8-0 mÌs”;

8-1 izLrkouk
8-2 dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh dfork *lhek js[kk*
8-2-1 dhfrZ pkSèkjh dk thou % laf{kIRk ifjp; ¼O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo½
8-2-2 *lhek js[kk* dfork dk okpu
8-2-3 *lhek js[kk* dfork dh varoZLrq ,oa ewy laons uk
8-2-4 *lhek js[kk* dfork dh O;k[;k
8-3 dkR;k;uh dh dfork ^lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik*
8-3-1 dkR;k;uh dk thou % laf{kIRk ifjp; ¼O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo½
8-3-2 ^lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork dk okpu
8-3-3 ^lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork dh varoZLrq ,oa ewy laons uk
8-3-4 ^lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork dh O;k[;k
8-4 vukfedk dh dfork *cstxg*
8-4-1 vukfedk dk thou % laf{kIRk ifjp; ¼O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo½
8-4-2 *cstxg* dfork dk okpu
8-4-3 *cstxg* dfork dh varoZLrq ,oa ewy laosnuk
8-4-4 *cstxg* dfork dh O;k[;k
8-5 fueZyk iqrqy dh dfork *mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!*
8-5-1 fueZyk iqrqy dk thou laf{kIRk ifjp; ¼O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo½
8-5-2 *mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* dfork dk okpu
8-5-3 *mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* dfork dh varoZLrq ,oa ewy laons uk
8-5-4 *mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* dfork dh O;k[;k
8-6 lkjka”k
8-7 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
8-8 cksèk iz”uksa ds mRrj

*vfLerk foe”kZ vkSj fgUnh lkfgR;* uked ikB~;Øe ds [kaM&3 ^foe”kZ ewyd
dfork^ dh ;g vkBoha bdkbZ gSA ;g bdkbZ L=h lacaèkh dfork ij vkèkkfjr gSA
blds varxZr dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh dfork *lhek js[kk*] dkR;k;uh dh dfork ^lkr
Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik*] vukfedk dh dfork *cstxg* vkSj fueZyk iqrqy dh dfork
208
*mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* bu pkjksa dforkvksa ij vkèkkfjr ;g bdkbZ gSA bl
bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
 dhfrZ pkSèkjh ds O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo ls ifjfpr gks ldsax(s
 *lhek js[kk* dfork dh varoZLrq ,oa ewy laons uk fy[k ldsax(s
 *lhek js[kk* dfork dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k dj ldsx
a (s
 dkR;k;uh ds O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo ls ifjfpr gks ldsax]s
 *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork dh varoZLrq ,oa ewy laons uk fy[k ldsax(s
 vukfedk ds O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo ls ifjfpr gks ldsax(s
 *cstxg* dfork dh varoZLrq ,oa ewy laons uk fy[k ldsax(s
 *cstxg* dfork dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k dj ldsx
a s(
 fueZyk iqrqy ds O;fDrRo vkSj ÑfrRo ls ifjfpr gks ldsax]s
 *mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* dfork dh varoZLrq ,oa ewy laons uk fy[k
ldsax(s
 *mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* dfork dh lanHkZ lfgr O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA

bl bdkbZ ds varxZr L=h dfork dk vè;;u djuk gS vkSj bl ikB~;Øe ds fy, pkj
vyx&vyx nkSj dh L=h lacèa kh dforkvksa dks fy;k x;k gS tks vkidks bl ckr dk
vuqeku yxkus ds fy, izfs jr djrh gS fd ,d L=h dks thou esa vyx&vyx rjg dh
leL;kvksa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA dfork ds ekè;e ls ge ;g le> ldrs gSa fd rhljs
lIrd ls ysdj bDdhloha lnh ds vkfnoklh L=h foe”kZ rd dh dforkvksa esa fL=;ksa
dh viuh&viuh leL;k,¡ gSa vkSj bu leL;kvksa esa L=h foe”kZ ds vyx&vyx igyw
utj vkrs gSa tSls rkj lIrd ds nkSj esa dhfrZ pkSèkjh us L=h ds thou ij yxh
*lhekjs[kk* dk mYys[k fd;k gS] tks dsoy fL=;ksa ds fy, gh ijaijk ls pyh vk jgh
gS tcfd iq#"kksa ds fy, dksbZ lhekjs[kk ugha gSA
mlh izdkj uosa n”kd dh L=hoknh dof;=h dkR;k;uh us *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik*
dfork esa ,d L=h ds thou dh fofHkUu nq[k Hkjh foMacukvks]a mudh ftthfo"kk] muds
vfLrRo vkSj thou dks cpkuss dh dksf”k”k yksd dFkkvksa ds vkèkkj ij dh gSA tUe ls
ysdj e`R;q rd ,d L=h dks vusd rjg dh fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk vkSj :f<+;ksa ds chp
ls gksdj xqtjuk iM+rk gSA
ogha nwljh rjQ vukfedk dh dfork *cstxg* esa ,d ,slh O;oLFkk dk fp=.k fd;k
x;k gS ftls ge ijaijk ls ns[krs le>rs vk jgs gSa vkSj ge fL=;ksa dh viuh dksbZ
txg ugha gksrhA fL=;ksa dks bl iq#"k lÙkkRed O;oLFkk esa blh rjg jguk iM+rk gSA
209
 L=h dks cpiu ls gh fl[kk;k tkrk gS fd os ?kj dk dke djsaA thou esa mlds fy,
viuk dksbZ ?kj ugha gksrk gSA ;g L=h thou dh foMacuk gS ftlls fL=;ksa dks vusd
rjg dh leL;kvksa ls gksdj xqtjuk iM+rk gSA L=h thou dh foMacukvksa dks dfork
ds :i eas dkR;k;uh us vyx vankt esa izLrqr fd;k gSA
fganh lkfgR; esa chloha lnh ds vafre n”kd ls vukfedk ,d mRd`"V dof;=h]
miU;kldkj] dgkuhdkj vkSj ,d L=h fpard ds :i esa izfl) jgh gSaA buds ys[ku
esa Li"Vr% L=h foe”kZ fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA dfork ds {ks= esa vukfedk ds 6 dfork laxzg
izdkf”kr gks pqds gSa ftudh vfèkdrj dfork,¡ L=h foe”kZ ls tqMh+ gSaA bl ikB~;dze
esa ftl dfork dks i<+k;k tk jgk gS og Hkh L=h foe”kZ dh dfork gSA ^cstxg* dfork
*[kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡* dfork laxzg ls yh xbZ gSA
vukfedk dh dfork ^cstxg* L=h thou ds lokyksa dks mBkrh gSA ;g dfork xgjh
laons uk ds lkFk O;kid ifjisz{; esa ijaijk ls pyh vk jgh fL=;ksa dh fu;fr vkSj L=h
eu ls iSnk gq, lokyksa dks Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh n`f’V ls ,d fof”k"V vkSj egÙ[Link]
L=hoknh dfork cukrh gSA orZeku ;qx esa L=h lnSo vius vki ls iz'u djrh gS fd
vkf[kj mldh txg dgk¡ gS\ fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk vkSj bl lekt ds lkFk tksMd + j
vius pqukSrh Hkjs lokyksa dks og mBkrh gS ftlls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd mudh ;s
dfork,¡ ,d L=h ds vfLRkRo vkSj vfLEkrk dh lksp dks izLrqr djrh gSaA gkykafd
budh dforkvksa esa vusd fo"k;ksa dk lekos”k gksrk gS] fdURkq L=h dh n`f’V dks os ,d
u, vk;ke ds lkFk izLrqr djrh gSAa blh dkj.k lkfgR; esa budh ,d vyx vkSj
fof”k"V igpku gSA
fueZyk iqrqy dh dfork ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* vkfnoklh dfork ds :i esa
xgjh laosnuk] O;kid ifjisz{;] L=h ls tqM+s loky vkSj Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh n`f’V ls ,d
fof”k"V vkSj egÙ[Link] dfork gSA orZeku ;qx ds lokyksa dks fueZyk iqrqy vius
vkfnoklh {ks= ds lkFk tksMd+ j bl rjg ls pqukSrh Hkjs loky mBkrh gSa ftlls ;g
izrhr gksrk gS fd mudh ;s dfork,¡ ,d L=hoknh vfLEkrk dh lksp dks vkxs c<+krh
gSAa gkykafd budh dfork,¡ vkfnoklh {ks= ls ,oa ogk¡ dh leL;kvksa ls tqMh+ gqbZ gSa]
fdURkq ,d L=h dh n`f’V ls ns[ksa rks ge ikrs gSa fd vfèkdka”k xzkeh.k fL=;ksa vkSj xk¡o
ls iyk;u ;k foLFkkiu ds mijkar tks fL=;k¡ gSa mu lHkh fL=;ksa dh bl izdkj dh
fLFkfr;k¡ jgh gSaA
fueZyk iqrqy bl dfork esa viuh laL—fr dks cuk, j[kuk pkgrh gaS vkSj og fookg
Hkh blh Hkwfe ds vkl&ikl djuk pkgrh gSAa og viuh ckr fookg ls iwoZ vius ckck
dks crk nsuk pkgrh gS fd mls dSlh txg vkSj dSlk oj ¼thoulkFkh½ pkfg,A vkt
vkfnoklh L=h Hkh o"kksZa ls fL=;ksa ds f[kykQ gksus okys vkarfjd ;k ckgjh lkft”k dks
tkuus vkSj le>us yxh gS blfy, og vius firk ls d#.k fuosnu dj jgh gSA bl
lanHkZ esa [Link] xqIrk fy[krh gSa& *og bl Nn~e dks igpku xbZ gSA vkt og ?kj]
ifjokj] iq#"k dk lqj{kkRed Nkrk] fj“rksa dh HkkoukRed csfM+;k¡] lHkh dks udkjdj
viuh vfLerk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, tw>us yxh gSA* ¼;q)jr vke vkneh if=dk fo“ks’kkad
¼L=h&eqfä vkanksyu ij dsfUær dfork fo“ks’kkad] Hkkx&1½ ds laikndh;] [kjh&[kjh
210
ckr es½a dof;=h fueZyk iqrqy us viuh dfork ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* esa ikBdksa
dks viuh vkfnoklh L=h n`f’V vkSj ogk¡ dh fLFkfr;ksa ls ifjfpr djk;k gSA
;g bdkbZ bu pkjksa dforkvksa ds ekè;e ls bl ckr dh vksj Hkh ladrs djrh gS fd
fgUnh lkfgR; esa L=h foe”kZ ls lacfa èkr dfork,¡ ipkl&lkB ds n”kd ls fy[kh tkrh
jgh gSa vkSj vkt bDdhloha lnh esa Hkh fy[kh tk jgh gSaA lkspus dh ckr gS fd fL=;ksa
dh fLFkfr;ksa esa fdruk ifjorZu vk;k gS vkSj ;s dfork,¡ gesa D;k fl[kkrh gSa\ mi;qZDr
pkjksa dof;f=;ksa us vius&vius <ax ls vius ;qxhu ifjos”k ds vuqlkj L=heu ds
mn~oy s u dks iz'u cukdj izLrqr fd;k gSA bu lHkh dforkvksa dks le>us ds fy, L=h
foe”kZ dks tkuuk vko”;d gS vkSj L=h foe”kZ dks tkuus ds fy, fir`lÙkk dks le>uk
vfr vko”;d gSA gesa izR;sd dof;=h vkSj mudh dfork dks xgjkbZ ls le>us dh
vko”;drk gSA vkxs ds fcUnqvksa esa vki budk foLrkj ls vè;;u djsx a sA

^rhljk lIrd* vKs; }kjk laikfnr ubZ dfork ds lkr dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa dk laxzg
gSA blesa dq¡oj ukjk;.k] dhfrZ pkSèkjh] losZ“oj n;ky lDlsuk] enu okRL;k;u] ç;kx
ukjk;.k f=ikBh] dsnkjukFk flag vkSj fot;nsoukjk;.k lkgh dh jpuk,¡ ladfyr gSAa
bldk çdk“ku Hkkjrh; KkuihB çdk“ku ls 1959 bZå esa gqvkA

tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd dhfrZ pkSèkjh rhljs rkj lIrd dh vdsyh dof;=h gSa ckdh
6 dfo gSaA rkj lIRkd D;k gS vkSj blds izeq[k dkSu ls dfo jgs gSa blds ckjs esa tkuuk
Hkh vko”;d gS blfy, ;gk¡ ij vkidks laf{kIr esa rkj lIRkd dh tkudkjh nh tk jgh
gSA

vc rd fganh lkfgR; esa dfork ds nkSj esa pkj rkj lIRkdksa dh LFkkiuk gks pqdh gSA
rkj lIrd dks rS;kj djus dh ;kstuk eq[;r% izHkkdj ekpos dh Fkh fdUrq blds
izorZu dk eq[; Js; vKs; dks iznku fd;k tkrk gS blhfy, rkjlIRkd ds izeq[k dfo
vKs; ekus tkrs gSAa rkj lIrd dks Li"V djrs gq, vKs; dgrs gSa fd & **,d gh
izdkj dh Hkko psruk ds rkj esa fijks, lkr dfo;ksa dh jpukvksa dk ladyu rkj lIrd
dgykrk gSA**

vKs; ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd rkj lIrd ds dfo;ksa dh jkgsa ,d ugha gS fdUrq os lHkh ,d
gh jkgksa ds vyx-vyx [kkstdrkZ gSAa vc rd pkj lIrd vk pqds gaSA rkj lIRkd lu~
1943] nwljk lIRkd lu~ 1951] rhljk lIRkd 1959 vkSj pkSFkk lIRkd dk le; lu~
1979 jgk gSA

rkj lIrd dh “kq#vkr lu~ 1943 esa gqbZ ftlds tud vKs; jgs gSaA rkj lIrd ds
lkr dfo;ksa esa vKs;] eqfäcksèk] usfepUæ tSu] fxfjtkdqekj ekFkqj] jkefoykl “kekZ]
çHkkdj ekpos vkSj HkkjrHkw"k.k vxzoky dk uke vkrk gSA f}rh; lIrd ds laiknd Hkh
vKs; jgs gSaA f}rh; rkj lIrd ds dfo;ksa esa èkeZohj Hkkjrh] 'ke“ksj cgknqj] 'kadqryk
ekFkqj] gfjukjk;.k O;kl] j?kqohj lgk;] ujs“k esgrk vkSj Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk uke
211
 “kkfey gSA f}rh; lIRkd esa ,d dof;=h “kdaqryk ekFkqj vkSj N% dfo “kkfey gSaA
r`rhr rkj lIrd ds laiknd Hkh vKs; gSaA ç;kx ukjk;.k f=ikBh] fot;nso ukjk;.k
'kkgh] dhfrZ pkSèkjh] dq¡oj ukjk;.k] losZ“oj n;ky lDlsuk] dsnkjukFk flag vkSj enu
okRL;k;u r`rh; lIrd ds dfo gSAa blh rhljs lIRkd esa dhfrZ pkSèkjh dk uke “kkfey
gSA
prqFkZ lIrd ds laiknd Hkh vKs; gSAa lqeu jkts] Jhjke oekZ] Lons“k Hkkjrh] voèks“k
dqekj] jktdqekj dqEHkt] uUnfd“kksj vkpk;Z vkSj jktsæa fd“kksj prqFkZ lIrd esa
lfEefyr dfo gSAa
mi;qZDr pkjksa lIrdksa esa dqy rhu efgyk,¡ ¼“kadrq yk ekFkqj] dhfrZ pkSèkjh vkSj lqeu
jkts½ jgh gSaA dhfrZ pkSèkjh rhljs lIRkd esa vdsyh efgyk gSaA bl bdkbZ esa dhfrZ
pkSèkjh dh dfork *lhek js[kk* ds fo"k; esa ppkZ dh tk;sxhA

dhfrZ pkSèkjh rhljs lIrd dh ,d ek= dof;=h FkhaA dhfrZ pkSèkjh dk iwjk uke dhfrZ
ckyk flUgk gS fdUrq os viuh jpuk,¡ dhfrZ pkSèkjh ds uke ls fy[krh jgh gSaA

