa fn[kk, vuqlkj odZ'khV cuk,¡A lsy ch1
esa ekuksa dks cnysa vkSj dksf'kdkvksa ch2] ch3 vkSj ch4
esa QkWewZys ls izkIr [Link] dk fujh{k.k djsaA
[Link] % QkWewZyk ¼lsy ,Mªsl ds vk/kkj ij½ ls izkIr fp= 4-19 % ?ku dk {ks=Qy vkSj
[Link] ges'kk QkWewZys esa ifjorZu esa mfYyf[kr bu lsy vk;ru Kkr djuk
ds eku Lopkfyr :i ls viMsV gks tkrs gSaA
QkWewZyk [Link]
=A1*B1-D2
=D1-C2/A2
=B3^C3-A3
=A1*C1/C3
=D2*C4*E1
=A3/B3+A2*D1
=A1+(B2*C2)-B3+C2/B2
=B2-B3+B1*(D1+D2^B1)
=A2^B3-C2+A3*(B3+C1)
=A3/C3*(D2*D1)
=D3/C3/B3*A3+B2
=(D3/(A1+B2))^C2

[Link] djus ds fy, QaD'ku dk mi;ksx

LVs'kujh fcy ds mnkgj.k esa] fcy jkf'k izkIr djus ds fy,
lHkh oLrqvksa dh dqy ykxr dh [Link] djus ds fy,] gesa
izR;sd vkbVe dh jkf'k dks tksM+us dh vko';drk gSA ge
QkWewZys dk mi;ksx djds izR;sd lsy tksM+ ldrs gSaA lsy
D8 ij dlZj j[ksa] vkSj QkWewZyk ‘=D2+D3+D4+D5+D6+D6+D7’
,aVj djsa vkSj lsy D8 esa dqy izkIr djsaA ysfdu ;g laHko
ugha gks ldrk gS ;fn vkbVe lSdM+ksa esa gSa vkSj =qfV dh

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 113

 vf/kd laHkkouk gSA tc cM+h ek=k esa MsVk gksrk gS rks dsoy
lsy ,Mªsl dk mi;ksx djds QkWewZyk fy[kuk eqf'dy vkSj
tfVy dk;Z gks tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr;ksa esa] fycjs vkWfQl
dSYdqysVj dk;ks± esa fuÆer iznku djrk gSA SUM lsy dh
[Link] dk ;ksx ikus dk QaD'ku gSA blfy, ge lHkh enksa
dh dqy ykxr izkIr djus ds fy, D8 lsy ¼fp= 4-20½ esa
Q+aD'ku] ‘Sum(D2:D7)’ dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA Q+aD'ku esa
gesa dsoy lsy jsat ¼'kq#vkrh vkSj vafre lsy ,Mªsl½ 'kkfey
djus dh vko';drk gSA

fp= 4-20 % LizsM'khV esa QaD'ku dk mi;ksx djuk

bl ij fopkj djsa] lsy MsVk dks tksM+us ds fy, fuEu esa ls
dkSu lh fof/k vf/kd mi;qDr gksxhA
= D2+D3+D4+D5+D6+D7 – fof/k 1
= SUM (D2:D7) – fof/k 2
LizsM'khV ,fIyds'ku esa fofHkUUk {ks=ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk
djus ds fy, vyx&vyx QaD'ku gksrs gSaA ewy :i ls
mi;ksx fd, tkus okys Q+aD'ku rkfydk 4-4 esa fn, x, gSaA
rkfydk 4-4 % vke rkSj ij dSYdqysVj esa csfld QaD'ku dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
QaD'ku Syntax Use mi;ksx
Function
SUM =SUM(Number1,Number2,... Adds the values contained in a lsy dh jsat esa fufgr ekuksa dks
..) range of cells.
tksM+rk gSA
AVERAGE =AVERAGE(Number1,Numb Finds out the average of the values lsy dh jsat esa fufgr ekuksa dk
er2,....) contained in a range of cell
vkSlr fudkyrk gS
MAX =MAX(Number1,Number2,... Finds out the largest value lsy dh jsat esa fufgr lcls cM+s
...) contained in a range of cells.
eku dks <w¡<rk gSA
MIN =MIN(Number1,Number2,.... Finds out the smallest value lsy dh jsat esa fufgr lcls NksVs
..) contained in a range of cells.
eku dks <w¡<rk gSA
COUNT =COUNT(Number1,Number Counts the number of cells within a lsy dh jsat ds Hkhrj lsy dh
2,.....) range of cells.
la[;k fxuh tkrh gSA

114 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

fp= 4-21 % QaD'ku ij dke djus ds fy, uewuk MsVk

vkb, ge mu fofHkUUk rjhdksa dh igpku djsa ftuls fdlh

Q+aD'ku dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fp= 4-2-1 esa uewuk MsVk
ds vk/kkj ij] QaD'ku ds [Link] dk ewY;kadu rkfydk 4-5 ls
rkfydk 4-9 rd fd;k tkrk gSA [Link] lR;kfir djsaA

rkfydk 4-5 % SUM Q+aD'ku

QkWewZyk vFkZ [Link]
=SUM (A1,B1,C1) lsy A1, B1vkSj C1 dk ;ksx 17
=SUM(A1:C1) A1 ls C1 rd dh lsy dh jsat esa lsy 17
dk ;ksx
=SUM(A1:C1,B2) A1 ls C1 vkSj B2 dh lsy dh jsat esa 24
lsy dk ;ksx
=SUM(B1:C2) B1 ls C2 rd lsy dh jsat esa lsy dk 23
;ksx
=SUM(A1:A3,C1: A1 ls A3 vkSj C1 ls C3 rd lsy dh 37
C3) jsat esa lsy dk ;ksx

rkfydk 4-6 % AVERAGE Q+aD'ku

QkWewZyk vFkZ [Link]
=AVERAGE (A1,B1,C1) lsy A1, B1 vkSj C1 dk vkSlr 5.66

=AVERAGE (A1:C1) A1 ls C1 rd dh lsy dh jsat esa lsy dk vkSlr 5.66

=AVERAGE (A1:C1,B2) A1 ls C1 vkSj B2 rd dh lsy dh jsat esa lsy dk vkSlr 6.33

=AVERAGE (B1:C2) B1 ls C2 rd lsy dh jsat esa lsy dk vkSlr 5.75

=AVERAGE (A1:A3,C1:C3) A1 ls A3 vkSj C1 ls C3 rd lsy dh jsat esa lsy dk vkSlr 6.16