dhfrZ pkSèkjh dk tUe 1 tuojh] lu~ 1931 dks ubZeiqj xk¡o] mUuko ftyk] mÙkj çns“k
dss ,d dk;LFk ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA dhfrZ pkSèkjh dk ewy uke dhfrZ ckyk flUgk FkkA
mUuko esa tUe ds dqN o’kZ i”pkr~ i<+kbZ ds fy, og dkuiqj xbZAa buds firkth ,d
tehankj Fks fdURkq ckn esa os tehankjh NksMd+ j iqLrd izdk”ku dh vksj vxzlj gks x,
FksA dhfrZ dh ek¡ lqfe=k dqekjh flUgk ,d cM+h dof;=h] ysf[kdk vkSj tkuh&ekuh
xhrdkj FkhaA dhfrZ pkSèkjh ds HkkbZ vftr dqekj ,d tkus ekus lkfgR;dkj jgs gSaA
dhfrZ pkSèkjh dk ys[ku dk;Z mudh ek¡ ds çHkko ls vyx Fkk vkSj jpukvksa esa os viuh
ekSfydrk fy, gq, FkhaA mudh jpukvksa ds ihNs vuqHkoksa dh fofoèkrk Hkh ,d dkj.k
jgh gksxhA dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh jpukvksa esa L=h foe”kZ ds igyw Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAa os crkrh
gSa fd tc mudh viuh ekrkth ?kjsyw dk;ksZa esa vfèkd le; nsrh Fkha rc dhfrZ pkSèkjh
dks yxrk Fkk fd mudh ek¡ pqipki dsoy ys[ku vkSj iBu D;ksa ugha djrh fdURkq mUgsa
bl ckr dk vglkl gqvk fd ,d le; esa vdsys lkfgR; esa è;ku djds ;k ,dkxzfpr
gksdj cSBs jguk ,d cukoVh ckr t:j gSA nSfud thou ds NksV& s NksVs dk;ksZa esa :fp
yh tk, vkSj ifjokj ds Hkhrj bUgha NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tk, rHkh
ifjokj Bhd rjg ls pyrk gSA ,d L=h ds fy, ikfjokfjd ftEesnkjh dks igys crk;k
gSA
dhfrZ pkSèkjh bl lanHkZ esa fy[krh gSa &^xk¡o] dLcs vkSj “kgj ds fofp= feys&tqys çHkko
esjs Åij iM+rs jgs gSAa *
dhfrZ pkSèkjh ds O;fDrRo ij xk¡o] dLCkk] “kgj] egkuxj vkSj fons”k vkfn dk
feyk-tqyk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA rkj lIRkd esa viuk ifjp; nsrs gq, os fy[krh gSa&
212
*vejkbZ esa fc[kjrh efnj xaèk vkSj rkyksa esa <sj&<sj Qyh dksdk csyh eq>s ugha HkwyrhA
;a=ksa&dyksa dh xM+xM+kgV vkSj dksykgy Hkjh lM+dksa okys uxj Hkh vifjfpr ugha jgsA
ij mUuko dk NksVk lk dLck ekuks viuh furkar lkekU;rk ds dkj.k gh vfèkd
vkdf"kZr djrk jgk gSA* ¼rkj lIRkd] i`"B&15½
vkidk cpiu vius iSr`d LFky vkSj mUuko ftyk esa chrkA mlds ckn vkxs
dh f”k{kk ds fy, vki dkuiqj xbZaA lu~ 1951 esa ,e-,- dh mikfèk ysus ds ckn vkxs
dh i<+kbZ vkSj “kksèk dk;Z ds fy, ^miU;kl ds dFkkud rRo^ tSls fo’k; dk p;u
fd;kA vkidh fo”ks"k :fp dfork ys[ku esa jgh gSA blds vfrfjDr vki dgkuh vkSj
miU;kl Hkh fy[krh jgh gSaA

dhfrZ pkSèkjh dks fojklr esa lkfgR; feyk vkSj fQj thou lkFkh ds lkFk Hkh lkfgR;]
laç"s k.k tqM+s jgsA mudk fookg vksadkjukFk JhokLro ls gqvk FkkA os fganh ds loZJ’s B
jsfM;ks çlkjdksa esa ls ,d FksA vksadkjukFk JhokLro ch-ch-lh fganh lsok ds lkFk yacs
le; rd tqM+s jgsA vksd a kjukFk JhokLro dsoy jsfM;ks esa vius ;ksxnku gh ugha] cfYd
viuh dforkvksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa ds fy, Hkh tkus tkrs gSaA dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh ,d csVh
vafrek JhokLro gSA vafrek vaxt zs h dh ysf[kdk gSA vafrek ds nks miU;kl *Vªkalfe“ku*
vkSj *yqfdax Q‚j ek;k* çdkf“kr gks pqds gSaA
dhfrZ pkSèkjh ,d tkuh ekuh izfl) ofj’B dof;=h jgh gSaA fiNys dqN le;
ls os vLoLFk py jgh FkhaA dhfrZ pkSèkjh yanu esa jg jgh Fkha vkSj ogha mudk mipkj
gks jgk FkkA mudk fuèku 'kqØokj 13 twu] lu~ 2001 dks yanu esa Hkkjrh; le;kuqlkj
lqcg 3%15 ij gqvk FkkA buds fuèku ls fgUnh lkfgR; txr us ,d jRu [kks fn;k gSA

dhfrZ pkSèkjh rhljs lIrd dh ,d ek= dof;=h FkhaA ubZ dfork dh “kq#vkr vke rkSj
ij ^nwljk lIrd* ¼1951½ ls gksrh gS vkSj ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd 1959 esa ^rhljk
lIrd* ds çdk“ku ds lkFk og vius mRd"kZ dks igq¡p dj lekIr gks tkrh gSA ubZ
dfork ds blh mRd"kZ dky dh lk{kh vkSj lkjFkh Fkha dhfrZ pkSèkjh vkSj mudh jpuk,¡A
mudh dforkvksa esa ,d eksgd çxhrkRedrk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA mudh dfork esa
euq’; vkSj mlds lexz vuqHkoksa dks idM+us dk ;Ru gqvk gSA okLro esa dhfrZ pkS?kjh
dh dfork ubZ dfork ds vU; jpukdkjksa dh rjg gh lai.w kZ thou dh dfork gSA
mudh dfork esa çrhdksa vkSj fcacksa dk dkQh ç;ksx feyrk gSA
rhljk lIrd* ¼1960½ ds laiknd vKs; us 60 ds n“kd esa ç;kx ukjk;.k f=ikBh]
dsnkjukFk flag] dq¡oj ukjk;.k] fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh] losZ“oj n;ky lDlsuk vkSj
enu okRL;k;u tSls lkfgR;dkjksa ds lkFk dhfrZ pkSèkjh dks Hkh rhljk lIrd dk fgLlk
cuk;kA dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh lkfgfR;d ;k=k ;ksa rks cgqr yack&pkSM+k le; vkSj l`tu
lesVs gq, ugha gS ij ftruh Hkh gS] mls fdlh rjg ls derj ugha vkadh tk ldrhA
lkfgR;dkj dsnkjukFk flag ds vuqlkj& *egknsoh oekZ ds ckn fganh dfork esa tks ,d
fjärk vkbZ Fkh] mls dhfrZ vius ekSfyd ys[ku ls ikVrh gSAa mudh dfork ,d u, 213
 lkaps esa Fkh ftldh cukoV vyx FkhA mlesa ,d rktxh Fkh vkSj viuh jpukvksa ds
ry esa muds ikl ,d [kkl rjg dk L=h lqyHk laons ukRed <k¡pk Fkk tks muds le;
esa fdlh vkSj ds ikl ugha FkkA*

lkfgR; txr esa egknsoh oekZ ds ckn ubZ dfork ds {ks= esa dhfrZ pkSèkjh us egknsoh
dh deh dks iwjk djus dh dksf”k”k dh FkhA budh dfork,¡ bulku vkSj mlds thou
ls tqM+s vuqHkoksa ds bnZ fxnZ ?kwerh gSaA ubZ dforkvksa ds vU; jpukdkjksa dh rjg bUgksua s
Hkh çrhdksa vkSj fcEcksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, [Link] thou dh dfork,¡ fy[kh gSAa budh
dqN çfl) —fr;k¡ bl izdkj gSaA
dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh rhljs lIrd dh izeq[k pfpZr jpuk,¡ %
 *nkf;Ro Hkkj*]
 *yrk 1] 2 vkSj 3*]
 *,dyO;*]
 *cnyh dk fnu*]
 *lhek js[kk*A
vU; pfpZr jpuk,¡&
 ^dEiuh ckx^]
 ^vkxr dk Lokxr^]
 ^cjlrs gSa es?k >j >j^]
 ^eq>s fQj ls yqHkk;k^] ^
 *oDr^]
 ^dsoy ,d ckr Fkh*A
lkfgR; txr esa dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh lkfgfR;d ;k=k cgqr yach rks ugha gS fdUrq mUgksua s
vius le; esa vius jpukRed l`tu ls viuh vfeV Nki rS;kj dj yh gS ftls
utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj u gh bls ml nkSj esa fdlh rjg ls derj
vkadk tk ldrk gSA

e`x rks ugha Fkk dgha

ckoys Hkjers ls bafxr ij pys x,A
rqe Hkh ugha gS&
cl dsoy ;g js[kk Fkh
214
ftlesa c¡èkdj eSaus nq%lg izrh{kk dh&
lEHko gS vkvks rqe
vius lax vatfy esa Hkjus dks
[Link]-nku ykvks
vk] [Link] ls ;g lhek-js[kk fcyxkvksA
ij chrs fnu] o"kZ] ekl&
esjh bu vk¡[kksa ds vkxs gh
fQj-fQj eqj>k, ;s fuiV dk¡l
ej esj!s Vc js[kk yk¡?kks!
vk, rks vk,
og oU;
Nn~eèkkjh
vfopkjh
dj [kafMr-dyafdr
ys tk, rks ys tk,A
efUnj esa T;ksfrr
mtkys dk iz.k djrh
dfEir fuèkwZe f”k[kk-lh
;g vfues"k yxu&
dkSu ogk¡ vkrqj gS\
fdls ;gk¡ nsuh gS
Å¡pk yykV j[kus dh og vfXu dh ijh{kk\

dhfrZ pkSèkjh rhljs rkj lIrd dh vdsyh dof;=h jgh gSaA rhljk lIrd lu~ 1959
esa izdkf”kr gqvk FkkA dhfrZ pkSèkjh }kjk *lhek js[kk* dfork rhljs rkj lIrd esa fy[kh
xbZ dfork gSA ;g ,d ,slk le; jgk gS tc fL=;k¡ cgqr vfèkd vkèkqfud lksp dh
ugha Fkh vkSj os fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk dh reke :f<+;ksa vkSj ijaijkvksa esa caèkh gqbZ FkhaA
*lhek js[kk* dfork iz'u mBkrh gS fd ftl lkekftd O;oLFkk esa ge jgrs gaS mlessa
dsoy fL=;ksa ds fy, gh lhek fuèkkZfjr D;ksa dh xbZ gS vkSj fL=;ksa dks gh bl O;oLFkk
ds caèku esa D;ksa ck¡èkk x;k gS\ iq#"kksa ds fy, ;g lhek&js[kk D;ksa ugha cukbZ xbZ gS\
dhfrZ pkSèkjh us bUgha lokyksa dks viuh dfork ds ekè;e ls mBk;k gSA gekjk lekt
dsoy fL=;ksa dks blfy, lhek js[kk esa ck¡èkdj j[krk gS fd dgha dksbZ diVh ;k
cukoVh bulku uk vk tk;s tks L=h ds pfj= dks dyafdr djs] mls ykafNr dj ns
dsoy blh Mj ls ge fL=;ksa dks lhek js[kk esa ck¡èkk tkrk gSA jkek;.k dky esa Hkh lhrk
ekrk dks y{e.k us }kj ij y{e.k js[kk [khapdj mlds Hkhrj gh jgus dks dgk Fkk
fdURkq jko.k tSls nqjkpkjh O;fDr us mudk gj.k dj fy;kA ;gh dgkuh gesa cpiu ls
215
 lqukbZ vkSj fl[kkbZ tkrh jgh gS fdURkq vc le; cny jgk gSA fL=;ksa esa bl caèku vkSj
blls feyus okys nq%[kksa dks ysdj tkx`fr vk xbZ gSA vc og ltx vkSj tkx:d gks
xbZ gaSA vius Åij gksus okys vU;k; ds f[kykQ os vkokt mBkus yxh gSaA vc fL=;ksa
dks lhrk ds leku vfXu ijh{kk nsus dh vko”;drk ugha gS vkSj L=h gh D;ksa vfXu
ijh{kk ns\ iq#"k rks dHkh Hkh vfXu ijh{kk ugha nsrkA
rhljs rkj lIRkd ds nkSj esa ,d L=h dk vkèkqfud lksp j[kuk vkSj viuh ckr dks
ys[ku ds ekè;e ls ikBdksa ds eè; ysdj vkuk ,d lkgl dk dk;Z jgk gSA vius
le; esa egknsoh oekZ us vius ys[ku esa fir`lÙkk vkSj bl lkekftd O;oLFkk ij vusd
loky mBk, FksA egknsoh oekZ ds ckn dhfrZ pkSèkjh us Hkh fL=;ksa dks ysdj tks vkèkqfud
L=h dh lksp dks mtkxj fd;k gS og egÙ[Link] gS] D;ksafd ;g ,d ,sls le; dh jpuk
gS tgk¡ jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr dks vkn”kZ ekudj fL=;ksa dks mUgha caèkuksa esa tdM+dj
j[kk tkrk FkkA
dhfrZ pkSèkjh us jkek;.k ds lhrk gj.k ls iwoZ y{e.k js[kk okys izlax dks è;ku esa
j[kdj vkèkqfud L=h ds eu dh iM+r+ ky djrs gq, ;g dfork jph gS bl dfork esa
dof;=h dgrh gS fd fgj.k rks dgha ugha Fkk ijUrq ckoys Hkjers eu dk ladrs gksus
ds dkj.k rqe pys x,A rqe Hkh ugha Fks cl] dsoy ;g js[kk FkhA vFkkZr~ esjs vkl&ikl
dgha dksbZ ugha Fkk fQj Hkh dsoy Hkze esa vkdj rqeus esjs fy, ?kj dh nsgjh@pkS[kV
ij js[kk [khap nh vkSj rqe pys x;sA
bl js[kk esa c¡èkdj eSaus uk tkus fdrus nq%[kksa ds lkFk nq%lg rqEgkjh izrh{kk dh] lkspk
fd laHko gS rqe t:j vkvksxs vkSj eq>s viuh gFksfy;ksa dh vatfy esa Hkjus dks rqe
vkvksxs vkSj vius lkFk eq>s Hkj yksxAs vc rqe [Link] ys dj vkvksxs vkSj vius
[Link] ls bl lhek js[kk ls vyxko djksx]s bls gVkvksxAs ;gh lksprh jgh fdUrq rqe
ugha vk,A ijURkq chrs gq, fnu] o"kZ vkSj ekl ;s lHkh esjh bUgha vk¡[kksa ds vkxs gh
ckj&ckj ,sls eqj>k, tSls dksbZ dk¡l ds Qwy eqj>k tkrs gSaA bruh izrh{kk ds mijkar
vc esjk eu dgus yxk] vc rks bl js[kk dks yka?k tkvks] vk, rks vk, og oU; taxyh
cukoVh Ny diV ls [Link] vfopkjh dksbZ Hkh vk;s vkSj ;fn eq>s [kafMr ;k dyafdr
djus ds fy, eq>s dgha Hkh ys tk, rks Bhd gS] ys tk;sA
vkxs dfork esa dhfrZ pkSèkjh dgrh gSa fd eSa eafnj esa T;ksfr vkSj mtkys dh dle [kkrh
gw¡ mudk iz.k djrh gw¡ fd dk¡irh gqbZ èkq,¡ ls jfgr f”k[kk ¼nhid dh ykS½ ds leku
fcuk iyd >idk,] fLFkj n`f’V ls è;ku yxk;s j[kwx ¡ h fd dgha dksbZ mrkoyk ;k cSpus
vkrqj O;fDr esjs lkFk Ny djsxkA vc eSa Lo;a viuh j{kk djus ds fy, rS;kj euq";
gw¡A ftl izdkj jko.k us èkks[ks ls lhrk ekrk dk gj.k dj fy;k Fkk vkSj ckn esa lhrk
ekrk dks vfXu ijh{kk nsuh iM+h Fkh mlh izdkj ge fL=;ksa dks Hkh vfXu ijh{kk nsus ds
fy, dgk tkrk gS] ijUrq ;gk¡ fdls nsuh gS vfXu ijh{kk] Å¡pk eLrd j[kus dks\ vFkkZr~
bTtr cuk;s j[kus ds fy, eSa ml lhek js[kk esa c¡èkdj jgw¡ fd dgha dksbZ Nyh diVh]
cukoVh bulku u vk tk, vkSj eq>s dyafdr u dj ns] rks vc eSa ml iqjkus tekus
dh L=h ugha gw¡A eSa bl lhek-js[kk ds ckgj vkSj Hkhrj jgrs gq, viuh j{kk Lo;a d:¡xh
D;ksafd vfXuijh{kk ds Mj ls vc eSa bl lhek js[kk esa caèkdj ugha jg ldrh gw¡A eSa
216
tku pqdh gw¡ fd ;s fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk dh pky gS tks ge fL=;ksa dks viuh dSn vkSj
vius nk;js esa j[kus ds fy, gh lhek js[kk [khaprh vk jgh gSA

dhfrZ pkSèkjh rhljs rkj lIRkd dh dof;=h gSa vkSj mudh ;g dfork ^lhek js[kk* dkO;
laxgz esa ladfyr gS tks lu~ 1959 esa rhljs rkj lIrd esa izdkf”kr gqbZ FkhA bl dfork
esa vkèkqfud L=h ds fopkjksa ij cy fn;k x;k gSA bl dfork esa gekjs lekt esa izpfyr
[Link] ekU;rkvksa dks ekurs gq, vkt Hkh efgyk,¡ fir`lÙkk dh vkKk dk ikyu djrs
gq, caèkuksa esa tdM+h gqbZ gSAa iq#"kksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr ,d lhek js[kk esa jgus dh tks vknr
efgykvksa esa gks xbZ Fkh og vkt dh vkèkqfud efgykvksa esa ugha gSA os vius Åij gks jgs
vR;kpkjksa ls ifjfpr gks pqdh gSa vkSj vc os bl lhek-js[kk esa c¡èkdj jguk ugha pkgrh
gSAa dof;=h bl ckr ij loky mBkrh gSa fd vkf[kj dc rd fL=;k¡ bl lhek-js[kk tSls
caèkuksa esa tdM+h jgsx
a h\ vkt dh vkèkqfud ukjh Nn~e èkkjh vkSj vfopkjh bulkuksa dks
igpkuus yxh gSa vkSj os vius dks vc dyafdr gksus ls cpkus ds fy,] mldk lkeuk
djus ds fy, Hkh rS;kj gSAa os viuh vfLEkrk vkSj vius LokfHkeku dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy,
fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vfXu ijh{kk nsus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSA
vkb;s iwjh dfork dk vFkZ le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa %
e`x rks ugha Fkk dgha
ckoys Hkjers&ls bafxr ij pys x,
rqe Hkh ugha Fks
cl dsoy ;g js[kk Fkh
izLrqr dkO;ka”k dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh dfork *lhek js[kk* ls mn~èk`r gSA
lanHkZ % L=h thou ls lacfa èkr lhek js[kk fuf”pr djus dh foMaukvksa dk fp=.k gSA
dhfrZ pkSèkjh dof;=h us jkek;.k ds lhrk gj.k ls iwoZ y{e.k js[kk okys izlax dks
è;ku esa j[kdj vkèkqfud L=h ds eu dh iM+r+ ky djrs gq, ;g dfork jph gSA bl
dfork esa dof;=h dgrh gSa fd ¼fgj.k½ rks dgha ugha Fkk ijUrq ckoys Hkjers eu ds
ladrs ek= ds dkj.k rqe eq>s NksMd + j pys x,A rqe Hkh ugha Fks cl] dsoy ;g js[kk
FkhA dgus dk Hkko gS fd lekt esa vDlj iq#"k oxZ L=h ls dgrk gS fd rqe ?kj ij
gh jguk tc rd eSa okil ugha vk tkrk] dgha ckgj er tkukA vFkkZr~ esjs vkl&ikl
dgha dksbZ ugha Fkk fQj Hkh dsoy Hkze esa vkdj rqeus esjs fy, ?kj dh nsgjh@pkS[kV
ij js[kk [khap nh vkSj rqe pys x;sA ;g Hkh ugha crk;k fd dc okil ykSVdj
vkvksxAs
fo”ks"k % ¼d½ L=h-thou dh folaxfr;k¡ gSaA
¼[k½ Hkk’kk ljy vkSj lgt gSA
¼x½ L=h-thou ds [kkyhiu dk ekfeZd fp=.k gSA
*** 217
 ftlesa c¡èkdj eSaus nqLlg çrh{kk dh
laHko gS vkvks rqe
vius lax vatfy esa Hkjus dks
[Link] ykvks
bu [Link] ls
;g lhek&js[kk fcyxkvks
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa dof;=h dgrh gSa fd bl js[kk esa c¡èkdj eSaus uk tkus fdrus nq%[kksa
ds lkFk nq%lg rqEgkjh izrh{kk dhA lkspk fd rqe t:j vkvksxAs viuh gFksfy;ksa dh
vatfy esa Hkjus dks rqe vkvksxs vkSj vius lkFk eq>s Hkj yksxAs dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd
L=h tc vius ifr ;k izes h ls nwj gksrh gS og mldh izrh{kk ¼bartkj½ esa jkr] fnu ,d
dj nsrh gS vkSj ;g mEehn j[krh gS fd tc og vk;sxk rks izes ls viuh gFksfy;ksa esa
mlds psgjs dks Hkj ysxk vkSj xys yxkdj mlls izes iwod Z ckr djsxk] ijUrq ,slk ugha
gksrk gSA dof;=h dgrh gS fd rqe [Link] ysdj vkvks vkSj vius bu [Link] ls bl
lhek js[kk dks vyx djks bls gVkvks] ;gh lksp &lkspdj eSua s rqEgkjh izrh{kk dh]
ijUrq rqe ugha vk,A
ij
chrs fnu] o’kZ] ekl
esjh bu vk¡[kksa ds vkxs gh
fQj&fQj eqj>k, ;s fuiV dk¡l
eu esj!s
vc js[kk yk¡?kks
vk, rks vk,
og oU;
Nn~eèkkjh
vfopkjh
dj [kafMr dyafdr
ys tk, rks ys tk,
izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa dof;=h dgrh gSa fd rqEgkjh izrh{kk esa chrs gq, fnu] o"kZ vkSj ekl
;s lHkh esjh bUgha vk¡[kksa ds vkxs gh ckj&ckj ,sls eqj>k, tSls dk¡l ds Qwy eqj>k tkrs
gSaA bruh izrh{kk ds mijkar vc esjk eu dgus yxk gS] vc rks bl js[kk dks yka?k
tkvksA vk, rks vk, og oU; taxyh cukoVh Ny diV ls [Link] vfopkjh dksbZ Hkh
vk;s vkSj ;fn eq>s [kafMr ;k dyafdr djus ds fy, eq>s dgha Hkh ys tk, rks Bhd gS]
ys tk;sA ijUrq vc eSa rqEgkjh izrh{kk djrs gq, Fkd pqdh gw¡A
eafnj esa T;ksfrr
mtkys dk ç.k djrh
dafir fuèkwZe f“k[kk&lh
218 ;g vfues”k yxu
 dkSu ogk¡ vkrqj gS!
fdls ;gk¡ nsuh gS
Å¡pk yykV j[kus dks
vfXu dh ijh{kk og!*
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa dhfrZ pkSèkjh dgrh gSa fd ;gk¡ eSa eafnj esa T;ksfr vkSj mtkys dh
dle djrh gw¡ ¼[kkrh gwa½ fd dk¡irh gqbZ èkq,¡ ls jfgr f”k[kk ds leku dsoy fLFkj
n`f’V ls è;ku yxk;s j[kw¡xh fd dgha dksbZ mrkoyk ;k cSpus vkrqj O;fDr rks ugha vk
tk,xk tks esjs lkFk Ny djsxk D;ksafd vc eSa Lo;a viuh j{kk ds fy, ladYi ysrh
gw¡A ftl izdkj jko.k us èkks[ks ls lhrk ekrk dk gj.k dj fy;k Fkk vkSj ckn esa lhrk
ekrk dks vfXu ijh{kk nsuh iM+h Fkh mlh izdkj ge fL=;ksa dks Hkh vfXu ijh{kk nsus ds
fy, dgk tkrk gS] ijUrq ;gk¡ vfXu ijh{kk fdls nsuh gS] dsoy Å¡pk eLrd j[kus dks\
vFkkZr~ bTtr cuk;s j[kus ds fy, ckj-ckj fL=;ksa dks vfXu ijh{kk nsus ds fy, ckè;
fd;k tkrk gS] tks vuqfpr gSA vFkkZr~ rqe pkgrs gks fd eSa ml lhek js[kk esa blfy,
c¡èkdj jgw¡ fd dgha dksbZ Ny diV djus okyk cukoVh bulku u tk vk;s vkSj eq>s
dyafdr u dj ns] rks vc eSa ml [Link] tekus dh L=h ugha gw¡A eSa bl lhekjs[kk
ds ckgj vkSj Hkhrj jgrs gq, viuh j{kk dj ldrh gw¡ vkSj d:¡xh] D;ksfa d eSa
vfXuijh{kk ds Mj ls vc bl lhek js[kk esa c¡èkdj vkSj ugha jg ldrh gw¡A eSa tku
pqdh gw¡ fd ;g fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk dh pky gS tks ge fL=;ksa dks viuh dSn vkSj
vius nk;js esa j[kus ds fy, gh lfn;ksa ls lhek js[kk [khaprh vk jgh gSA
;g dfork ,d izdkj ls mu lkekftd vkSj ikfjokfjd caèkuksa dks rksMu+ s okyh gS tks
;g dgrh gS fd fL=;ksa dks pkjnhokjh ds Hkhrj gh jguk pkfg, vkSj fu;eksa dk ikyu
djuk pkfg,A ijUrq vkt dh ukjh esa tkx`fr vk xbZ gSA og bl fir`lÙkk ds ?kksj
‘kM;a= dks le>us yxh gS vkSj vius Åij gks jgs vudgs vR;kpkjksa ls Hkh voxr gks
xbZ gSA vkt vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fd vc fL=;k¡ fdlh Hkh rjg dh vfXu ijh{kk
ugha nsx
a hA mUgsa ;g fl) djus dh vko”;drk ugha fd os dyafdr gSa ;k ughaa] D;ksfa d
iq#"k rks dHkh Hkh vfXuijh{kk nsdj viuh yykV@bTt+r dks fl) ugha djrk rks ge
fL=;k¡ D;ksa djs\a
dof;=h dh ;g dfork L=h foe”kZ dh n`f’V ls lkFkZd dfork gS] D;ksfa d vkt Hkh
lekt dh reke fL=;k¡¡ lhek js[kk esa dSn gSaA

1- dhfrZ pkSèkjh dkSu ls lIrd dh dof;=h gSa\

d½ rkj lIRkd [k½ f}rh; lIRkd
x½ r`rh; lIRkd ?k½ prqFkZ lIRkdA
2- rkj lIRkd ds tud dkSu ekus tkrs gaSA
d½ dq¡oj ukjk;.k [k½ vKs;
x½ dsnkjukFk flag ?k½ ç;kx ukjk;.k f=ikBh] 219
 3- ^lhek js[kk^ uked dfork fdl dfork laxzg ls yh xbZ gS\
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4- dhfrZ pkSèkjh ds pkj dfork laxzg ds uke fyf[k,A

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5- *lhekjs[kk* dfork fdl lIrd esa fy[kh xbZ gS\

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6- dhfrZ pkSèkjh ds lkFk r`rh; rkjlIrd esa dkSu&dkSu ls dfo jgs gSa\ uke
fyf[k,A
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7- dhfrZ pkSèkjh dk thou ifjp; fyf[k,A

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8- *lhekjs[kk* dfork dk izfrik| fyf[k,A

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220 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1- bl dfork esa L=h foe”kZ lacèa kh iz'u mBk, x, gSaA

2- L=h dh viuh vfLerk] vius LokfHkeku vkSj viuh e;kZnk ds fy, n`<+
ladYi-”kfDr gSA
3- [Link] lekftd fLFkfr;ksa ls ysdj vkt dh fL=;ksa dh n”kk vksj muds
oSpkfjd ifjorZu dks fn[kyk;k x;k gSA
4- dfork dh Hkk’kk esa dkseyrk vkSj fcacksa dk lkSan;Z gSA
5- *dafir fuèkwZe f”k[kk lh* esa miek vyadkj gSA

1- dhfrZ pkSèkjh dk thou ifjp; fyf[k,A

2- *lhekjs[kk^ dfork dh leh{kk fyf[k,A
3- ^lhekjs[kk^ dfork esa izLrqr L=h foe”kZ dks fyf[k,A
4- ^lhekjs[kk^ dfork ds ekè;e ls dof;=h D;k dguk pkgrh gS\ fyf[k,A
5- orZeku le; esa ^lhekjs[kk^ dfork dh D;k izklafxdrk gS\ 221
 e`x % fgj.k
ckoys % papy eu@ ikxy eu
Hkjers % Hkze@ “kadk
bafxr % ladrs
izrh{kk % bartkj
vatfy % gFksfy;ksa ij cuk;k x;k xM~Mk@gkFkksa esa dqN j[kus yk;d LFkku
cukuk
fcyxkvks % vyxko@ikFkZD; (Separation/Parting)
fuiV % iwjk] lkjk dk lkjk
dk¡l
a % Å¡ph vkSj <yqbZ tehu esa mxus okyh ,d izdkj dh yach gjh ?kkl esa
yxus okyk lQsn ygjkrk gqqvk Qwy] tks “kjn _rq esa Qwyrh gSA
Nn~eèkkjh % Ny@diV@<ksx
a djus okyk cukoVh (Pseudo)
dyafdr % dyad ls ;qDr@ykafNr (Disgraced/best abused)
dafir % dk¡irk gqvk
fuèkwZe % èkq¡, ls jfgr (Smokeless)
f”k[kk % nhid dh ykS
vfues"k % fLFkj n`f’V@tkx:d
vkrqj % mrkoyk@cspSu (Eager/restless)
yxu % è;ku yxkuk@yxus dk Hkko (Penchant)

fgUnh lkfgR; ds uosa n”kd esa dkR;k;uh dk uke ,d dof;=h ds :i esa mYys[kuh;
gSA dkR;k;uh us viuh dforkvksa ds ekè;e ls vusd lokyksa dks u;s vkSj vn~Hkqr
vankt ls mBk;k gSA mUgksaus L=h ds otwn dks dgha feVus ugha fn;k gSA mUgksua s L=h
dks ijaijkvksa vkSj fir`lÙkk ds chp Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, viuh dfork esa vusd rjg
ds izrhdksa vkSj fcacksa dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k gSA buds fo"k; esa vfèkd tkuus ds fy, vkb,
ge buds ifjp; ls voxr gksrs gSAa fQj dfork ls :c: gksaxAs

fiNys rhu n“kdksa ls dkR;k;uh dh dforkvksa vkSj fucaèkksa us fganh lkfgR; dks L=h
222 foe”kZ dh n`f’V ls ,d u;k vk;ke fn;k gSSA dkR;k;uh us vius ys[ku dh “kq#vkr
lu~ 1980 ls dh FkhA ^xkxhZ^ budh igyh jpuk FkhA vkèkqfud lanHkksaZ dks tksMd + j
mUgksaus blesa fy[kk gSA dfo vkSj ys[kd dh n`f’V ds lkFk&lkFk dkR;k;uh ekDlZoknh
n`f’V j[krh gSaA dof;=h dkR;k;uh foxr 24 o"kksZa ls fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa esa
jktuhfrd&lkekftd&lkaL—frd fo’k;ksa ij Lora= ys[ku djrh jgh gSAa dkR;k;uh
us yxHkx lkr o"kksaZ rd ^uoHkkjr VkbEl^ vkSj ^Lora= Hkkjr* dh laoknnkrk ds :i
esa Hkh dke fd;k vkSj orZeku esa Lora= ys[ku djrh gSaA budh dfork,¡ fgUnh ds
vfèkdka“k i=&if=dkvksa esa çdkf“kr gqbZ gSAa dqN dfork,¡ vaxt sz h] iatkch] ejkBh]
xqtjkrh esa Hkh vuwfnr vkSj çdkf“kr gqbZ gSaA blds vykok budh vkèkk ntZu dgkfu;k¡
Hkh çdkf“kr gqbZ gSAa

dkR;k;uh dk tUe 7 ebZ 1959 esa xksj[kiqj mRrj izn”s k esa gqvk gSA d
a kR;k;uh us ,e-
,- vkSj ,e- fQy- fgUnh fo"k; ls [Link] fd;k gSA dkR;k;uh uke ds vFkZ esa ,d
fo”ks"k vFkZ vkSj igpku gSA yky jax esa lth nqxkZ vkSj ikoZrh dk ;g ,d :i gSA
dkR;k;uh ekrk iwtk ¼uonqxkZ½ uojkf= ds NBosa fnu gksrh gSA bl uke dk izHkko
dof;=h dkR;k;uh ds O;fDrRo esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA dkR;k;uh us vusd [Link]
xzaFkksa dk vè;;u xgurkiwoZd fd;k gSA
L=h foe”kZ ds lnaHkZ esa dkR;k;uh crkrh gSa fd L=h fparu dh “kq#vkr] vkanksyu ds
:i esa if”pe ls gqbZ gS vkSj bldh dbZ èkkjk,¡ gSaA fL=;k¡ tks thou thrh vkbZa gSa]
Hkqxrrh vkbZ gSa mlls os yM+rh jgh gSaA dkR;k;uh dgrh gSa fd L=h foe”kZ cgqr vyx
gSA blesa izkphurk vkSj laLd`fr nksuksa fufgr gS vkSj ,d lkFk nksuksa pyrh gaAS
dkR;k;uh us mifu"kn] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkfn ds lanHkksZa dks fy;k gS vkSj mu lanHkksZa
dks vkèkqfudrk ds lkFk tksM+dj fy[kk gSA og dgrh gSa fd fy[kus ds fy, vkidks
cgqr lkjk i<+uk t:jh gSA izxfr”khy lkfgR; i<+]as lekt esa tks yksx th jgs gSa mUgsa
ns[ksa rHkh fy[kuk izkjaHk djsAa os ;g Hkh ekurh gSa fd fLFkj gks tkuk thou ugha gS]
thou rks xfr gS vkSj fLFkjrk e`R;q gSA
dkR;k;uh okeiaFkh fopkjèkkjk dh jktuhfr ls tqM+h jgh gSAa blds vykok vki
lkekftd :i ls lfØ; jgh gaAS os lkaLd`frd ekspZs o ukjh ekspZs ds lkFk&lkFk etnwj
ekspsZ ij Hkh viuh xgjh Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkrh jgh gaAS vius thou esa vusd rjg ls bUgksua s
fL=;ksa ij fopkj fd;k gS vkSj jktuhfrd eqn~nksa ds vkèkkj ij L=h ls lacfa èkr lokyksa
dks Hkh mBk;k gSA

dfork ladyu %
1- lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik^ ¼1994½
2- bl ikS#"[Link] le; esa
3- psgjksa ij vk¡p
4- tknw ugha dfork ¼2002½ 223
 5- QqVikFk ij dqlhZ ¼2009½
6- jk[k&v¡èksjs dh ckfj“k esa
7- jkr ds lUrjh dh dfork
8- pkgr
9- dfork dh txg]
10- vk[ksV
11- dqgjs dh nhokj [kM+h gS

1- nqxZ }kj ij nLrd ¼L=h&ç“u fo’k;d fucUèkksa dk ladyu½]