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 115

 [Link] % tc vkSlr dh [Link] dh tkrh gS rks dbZ n'keyo
LFkkuksa ds lkFk ,d n'keyo la[;k dk mi;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vkidks lacaf/kr lsy jsat esa vko';d n'keyo
LFkkuksa dh vko';drk gSA

rkfydk 4-7 % MAX Q+aD'ku

QkWewZyk fooj.k [Link]
=MAX(A1,B2,C1) lsy A1, B2 vkSj C1 ds chp dk lcls cM+k eku izkIr djrk gS 7
=MAX(A2:C2,B3) A2 ls C2 vkSj lsy B3 rd lsy dh jsat ds chp lcls cM+k eku izkIr 8
djrk gS
=MAX(A1:C1) A1 ls C1 rd lsy dh jsat ds chp lcls cM+k eku izkIr djrk gS 7
=MAX(A1,B1:C2) A1 ls B1 vkSj lsy C2 ls lsy dh jsat ds chp lcls cM+k eku izkIr 7
djrk gS

rkfydk 4-8 % MIN QaD'ku

QkWewZyk fooj.k [Link]
=MIN(A1,B2,C1) lsy A1, B2 vkSj C1 ds chp dk lcls NksVk eku izkIr djrk gS 5
=MIN(A2:C2,B3) A2 ls C2 vkSj lsy B3 rd lsy dh jst
a ds chp lcls NksVk eku izkIr 4
djrk gS
=MIN(A1:C1) A1 ls C1 rd lsy dh jsat ds chp lcls NksVk eku izkIr djrk gS 5
=MIN(A1,B1:C2) B1 ls C2 vkSj lsy A1 ls lsy dh jsat ds chp lcls NksVk eku izkIr 4
djrk gS

Rkkfydk 4-9 % Count QaD'ku

QkWewZyk fooj.k [Link]
=COUNT(A1,B1) mu lsy dh la[;k dks fxuk tkrk gS ftuesa lsy A1, B1 ds chp 2
la[;k,¡ gksrh gSa
=COUNT(A1:C1) mu lsy dh la[;k dks fxuk tkrk gS ftuesa A1 ls C1 rd dh lsy 3
dh la[;k gksrh gS
=COUNT(A1:A4) mu lsy dh la[;k dks fxuk tkrk gS ftuesa A1 ls A4 rd dh lsy 3
dh la[;k gksrh gS
=COUNT(A1:C1,B2) mu lsy dh la[;k dks fxuk tkrk gS ftuesa A1 ls C1 vkSj B2 rd 4
dh lsy dh la[;k gksrh gS
=COUNT(B1:C3) mu lsy dh la[;k dks fxuk tkrk gS ftuesa B1 ls C3 rd dh lsy 6
dh la[;k gksrh gS
=COUNT(A1:A3,C1:C3) mu lsy dh la[;k dks fxuk tkrk gS ftuesa A1 ls A3 rd dh lsy 6
dh la[;k vkSj C1 ls C3 rd dh lsy dh la[;k gksrh gS

116 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 vkb, vH;kl 7 djsa fVIif.k;ka
QaD'ku dk mi;ksx djuk
fp= 4-22 esa rhu vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa esa Nk=ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x,
vad fn, x, gSaA

fp= 4-22 % fofHkUUk fo"k;ksa esa Nk=ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, vad

QaD'ku dk mi;ksx djds fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mŸkj iznku djsaA

1- gjeu }kjk izkIr fd, x, dqy vadksa dks QkbaM djus ds fy,
E2 esa QkWewZyk fy[ksaA
2- vU; Nk=ksa ds fy, E2 esa ,aVj fd, x, QkWewZys dh dkWih
cuk,¡A
3- gjeu }kjk izkIr fd, x, vkSlr vadksa dks QkbaM djus ds
fy, F2 esa QkWewZyk fy[ksa?
4- vU; Nk=ksa ds fy, F2 esa ,aVj fd, x, QkWewZys dks dkWih djsaA
5- Çgnh esa mPpre vad QkbaM djus ds fy, lsy B7 esa QkWewZyk
fy[ksaA
6- vki vaxzsth vkSj [Link] esa mPpre vad QkbaM dSls djsax\s
7- Çgnh dh ijh{kk nsus okys Nk=ksa dh dqy la[;k dks QkbaM djus
ds fy, lsy B8 esa QkWewZyk fy[ksa\
8- Çgnh esa lcls de vad QkbaM djus ds fy, lsy B9 esa
QkWewZyk fy[ksaA
9- vki vaxzsth vkSj [Link] esa lcls de vad dSls QkbaM djsax\s
10- vki Çgnh] vaxzsth vkSj [Link] esa mPpre vad dSls QkbaM djsax\s

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 117

 odZ'khV dks QkWesZV djuk
lsy LizsM'khV esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk MsVk j[krk gSA Vwyckj
;k lsy Q+kWesZÇVx ÇoMks dk mi;ksx djds lsy MsVk dks QkWesZV
fd;k tk ldrk gSA fp= 4-23 esa fn[kk, x, vuqlkj QkWesZV
lsy Mk;ykWx ckWDl dk mi;ksx djds lsy dks QkWesZV djuk
Hkh laHko gSA Q+kWesZV lsy Mk;ykWx ckWDl dks QkWesZV → lsy
dk mi;ksx djds QkWesZV esuw ls ;k dkWVsDLV esuw ls lsy dks
jkbV fDyd djds vksiu fd;k tk ldrk gSA QkWesZV → lsy
Mk;ykWx esa fofHkUUk vkWI'ku dks la{ksi esa rkfydk 4-10 esa
leÖkk;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 4-10 % QkWesZÇVx Vwy
Ø- la- Vwy fooj.k
1- QkWUV odZ'khV ij fofHkUUk QkWUV Vkbi ,IykbZ djsa
2- QkWUV lkbt odZ'khV ij fofHkUUk QkWUV lkbt ,IykbZ djsa
3- cksYM flysDV fd, x, VsDLV dks cksYM djsa
4- bVSfyd flysDV fd, x, VsDLV dks bVSfyd djsa
5- vaMjykbu flysDV fd, x, VsDLV dks vaMjykbu djsa
6- ys¶V vykbuesaV VsDLV dks ckbZa vksj ds fy, lsy esa vykbu djsa
7- lsaVj vykbuesaV VsDLV dks e/; ds fy, lsy esa vykbu djsa
8- jkbV vykbuesaV VsDLV dks nkbZa vksj ds fy, lsy esa vykbu djsa
9- bfØt Msfley vf/kd n'keyo LFkkuksa dks fn[kkdj vf/kd lVhd eku fn[kk,a
10- fMfØt Msfley Iysl de lVhd n'keyo LFkku fn[kk,a

ekuksa values dks QkWesZV djus ds fy, Mk;ykWx ckWDl

dk mi;ksx
Vwyckj esa Q+kWesZV lsy Mk;ykWx ckWDl lsy ;k lsy dh
jsat dks Q+kWesZV djus ds ckjs esa QkbaM djus ds fy,
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vki fp= ¼4-23½ esa fn[kk,
x, :i esa 'kkWVdV dht Ctrl+1 izsl djds QkWesZV
lsy Mk;ykWx ckWDl vksiu dj ldrs gSaA
n'keyo LFkkuksa ds lkFk lsy dh jsat dks QkWesZV djuk
fofHkUUk la[;kvksa ds foHkktu ds [Link]:i HkkxQy esa
fofHkUUk n'keyo LFkku gks ldrs gSaA ,sls ekeyksa esa
fp= 4-23 % QkWesZV lsy Mk;ykWx ckWDl la[;k dks n'keyo LFkkuksa dh fuf'Pkr la[;k esa QkWesZV
djuk vko';d gSA

118 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

n'keyo LFkkuksa ds fy, vko';d la[;k esa lsy dks
QkWesZV djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr pj.k gSa%
 lsy dh jsat flysDV djsaA
 ^QkWesZV lsy Mk;ykWx* ckWDl vksiu djsa
 ^uacj* VSc ij fDyd djsa
 ^uacj* flysDV djsa
 vko';drkuqlkj n'keyo LFkkuksa dks cnysa

 ^vksds* ij fDyd djsa fp= 4-24 % nks n'keyo LFkkuksa ds fy,

yscy ds :i esa ns[kh tkus okyh lsy dh jsat dks QkWesZV fd, x,
QkWesZV djuk
,d VsyhQksu uacj esa] ,lVhMh dksM 0 ls 'kq: gksrk gSA ysfdu
,lVhMh dksM ds lkFk VsyhQksu uacj ntZ djus ds nkSjku VsyhQksu
uacj ls xk;c igyk vad 'kwU; ¼^0*½ gksrk gSA ,slk blfy, gS
D;ksafd VsyhQ+ksu uacj ,d la[;kRed eku ds :i
esa laxzghr fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj la[;kRed eku esa
iwoZorhZ 'kwU; ugha gksrk gSA ;fn vki bu
la[;kRed ekuksa dks VsDLV ds :i esa cukrs gSa] rks
[Link] VsyhQksu uacj ,d iwoZorhZ 'kwU; ds lkFk
fn[kkbZ nsxkA blfy, ^VsDLV* ds :i esa VsyhQksu
uacj ls ;qDr lsy dh [Link] jsat dks QkWesZV djsaA
uhps fn, x, [Link] dk ikyu djsa rkfd fp= 4-25 fp= 4-25 % yscy ds :i esa lsy dh jsat
esa fn[kk, x, vuqlkj VsDLV ds :i esa lsy dh dks QkWesZV djuk
jsat dks QkWesZV fd;k tk ldsA
 lsy dh jsat flysDV djsa
 ^QkWesZV lsy Mk;ykWx* ckWDl vksiu djsa
 uacj VSc ij fDyd djsa
 VsDLV flysDV djsa
 ^vksds* ij fDyd djsa
 uacj ,aVj djsa

,d lsy jsat dks oSKkfud rjhds ls QkWesZV djuk

LizsM'khV esa] MsV QkWesZV fMQ+kWYV :i ls vesfjdu QkWesZV ¼ekg@ fnu
@o"kZ½ esa gksrk gSA MsV 12@09@2018 dk vFkZ gS fd ;g fnlacj
2018 dk 09oka fnu gSA LizsM'khV ,fIyds'ku esa] ;wtj bl MsV dks

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 119

 dbZ vyx&vyx QkWesZV ¼fp= 4-26½ esa cny ldrk
gSA ,slk djus ds fy, uhps fn, x, [Link] dk
ikyu djsaA
 lsy dh jsat flysDV djsa
 ^QkWesZV lsy Mk;ykWx* ckWDl vksiu djsa
 ^uacj* VSc ij fDyd djsa
 ^MsV* [Link] flysDV djsa
 MsV QkWesZV flysDV djsa
 ^vksds* ij fDyd djsa
fp= 4-26 % fofHkUUk MsV QkWesZV Vkbe fMLIys djus ds fy, lsy dh jsat dks QkWesZV
djuk
Vkbe dks daI;wVj esa 10%35%53 AM ds :i esa bafxr fd;k
x;k gSA bldk lkekU; QkWesZV hh:mm:ss AM/PM ¼fp=
4-27½ gSA ;gk¡] hh dk vFkZ gS ?kaVs] mm dk vFkZ feuV
vkSj ss dk vFkZ gS lsdsaM gSA Vkbe fMLIys djus ds fy,
lsy dh jsat dks QkWesZV djus ds fy, uhps fn, x,
[Link] dk ikyu djsaA
 lsy dh jsat flysDV djsa
 ^QkesZV lsy Mk;ykWx* ckWDl vksiu djsa
 ^uacj* VSc ij fDyd djsa
 ^Vkbe* [Link] flysDV djsa
 Vkbe fMLIys fd, tkus ds fy, Vkbe [Link]
flysDV djsa
fp= 4-27 % fofHkUUk Vkbe QkWesZV lsy jsat  ^vksds* ij fDyd djsa
,d lsy jsat ds QkWesZV djus dks vykbu djuk
yscy vkSj ekuksa dks LVSaMMZ Vwyckj ij vykbuesaV
vkbdu ¼ys¶V] jkbV] lsaVj½ dk mi;ksx djds lsy jsat
ds ys¶V] lsaVj ;k jkbV dh vksj vykbu fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
 lsy dh jsat flysDV djsa
 ^QkesZV lsy Mk;ykWx* ckWDl vksiu djsa
 ^vykbuesaV* VSc ij fDyd djsa
 ys¶V] jkbV ;k lsaVj flysDV djsa
 ^vksds* ij fDyd djsa

120 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

QkWesZÇVx Vwy vkSj QkWewZys dk mi;ksx djds fp= 4-28 esa fn[kk, x,
odZ'khV cuk,aA
 jks 1 lsaVj vykbu djsaA
 jks 1 vkSj jks 2 cksYM djsa
 lsy A3, A4, A5 bVSfyd djsaA
 Çgnh ¼B3½ vaxzsth ¼C3½ vkSj [Link] ¼D3½ ds vkSlr dh [Link]
djus ds fy, lsy E3 esa Q+aD'ku AVERAGE dk mi;ksx djsaA
 E3 ls E6 rd MªSx dj bl QkWewZys dks dkWih djsaA
 Q+aD'ku AVERAGE dk mi;ksx djsa vkSj fo"k; Çgnh ds fy, d{kk
9 ¼B3½] d{kk 10 ¼B4½] d{kk 11 ¼B5½] d{kk 12 ¼B6½ ds vkSlr fp= 4-28 % fofHkUUk QkWesZV ds
lkFk odZ'khV
dh [Link] djus ds fy, B7 esa ,d QkWewZyk fy[ksaA
 bl QkWewZys dks B7 ls D7 rd MªSx dj dkWih djsa vkSj vaxzsth
vkSj [Link] ds vkSlr dh [Link] djus ds fy, mudk mi;ksx djsaA
MsVk ,aVªh esa rsth
LizsM'khV dh lcls [Link] {kerk ,d ekml dk mi;ksx
djds ,d lsy dh lkexzh dks nwljs esa MªSx vkSj MªkWi djuk
gSA dSYdqysVj esa buiqV dks Lopkfyr djus ds fy,] fo'ks"k
:i ls nksgjk, tkus okys dk;Z ds fy, dbZ vU; Vwy
'kkfey gSaA muesa fQy Vwy] flysD'ku fyLV vkSj leku
MkWD;wesaV dh dbZ 'khVksa esa tkudkjh buiqV djus dh {kerk
'kkfey gSA
fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx djuk
dSYdqysVj fQy gSaMy Vwy vxys iwoZfu/kkZfjr eku ds lkFk
vkidksa bls MªSx dj vxyh lsy dks Hkjus ds fy, mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn vki la[;k dks 1]2]3 -
----] ds vuqØe esa fQy djuk pkgrs gSa ;k lIrkg ds fnuksa
dks lkseokj] eaxyokj] -----] ;k eghus ds uke ds :i esa tuojh]
Qjojh] -----] igys nks eku ,aVj djsa] mudks flysDV djsa vkSj
vxyh lsy rd MªSx djsa tc rd fd vki Øe dks tkjh
j[kuk ugha pkgrsA
¼d½ uacj lhfjt ds fy, % nks yxkrkj lsy esa la[;k 1] 2
Vkbi djsa vkSj ekml dk mi;ksx djds mudks
flysDV djsaA flysDV fd, x, lsy ds jkbV Mkmu dkWuZj ij fp= 4-29 % uacj lhfjt
fDyd djsa] ekml ds igys cVu dks nck, j[ksa vkSj uhps dh ds fy, fQy gSaMy
vksj MªSx djsa tc rd vki fp= ¼4-29½ esa fn[kk, vuqlkj
tkjh j[kuk pkgrs gSaA