2- ‘kM;a=jr~ e`rkRekvksa ds chp ¼lkEçnkf;d] Qklhokn] cqf)thoh ç“u] lkfgR;
dh lkekftd Hkwfedk ij dsfUær fucUèkksa dk ladyu½]
3- dqN thoUr] dqN ToyUr ¼lekt] laL—fr vkSj lkfgR; ij dsfUær fucUèkksa
dk ladyu½]
4- çse] ijEijk vkSj foæksg ¼“kksèkijd fucUèk½ çdkf“krA
dkR;k;uh dh dfork,¡ ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dof;f=;ksa ij vkèkkfjr ^bu ns;j vksu
o‚;l^ uked dfork laxzg gS tks isaxqbu izdk”ku ls çdkf“kr gqbZ gSA

lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp

pEik l;kuh gqÃA
ck¡l dh Vguh&lh ypd okyh
cki dh Nkrh ij lk¡i&lh yksVrh
liuksa esa dkyh Nk;k&lh Mksyrh
lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp
pEik l;kuh gqÃA
vks[ky esa èkku ds lkFk
dwV nh xÃ
Hkwlh ds lkFk dwMs+ ij
Qsda nh xÃ
ogk¡ vejcsy cu dj mxhA
>jcsjh ds lkFk d¡Vhyh >kM+kas ds chp
pEik vejcsy cu l;kuh gqÃ
224 fQj ls ?kj esa vk èkedhA
lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp l;kuh pEik
,d fnu ?kj dh Nr ls
yVdrh ikà xÃ
rkykc esa tydqEHkh ds tkyksa ds chp
nck nh xÃ
ogk¡ ,d uhydey mx vk;kA
tydqEHkh ds tkyksa ls Åij mBdj
pEik fQj ?kj vk xÃ
nsork ij p<+kà xÃ
eqj>kus ij ely dj Qsd a nh xÃ]
tyk;h xÃ
mldh jk[k fc[ksj nh xÃ
iwjs xk¡o esaA
jkr dks ckfj“k gqà >eM+djA
vxys gh fnu
gj njokt+s ds ckgj
ukxQuh ds chgM+ ?ksjksa ds chp
fuHkZ;&fuLlax pEik
eqLdqjkrh ikà xÃA

dkR;k;uh dh ;g dfork L=h foe”kZ ls lacfa èkr gSA ;g dfork lu~ 1994 ds nkSj esa
fy[kh xbZ vkSj izdkf”kr gqbZ gSA bl dfork esa ,d L=h ds nnZ dks mlds dbZ :iksa
esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA og vius firk vkSj HkkbZ dh fir`lÙkk okyh vusd :f<+oknh
ijaijkvksa vkSj fu;eksa ds cks>
s rys nch gqbZ gSA ml ?kj esa mldk viuk dksbZ otwn ugha
gSA L=h dks viuk otwn cukus vkSj vius fy, [kq”kh ikus ds fy, Lo;a esgur djuh
iM+rh gSA blh ij vkèkkfjr ;g dfork gSA
lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik l;kuh gqbZ vFkkZr~ cM+h gqbZA ck¡l dh Vguh lh ypd okyh
vFkkZr~ pEik dk “kjhj yack yphyk gks x;kA cki ¼firk½ dh Nkrh ij og lk¡i lh
yksVrh Fkh vFkkZr~ firk dks ;g fpark [kk;s tk jgh gS fd fdl çdkj mldk fookg
fd;k tk;A mlds firk ds liuksa esa dkyh Nk;k lh og Mksyrh vkSj fgyrh jgrh gSA
*lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* l;kuh gqbZ] vks[kyh esa èkku ds leku dwV nh xbZ vkSj Hkwlh
ds leku dwMs+ ij Qsd a nh xbZA vFkkZr~ ,d yM+dh dks iq#"k lekt ds Hkhrj]
fir`lÙkkRed lekt esa viuh ckrksa ls] lkekftd :f<+;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa ds ekè;e ls
bruk dwVk vkSj nck;k tkrk gS] ftlls yM+dh dk otwn [krjs esa iM+ tkrk gSA yM+dh
>syrh jgrh gSA ml le; fdlh dks bl ckr dh fcYdqy Hkh fpark ugha jgrh gS fd
yM+dh dks mlls fdruh rdyhQ gksrh gSA 225
 paik tSlh yM+fd;ksa dh rdyhQksa vkSj nq[kksa dks njfdukj dj mls Qsad fn;k tkrk
gS] ftl çdkj Hkwlh ds lkFk dwM+s dks Qsad fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd Hkwlh dk dksbZ dke
ugha gksrkA og ,d dpjs ds leku gksrh gSA mlh izdkj yM+dh ;k L=h dk Hkh dke
gks tkus ds ckn Hkwlh ds leku gh mldh dksbZ bTt+r ugha jgrh gS vkSj mls ?kj ls
ckgj Qsd a fn;k tkrk gSA ijUrq L=h bruh detksj ugha gSA og fgEer djds nqckjk
mlh dpjs dh <sj esa vejcsy cudj mxrh gSA og tkx`r gksdj u, :i esa vejcsy
dh rjg Lo;a vkRefuHkZj gksdj mxrh gSA vc og vius fy, Lo;a lqj{kk [kkst ysrh
gS vkSj vius ikl ds daVhys ekgkSy esa og >jcsjh ds lkr daVhys >kM+kas ds chp fQj
ls vejcsy cudj l;kuh gksrh gS vkSj nqckjk ls ?kj esa vk èkedrh gSA
lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik l;kuh gqbZA ,d fnu ?kj dh Nr ij og yVdrh gqbZ ikbZ
xbZ vkSj mlds ckn mls rkykc dh tydqHa kh ds tkyksa ds chp nck fn;k x;kA rc
ogk¡ ,d uhydey mx vk;kA tydqaHkh ds tkyksa ls Åij mBdj pEik fQj ?kj vk
xbZA uhydey dks nsork ij p<+k;k x;k vkSj mlds eqj>kus ij elydj Qsd a fn;k
x;k] tyk fn;k x;k vkSj mldh jk[k dks iwjs xk¡o esa fc[ksj fn;k x;kA fQj mlh jkr
dks >eM+dj ckfj”k gqbZA paik us fQj Hkh gkj ugha ekuhA ckfj”k ds vxys fnu lqcg
gj njokts ds ckgj ukxQuh ds chgM+ ?ksjksa ds chp fuHkZ;&fuLlax paik eqLdqjkrh gqbZ
ikbZ xbZA
dkR;k;uh us yksd dFkkvksa ds vkèkkj ij ;g dfork fy[kh gSA ;g dfork L=h foe”kZ
dh dfork gS ftlesa paik ds thou dh foMacukvksa dks n”kkZ;k x;k gSA fir`lÙkkRed
O;oLFkk esa paik Lo;a dks iquthZfor djus ds fy,] viuh vfLerk vkSj vius vfLrRo
dks cpk, j[kus ds fy, vusd d"Vksa dks >syrs gq,] iwjs vkRefo”okl ds lkFk la?k’kZ esa
yxh jgrh gS vkSj varr% og daVhys ukxQuh ds chgM+ ds chp Lo;a dks fuHkZ;&fuLlax
eglwl djrs gq, eqLdqjkrh gSA
vkt dh vkqèkfud ukjh vius Åij gks jgs vR;kpkjksa ls voxr gks jgh gS vkSj og
viuh vfLEkrk vkSj viuh igpku cukus ds fy, Lo;a iz;Ru”khy gSA

izLrqr dfork esa dkR;k;uh L=h foe”kZ ds egÙ[Link] i{k dks izLrqr djrh gSaA ftl ?kj
esa lkr Hkkb;ksa ds lkFk ,d cgu gksrh gS ogk¡ cgu ls izes vfèkd gksuk pkfg,] fdUrq
,sls ?kjksa esa fir`lÙkk dk izHkko brus pje ij gksrk gS fd ml csVh] cgu ;k vdsyh
yM+dh dks ijaijkvksa vkSj lkekftd ekU;rkvksa ds chp nck fn;k tkrk gSA
dkR;k;uh dh ;g dfork yksd dFkkvksa ls fudy dj vkrh gS tgk¡ paik thou
dh foMacukvksa ls xqtjrs gq, viuh ftthfo"kk vkSj vfLerk dks cpkus ds fy,
izfrc) fn[krh gSA dkR;k;uh dk *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* ;g dfork laxzg
vius Hkhrj fN;klB dfork,¡ lesVs gq, gS] ftls Ng “kh’kZdksa ds varxZr j[kk x;k
gSA igys [kaM dh dforkvksa ds dsUnz esa L=h gSA euqlafgrk vkSj _Xosn ds le;
ls ysdj vkt rd dk mldk lekt foKku] mldh Hkkouk,¡] lius vkSj ;FkkFkZ
thou ds chp dh nwjh] mldh lkeF;Z vkSj foo”krk,¡] mldh u iwjh gksus okyh
226
vkdka{kk,¡ bl [kaM esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa A *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork egÙ[Link]
gSA vkb, bldh O;k[;k ns[ksa %
a
lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp
paik l;kuh gqbZA
ck¡l dh Vguh&lh ypd okyh]
cki dh Nkrh ij lk¡i&lh yksVrh
liuksa esa
dkyh Nk;k&lh Mksyrh
lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp
paik l;kuh gqbZA
vks[ky esa èkku ds lkFk
dwV nh xbZ
Hkwlh ds lkFk dwMs+ ij
Qsda nh xbZA
izLrqr iafDr;k¡ dkR;k;uh dh dfork *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* ls mn~èk`r gSaA
lanHkZ % dkR;k;uh us mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa lekt esa yM+fd;ksa dh d#.k n”kk dk ekfeZd
fp= [khapk gSA
çLrqr dfork esa dkR;k;uh fy[krh gSa fd ftl ?kj esa lkr HkkbZ vkSj ,d firk ds
eè; ,d paik tSlh yM+dh gksrh gS ogk¡ çse vfèkd gksuk pkfg,] fdarq ,sls ?kjksa esa
fir`lÙkk dk çHkko pje ij gksrk gSA csVh] cgu ;k vdsyh yM+dh dk dksbZ [;ky ugha
j[krk og dsoy muds Åij cks> ds leku gksrh gSA dkR;k;uh dfork esa fy[krh gSa
fd lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik l;kuh gqbZA og ck¡l ds leku ypdnkj vkSj yach gksrh
pyh xbZ vkSj blh dkj.k og vius firk dh Nkrh ij lk¡i lh yksVrh jgrh Fkh vFkkZr~
firk ds fy, ,d fpark dk fo’k; cu pqdh FkhA blh fpark ds dkj.k firk ds liuksa
esa Hkh og dkyh Nk;k cudj Mksyrh jgrh Fkh] D;ksafd og lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp toku
gksrh xbZ FkhA ftl çdkj èkku id tkus ds ckn èkku dks dkVk tkrk gS vkSj pkoy
cuk;k tkrk gSA mlh izdkj paik dks pkoy cukus dh çfØ;k esa Hkwlh ds leku Qsad
fn;k tkrk gSA paik dks dke gks tkus ds ckn ?kj ls ckgj dj fn;k tkrk gS ;k ;wa
dgsa fd fookg djds mls ?kj ls nwj Qsad fn;k tkrk gSA
fo”ks"k % ¼d½ buesa lekt esa yM+dh dh fLFkfr dk fp=.k gSA
¼[k½ Hkk’kk ljy vkSj lgt gSA
¼x½ *ck¡l dh Vguh-lh ypd okyh*] *dkyh Nk;k-lh Mksyrh* esa miek
vyadkj gSA
¼?k½ Hkk’kk fcackRed gSA
*** 227
 ogk¡ vejcsy cudj mxhA
>jcsjh ds lkr d¡Vhys >kM+kas ds chp
paik vejcsy cu l;kuh gqbZA
fQj ls ?kj vk èkedhA
lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp l;kuh paik
,d fnu ?kj dh Nr ij
yVdrh ikbZ xbZA
rkykc esa tydqaHkh ds tkyksa ds chp
nck nh xbZA
paik ,d ckj fQj Hkwlh dh <sj ls vejcsy s cudj nqckjk vius ?kj vk igq¡ph] ijUrq
fdlh dks dksbZ [kq”kh ugha gqbZA Hkkb;ksa ds u pkgus ij Hkh paik vejcsy cudj ?kj esa
vk xbZA fQj ls og vejcsy ds :i esa lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp l;kuh gqbZ vkSj ,d fnu
?kj dh Nr ij yVdrh gqbZ ikbZ xbZA vFkkZr~ ;k rks mlus Hkkb;ksa ds tqYeksa ls ijs“kku
gksdj Qk¡lh yxkdj vkRegR;k dj yh ;k mls Qk¡lh ij yVdk fn;k x;k ;k rkykc
esa tydqaHkh ds tkyksa ds chp mls Qsd a dj nck fn;k x;kA
ogk¡ ,d uhydey mx vk;kA
tydqaHkh ds tkyksa ls Åij mBdj
paik fQj ?kj vk xbZ]
nsork ij p<+kbZ xbZ
eqj>kus ij elydj Qsad nh xbZ]
tykbZ xbZA
mldh jk[k fc[ksj nh xbZ
iwjs xk¡o esaA
jkr dks ckfj“k gqbZ >eM+djA
vxys gh fnu
gj njokts ds ckgj
ukxQuh ds chgM+ ?ksjksa ds chp
fuHkZ;&fuLlax paik
eqLdqjkrh ikbZ xbZA^^
tgk¡ paik dks Qsda dj nck fn;k x;k Fkk] ogk¡ ,d u;k uhydey mx vk;k vkSj paik
fQj tydqaHkh ds tkyksa ls Åij mBdj ,d ckj fQj vius Hkkb;ksa ds ?kj vk xbZA ml
lqanj dksey uhydey dks ns[kdj paik ds Hkkb;ksa us mls nsorkvksa ij p<+k;k ij
mlds eqj>k tkus ij mls ely dj Qsd a fn;k x;k vkSj tyk fn;k x;k bruk gh
ugha mlds ty tkus ds ckn mldh jk[k dks iwjs xk¡o esas fc[ksj fn;k x;kA bruk
vR;kpkj dsoy blfy, fd og ,d yM+dh gSA fQj mlh jkr dks cgqr rst >ek>e
228 ckfj“k gqbZA ckfj”k ds vxys gh fnu paik gj njokts ds ckgj ukxQuh ds chgM+ ?ksjksa
ds chp fuHkZ; fuLlax gksdj eqLdqjkrh gqbZ ikbZ xbZA vFkkZr~ paik dks vc viuh lqjf{kr
txg fey pqdh FkhA og d¡Vhys ukxQuh ds chgM+ >qM a esa Lo;a dks lqjf{kr eglwl
dj jgh Fkh vkSj eqLdqjk jgh FkhA vc paik dk vfLrRo lqjf{kr Fkk ftlls og [kq“k
FkhA

1- dkR;k;uh fdl foe”kZ dh dof;=h gSa\

d½ vkfnoklh foe”kZ [k½ L=h foe”kZ x½ nfyr foe”kZ ?k½ buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
2- dkR;k;uh dk tUEk-----------------------jkT; esa gqvk gSA
d½ mRrj izn”s k [k½ mRrjk[kaM x½ >kj[kaM ?k½ fnYyh
3- ^lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik^ uked dfork fdl dfork laxzg ls yh gS\
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4- dkR;k;uh ds pkj dfork laxgz ds uke fyf[k,A
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5- dkR;k;uh ds pkj fucaèk laxzg ds uke fyf[k,A
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6- dkR;k;uh dk thou ifjp; fyf[k,A
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 1- lekt esa yM+fd;ksa ds Åij gks jgs vR;kpkj dk ekfeZd fp=.k gSA
2- yM+dh ;k L=h dh viuh vfLerk] vius LoIu vkSj ftthfo"kk dks cpk,
j[kus ds fy, n`<+ ladYi-”kfDr vkSj izfrc)rk dk ladrs gSA
3- Hkk’kk x|kRed] fp=kRed vkSj lai"zs [Link]; gSA
4- Ckk¡l dh Vguh-lh ypd okyh] cki dh Nkrh ij lk¡i-lh yksVrh esa miek
vyadkj gSA
5- *vejcsy cu l;kuh gqbZ* esa :id vyadkj gSA
6- *fuHkZ;-fuLlax esa vuqizkl dk lkSan;Z gSA