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 121

 ;gka vki vyx&vyx varjky ij ,d lhfjt izkIr dj ldrs gSa]
nks yxkrkj lsy ekuksa ds chp varj nsdj vkSj mUgsa MªSx djA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] igyh lsy esa fo"ke la[;k izdkj 1 vkSj vxyh
lsy esa 3 Vkbi djsa vkSj fQj fo"ke uacj lhfjt Hkjus ds fy,
mUgsa MªSx djsaA
¼[k½ QkWewZyk dkWih djuk % ;fn vki jks ;k dkWye esa lsy dh
la[;k ds fy, leku QkWewZyk vIykbZ djuk pkgrs gSa] rks
vkidks izR;sd lsy esa ckj&ckj QkWewZyk ,aVj djus dh
vko';drk ugha gSA ,d QkWewZyk dkWih fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g yacs vkSj tfVy QkWewZyksa ds ekeys esa le; vkSj iz;klksa
dh cpr gksrh gS vkSj =qfV;ksa dh laHkkouk dks de djrk
gSA
(i) QkWewZyk dkWih djus ds fy, dkWih vkSj isLV
dekaM dk mi;ksx
dkWih&isLV dekaM dk mi;ksx djds QkWewZys dks
dkWih djus ds pj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa
 lsy flysDV djsa
 flysDV fd, x, lsy ¼Ctrl + C½ dh lkexzh dks
dkWih djsa
 lsy flysDV djsa ftlds fy, QkWewZyk isLV
fd;k tkuk gSA
fp= 4-30 % fQy gSaMy
 flysDV fd, x, lsy esa lkexzh isLV ¼Ctrl + V½
djsa
¼x½ lsy dk fQy gSaMy % flysDV fd, x, lsy ;k jsat ds
fupys&nk,a dksus esa NksVk dkyk oxZ fQy gSaMy dgykrk gS
¼fp= 4-30 ns[ksa½A
¼?k½ QkWewZyk dkWih djus ds fy, fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx % fQy
gSaMy dk mi;ksx djds QkWewZyk dkWih djus ds fy, uhps
fn, x, [Link] dk ikyu djsaA
 lsy flysDV djsa ftlesa QkWewZyk gS
 flysDV fd, x, lsy ds fupys&nk,a dksus esa NksVs dkys
oxZ ij fDyd djsa
 vko';d lsy rd fQy gSaMy MªSx djsa

122 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

vkb, vH;kl 7 djsa
d- fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx djds QkWewZyk dkWih djsa
1- odZ'khV cuk,a tSlk fd fp= 4-30 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
 lsy A2 ij fDyd djsa vkSj fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx djds]
bls lsy A15 rd MªSx djsaA vkidks lHkh fnuksa ds uke dh
lwph fey tk,xhA
 lsy B2 ij fDyd djsa vkSj fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx djds]
lsy B15 rd MªSx djsaA vkidks lHkh eghuksa ds uke dh
lwph fey tk,xhA
 ekml dk mi;ksx djds lsy C2 vkSj C3 dks flysDV djsaA
vc lsy C3 esa fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx djds lsy C15 rd
MªSx djsa] vkidks izk—frd la[;kvksa dh ,d lwph feysxhA
 lsy D2 vkSj D3 dks ekml dk mi;ksx djds flysDV
djsaA vc lsy D3 esa fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx djds bls lsy
D15 rd MªSx djsa] vkidks le uacj dh ,d lwph feysxhA
 ekml dk mi;ksx djds lsy E2 vkSj E3 flysDV djsaA vc
lsy D3 esa fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx djds lsy E15 rd
MªSx djsa] vkidks fo"ke uacj dh ,d lwph feysxhA
bu ikap xfrfof/k;ksa ds ckn] vkidks fp= 4-31 esa fn[kk, x, 'khV feysxhA

fp= 4-30 fQy gSaMy ds fy, xfrfof/k 'khV fp= 4-31 fQy gSaMy xfrfof/k dk [Link]
2- lHkh Nk= ds uke vkSj vadksa ds lkFk fp= 4-32 esa fn[kk;k
x;k ,d odZ'khV cuk,aA
 =SUM(C2:G2) ds :i esa lsy H2 esa QkWewZyk Vkbi
djsaA vkidks vfer ds dqy vad feysaxsA vc lHkh
fpºuksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, lsy H2 ls H11 esa
fQy gSaMy dk mi;ksx djds QkWewZys dks MªSx djsaA

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 123

  =AVERAGE(C2:G2) ds :i esa lsy esa QkWewZyk Vkbi
I2
djsaA vkidks vfer ds dqy vad feysaxsA vc lHkh fpºuksa
dks izkIr djus ds fy, lsy I2 ls I11 esa fQy gSaMy
dk mi;ksx djds QkWewZys dks MªSx djsaA

fp= 4-32 % QkWewZyk MªSx djus ds fy, ,fDVfoVh 'khV fp= 4-33 % QkWewZyk MªSx djus ds fy, ,fDVfoVh 'khV dk
[Link]
fjQsjsaÇlx
fjQsjsaÇlx jks ;k dkWye ds lkFk ,d lsy ls vxys lsy esa
QkWeZwyk ;k Q+aD'ku dks jsQj djus dk rjhdk gSA
;s fjQsjsaÇlx ds rhu izdkj gSaA
 fjysfVo fjQsjsÇlx
 feDLM fjQsjsÇlx
 ,clksY;wV fjQsjsÇlx
vc rd geus igys ds [Link] esa fjysfVo fjQsjsaÇlx dk
mi;ksx fd;k gSA
¼d½ fjysfVo fjQsjsÇlx
tc vki fdlh Hkh jks ;k dkWye esa fdlh Hkh QkWewZys dks
fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa MªSx dj ldrs gSa] rks QkWewZyk fjysfVo
fjQsjsal ds lkFk u, lsy esa dkWih gks tkrk gSA yxHkx lHkh
LizsM'khV ,fIyds'ku fMQ+kWYV :i ls fjysfVo fjQsjsaÇlx dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA

fp= 4-34 % fjysfVo fjQsjsal dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, fp= 4-35 % fjysfVo fjQsjsaÇlx dk mi;ksx
,fDVfoVh

124 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 tc ge dkWye esa QkWewZyk MkmuoMZ MªSx djsa] rks lsy ,Mªsl
dh jks la[;k ,d gks tkrh gSA mlh rjg] tc vki QkWewZys dks
ys¶V ls jkbV dkWye rd {kSfrt :i ls MªSx djsa] rks vxys
dkWye ySVj ij lsy ,Mªsl dk dkWye uke tksM+k tkrk gSA
lsy E2 esa fp= 4-34 dk lanHkZ ysa] isafly dh dqy dher
dh [Link] djus ds fy, QkWewZyk ¾ C2*D2 dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k
gSA lsy D7 esa] lHkh vkbVe dh dqy ek=k dh [Link] djus ds
fy, QkWewZyk =SUM(D2:D6) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vc lsy
E2 ls E6 rd oÆVdy vkSj lsy D7 ls D8 rd gkWfjtksaVy :i
ls QkWewZyk MªSx djsaA fp= 4-34 esa] vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd lsy
E3 ls E6 esa QkWewZyk C3*D3, C4*D4, C5*D5, vkSj C6*D6 gSA
dkWye uke fLFkj gksus ij jks uacj ,d ls tqM+ xbZ gSA tSls gh
vki lsy D7 ls E7 rd QkWewZyk MªSx djsa] QkWewZyk SUM (E2:E6)
ls SUM (D2:D6) esa ifjoÆrr gks tkrk gSA dkWye dk uke cny
tkrs gSa] tcfd jks dh la[;k,¡ leku jgsaxhA
[Link] % fp= 4-34 esa fn[kk, vuqlkj MªSx djus ds ckn QkWewZyk
ns[kus ds fy,] esuw View>Show Formula ls flysDV djsaA

vkb, vH;kl 8 djsa

d- dkWye dqy vkSj vkSlr ds fy, fp= 4-35 esa iz;qDr lsy esa
QkWewZyk fn[kk,aA
1- deZpkfj;ksa ds ldy osru dh [Link] djus ds fy, fp= 4-36
esa fn[kk;k x;k ,d odZ'khV rS;kj djsaA

fp= 4-36 % fjysfVo jsQjsal esa QkWewZyk fMLIys djuk

2- fp= esa fn[kk, x, vuqlkj lsy D2, E2, F2, G2 vkSj H2 esa
QkWewZyk Vkbi djsaA vc izR;sd O;fDr ds ldy osru dh
[Link] djus ds fy, jks 11 rd Vkbi fd, x, izR;sd
QkWewZys dks MªSx djsaA var esa lsy H12 esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds
dqy osru dh [Link] Lo;a djsaA

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 125

 ¼[k½ feDLM jsQjsaÇlx % tSlk fd geus ns[kk gS] tc ge QkWewZys
dks MªSx djrs gSa] rks jks dh la[;k ;k dkWye uke fjysfVo
jsQjsal esa cny tkrs gSaA fQj ls fuEufyf[kr ifjorZuksa ds
lkFk fp= 4-36 esa rS;kj mlh 'khV ij fopkj djsaA
1- lsy J1 esa ,d u;k dkWye GR VksVy cuk,a tSlk fd fp= 4-
37 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2- lsy C14 esa xzsl ekDlZ 20 Vkbi djsaA
3- vc QkWewZyk ¾ H2 $ C14 }kjk lsy J2 esa vadksa dk egk;ksx
dh [Link] djsaA
4- vc lsy J2 ls J11 rd okÆVdy QkWewZyk MªSx djsa vkSj tkapsa
fd D;k lHkh Nk=ksa ds fy, xzsl vad tksM+s x, gSa ;k ughaA
5- [Link] ls irk pyrk gS fd dsoy lsy J2 esa] 20 vad tksM+s
tkrs gSa] ftlesa dksbZ vU; ifjorZu ugha gSA
vc QkWewZyk ns[kus ds fy,] esuw View>Show Formula fn[kkvks fd
okLro esa dSYdqysVj us bl ekeys esa D;k fd;k gS tSlk fd
fp= 4-37 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

fp= 4-37 % feDLM jsQjsaÇlx esa QkWewZyk fMLIys djsa

bl fLFkfr esa lsy ,Mªsl H3 ls H11 rd H2 esa cny tkrk

gSA blh rjg lsy ,Mªsl C14 Hkh C15 ls C23 esa cny tkrk
gSA pwafd lsy C15 ls C23 esa lsy dk dksbZ eku ugha gS]
blfy, lsy J3 ls J11 esa [Link] izHkkfor ugha gksrs gSaA rks

126 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

lHkh Nk=ksa ds egk;ksx dh [Link] djus ds fy,] lsy J2 esa QkWewZys
dks la'kksf/kr djsa] ,Mªsl lsy C14 dks fLFkj j[ksaA
feDLM jsQjsaÇlx esa] $ lkbu dk mi;ksx jks
dh la[;k ;k dkWye ds uke ls igys
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rkfd bls fLFkj
cuk;k tk ldsA
vc H2+C$14 ds :i esa lsy J2 esa QkWewZys
dks la'kksf/kr djsa vkSj bls lsy J2 ls J11
rd uhps dh vksj MªSx djsaA fp= 4-38 esa
lsy J2 ls J11 rd dkWye J dk fujh{k.k fp= 4-38 % feDLM jsQjsaÇlx dk mi;ksx djrk gS
djsa] lsy ,Mªsl C14 fLFkj gSA
bl xfrfof/k dk vkmViqV fp= 4-39 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;g ns[kk
x;k gS fd lsy J2 ls J11 rd ds dkWye J esa] QkWewZys esa] lsy
C14 dk eku fLFkj gSA C14 lsy esa n'kkZ, x, xzsl ekDlZ izR;sd
¼lsy J2 ls J11½ esa tksM+s tk jgs gSaA H2 ls H11 rd lsy ,Mªsl
H2 vis{kk—r cny jgk gS] ysfdu lsy C14 fLFkj gSA ;g feDLM

jsQjsaÇlx gS ftlesa ,d lsy ,Mªsl uke ifjorZu'khy gS vkSj ,d

lsy ,Mªsl fLFkj gSA

fp= 4-39 % QkWewZys dks la'kksf/kr djus ds ckn feDLM jsQjsaÇlx dk [Link]
bl xfrfof/k esa] jks uacj dks fLFkj j[kk x;k gSA fdlh QkWewZys
esa dkWye dk uke ¼$C14 ds :i esa½ igys $ lkbu dk mi;ksx djds
fLFkj j[kk tk ldrk gS] ;fn QkWewZys dks vkM+s :i ls MªSx djsaA
¼x½ ,clksY;wV jsQjsaÇlx % ,clksY;wV jsQjsaÇlx esa] $ flEcy
dk dkWye uke ds lkFk&lkFk jks uacj ls igys mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] $C$12, $D$5 vkfnA bl ekeys esa] Hkys gh