1- dkR;kuh dk thou ifjp; fyf[k,A

2- *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork dh leh{kk fyf[k,A
3- *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork ds ekè;e ls dof;=h D;k dguk pkgrh
gSa\ fyf[k,A
4- orZeku le; esa *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork dh D;k izklafxdrk gS\

chloha lnh ds vafre n”kd ls vukfedk ,d mRd`"V dof;=h] miU;kldkj] dgkuhdkj

vkSj ,d L=h fpard ds :i esa izfl) jgh gSaA buds ys[ku esa Li"Vr% L=h foe”kZ
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA dfork ds {ks= esa vukfedk ds N% dfork laxzg izdkf”kr gks pqds gSa
ftuesa vfèkdka”k dfork,¡ L=h foe”kZ ls tqMh+ gqbZ gSaA bl ikB~;Øe esa ftl dfork dks
i<+k;k tk jgk gS og Hkh L=h foe”kZ dh dfork gSA ^cstxg* dfork *[kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡*
dfork laxzg ls yh xbZ gSA
*[kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡* vukfedk dk ,d mRd`"V dkO; laxzg gSA bl laxzg ds fy,
vukfedk dks lu~ 2007 esa dsnkj lEeku ls lEekfur Hkh fd;k x;k gSA bl laxzg esa
lekt] thou vkSj L=h ls tqM+h gqbZ dfork,¡¡ gSaA ;g laxgz Ng [kaMksa esa foHkDr gS
ftlesa& var%iqje~ ¼20 dfork,¡¡½] nqèkdV~Vw ¼10 dfork,¡¡½] dqN vViVh izes dfork,¡a ¼10
dfork,¡¡½] vktknh ¼7 dfork,¡a½] eqlyeku D;k gksrs gSa vEek! ¼5 dfork,¡½¡ vkSj
rksl&Hkjksl ¼26 dfork,¡¡½ gSaA izfl) dfo vkSj vkykspd izk-s ftrsUnz JhokLro ds
vuqlkj &**igys [kaM dh dfork vukfedk dh lksp vkSj izfrc)rk dks Li"V djrh
gSA yxrk gS tSls ;g dfork bl laxzg dk izo”s k }kj gksA ;g bl laxzg dh Hkh lcls
vPNh dforkvksa esa gSA bldks i<+rs gq, BsB Hkkjrh; L=h dk thou ikBd dh psruk
esa mHkj vkrk gSA dof;=h fL=;ksa dh vksj ls ml lp dk c;ku djrh gS] ftls tkus
vutkus iq#"k lekt u le> ikrk gS] u ns[k ikrk gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks u ns[kus dk
230
Lokax Hkh djrk gSA** ¼fopkjèkkjk] u, foe”kZ vkSj ledkyhu dfork] ftrsUnz JhokLro]
i`"B&63½
dfork laxgz ds blh izFke [kaM ^var% iqje~^ dh nwljh dfork ^cstxg^ gSA ^cstxg^
dfork L=h foe”kZ ls lacfa èkr gSA L=h foe”kZ esa lfEefyr gksuk vkSj bl fo"k; ij
fy[kuk vukfedk ds lkfgR; dh igpku gSA gekjs lekt vkSj ifjokjksa esa ijaijkvksa ls
pyh vk jgh dqizFkk,¡ vkSj dqfopkjksa dks vukfedk cgqr gh laons u”khy <ax ls viuh
jpukvksa esa mBkrh gSa ftlls ikBd mudh ckr vklkuh ls le> lds vkSj mlds Hkhrj
,d psruk dk izlkj Hkh gks ldsAs mu iqjkuh xyfr;ksa vkSj pyh vk jgh ijaijkvksa vkSj
:f<+;ksa dks ysdj os loky Hkh mBkrh gSa D;ksfa d izkphu dky ls fL=;ksa ds fy,
rjg&rjg ds lkekftd vkSj ikfjokfjd ekunaM fuèkkZfjr dj fn, x, gSaA
vukfedk ,d fpard Hkh gSAa bl ukrs os viuh jpukvksa esa ,slh ckr ljy “kCnksa esa dg
tkrh gSa ftldk vFkZ cgqr xgjkbZ esa gksrk gSA os dsoy L=h ds eu dks gh ugha VVksyrh
cfYd L=h dh gj Hkwfedk dks le>rh gSa vkSj muds eu dks le>rs gq, loky mBkrh
gSaA ;s loky ml O;oLFkk ls gksrs gSa tks fL=;ksa dks n;uh; cuk jgh gS] mudks viuh
txg ugha ns jgh gSA vukfedk dks fL=;ksa ds lius mudh vkdka{kk,¡] vfLerk vkSj
mudh igpku dks cpk, j[kus ds fy, bl fir`lÙkk ls loky iwNus iM+ jgs gSaA
vukfedk dh dfork ^cstxg* L=h ds thou lacèa kh lokyksa dks mBkrh gSA ;g dfork
xgjh laons uk ds lkFk O;kid ifjisz{; esa ijaijk ls pyh vk jgh fL=;ksa dh fu;fr vkSj
L=h eu esa iSnk gq, lokyksa dks Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh n`f’V ls ,d fof”k"V vkSj egÙ[Link]
L=hoknh dfork cukrh gSA orZeku ;qx esa L=h lnSo vius vki ls iz'u djrh gS fd
vkf[kj mldh txg dgk¡ gS\ fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk vkSj bl lekt ds lkFk tksMd + j
vius pqukSrh Hkjs lokyksa dks og mBkrh gS ftlls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd mudh ;g
dfork ,d L=h ds vfLRkRo vkSj vfLEkrk dh lksp dks izLrqr djrh gSA gkykafd budh
dforkvksa esa vusd fo"k;ksa dk lekos”k gksrk gS] fdURkq L=h dh n`f’V dks ,d u, vk;ke
ds lkFk os izLrqr djrh gSaA blh dkj.k lkfgR; esa budh ,d vyx vkSj fof”k"V
igpku gSA

fgUnh lkfgR; esa vukfedk ,d izfl) dof;=h] dgkuhdkj] miU;kldkj vkSj fpard
ds :i esa izfl) gSaA vukfedk dh dforkvksa dks le>us ds fy, buds O;fDrRo vkSj
d`frRo dks tkuuk vko”;d gSA

vukfedk dk tUEk 17 vxLr lu~ 1961 dks fcgkj ds eqtQ~Qjiqj ftys esa gqvk gSA
buds firk dk uke Jh “;keuanu fd”kksj vkSj ekrk dk uke vk”kk fd”kksj gSA buds
firk fgUnh ds fo}ku vkSj izfl) dfo FksA os fcgkj fo”ofo|ky; ds vkpk;Z vkSj
dqyifr jg pqds gSAa bUgsa fgUnh] vaxt zs h] bVkfy;u] :lh] vkfn vusd Hkk’kk,¡ vkrh FkhaA
;s dbZ ckj fons”kksa esa Hkk"k.k nsus Hkh tk pqds gSaA buds izeq[k dkO; laxzg& “ksQkfydk]
foHkkojh] lwjteq[kh rFkk dfoJh gSAa budks i|Jh vyadj.k ¼1972½ rFkk usg:
231
 Qsyksf”ki lEeku Hkh izkIr gq, FksA budh ekrkth Hkh i<+h&fy[kh vkSj lakLdkfjd
efgyk jgh gSAa
& vukfedk dh ckY;koLFkk lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa ls lEiUu jgh gSA bUgsa vius
ekrk&firk dk Lusg vkSj ykM+&I;kj lnSo feyrk jgk gSA buds ?kj i<+u& s fy[kus dk
ekgkSy jgk gSA buds firk [Link] gtkjh izlkn f}osnh ds f”k"; FksA pwafd firk fgUnh
vkSj vaxtzs h lkfgR; ds fo}ku vkSj ,d dfo Hkh jgs gSa blfy, buds ?kj ij
lkfgR;dkjksa dk vkuk&tkuk yxk gh jgrk FkkA vukfedk dks cpiu ls gh lkfgfR;d]
jktuhfrd] lkekftd ppkZ,¡ lquus dks feyrh jgha gSa] D;ksfa d buds firk ls tkss fo}ku
feyus vkrs Fks os ppkZ fd;k djrs FksA buds ekrk&firk us bUgsa vPNh ijofj”k ds lkFk
vPNs laLdkj vkSj xq.k Hkh fl[kk,A firk “;keuanu fd”kksj th us viuh iq=h vukfedk
dks ljLorh ds nks cht ea= Hkh fl[kk, FksA os dgrs Fks& *tks czãeqgrw Z esa mBdj
ugk&èkksdj ea= i<+dj i<+us dh est ij cSB tkrk gSA ljLorh ek¡ mldh cqf) ds lkjs
dikV [kksy nsrh gSA og tks i<+rk gS mlds u,&u, vFkZ [kqyus yxrs gSaA og
egkKkuh gks tkrk gSA ¼,d Bks “kgj % ,d xks yM+dh] i`- 25½
vukfedk dks vius ekrk&firk vkSj HkkbZ ls lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku izkIr gksrk jgkA
vukfedk vius lk{kkRdkj esa crkrh gSa fd os vius firk ds lkFk dforkvksa dh
vaR;k{kjh [ksyrh Fkha vkSj blh otg ls cpiu ls gh os dfork djuk lh[k xbaZA
vukfedk ds HkkbZ mUgsa ubZ&ubZ fdrkcsa ykdj nsrs Fks vkSj mu fdrkcksa ij ppkZ fd;k
djrs FksA vukfedk ds firk dh e`R;q yxHkx ipkl lky dh mez esa gh gks xbZA blds
ckn buds firk ds ije fe= dsnkjukFk flag ¼izfl) dfo vkSj lkfgR;dkj½ ls
vukfedk dks dfork vkSj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa ekxZn”kZu feykA vukfedk dk nk”kZfud
utfj;k cpiu ls gh fodflr gksrk jgk gS] D;ksafd mUgsa ,slk ekgkSy vius ?kj ij gh
feyrk jgk gSA firk ds lkfgfR;d fe= ?kj vkrs vkSj ppkZ fd;k djrs vkSj vukfedk
mUgsa lquk djrhA
& vukfedk dh izkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed f”k{kk lsVa Ýkafll tsfo;lZ ,dsMes h
rFkk pS;eSu dU;k Ldwy] eqtQ~Qjiqj esa lEiUu gqbZA vukfedk dh mPp f”k{kk fnYyh
esa lEiUu gqbZA bUgksaus vaxt zs h fo"k; ysdj viuh f”k{kk iwjh dhA vkius fgUnh vkSj
vaxtzs h nksuksa fo"k;ksa ls ih,p-Mh- dh mikfèk izkIr dhA blds ckn vkius Mh- fyV- dh
mikfèk Hkh izkIr dhA
vukfedk dh izFke fu;qfDr fnYyh fo”ofo|ky; ds lR;orh dkWyt s esa
vaxt
zs h ds ysDpjkj ds in ij gqbZA os vc izksQl
s j gSaA blds vfrfjDr mudk dk;Z{ks=
ys[ku dk gSA os ,d ysf[kdk] dof;=h] vuqoknd vkSj fpard Hkh gSaA
vukfedk dk fookg lu~ 1985 esa 25 o"kZ dh mez esa MkW- fcanq vferkHk ds lkFk
gqvk FkkA MkW- fcanq vferkHk lQnjtax vLirky] fnYyh esa usÝkykWth foHkkx esa vè;{k
gSaA os cgqr vPNs vkSj fuiq.k fpfdRld ds lkFk gh lkFk ,d esfMlu f”k{kd ds :i
esa Hkh tkus tkrs gSaA LoHkko ls usd] bZekunkj vkSj ikjn”khZ O;ogkj ds os èkuh gSaA
vukfedk ds nks csVs gSAa cM+k csVk bathfu;fjax dh i<+kbZ iwjh dj ukSdjh dj jgk gS
vkSj nwljk csVk vHkh mPp f”k{kk esa vè;;ujr gSA
232
 vukfedk ds LoHkko esa ljyrk] eèkqjrk vkSj lkSE;rk gSA buesa vgadkj dk
Hkko ugha gSA blh otg ls Nk=] lkfgR;dkj] fe=] ifjokj vkSj ikBd lHkh buds izfr
vkdf"kZr gksrs gSaA os lgt Hkko vkSj eèkqj [Link] dh èkuh gSaA vukfedk ds Hkhrj vusd
xq.k fo|eku gSaA vukfedk dh idM+ Hkk’kk vkSj Hkko nksuksa ij cgqr vPNh gSA os viuh
ckr lkfgR; esa ljy vkSj Li"V “kCnksa ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr djrh gSaA budh jpukvksa esa
izrhdksa vkSj fcEcksa dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA vukfedk dh #fp ys[ku dk;Z vkSj
fparu&euu esa vfèkd gSA

vukfedk ,d izfrf"Br dof;=h] miU;kldkj vkSj L=hoknh fpard ds :i esa [;kfr

izkIRk dj pqdh gSAa buds lkfgR; dk {ks= O;kIkd Qyd dks izLrqr djrk gSA vukfedk
fnYyh fo”ofo|ky; ds lR;orh egkfo|ky; esa vaxzsth fo"k; dh ofj"B izkè;kfidk
gSaA bUgsa vaxt
zs h vkSj fganh ds lkfgR; dk vPNk Kku gSA fganh lkfgR; ds Ckhloha lnh
ds vafre nks n”kdksa ls 21oha lnh ds nks n”kdksa rd ;kuh vc rd buds lkfgR; dh
ppkZ cjkcj cuh gqbZ gSA bUgksua s viuh dforkvksa vkSj vU; x| foèkkvksa esa vusd fo"k;ksa
dks mBk;k gSA eq[; :i ls budh dforkvksa vkSj miU;klksa esa L=h foe”kZ fn[kkbZ nsrk
gSA
vukfedk us 17 lky dh mez esa gh baVjehfM,V dh i<+kbZ djrs gq, ,d vkanksyu dh
i`’BHkwfe rFkk dE;qfu"V ikVhZ dh gksy Vkbejh ij nks dgkfu;k¡ fy[khaA igyh *bekjr
dh ik;nkjh* uke ls tks fd lkfjdk if=dk ds efgyk fo”ks"kkad esa izdkf”kr gqbZ FkhA
ml le; lkfjdk if=dk ds laiknd deys”oj ¼izfl) lkfgR;dkj½ FksA vukfedk dh
nwljh dgkuh ^gjh BwaB^ uke ls izdkf”kr gqbZ FkhA blds ckn mUgksaus ml nkSj ds
csjkstxkj ;qokvksa dh jktuhfrd mBk&iVd ij *vokarj dFkk* uke ls ,d miU;kl
fy[k MkykA

vukfedk us dfork] dgkuh] miU;kl] laLej.k] vkykspuk] foe”kZ] vuqokn vkfn x|

foèkkvksa esa mRd`"V ys[ku dk;Z fd;k gSA
%
 xyr irs dh fpëh ¼1978½]
 le; ds “kgj esa ¼1994½]
 chtk{kj ¼1995½]
 [kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡ ¼1998½]
 vuq"Vqi ¼1998½]
 dfork esa vkSjr ¼2002½
 nwc&èkku ¼2007½ 233
  dfo us dgk ¼Pkquh gqbZ dfork,¡½ ¼2011½
 ,d d+LckbZ yM+dh dh Mk;jh] ¼2019½
 Ikkuh dks lc ;kn Fkk] 2019 ¼jktdey izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh½
%
 ij dkSu lqux
s k ¼1982½
 vokarj dFkk ¼ 2000½
 nl }kjs dk fiatjk ¼2007½
 frudk fruds ikl ¼2007½
 ykyVsu ckt+kj ¼ 2019½
 vkbZuk lkTk+ ¼2020½ jktdey izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyhA
%
 izfruk;d
%
 ,d Bks “kgj % ,d xks yM+dh]
 ,d Fks “ksDlih;j]
 ,d Fks pkYlZ fMdsal
%
 iksLV ,fy;V iks,Vªh% v okW,t QzkWe dkafIyDV Vq vkblksy”s ku]
 Mu fØfVflTe Mkmu fn ,tst]
 VªhVesaV vkWo yo ,sM
a MsFk bu iksLV okj vesfjdu iks,V~l]
 Vªkl
a ysfVax jsf”k;y esejhA
Z%
 L=hRo dk ekufp= ]
 eu ek¡tus dh t:jr gS ¼2004½
 ikuh tks iRFkj ihrk gS] ¼2005½
 f=;kpfj=a % mRrjdk.M]
 Lokèkhurk dk L=h&i{k ¼2012½
 L=h&eqfDr % lk>k pwYgk] ¼2014½
234  L=h foe”kZ dk yksdi{k] ¼2016½
 %
 vkSjrksa dh est dk dfo& fjYds]
 vc Hkh olar dks rqEgkjh t:jr gS& fjYds dh dfork,¡ ¼2004½ dfork laxzg
 dgrh gSa vkSjrsa ¼fo”o lkfgR; dh L=hoknh dfork,¡½
 ukxeaMy ¼fxjh”k dukZM½]
 vVykar ds vkj&ikj ¼ledkyhu vaxt
sz h dfork½

 jkt Hkk’kk ifj"kn iqjLdkj&1987

 Hkkjr Hkw"k.k vxzoky iqjLdkj&1995
 fxfjtk dqekj ekFkqj lEeku& 1998
 lkfgR;dkj lEeku&1997
 ijaijk lEeku&2001
 lkfgR; lsrq lEeku&2004
 _rqjkt lEeku
 f}tnso lEeku
 dsnkj lEeku&2007
 “ke”ksj lEeku&2014
 eqfDrcksèk lEeku&2015
 [Link] Q+kmaM”s ku fMfLaVfXo”M Vªkl
a ysVj vokMZ&2017
 lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj&2020 ¼Vksdjh esa fnxar esjh xkFkk½
Li"V gS fd vukfedk ds lkfgR; ys[ku dk nk;jk cgqr foLr`r gSA vukfedk dk
ys[ku dk;Z L=h foe”kZ dh n`f’V ls egÙ[Link] gSA vkxs ge budh dfork *cstxg* ij
ppkZ djsax&
s

viuh txg ls fxj dj

dgÈ ds ugÈ jgrs
ds“k] vkSjrsa vkSj uk[k+uw ß &
vUo; djrs Fks fdlh 'yksd dks ,sls
gekjs laL—r VhpjA
vkSj ekjs Mj ds te tkrh FkÈ
ge yM+fd;k¡ viuh txg ijA 235
 txg\ txg D;k gksrh gS\
;g oSls tku fy;k Fkk geus
viuh igyh d{kk esa ghA
;kn Fkk gesa ,d&,d {k.k
vkjafHkd ikBksa dk
jke] ikB“kkyk tk !
jkèkk] [kkuk idk !
jke] vk crk“kk [kk !
jkèkk] >kM+w yxk !
HkS;k vc lks,xk
tkdj fcLrj fcNk !
vgk] u;k ?kj gS !
jke] ns[k ;g rsjk dejk gS !
^vkSj esjk \*
^vks ixyh]
yM+fd;k¡ gok] èkwi] feêh gksrh gSa
mudk dksà ?kj ugÈ gksrkAÞ
ftudk dksà ?kj ugÈ gksrk
mudh gksrh gS Hkyk dkSu&lh txg \
dkSu&lh txg gksrh gS ,slh
tks NwV tkus ij vkSjr gks tkrh gSA
dVs gq, uk[k+wuks]a
da?kh esa Q¡l dj ckgj vk, ds“kksa&lh
,dne ls cqgkj nh tkus okyh\
?kj NwV]s nj NwV]s NwV x, yksx&ckx
dqN ç“u ihNs iM+s Fks] os Hkh NwV!s
NwVrh xà txgsa
ysfdu] dHkh Hkh rks usydVj ;k daf?k;ksa esa
Q¡ls iM+s gksus dk ,glkl ugÈ gqvk!
ijaijk ls NwV dj cl ;g yxrk gS
fdlh cM+s Dykfld ls
ikldkslZ ch-,- ds ç“ui= ij fNVdh
NksVh&lh iafä gw¡–
pkgrh ugÈ ysfdu
dksà djus cSBs
236
esjh O;k[;k lçlaxA
lkjs lanHkks± ds ikj
eqf“dy ls mM+ dj igq¡ph gw¡
,slh gh le>h&i<+h tkš
tSls rqdkjke dk dksÃ
vèkwjk vaHkx!