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 127

 vki fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa vius QkWewZys MªSx djsa] lsy uke fLFkj jgrh
gSA bl izdkj dh jsQjsaflax mPp d{kkvksa esa mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA
jsQjsaÇlx ds fy, fuf’pr fu;e
lsy jsQjsal ds izdkj
mnkgj.k jsQjsal dk izdkj
A1 fjysfVo jsQjsal
$A1 feDLM jsQjsal ¼dkWye v{kj fujis{k gS½
A$1 feDLM jsQjsal ¼jks uacj fujis{k gS½
$A$1 ,clksY;wV jsQjsal ¼dksbZ ifjorZu ugha½

LizsM'khV ds mi;ksx ls pkVZ dk fuekZ.k

tc MsVk dks la[;kvksa ds :i esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gS] rks bUgsa leÖkuk]
rqyuk] fo'ys"k.k ;k izLrqr djuk vklku ugha gksrk gSA ysfdu tc
MsVk dks pkVZ ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rks os laokn djus
ds fy, ,d izHkkoh midj.k cu tkrs gSaA vkb, tkusa fd bl
mÌs'; ds fy, LizsM'khV ,fIyds'ku dk mi;ksx dSls fd;k tkrk
gSA fofHkUUk izdkj ds pkVZ uhps fn, x, gSaA
rkfydk 4-10 % pkVZ ds izdkj
izdkj mÌs';
dkWye pkVZ lewg esa MsVk vkbVe dh rqyuk djukA
lewg rqyuk
ckj pkVZ lewg esa MsVk vkbVe dh rqyuk djukA
lewg rqyuk
ykbu pkVZ lewg esa MsVk vkbVe dh rqyuk djukA
lewg rqyuk
ikbZ pkVZ izfr'kr ds :i esa MsVk vkbVe dh d{kkvksa dh rqyuk djukA
,DlokbZ tksM+s esa MsVk dh rqyuk djuk
LdSVj pkVZ

vkb, dkWye pkVZ cukus ds fy, uhps odZ'khV dk mi;ksx djsaA

 pkVZ cukus ds fy, uhps fn, x, [Link] dk ikyu djsaA
 MsVk dh jsat flysDV djsa ¼A1:F7½
 balVZ → pkVZ
 pkVZ ds izdkj flysDV djsa
 pkVZ flysDV djsa ¼dkWye pkVZ½

128 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 fQfu'k ij fDyd djsaA fp= 4-40 esa fn[kk;k x;k
,d pkVZ fMLIys fd;k tk,xkA
mnkgj.k % lehdj.k Y=X2-5X-3 dk f}?kkr Q+aD'ku
Quadratic function pkVZ fp= 4-41 esa fn;k x;k gSA
1- odZ'khV esa fn[kk, vuqlkj v{k esa 2 ls 7 eku
,aVj djsaA fp= 4-40 % pkVZ ds lkFk odZ'khV
2- lsy B2. = B1^2-5*B1-3 esa uhps fn, x,
QkWewZys dks ,aVj djsaA
3- K2 rd B2 esa ,aVj fd, x, QkWewZys dks
dkWih djsa
4- ekdZ A1% A2 ,d MsVk jsat gS
5- balVZ → pkVZ → ,DlokbZ LdSVj fp= 4-41 % dkWye pkVZ

fp= 4-42 % ,Dl] okbZ ds f}?kkr Q+aD'ku eku

vkb, vH;kl 9 djsa

d- fp= 4-43 esa odZ'khV ds
vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr ds mŸkj
iznku djsaA
 lsy dh jsat dk uke la[;k
12] 10] 19 gSA
 27] 20] 15] 22 uacj okyh lsy
jsat dk uke crkb,A
 B2 ls B7 rd ds ekuksa dh
dqy [Link] djus ds fy, fp= 4-43 % odZ'khV ij vk/kkfjr mŸkj
dsoy lsy ,Mªsl dk mi;ksx
djds B8 esa QkWewZyk fy[ksaA
 B3 ls F3 rd ds ekuksa dh [Link] djus ds fy, Q+aD'ku dk mi;ksx djds G3 esa QkWewZyk
fy[ksaA

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 129

  ;g fy[ksa fd vki F3 ls F4 esa QkWewZyk dSls dkWih djsaxsA
 B3 ls B7 rd ds ekuksa dh vkSlr [Link] djus ds fy, Q+aD'ku dk

mi;ksx djds B8 esa QkWewZyk fy[ksaA

[k- dSYdqysVj esa uhps odZ'khV cuk,a
,dy Q+aD'ku dk mi;ksx djsa vkSj QkWewZyk cuk,aA

fp= 4-44 % vad lwph

1- gjeu }kjk dqy vadksa dh [Link] djus ds fy, G2 esa QkWewZyk ,aVj
djsa
2- gjeu }kjk gkfly fd, x, vkSlr vad dh [Link] djus ds fy, H2
esa QkWewZyk ,aVj djsaA
3- foKku esa izkIr mPpre vad dk irk yxkus ds fy, B9 esa QkWewZyk
,aVj djsaA
4- izR;sd fo"k; esa Nk=ksa }kjk izkIr fd, x, fuEure vad dk irk
yxkus ds fy, B10 esa QkWewZyk ,aVj djsaA
5- izR;sd fo"k; ds fy, mifLFkr Nk=ksa dh la[;k dk irk yxkus ds
fy, B11 esa QkWewZyk ,aVj djsaA
6- izR;sd fo"k; ds vkSlr vad dk irk yxkus ds fy, B12 esa QkWewZyk
,aVj djsaA

izk;ksfxd vH;kl
1- vkWI’ku ds :i esa mi;ksx djds vki dSYdqysVj odZ'khV dks dSls
lso ldrs gSa] bl QkWesZV esa ,DlIYkksj djsaA lkW¶Vos;j esa vksiu
djds bls osfjQkbZ djsaA
2- ,d MkWD;wesaV esa dSYdqysVj vksiu djsa] 'khV VSc dk mi;ksx djds
lkr 'khV ,M djsa] mUgsa Þok;ysVÞ] ^^bafMxks]** --- vkfn tSls baæ/kuq"kh
jax ds :i esa dyj djsaA lqfuf'Pkr djsa fd ÞbafMxksÞ 'khV dks
bafMxks jax ls fjdyj fd;k x;k gS] blh rjg vU;A

130 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 3- _.kkRed la[;kvksa ds lkFk vkWVks&fQy Vwy VªkbZ djsaA
4- nks frfFk;ksa ds lkFk vkWVks&fQy Vwy VªkbZ djsaA ,d lsy esa 15-08-
2013 fy[ksa vkSj blds vkl&ikl dh lsy esa ,d Øfed MsVk
fy[ksaA lkexzh dks vxyh 10 lsy rd MªSx djsaA bl rduhd dk
mi;ksx djds ,d ekfld dSysaMj cukus dk iz;kl djsaA
5- viuk uke fMD'kujh esa ,M djsa rkfd mlds uhps yky js[kk
fMLIys u gks
6- bl v/;k; esa ppkZ dh xbZ 'kkWÇix fcy ds mnkgj.k dks ykxw
djsaA lqij LVksj ls izkIr fdlh Hkh fcy dk v/;;u djsa vkSj
bls dSYdqysVj esa ykxw djsaA
7- vius lHkh Ng vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa esa vius lkFk dSYdqysVj
MkWD;wesaV tujsV djsaA MsVk ls vkSlr vkSj izfr'kr dk irk yxkus
ds dqy vad cuk,a
8- uhps nh xbZ lwph cuk,a vkSj d{kk vkSj fQj ukeksa ds vuqlkj
lwph dks Øec) djsaA
Name Class Section Date of Month of Year of
Birth Birth Birth
Khushi Class 9 D 06 February 2004
Diya Class 9 A 08 June 2006
Kushaal Class 3 C 10 July 2010

9- Åij fn, x, iz'u 8 esa vkids }kjk cuk, x, nksLrksa dh lwph

dks fQ+YVj djsa] rkfd ;g dsoy mu nksLrksa dh tkudkjh fMLIys
djsa ftudh tUefrfFk vxLr eghus esa gSA
10- lkWfVZax vkSj fQYVfjax ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ikus ds fy, gsYi dk
mi;ksx djsaA gsYi dk mi;ksx djds bu fo"k;ksa ij uksV~l rS;kj djsaA
11- MsVk lR;kiu ij vius uksV~l dk mi;ksx djsa vkSj bl vH;kl
ds iz'u 8 esa vkids }kjk ,aVj fd, x, MsVk dk mi;ksx djsa]
MsVk dks tUefrfFk esa ekU; djus ds fy, rkfd dksbZ Hkh MsVk
tSls 33 esa izos'k u dj ldsA vkidks MsVk lR;kiu djuk gksxk
bl rjg ls fd ;g tUe ds ewY;ksa dh rkjh[k ds :i esa dsoy
1 ls 31 dh la[;k dks Lohdkj djsxkA
12- fofHkUUk fo"k;ksa ds vius vadksa ij fopkj djsa vkSj ,d ljy
ekdZ'khV rS;kj djsa ftlesa Ldwy dk uke] Nk= dk uacj] Nk=
dk uke] d{kk vkSj vad gksaA izfr'kr vkSj vad rFkk xzsM Hkh Kkr
djsaA

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 131

 13- f vius {ks= esa ,d NksVk lk losZ{k.k djsa vkSj de ls de 10
?kjksa ds fy, izR;sd ?kj esa vkus okys v[kckj dk irk yxk,aA
MsVk ,d= djsa] mUgsa O;ofLFkr djsa vkSj bl ij vk/kkfjr 3Mh
ikbZ pkVZ rS;kj djsaA
14- ,d [Link]; QaD’ku tSls Y=3*X+1 ij fopkj djsaA uhps nh xbZ
rkfydk ds :Ik esa X ds izR;sd eku ds fy, Y dh [Link] djsaA
Value of X 2 4 6 8 10
Value of Y ? ? ? ? ?

blds fy, fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djsa %

¼d½ bu ewY;ksa dks dSYdqysVj odZ'khV esa ntZ djsa
¼[k½ okbZ ds izR;sd ewY; ds fy, ,Dl ds ewY;ksa dk irk yxkus
ds fy, lw= dk mi;ksx djsa
¼x½ X vkSj Y ekuksa dk ,d ykbu pkVZ IykWV djsa
¼?k½ viuh ilan ds vuqlkj pkVZ dks QkWesZV djsa
15- tuojh ls fnlacj ¼12 eghus½ rd izR;sd eghus ds fy, vius
?kj dk fctyh fcy tek djsaA ekg ds uke vkSj fcy jkf'k ds
MsVk ds lkFk ,d odZ'khV cuk,aA odZ’khV esa MsVk ,aVj djsa vkSj
fofHkUUk izdkj ds pkVZ fodflr djsaA bl rjg ds MsVk ds fy,
vkidk [Link] fdl izdkj dk pkVZ vf/kd mi;qDr gksxk] bldk
fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
Month Bill Amount
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

132 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 viuh izxfr tkapsa
d- cgqfodYih; iz'u
1- lsy esa dsoy MsVk eku dh vuqefr nsus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls
fdl rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS\
¼d½ MsVk QkWesZÇVx ¼[k½ MsVk NaVkbZ
¼x½ MsVk fQ+YVÇjx ¼?k½ MsVk lR;kiu
2- flysDV fd, x, lHkh MsVk lR;kiu dks fMyhV djus dk
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lk vkWI'ku gS\
¼d½ fMyhV Q+kWesZÇVx ¼[k½ fMyhV vkWy
¼x½ fMyhV QkWewZyk ¼?k½ fMyhV eh
3- ge dSYdqysVj dh fuEufyf[kr lqfo/kkvksa esa ls fdl 'kCn ds iz;ksx
ls dbZ ?kVukvksa dks cny ldrs gSa\
¼d½ QkbaM ,aM fjIysl
¼[k½ dsoy fjIysl djds
¼x½ dkWih dekaM }kjk
¼?k½ izhO;w dekaM }kjk
4- fdlh fo'ks"k Øe esa MsVk dks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, ra= dk uke
D;k gS\
¼d½ lkWÉVx ¼[k½ lÉpx
¼x½ fQ+YVÇjx ¼?k½ osyhMsÇVx
5- vuko';d MsVk dks fQYVj djus ds fy, ra= dk D;k uke gS\
¼d½ lkWÉVx ¼[k½ lÉpx
¼x½ fQ+YVÇjx ¼?k½ osyhMsÇVx
6- dSYdqysVj fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl izdkj ds iSdst dks lanÆHkr
djrk gS\
¼d½ LizsM'khV ¼[k½ Mcy 'khV
¼x½ eYVh&'khV ¼?k½ fu/kkZfjr ugha dj ldrk gS
7- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu dSYdqysVj esa cukbZ xbZ odZ'khV dk
,DlVsa’ku gS\
¼d½ .ods ¼[k½ .odd
¼x½ .xls ¼?k½ .obj

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 133

 8- odZ'khV dkWye esa ,aVj fd, x, ekuksa dh dqy [Link] dSls dh tk
ldrh gS\
¼,½ vkWVks izfof"V ,aVªh ¼[k½ vkWVks&le }kjk
¼x½ QkWewZys }kjk ¼?k½ le QaD'ku }kjk
9- ;fn ge fdlh lsy esa ,d QkewZyk j[krs gSa] ftlesa odZ'khV esa
fdlh vU; lsy dk lanHkZ fn;k x;k gks] rks QkWewZyk esa iz;qDr lsy
uacjksa dk D;k gksxk\
¼d½ xarO; ij lsy jks vkSj dkWye cnys tkrs gSaA
¼[k½ xarO; ij lsy jks cny tkrh gSA
¼x½ xarO; ij lsy dkWye cnys tkrs gSaA
¼?k½ dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA
10- dSYdqysVj esa fdlh Q+aD'ku dks ,aVj djus dk lgh rjhdk D;k gS\
¼d½ lsy esa lh/ks QaD'ku uke dh VkbÇix
¼[k½ Q+aD'ku fot+kMZ dk mi;ksx djuk ;k Vwyckj ls flysDV djuk
¼x½ nksuksa ¼d½ vkSj ¼[k½
¼?k½ Q+aD'ku ij fuHkZj djrk gS
11- QaD'ku ----------------------- ls LVkVZ gksuk pkfg,A
¼d½ ^¾* lkbu ¼[k½ v{kj
¼x½ uacj ¼?k½ ;s lHkh
12- pkVZ dks ÇizV djus ds fy, fuEu esa ls fdl vkWI'ku dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS\
¼d½ bUlVZ → pkVZ ¼[k½ Qkby → O;w
¼x½ Q+kby → ÇizV ¼?k½ O;w → pkVZ
13- dSYdqysVj esa pkVZ fdrus v{k gksrs gSa\
¼d½ nks ¼[k½ rhu
¼x½ nks ;k rhu ¼?k½ pkj
14- pkVZ izhO;w ------------------------------------- esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
¼d½ ist izhO;w ¼[k½ pkVZ izhO;w
¼x½ ,DliksVZ pkVZ ¼?k½ ;s lHkh
[k- fjDr LFkku Hkjsa
1- dkWye ÞZ** ds cxy esa fLFkr dkWye ----------------------------------------- gSA
2- fycj vkWfQl dSYdqysVj LizsM'khV dk mi;ksx djds cukbZ xbZ
odZcqd dk fMQ+kWYV ,DlVsa'ku --------------------------------------- gSA