*cstxg* “kCn dk vFkZ gksrk gS ftldh dksbZ txg u gksA txg ds dbZ ek;us gks ldrs
gSa tSls ?kj&ifjokj esa txg] g`n; esa txg vkSj vius otwn dh txgA
vukfedk dh *cstxg* dfork dk mn~n”s ; cgqr gh Li"V gS og lekt dks ;g Li"V
le>kuk pkgrh gSa fd fL=;ksa ds fy, dksbZ txg fuèkkZfjr ugha gSA mls #f<+oknh
lekt esa tc pkgk vius ?kj ls nwljs ?kj Hkst fn;k tkrk gS vkSj og nwljk ?kj Hkh
mldk viuk ugha gksrk] D;ksafd ogk¡ Hkh fir`lÙkk dk opZLo jgrk gSA L=h foe”kZ dh
n`f’V ls ge tku ldrs gSa fd fL=;ksa dh okLro esa dksbZ txg ugha gksrh gS] D;ksfa d
mUgsa euq"; le>k gh ugha tkrk gSA fL=;ksa dks rks dsoy ,d oLrq ;k fQj dVs gq,
uk[kwu ;k Q¡ls gq, ds”k ds leku cqgkj dj Qsd sa fn;k tkrk gSA
f”k{kk dh n`f’V ls ns[ksa rks ;g dfork f”k{kk O;oLFkk ds vkjafHkd ikBksa ij dVk{k djrh
gSA izkjaHk ls gh gesa ,slh f”k{kk nh tk jgh gS tgk¡ yM+dh vkSj yM+ds esa Hksn dks fn[kk;k
tkrk jgk gSA cpiu esa cPpksa ds dksey eu dks tSlk x<+k+ tkrk gS og oSlk curk pyk
tkrk gSA ;s ikB vkt ds nkSj esa ge i<+dj vkxs c<+ pqds gSa fdUrq vukfedk gesa vkt
L=h foe”kZ ds nkSj esa ;g ikB nqckjk ;kn fnykrh gSa fd ;s gekjh fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk
gh gS ftlus gesa cpiu ls gh bl ckr dk vglkl fnyok fn;k Fkk fd ge yM+fd;ksa
dh dksbZ txg ugha gksrh gSA ge cstxg gh jgrh gSaA
vukfedk dh ^cstxg^ dfork ^[kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡^ uked dfork laxzg ls yh xbZ gSA
bl dfork esa L=h foe”kZ ds dbZ fcanq fn[kkbZ nsrs gaSA *cstxg* dfork ds ekè;e ls
dof;=h vukfedk ;g crkuk pkgrh gSa fd gekjs lekt esa cpiu ls gh fir`lÙkkRed
O;oLFkk dh iqjkuh ijaijkvksa ds dkj.k yM+ds vkSj yM+dh esa HksnHkko fd;k tkrk jgk
gS ftlds dkj.k lekt vkSj ?kj esa fL=;ksa dh viuh dksbZ txg gh ugha jgrhA
dfork esa crk;k x;k gS fd yM+fd;k¡ tc NksVh Fkha vkSj igyh d{kk esa i<+rh Fkha mlh
le; ls muds laLd`r ds Vhpj us mUgsa fdlh “yksd ds ekè;e ls le>k;k Fkk fd
ds”k] uk[kwu vkSj vkSjrsa viuh txg ls fxjdj dgha dh ugha jgrh gSaA mlh fnu ls
yM+fd;k¡ Mj ds ekjs viuh gh txg ij te tkrh FkhaA fQj yM+fd;ksa ds eu esa iz'u
mBrk Fkk fd *txg* D;k gksrh gS\ oSls txg D;k gksrh gS ;g mUgksua s vius vuqHko
ls gh le> fy;k FkkA dof;=h dgrh gSa fd mUgsa ;kn Fkk og ,d&,d ikB tks mUgsa
vkjaHk ls gh i<+k;k tkrk FkkA tSls &jke ikB”kkyk tk] jkèkk [kkuk idk] jke vk
crk”kk [kk] jkèkk >kMw yxk] HkS;k vc lks,xk] tkdj fcLrj fcNk] vgk u;k ?kj gS! jke
ns[k ;g rsjk dejk gSA yM+fd;ksa us vkjafHkd ikBksa esa gh ;g lc i<+ fy;k fd tks
yM+dk gksrk gS vFkkZr~ iq#"k oxZ mls ?kj esa eku&lEeku ds lkFk ikB”kkyk Hkstk tkrk
237
 gS] mlds [kkus ds fy, crk”kk] feBkbZ vkfn fn, tkrs gSa vkSj mlds vkjke djus vFkkZr~
lksus ds fy, fcLrj Hkh fcNok;k tkrk gSA tc u;k ?kj curk gS rks mls vyx ls
dejk Hkh fn;k tkrk gS fdURkq yM+fd;ksa dks cpiu ls gh HkkbZ dh [kkfrjnkjh vkSj ?kj
ds dkeksa dks djuk fl[kk;k tkrk gS tSls jkèkk [kkuk idk] >kMw yxk] fcLrj fcNk
vkfnA tc u;k ?kj curk gS rks yM+fd;ksa ds fy, dksbZ dejk ugha gksrk] u gh mudh
dksbZ txg gksrh gSA tc ek¡ ls iwNk tkrk gS fd mudk dejk dgk¡ gS rks og tokc
nsrh gS fd **vks ixyh! yM+fd;k¡ gok] èkwi vkSj feV~Vh gksrh gSaA mudk dksbZ ?kj ugha
gksrk**A vFkkZRk~ yM+fd;ksa dks bl fir`lÙkk lekt esa dsoy gok] èkwi vkSj feV~Vh gh
le>k tkrk gS ftldk u dksbZ ?kj vkSj u gh LFkku gksrk gSA dsoy mlls dke djok;s
tkrs gSAa ek¡ ds bl mRrj ij jkèkk iwNRkh gS ftudk dksbZ ?kj ugha gksrk mudh dkSu
lh txg gksrh gS\ tks NwV tkus ij vkSjr gks tkrh gSA vFkkZr~ ge yM+fd;k¡ ftUgsa
viuk ?kj cksyrh gSa og Hkh mudk ?kj ugha gksrk vkSj tc yM+fd;ksa ls viuh ek¡ dk
?kj NwV tkrk gS rc yM+fd;k¡ vkSjr gks tkrh gSaA ftl izdkj dVs gq, uk[kwu ;k da?kh
esa Q¡ldj ckgj vk, ds”k tks viuh txg ls dkV fn;s tkrs gSa mUgas ,dne ls >kMw
}kjk cqgkj dj Qsad fn;k tkrk gS] mlh izdkj vkSjr dh fLFkfr gksrh gSA
tc yM+dh dk ?kj NwVrk gS] nj NwVrk gS vkSj vius vkl-ikl ds yksx-ckx Hkh NwV
tkrs gS]a rHkh os dqN iz'u tks g`n; esa vkrs Fks os Hkh ?kj vkSj nj ds lkFk NwV tkrs gSaA
fL=;ksa ds thou esa txgsa NwVrh tkrh gSa fQj Hkh mUgsa dHkh bl ckr dk ,glkl ugha
gqvk fd os Hkh vius gh ?kj esa ml usydVj vkSj da?kh esa Q¡ls ds”k vkSj uk[kwu ds
leku gh FkhaA
dof;=h dgrh gSa fd vc ijaijk ls NwVdj ;k fudydj eq>s ;g yxrk gS fd
fdlh fof”k"V [kaM ls fudydj ch-,- ds ikldkslZ ds iz'ui= ij Nih ,d NksVh
lh iafDr gw¡ ysfdu vkt eSa ;g ugha pkgrh fd dksbZ bldh lizlax O;k[;k djus
cSBsA dof;=h fy[krh gSa fd bu lkjs iqjkus lanHkksZa dks ikj djds vkt cgqr eqf”dy
ls mM+ dj ;gk¡ ig¡qph gw¡ vkSj eSa pkgrh gw¡ fd eSa ,slh gh i<+h&le>h tkÅ¡ tSls
rqdkjke dk dksbZ vèkwjk vHkax! vFkkZr~ eSa rqdkjke dh dksbZ vèkwjh dkO;kRed jpuk ds
:i esa i<+h&le>h tkšA
bl rjg vukfedk dh *cstxg* dfork L=h ds vfLrRo vkSj otwn ij iz'u [kM+k
djrh gSA vkf[kj L=h cstxg D;ksa gksrh gS\ mldk viuk ?kj D;ksa ugha gksrk gS\ ;s
lekt”kkL= ds iz'u gS]a tks cspSu djus yxrs gSAa bl dfork dk “kh’kZd vius vkiesa
cgqr gh lkFkZd gSA

vukfedk dh ;g dfork ^[kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡^ dfork laxzg ls yh xbZ gSA ;g dfork

L=h foe”kZ dh dfork gSA bl dfork esa vukfedk us L=h dh txg D;k gS tSls iz'u
ij izdk”k Mkyk x;k gS vkSj L=h dks izkphu dky ls fdl utfj;s ls ns[kk tkrk jgk
gS] bls ,d u;s vankt us bl dfork esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA
Þviuh txg ls fxj dj
dgha ds ugha jgrs
238 ds“k] vkSjrsa vkSj uk[+kuw ß &
 vUo; djrs Fks fdlh 'yksd dks ,sls
gekjs laL—r VhpjA
vkSj ekjs Mj ds te tkrh Fkha
ge yM+fd;k¡ viuh txg ijA
txg \ txg D;k gksrh gS\
;g oSls tku fy;k Fkk geus
viuh igyh d{kk esa ghA
mi;qZDr iafDr;k¡ vukfedk dh dfork *cstxg* ls mn~èk`r gSaA
lanHkZ % izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa vukfedk us lekt esa L=h dh n”kk dk ekfeZd fp=.k fd;k
gSaA izxfr”khy ;qx esa Hkh yM+dh #f<+oknh otZukvksa dks ugha rksM+ ldrh gSA lekt
mlds thou dh fn”kk dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
O;k[;k% vukfedk viuh dfork ^cstxg^ ds ekè;e ls crkuk pkgrh gSa fd L=h dh
viuh dksbZ bfPNr txg ugha gksrh gSA og lekt }kjk fuf”pr txg ls ;fn gVh
rks og dgha dh ugha jgrh] ftl izdkj gekjs ds”k ¼cky½ vkSj uk[kwu dVus ds ckn
dgha ds ugha jgrsA tc rd gekjs flj ij ds”k jgrs gSa rc rd ge mldh cgqr
ns[kHkky djrs gSa] mls èkksrs gSa] rsy yxkrs gSa] laokjrs vkSj ckj&ckj vkbZus ds lkeus
tkdj Lo;a dks ns[krs gSAa mlls izes djrs gSaA ijUrq tSls gh ml ds”k dks ge dkV
nsrs gSa ;k dVok nsrs gSa mldh dksbZ dher ugha jg tkrh vkSj fQj os gekjs fy, csdkj
gks tkrs gSaA gekjs “kjhj vkSj thou esa mldh dksbZ txg ugha jgrh gSA Bhd mlh
izdkj gekjs uk[kwu tc rd gekjs gkFkksa vkSj iSjksa esa jgrs gSa ge mldk è;ku j[krs gSa
ijUrq tSls gh mls ge usydVj ls dkV nsrs gS]a mldh dksbZ txg ugha jg tkrh gS
gekjs “kjhj esaA vukfedk dgrh gaS Bhd mlh izdkj ge vkSjrsa gSa gekjh Hkh dksbZ txg
ugha gSA ge Hkh ,d txg ls nwljh txg dV&dV dj fxjrh jgrh gSaA dof;=h
dgrh gaS fd gekjs laLd`r ds Vhpj ¼f”k{kd½ dHkh&dHkh gesa ,sls “yksd i<+krs Fks vkSj
rc ge yM+fd;k¡ Mj ds dkj.k tedj viuh gh txg ij cSBh jg tkrh FkhaA
dof;=h vkxs fy[krh gSa fd txg\ txg D;k gksrh gS\ geus ml laLd`r ds “yksd
dh rjg viuh igyh d{kk esa gh tku fy;k FkkA
fo”ks"k % ¼d½ lekt esa fir`lÙkkRed lekt dh ekufldrk dk fp=.k gSA
¼[k½ Hkk’kk x|kRed gSA
¼x½ iz'u lwpd fpg~u ekSu izfrjksèk dks n”kkZrs gSaA
¼?k½ L=h-eqfDr dh cspuS h gSA
;kn Fkk gesa ,d&,d {k.k
vkjafHkd ikBksa dk&
jke ikB“kkyk tk!
jkèkk [kkuk idk! 239
 jke vk crk“kk [kk!
jkèkk >kM+w yxk!
HkS;k vc lks,xk
tkdj fcLrj fcNk!
vgk] u;k ?kj gS!
jke] ns[k ;g rsjk dejk gS!
^vkSj esjk \*
^vks ixyh]
yM+fd;k¡ gok] èkwi] feêh gksrh gSa
mudk dksbZ ?kj ugha gksrkA**
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa vukfedk dgrh gSa fd gesa vius vkjafHkd ikBksa dk og ,d&,d
{k.k ;kn gS ftlesa gesa i<+k;k tkrk Fkk & jke ikB”kkyk tk] jkèkk [kkuk idk] jke vk
crk”kk [kk] jkèkk >kMw yxk] HkS;k vc lks,xk] tkdj fcLrj fcNkA dof;=h ;g crk
jgh gSa fd ge yM+fd;ksa ¼fL=;ksa½ dks ijaijk ls ?kj ds gh dke djus dh vkKk nh tkrh
jgh gS vkSj yM+dksa dks i<+u]s [kkus] vkjke djus] lksus vkfn ds fy, dgk tkrk jgk
gSA ge cpiu ls gh ;g lc ns[krh vk jgh gSa fd ge yM+fd;ksa dks ?kjsyw dke
nks&rhu lky dh mez ls gh djus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSA gesa dgk tkrk gS & ?kj esa
ikuh yk] ;s fxykl mBkA yM+dksa dks i<+u]s [ksyus] [kkus vkSj vkjke djus ds fy, gh
dgk tkrk jgk gSA blh ckr dks ysdj vukfedk dg jgh gSa fd ge fL=;k¡ cpiu ls
gh :f<+;ksa vkSj HksnHkko ds rys nch vk jgh gSaA
vkxs dof;=h dgrh gSa fd HkkbZ cgu ds chp tc ekrk&firk HksnHkko djrs gSa rc
yM+fd;ksa ds fy, viuk dqN Hkh ugha jgrk gSA blh ckr dks dfork esa crk;k tk jgk
gS& vgk u;k ?kj! jke ;g ns[k rsjk dejk *vkSj esjk*\ cPph vius HkkbZ jke ls dgrh
gS fd ;g gekjk u;k ?kj gS vkSj jke ;g rqEgkjk dejk gSA og viuh ek¡ ls iwNrh gS
fd esjk dejk dgk¡ gS\ rc ek¡ tokc nsrh gS] **vks ixyh! yM+fd;k¡ gok] èkwi vkSj
feV~Vh gksrh gSAa mudk dksbZ ?kj ugha gksrkA** ek¡ dh ;g ckr fopkj djus yk;d gS
fd D;k yM+fd;k¡ okLro esa gok] èkwi vkSj feV~Vh gksrh gS\a gok] èkwi vkSj feV~Vh rhuksa
,slh gSa tks dHkh ,d LFkku ij ugha jgrhaA os txg cnyrh jgrh gSAa gok gj le;
rst ugha jgrh] u gh gj le; cgrh gS] dHkh&dHkh “kkar jgrh gS] mlh izdkj èkwi lqcg
ls “kke rd ,d leku ugha jgrh vkSj feV~Vh dk D;k gS mls rks dHkh Hkh dqN Hkh cuk
nksA feVk nks] nck nks] ;k Qsad nks mlds lkFk rks tks ethZ pkgs dj yks mldk viuk
vfLrRo dqN ugha jgrkA Bhd blh izdkj yM+dh dk Hkh viuk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrk
og rks ijaijkvksa vkSj caèkuksa ds ncko esa <yrh pyh tkrh gSA mldk viuk dksbZ ?kj
vkSj dejk gksrk gh ugha gSA
ftudk dksbZ ?kj ugha gksrk&
mudh gksrh gS Hkyk dkSu&lh txg\
dkSu&lh txg gksrh gS ,slh
240 tks NwV tkus ij vkSjr gks tkrh gSA
vukfedk ;gk¡ ij ,d cM+k loky [kM+k dj jgh gSa fd vkf[kj ftu yM+fd;ksa dk dksbZ
?kj ugha gksrk] mudh dkSu lh txg gksrh gS\ ,slh dkSu lh txg gksrh gS tks NwV tkus
ij og vkSjr gks tkrh gS\
dVs gq, uk[+kuw ksa
da?kh esa Q¡l dj ckgj vk, ds“kksa&lh
,dne ls cqgkj nh tkus okyh\
vukfedk vkxs dgrh gSa ftl izdkj dVs gq, uk[kwu vkSj da?kh esa Q¡l dj ds”k¼cky½
vkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa >kMw ls cqgkj dj Qsd
a fn;k tkrk gS] mlh izdkj ge yM+fd;k¡ gksrh
gSa] ftldh dksbZ] dher ugha gksrhA vFkkZr~ fL=;ksa dh dksbZ txg ugha gksrh gS vkSj
mudks dHkh Hkh cqgkj dj ?kj ls ckgj Qsd a k ;k dgha Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
?kj NwV]s nj NwV]s NwV x, yksx&ckx
dqN ç“u ihNs iM+s Fks] os Hkh NwV!s
NwVrh xbZ txgsa
Yksfdu] dHkh Hkh rks usydVj ;k daf?k;ksa esa
Q¡ls iM+s gksus dk ,glkl ugha gqvk!
vukfedk vkxs dgrh gSa fd ?kj NwV]s nj NwVs vkSj NwV x, yksx&ckx vFkkZr~ yM+fd;ksa
dh dksbZ txg ugha gksrh gSA ftl ?kj vkSj nj dks og viuk le>rh gSa] os Hkh muls
NwV tkrs gSa vkSj muds vius yksx Hkh muls nwj gksdj NwV tkrs gSaA dof;=h dgrh
gSa fd brus o"kksZa ls dqN iz'u ihNs iM+s Fks] os Hkh vc NwV x, gSaA vFkkZr~ ftu iz”uksa
dks ge fL=;k¡ lksprh gS]a iwNrh gSa os Hkh ,d le; ds ckn NwV tkrs gS]a D;ksfa d og
txg gh NwV tkrh gS] tgk¡ os jgrh gSaA og ;g Hkh dgrh gaS fd ge fL=;ksa dks bl
ckr dk vglkl dHkh Hkh ugha gqvk fd ge vius gh ?kj esa usydVj vkSj daf?k;ksa esa
Q¡ls iM+s uk[kwu vkSj cky ds leku gSAa vFkkZr~ ge fL=;ksa dh dksbZ igpku vkSj LFkku
ugha gSA
ijaijk ls NwV dj cl ;g yxrk gS&
fdlh cM+s Dykfld ls
ikldkslZ ch-,- ds ç“ui= ij fNVdh
NksVh&lh iafä gw¡&
pkgrh ugha ysfdu
dksbZ djus cSBs
esjh O;k[;k lçlaxA
vukfedk fy[krh gSa fd fL=;k¡ Lo;a dks ijaijk ls NwVk gqvk eglwl djrh gSa rks mUgsa
,slk yxrk gS fd os cM+s Dykfld¼mRd`"V½ :i ls ikldkslZ ch-,- ds iz'ui= dh ,d
NksVh lh iafDr gSAa og Hkh ,slh iafDr ftldh dksbZ lizlx
a O;k[;k djus cSBAs ijaijk
ls ,slk gksrk vk;k gS fd tks Hkh ijaijk ls NwVrk gS mls fof”k"V vkSj mRd`"V LFkku 241
 fn;k tkrk gSA fL=;k¡ Hkh ml iajijk ls NwVh gSa ysfdu ge fL=;k¡ ;g dnkfi ugha
pkgrha fd dksbZ gekjh lizlax O;k[;k djsA vFkkZr~ esjh tks fLFkfr gS mldh lekt esa
yksx ijaijk ls NwV tkus ij gekjh lizlxa O;k[;k djrs gSAa bl O;k[;k esa gj O;fDr
dk viuk n`f’Vdks.k gksrk gS vkSj muds vius fopkj gksrs gSaA foLrkj ls dksbZ O;k[;k
djs ,slk ge ugha pkgrhaA
lkjs lanHkksaZ ds ikj
eqf“dy ls mM+ dj igq¡ph gw¡
,slh gh le>h&i<+h tkš
tSls rqdkjke dk dksbZ
vèkwjk vaHkx!
*rqdkjke ds ^vHkax* eu esa FksA
dof;=h dfork esa fy[krh gSa fd lkjs lanHkksZa dks ikj djds vkt eSa cgqr eqf”dy ls
mM+dj igq¡ph gw¡ blfy, eSa ,slh gh le>h i<+h tkÅ¡ tSls rqdkjke dk dksbZ vèkwjk
vHkaxA
dfork dk “kh’kZd *cstxg* vius vki esa lkFkZd gSA blesa L=h dh cspSuh nch gqbZ
vkdka{kk,¡] LokfHkeku] e;kZnkcksèk vkfn ds Hkkoksa dk dkQ+h ekfeZd fp=.k gSA

1- vukfedk dh dfork cstxg fdl dfork laxgz ls gS\

¼d½ nwc èkku ¼[k½ [kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡ ¼x½ xyr irs dh fpëh ¼?k½ dfork esa vkSjr
2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu vukfedk dk miU;kl ugha gS\
¼d½ ykyk Vhu dh NRk ¼[k½ nl }kjs dk fiatjk ¼x½ frudk fruds ikl
¼?k½ ykyVsu cktkj
3- vukfedk ds dgkuh laxzg ds uke fyf[k,A
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4- vukfedk ds rhu dfork laxzg ds uke fyf[k,A

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5- vukfedk ds L=h lacaèkh fopkjksa dks fdu iqLrdksa esa fy[kk x;k gS \
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242
6- vukfedk dk laf{kIRk ifjp; fyf[k,A
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7- *cstxg* dfork dh ewy laons uk fyf[k,A

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 1- *Ckstxg^ dfork dh leh{kk fyf[k,A
2- ^cstxg^ dfork esa izLrqr L=h foe”kZ dks fyf[k,A
3- ^cstxg^ dfork ds ekè;e ls dof;=h D;k dguk pkgrh gS\a fyf[k,A
4- vukfedk us viuh dforkvksa esa fdl foe”kZ dks ,d u;k vk;ke fn;k gS\
mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A
5- orZeku le; esa ^cstxg^ dfork dh D;k izklafxdrk gS\
6- *cstxg* dfork esa fdl lqfu;ksftr lkft”k dk [Link] gS\ fyf[k,A

fueZyk iqrqy dh dfork vkfnoklh dfork ds :i esa

xgjh laosnuk] O;kid ifjisz{;] L=h ls tqM+s loky vkSj Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh n`f’V ls ,d
fof”k"V vkSj egÙ[Link] dfork gSA orZeku ;qx ds lokyksa dks fueZyk iqrqy vius
vkfnoklh {ks= ds lkFk tksM+dj u;s vankt ls pqukSrh Hkjs iz'u mBkrh gSa ftlls ;g
izrhr gksrk gS fd mudh ;s dfork,¡ ,d L=hoknh vfLEkrk dh lksp dks vkxs c<+krh
gSAa gkykafd budh dfork,¡ vkfnoklh {ks= ls ,oa ogk¡ dh leL;kvksa ls tqMh+ gqbZ gSa]
fdURkq ,d L=h dh n`f’V ls ns[ksa rks ge ikrs gSa fd vfèkdka”k xzkeh.k fL=;ksa vkSj xk¡o
ls iyk;u ;k foLFkkiu ds mijkar tks fL=;k¡ gSa mu lHkh dh blh izdkj dh fLFkfr;k¡
jgh gksaxhA
vkt vkfnoklh L=h Hkh o"kksZa ls fL=;ksa ds f[kykQ gksus okys vkarfjd ;k ckgjh lkft”k
dks tkuus vkSj le>us yxh gSa blfy, og vius firk ls d#.k fuosnu dj jgh gSA
bl lanHkZ esa [Link] xqIrk fy[krh gS& a *og bl Nne~ dks igpku xbZ gSA vkt og
?kj] ifjokj] iq#"k dk lqj{kkRed Nkrk] fj“rksa dh HkkoukRed csfM+;k¡] lHkh dks udkj
ds viuh vfLerk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, tw>us yxh gSA* ¼;q)jr vke vkneh if=dk
fo“ks’kkad ¼L=h&eqfä vkanksyu ij dsfUær dfork fo“ks’kkad] Hkkx&1½ ds laikndh;]
[kjh&[kjh ckr esa½
vkxs ge dof;=h fueZyk iqrqy dh dfork dks
O;kid lanHkksZa esa le>kus dk iz;kl djsaxAs

fgUnh lkfgR; esa fueZyk iqrqy ,d vkfnoklh dof;=h ds :i esa izfl) gSAa budk iwjk
uke fueZyk iqrqy eqeZw gS] fdUrq lkfgR; txr eas os fueZy iqrqy ds uke ls pfpZr gSA
ewyr% os laFkkyh Hkk’kk dh dof;=h gSaA budh jpukvksa esa laFkky&ijxuk] >kj[kaM ds
lkekftd&lkaL—frd thou ewY; fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA efgykvksa vkSj vkfnoklh laLd`fr ds
u"V gksus ls tks rdyhQ gS] mu reke “kks’[Link]] mRihM+uksa ds lkFk ,sfrgkfld foLFkkiu
dh ihM+k vkSj foMacuk dks fueZyk iqrqy us viuh dforkvksa esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA os
244
viuh dforkvksa esa >kj[kaM ds lkekftd&lkaL—frd vkSj ledkyhu thou ds {ks= esa
mifLFkr L=h laons uk] vkfnoklh vfLerk] ukjh l”kDrhdj.k ds Loj vkSj la?k’kZ dks
O;kid :i lsa izLrqr djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa

fueZyk iqrqy dk tUe 6 ekpZ] lu~ 1972 dks nqèkuh d:ok xk¡o]
ftyk nqedk ¼laFkky ijxuk] >kj[kaM½ esa gqvk gSA buds firk dk uke LoxhZ; fljhy
eqeZw vkSj ekrk dk uke Jherh dkafnuh gkalnk gSA fueZyk us viuh izkjafHkd f”k{kk
nqèkuh dq:ok xk¡o ls vkSj nqedk ftyk ls Lukrd dh i<+kbZ jktuhfr“kkL= fo"k; esa
[Link] dh gSA vkius Lukrd dh i<+kbZ djus ds ckn uflaZx esa fMIyksek Hkh fd;k gSA bUgsa
larkyh] fgUnh] vaxtzs h] Hkkstiqjh] ukxiqjh] ckaXyk] [kksjBk vkfn Hkk’kkvksa dk Hkh Kku gSA

fueZyk iqrqy yxHkx 15&16 o"kksZa ls f”k{kk] lkekftd fodkl] ekuokfèkdkj vkSj
vkfnoklh efgykvksa ds lexz mRFkku ds fy, O;fDrxr] lkewfgd vkSj laLFkkxr Lrj
ij viuh lgHkkfxrk fuHkkrh vkbZ gaSA os vusd jkT; Lrjh;] jk’Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
laLFkkvksa ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gSa vusd laxBuksa rFkk laLFkkvksa dh laLFkkid lnL;k Hkh gSaA
fueZyk iqrqy us vkfnoklh efgykvksa ds mRFkku ds fy, fofHkUu eqn~nksa ij dk;Z Hkh
fd;k gS tSls foLFkkiu vkSj iyk;u dh leL;k] efgykvksa ds LokLF;] f”k{kk]
“kks"k.k&mRihM+u] tsaMj laons u”khyrk] vU;k; ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkuk] ekuokfèkdkj
vkSj laifÙk ij vfèkdkj vkfnA f”k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh bUgksua s xzkeh.k] nfyr] vkfnoklh
vkSj vkfne tutkfr efgykvksa ds chp f”k{kk vkSj tkx:drk dk dk;Z fd;k gSA
lkekftd {ks= esa tSls thou js[kk VªLV] larky ijxuk dh laLFkkid lfpo] >kj[kaM
us”kuy ,yk;al vkWQ ohesu] >kj[kaMh Hkk’kk] lkfgR;] laLd`fr v[kkM+k] tu laLÑfr
eap ¼mikè;{k½] dsUnzh; lfefr] fnYyh ls os lac) gSaA blds vykok fueZyk iqrqy
LokLF; ifjpkf;dk ds :i esa larky ijxuk ds xzkeh.k bykdksa esa Hkh dk;Z djrh gSaA
orZeku esa nqèkuh d:ok xk¡o] >kj[kaM dh iapk;r Lrj dh eqf[k;k ¼ljiap½ gSaA

fgUnh esa izdkf”kr buds rhu dfork&laxzg vkSj ,d larkyh Hkk’kk esa dfork laxzg
izdkf”kr gks pqds gSa %
1- *uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs “kCn* Hkkjrh; KkuihB] ubZ fnYyh]
2- *vius ?kj dh ryk“k es*a [Link] [Link]”ku] ubZ fnYyh]
3- ^cs?kj lius^] vkèkkj izdk”ku]
4- vkslM
as g+ as & larkyh Hkk’kk esa fyf[kr dkO; laxzgA
buds pfpZr dfork laxzgksa ds Hkhrj dqN izeq[k dfork,¡ gSa tks lks”ky ehfM;k ij Hkh
Nk;h gqbZ gS]a ftuesa &^ej ds Hkh vej jgrs gSa lPpkbZ ds fy, yM+us okys^] ^ck¡l^] ^eSua s
vius vkaxu esa xqykc yxk,^] ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!^] ^,d ckj fQj^] ^D;k rqe 245
 tkurs gks^] ^D;k gw¡ eSa rqEgkjs fy,---^] ^txexkrh jks“kfu;ksa ls nwj v¡èksjksa ls f?kjk vkneh^]
^viuh tehu ryk“krh cspSu L=h^] ^vkfnoklh fL=;k¡^] ^ckgkequh^] ^fcfV;k eqeZw ds
fy,&1^] ^fcfV;k eqeZw ds fy,&2^] ^fcfV;k eqeZw ds fy,&3^] ^vkfnoklh yM+fd;ksa ds ckjs
es^a ] ^pqM+dk lksjus ls^] ^dqN er dgks ltksuh fdLdw!^] ^rqEgsa vkifÙk gS^] ^dqN Hkh rks cpk
ugha lds rqe^] ^vxj rqe esjh txg gksr^s ] ^feVk ikvksxs lc dqN^] ^vk[k+fj dgsa rks
fdlls dgs^a ] ^tc Vscqy ij xqynLrs dh txg cslyjh dh cksrysa ltrh gSa^] *fiypw
cw<+h ls^] ^xtjk cspus okyh L=h^] ^og tks vDlj rqEgkjh idM+ ls NwV tkrk gS^]
*v[kckj csprh yM+dh*] ^LoxZoklh firk ds uke ikrh* vkfn egÙ[Link] dfork,¡
¼ladfyr½ gSaA
i=&if=dkvksa esa budh vusd jpuk,¡ izdkf”kr gks pqdh gSaA vkdk”[Link] ,oa nwjn”kZu]
jkaph] Hkkxyiqj ,oa fnYyh ls budh vusd dgkfu;k¡]s dforkvksa vkSj vkys[kksa dk
izlkj.k Hkh gks pqdk gSA budh dfork,¡ vusd fo|ky;ksa vkSj fo”ofo|ky;ksa dh ikB~;
iqLrdksa esa i<+kbZ tkrh gSAa budh dforkvksa dk vuqokn iatkch] vaxt zs h] mnwZ] dUuM+]
ejkBh] ukxiqjh rFkk usikyh Hkk’kkvksa esa Hkh gqvk gSA bUgksaus le; le; ij LFkkuh; rFkk
jk’Vªh; Lrj dh vusd if=dkvksa ds laiknu vkSj lg laiknu dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k gSA

 lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh }kjk lkfgR; lEeku lu~ 2001 esa izkIr gqvkA
 >kj[kaM ljdkj }kjk jktdh; lEeku lu~ 2006 esa rFkk dyk& laLd`fr]
[ksydwn ,oa ;qok dk;Z foHkkx }kjk lEekfur o iqjL—r Hkh fd;k x;k gSaA
 eqdqV fcgkjh ljkst Le`fr lEeku] Xokfy;j }kjk lu~ 2006 esa izkIr gqvkA
 Hkkjr vkfnoklh lEeku] fetksje ljdkj }kjk lu~ 2006 esa izkIr gqvkA
 fgUnh lkfgR; ifj"kn] eSFku }kjk lEeku lu~ 2006 esa izkIr gqvkA
 Ckukjlh izlkn Hkkstiqjh lEeku] fcgkj }kjk lu~ 2007 esa izkIr gqvkA
 Ekgkjk"Vª jkT; fgUnh lkfgR; vdkneh }kjk lEeku lu~ 2008 esa izkIr
gqvkA
 jk’Vªh; ;qok iqjLdkj] Hkkjrh; Hkk’kk ifj"kn dksydkrk }kjk lu~ 2009 esa izkIr
gqvkA
 'kSyfç;k Le`fr U;kl dh vksj ls “kSyfiz;k lEeku] lu~ 2013 esa izkIr gqvkA
vr% fueZyk iqrqy ds thou ifjp; ds vkèkkj ij Li"V gS fd vkfnoklh dfork ds {ks=
esa budh jpukvksa dk egÙ[Link] LFkku gSA