134 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9

 3- lhfjt dks tkjh j[kus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh LizsM'khV
lqfo/kk dks -------------------------------------- dgk tkrk gSA
4- lsy D6 esa --------------------------------- esa cnyus ij QkWewZyk “=MIN(C1:C5)”
dks lsy C6 esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
5- lsy A2 esa QkWewZyk =B2+C3 gSA lsy C2 ds fy, bl QkWewZys dh
dkWih cukus ij] C2 --------------------------------------- esa cny tk,xkA
6- ukSosa dkWye ds baVjlsD’ku vkSj vkBoha jks }kjk cuk, x, lsy dk
lsy ,Mªsl --------------------------------------- gksxkA
7- $A1$B2 LizsM'khV lkW¶Vos;j esa ------------jsQjsaÇlx dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
8- ,d lsy esa ,aVj fd, x, uacj Lopkfyr :i ls --------------------
vykbu gksrs gSaA
9- ;fn A1% A5 esa 16] 10] 3] 25 vkSj 6 uacj gSa rks
=Average(A1:A5;60) esa ------------------------- esa fMLIys fd;k tk,xkA

10- ------------------------------ jsQjsaÇlx esa] tc ;g fdlh u, lsy esa dkWih fd;k

tkrk gS rks jsQjsal Lopkfyr :i ls jks vkSj dkWye dks cny nsrk gSA
x- crkb, fd fuEufyf[kr dFku lgh gSa ;k xyr
1- lsy iafDr vkSj dkWye dk ,d la;kstu gSA
2- ,d LizsM'khV dks odZ'khV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
3- LizSM'khV esa ‘n’ uacj dh 'khV gSaA
4- ,d LizsM'khV esa] ge dkWye dh pkSM+kbZ vkSj jks dh ÅapkbZ dks cny ldrs
gSaA
5- $A1$B2 fefJr lanHkZ dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
?k- ,d LizsM'khV esa fuEufyf[kr dks gy djsa
1- lsy A1 esa la[;k 10 vkSj B1 lfEefyr gSA lsy C1 dh lkexzh
D;k gksxhA ;fn lsy C1 esa lw= =A1+B1*2^3 ntZ fd;k tkrk gS\
2- lsy A1, B1, C1 vkSj D1 dh lkexzh Øe'k% 5] &25] 30 vkSj &35
gSA lsy E1 esa iznÆ'kr ewY; D;k gksxk ftlesa lw= =MIN(A1:D1)
gksrk gSA
3- lsy D5 esa QkWewZyk =$B$5+C5 gksrk gS vkSj bl QkWewZys dks lsy
E5 esa dkWih fd;k tkrk gS] lsy E5 esa dkWih fd;k gqvk QkWewZyk
D;k gksxk\
4- lsy D5 esa lw= =$B5 + C5 gksrk gS vkSj bl QkewZys dks lsy
E5 esa dkWih fd;k tkrk gS] lsy E5 esa dkWih fd;k x;k QkWewZyk

bysDVªkWfud LizsM'khV 135

 D;k gksxk\
5- lsy D5 esa lw= =$B5 + C$5 gksrk gS vkSj bl QkewZys dks lsy
E6 esa dkWih fd;k tkrk gS] lsy E6 esa dkWih fd;k x;k QkWewZyk
D;k gksxk\
M- y?kq mŸkjh; iz'u ¼50 'kCn½
1- vki LizsM'khV ,fIyds'ku esa cuk, x, MkWD;wesaV dks D;k dgrs gSa\
2- ubZ LizsM'khV cukus ds fy, D;k pj.k gSa\
3- LizSM'khV] odZ'khV vkSj 'khV esa D;k varj gS\
4- odZ'khV dk fMQ+kWYV uke D;k gS\ bls dSls cnyk tk ldrk gS\
5- dSYdqysVj esa odZ'khV balVZ djus vkSj fMyhV djus ds fy, pj.k
fy[ksaA
6- ,d ,fDVo lsy D;k gS\ ,d ,fDVo lsy dh lkexzh dks dSls
fMyhV djsa\
7- LizsM'khV esa fjysfVo vkSj ,clksY;wV lsy ,Mªsl D;k gS\
8- LizsM'khV esa MsVk ij fd, x, fdUgha nks vkWijs'kuksa ds ckjs esa crk,aA
9- LizsM'khV esa QkWewZys dSls dke djrs gSa\
10- D;k vki ,d QkWewZys esa ,d ls vf/kd [Link]; vkWijsVjksa dks
'kkfey dj ldrs gSa\
11- LizsM'khV esa okafNr Vwyckj dks dSls fn[kk;k tk,\
12- LizsM'khV esa fdlh Hkh rhu [Link]; QaD’ku dk flaVsDl vkSj
mnkgj.k nsaA
13- LizsM'khV esa fdlh Hkh rhu lkaf[;dh; QaD’ku dk flaVsDl vkSj
mnkgj.k nsaA
14- LizsM'khV esa fdlh Hkh rhu [Link]; ysus ds QaD’ku dk ÇlVsDl vkSj
mnkgj.k nsaA
15- LizsM'khV esa fdlh Hkh rhu fnukad vkSj le; ds dk;ks± dk ÇlVsDl
vkSj mnkgj.k nsaA
16- LizsM'khV esa fdlh Hkh rhu ykWftdy QaD’ku dk ÇlVsDl vkSj
mnkgj.k nsaA
17- LizsM'khV esa fdlh Hkh rhu ÇLVªx Q+aD'ku dk ÇlVsDl vkSj mnkgj.k nsaA
18- dSYdqysVj esa pkVZ cukus ds Qk;ns crk,aA
19- pkVZ ds izR;sd fofHkUUk izdkj ,d ykbu esa crk,aA
20- dSYdqysVj esa pkVZ balVZ djus ds fy, pj.k fy[ksaA
21- ,d LizsM'khV iSdst esa pkVZ ds fdlh Hkh ikap ?kVdksa dks uke nsa
vkSj leÖkk,aA

136 MksesfLVd MsVk ,aVªh vkWijsVj& d{kk 9