ckck!
eq>s mruh nwj er C;kguk
tgk¡ eq>ls feyus tkus [k+kfrj
?kj dh cdfj;k¡ cspuh iM+s rqEgsa
246
er C;kguk ml ns“k esa
tgk¡ vkneh ls T+;knk
Ôoj clrs gksa
taxy unh igkM+ ugÈ gksa tgk¡
ogk¡ er dj vkuk esjk yxu
ogk¡ rks drà ugÈ
tgk¡ dh lM+dksa ij
eku ls Hkh T+;knk rst+ nkSM+rh gksa eksVj&xkfM;k¡
Å¡p&s Å¡ps edku
vkSj nqdkusa gksa cM+h&cM+h
ml ?kj ls er tksMu+ k esjk fj“rk
ftl ?kj esa cM+k&lk [kqyk vk¡xu u gks
eqxZs dh ck¡x ij tgk¡ gksrh uk gks lqcg
vkSj 'kke fiNokMs+ ls tgk¡
igkMh+ ij Mwcrk lwjt uk fn[ks A
er pquuk ,slk oj
tks ikspkà ¼1½ vkSj gafM;k esa
Mwck jgrk gks vDlj
dkfgy fudEek gks
ekfgj gks esys ls yM+fd;k¡ mM+k ys tkus esa
,slk oj er pquuk esjh [k+kfrj
dksà Fkkjh yksVk rks ugÈ
fd ckn esa tc pkgw¡xh cny ywx
¡ h
vPNk&[k+jkc gksus ij
tks ckr&ckr esa
ckr djs ykBh&MaMs dh
fudkys rhj&èkuq"k dqYgkMh+
tc pkgs pyk tk, caxky] vklke] d“ehj
,slk oj ugÈ pkfg, eq>s
vkSj mlds gkFk esa er nsuk esjk gkFk
ftlds gkFkksa us dHkh dksà isM+ ugÈ yxk;k
Qlysa ugÈ mxkà ftu gkFkksa us
ftu gkFkksa us ugÈ fn;k dHkh fdlh dk lkFk
fdlh dk cks> ugÈ mBk;k
247
 vkSj rks vkSj
tks gkFk fy[kuk ugÈ tkurk gks ÞgÞ ls gkFk
mlds gkFk esa er nsuk dHkh esjk gkFk
C;kguk rks ogk¡ C;kguk
tgk¡ lqcg tkdj
'kke dks ykSV ldks iSny
eSa dHkh nq%[k esa jksš bl ?kkV
rks ml ?kkV unh esa Luku djrs rqe
lqudj vk ldks esjk d#.k foyki-------
egqvk dk yV vkSj
[ktwj dk xqM+ cukdj Hkst ldw¡ lUns“k
rqEgkjh [k+kfrj
mèkj ls vkrs&tkrs fdlh ds gkFk
Hkst ldw¡ díw&dksgMk] [ks[klk ¼2½ cjcêh ¼3½
le;&le; ij xksxks ds fy, Hkh
esyk gkV tkrs&tkrs
fey lds dksà viuk tks
crk lds ?kj&xk¡o dk gky&pky
fprdcjh xS;k ds C;kus dh [k+cj
ns lds tks dksà mèkj ls xqtjrs
,slh txg esa C;kguk eq>s
ml ns“k C;kguk
tgk¡ Ôoj de vkneh T+;knk jgrs gksa
cdjh vkSj 'ksj
,d ?kkV ij ikuh ihrs gksa tgk¡
ogÈ C;kguk eq>s!
mlh ds lax C;kguk tks
dcwrj ds tksM+ vkSj iaMqd ¼4½ i{kh dh rjg
jgs gjne lkFk
?kj&ckgj [ksrksa esa dke djus ls ysdj
jkr lq[k&nq%[k ck¡Vus rd
pquuk oj ,slk
tks ctkrk gksa ck¡lqjh lqjhyh
vkSj <ksy&ek¡nj ctkus esa gks ikjaxr
clar ds fnuksa esa yk lds tks jkst+
248 esjs twM+s dh [k+kfrj iyk“k ds Qwy
 ftlls [kk;k ugÈ tk,
esjs Hkw[ks jgus ij
mlh ls C;kguk eq>As

1- vkfnokfl;ksa dh ns“kh 'kjkc ftls pkoy ls cukrs gSa

2- lfCt;ksa ds izdkj
3- chUl tSlh ,d lCth
4- tksMs+ esa jgus ds fy, çfl)

fueZyk iqrqy ,d vkfnoklh dof;=h ds :i esa izfl) gSaA fueZyk iqrqy ewyr% larkyh
Hkk’kk dh dof;=h gSAa buds rhuksa dfork laxzg cgqr pfpZr jgs gSAa ;g dfork buds
igys dfork laxzg *uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs “kCn* ls yh xbZ gSA dfork ds “kh’kZd ls
gh ;g vFkZ èofur gksrk gS fd ,d vkfnoklh ckyk ¼L=h½ vius ckck ls fookg iwoZ
d#.k vkg~oku dj jgh gS fd ckck eq>s viuh laLd`fr] unh] igkM+] taxy vkSj vius
ls vfèkd nwj er Hkstuk] D;ksafd ;gh og txg gS tgk¡ esjh viuh vfLerk gSA
fueZyk iqrqy dk dfork laxgz ^uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs “kCn* dh ,d pfpZr dfork
^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!^ esa foLFkkiu dh leL;k] L=h vfLerk dk loky] psruk
dk loky] [Link]; dk vfèkdkj u gksuk] vkfnoklh laLÑfr vkSj lkSUn;Z ls nwj gksus dh
leL;k dk [Link] gSA budh dfork ,d psruk Hkh iSnk djrh gS vkSj lkspus ij etcwj
Hkh djrh gS fd ,d dof;=h us ,slh jpuk D;ksa dh gS\ bl dfork esa L=h thou ds
iz'u] vkfnokfl;ksa ls tqM+s iz'u vkSj bl O;oLFkk ls tqM+s iz'u Hkh gSa] tks ikBdksa dks
cspuS djrs gSa vkSj lkspus ij etcwj djrs gSaA
mi;qZDr dfork esa fueZyk iqrqy fy[krh gSa fd ckck ¼firk½ esjk fookg mruh nwj esa er
djuk] tgk¡ eq>ls feyus vkus ds fy, rqedks viuh cdfj;k¡ cspuh iM+As esjk fookg
ml ns”k esa er djuk tgk¡ vkneh ls T;knk bZ”oj clrs gksa vkSj tgk¡ taxy] unh]
igkM+ ugha gksA ogk¡ esjk yxu ¼fj”rk½ er dj vkukA ml txg rks fcYdqy Hkh esjk
fookg er djuk tgk¡ lM+dksa ij eku&lEeku ls T;knk rst nkSMr+ h gks eksVj&xkfM+;k¡A
tgk¡ cM+s Å¡p& s Å¡ps edku vkSj cM+h&cM+h nqdkusa gkaAs dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd cM+s “kgjksa
esa O;fDr ds eku&lEeku ls vfèkd egÙo iSls okyksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA ftlds ikl
vfèkd èku] eksVj&xkfM+;k¡] cM+s vkSj Å¡ps edku rFkk cM+h nqdkusa gksrh gSa mUgsa gh lcls
cM+k ekudj egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ xkfM+;ksa dh j¶rkj rst gksrh gS ogk¡ O;fDr dh
e`R;q Hkh gks tk,] rks yksxksa dks QdZ ugha iM+rkA
dof;=h ;gk¡ ij “kgjh laLd`fr dh vksj b”kkjk djrs gq, fy[k jgh gSa fd tgk¡ ij
yksx Å¡p& s Å¡ps edku vkSj can dejs okyk ?kj cuok ysrs gSa] tgk¡ dksbZ [kqyh txg
ugha gksrh gS ogk¡ thou ?kqVu Hkjk gks tkrk gSA cM+h txgksa ij dksbs Z Hkh vius ?kjksa ij 249
 eqxZ&s eqxhZ ugha ikyrs] ftlls lqcg eqxZs dh ckax dh vkokt Hkh ugha vkrh gSA dof;=h
vius vkfnoklh thou “kSyh ds ml vfHkUu va”k dks crk jgh gSa ftlls fnu dk
“kqHkkjaHk eqxZas dh ckax ls vkSj “kke igkM+h ij Mwcrs lwjt ds lkFk gksrh gS blhfy, og
dgrh gaS fd esjk fj”rk ml ?kj esa er dj vkuk] ftl ?kj esa cM+k [kqyk vkaxu u gksA
lqcg eqxZs dh ckax lqukbZ u nss vkSj “kke esa tgk¡ igkM+h ij Mwcrk lwjt u fn[kkbZ ns]
ml txg ;k ?kj ls esjk fj”rk er tksM+ukA
mi;qZDr dfork esa dof;=h vkxs fy[krh gaS fd ckck esjs fy, ,slk oj Hkh er pquuk
tks ges”kk “kjkc ds u”ks vkSj gfM+;k esa Mwck gqvk gksA ckck esjs fy, ,slk oj Hkh er
pquuk tks O;fDr dksbZ dke&èkke uk djrk gks vkSj dsoy “kjkc ihrk gks vkSj esys ls
yM+fd;k¡ Hkxkrk gks] ,slk oj esjs fy, er pquuk D;ksafd og dksbZ Fkkjh&yksVk ¼ihry]
dkal ;k LVhy dk crZu½ rks ugha gS ftls vPNk ;k [kjkc yxus ij nqdku tkdj
cnyk tk lds vkSj tks NksVh&NksVh lh ckr ij ekjus ds fy, ykBh&MaMs dk mi;ksx
djrk gks vkSj tc pkgs rhj&èkuq"k vkSj dqYgkM+h fudkydj eq>s NksM+dj dgha Hkh
caxky] vklke vkSj d”ehj Hkkx tk;s ,slk oj esjs fy, er pqukukA
dof;=h vkxs fy[krh gSa fd ckck] eq>s ,slk oj ugha pkfg, vkSj esjk gkFk fdlh ,sls
vkneh ds gkFk esa ugha nsuk] ftlus dHkh vius gkFkksa ls isM+&ikSèks ugha yxk;s gksa] u gh
dHkh Qlysa mxkbZ gka]s u gh mlds gkFkksa us dHkh fdlh dh lgk;rk dh gks] u gh mlus
dHkh fdlh dk cks> mBk;k gks vkSj rks vkSj mls ^g* ls gkFk fy[kuk Hkh ugha vkrk gks]
,sls vkneh ds gkFk esa esjk gkFk er nsuk ckckA vFkkZr~ ftl vkneh dks isM& + ikSèks ;k
Qly yxkuh ugha vkrh vkSj u gh mlus dHkh fdlh ds cks> dks mBkus esa lgk;rk
dh gks] u gh og Bhd <ax ls i<+k-fy[kk gks ,slk vkneh esjs thou dks dHkh [kq”kgky
ugha cuk ldrk D;ksafd u rks og dHkh esjh enn djsxk vkSj u gh thou dks le>
ik;sxk blfy, ckck eq>s ,slk oj ugha pkfg,A
dof;=h vkxs fy[krh gSa fd mls dSlk oj pkfg,A og fy[krh gSa fd ;fn C;kguk gks
rks eq>s ,sls ?kj esa C;kguk tgk¡ rqe lqcg tkdj “kke rd iSny ykSV ldksA ;fn dHkh
eSa nq[k ds dkj.k unh dh ?kkV ij cSB dj jksš rks rqe ml ?kkV Luku djrs gq, esjh
d#.k foyki lqu ldksA eSa viuk lan”s kk rqEgkjs fy, tc Hkh Hkstw¡ rks lkFk esa egqvk
dk yV vkSj [ktwj dk xqM+ cukdj Hkst ldw¡A mèkj vkrs&tkrs fdlh O;fDr ds gkFk
rqEgkjs fy, vius ?kj esa mxus okyh lCth tSls dn~nw ¼dqEgM+k½] dksgM+k ¼jf[k;k½]
[ks[klh vkSj cjcêh Hkst ldw¡A le;&le; ij xksxks ¼ek¡½ ds fy, Hkh dqN Hkstus esa eSa
l{ke jgw¡A tc Hkh esyk&cktkj vkrs&tkrs ;fn dksbZ viuk fey tk, rks og eq>s
vius xk¡o vkSj ?kj dk gky&pky crk ldsA fprdcjh xk; ds C;kgus dh [kcj mèkj
ls xqtjrs gq, tks crk lds] ,slh txg ij esjk fookg djukA ,sls ns”k ;k ,slh txg
fookg djuk tgk¡ Hkxoku ugha vkneh T;knk jgrs gksa vkSj tgk¡ “ksj vkSj cdjh nksuksa
unh ds ,d gh ?kkV dk ikuh ihrs gksAa dof;=h ds dgus dk eryc gS fd tgk¡
lekurk gks] Å¡p&uhp] tkfr&ikafr dk Hksn Hkko u gks ogha viuh csVh dk fookg djuk
mfpr gSA
fueZyk iqrqy vkxs dgrh gSa fd mlh ds lkFk esjk fookg djuk tks ges”kk esjs lkFk jgs]
250 ?kj vkSj ckgj] [ksrksa esa dke djus ls ysdj jkr dks lq[k&nq%[k ck¡Vus rd tks esjk lkFk
ns] tSls dcwrj dk tksMk+ vkSj iaMqd i{kh dk tksM+k lnSo lkFk jgrk gSA oSls gh og
esjs lkFk jgsA dof;=h dgrh gaS fd ,slk oj pquuk tks lqjhyh ck¡lqjh vkSj <ksy&ek¡nj
ctkus esa fuiq.k ¼ikjaxr½ gksA tc Hkh clar _rq vk;s rks og esjs twMs+ esa ltkus ds fy,
iyk”k ds Qwy ysdj vk, vkSj eSa ;fn Hkw[kh gw¡ rks mlls Hkh [kk;k u tk lds vFkkZr~
oj ,slk pquuk tks izes djus okyk gks] esjs Ja`xkj dk Hkh [;ky j[kus okyk gksA eSa Hkw[kh
jgw¡ rks mlls Hkh [kk;k u tk;s] ,slk gh oj pquukA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g dfork vkfnoklh vfookfgr L=h dh d#.k iqdkj gSA
og vius oj dk pquko Lo;a ugha dj ldrh gS blfy, og vius ckck ls vius eu
dh bPNk dks laons u”khy rjhds ls O;Dr dj jgh gS rkfd mlds lkFk fdlh rjg
dk vU;k; u gkss lds vkSj og viuh laLd`fr] ty] taxy vkSj igkM+ ds vkl&ikl
fdlh lq;ksX; oj ds lkFk [kq”kgkyh Hkjk thou-;kiu dj ldsA
iwjh dfork esa vkfnoklh Hkwfe vkSj lekt dh okLrfodrk dks dof;=h us izLrqr fd;k
gSA ,d vfookfgr vkfnoklh L=h ds fy, Hkwfe] mldk leqnk; vkSj izd`fr dk lkSna ;Z
dkQh egÙ[Link] gSA oLrqr% ;g dfork vkfnoklh {ks= esa jgus okyh ;qorh dk ;FkkFkZ
fp= ek= u gksdj lewph Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh L=h dh d#.k iqdkj gSA L=h pkgs “kgjh]
egkuxjh;] xzkeh.k ;k vkfnoklh bykds dh gks og ;gh pkgrh gS fd mldk tks
ifjos”k gS] mlds vkl&ikl dh tks laLd`fr gS tks thou “kSyh gS og lc dqN fookg
ds ckn u NwVs blfy, og L=h vius firk ls viuh bPNk dks d#.k iqdkj ds :i
esa igys gh crk nsuk pkgrh gSA ;g dfork mu reke csfV;ksa dh vksj ls gS tks fookg
ls iwoZ vius firk ls vius eu dh ckr cksydj ;g crkrh gS fd mldks dSlk oj
pkfg, vkSj dSlk oj ugha pkfg,A

fueZyk iqrqy >kj[kaM dh jgus okyh gSa vkSj os ftl bykds ls vkrh gSa og vkfnoklh
bykdk gS blfy, mudh dforkvksa esa vkfnoklh thou “kSyh dh >yd vfèkd ns[kus
dks feyrh gSA vkfnokfl;ksa ds fy, vkfFkZd vkèkkj ty] taxy vkSj tehu gh gksrs gSaA
;s yksx tehu dks viuh ekr`Hkwfe ekurs gSAa bUgksua s vius iqj[kksa ls pyh vk jgh
ijaijkvksa dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA bUgksaus viuh blh èkjrh ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa
thou dh ryk”k dh gS blhfy, os vius ty] taxy] tehu vkSj viuh laLd`fr ls
cgqr izes djrs gSaA lnSo os blls tqM+s jguk pkgrs gSaA iqjkus le; esa vkfnoklh
leqnk; dh fL=;ksa dks viuk oj ¼thoulkFkh½ pquus dk iwjk vfèkdkj gksrk FkkA ijUrq
tc fL=;ksa ls ;s vfèkdkj Nhu fy, x,] rc fL=;ksa dks vius ?kj esa vius firk ;k
cM+& s cqtqxksZa ls vPNs oj dh [kkfrj iqdkj yxkuh iM+ jgh gSA dfork esa ge ns[k ldrs
gSa fd iq=h d#.k iqdkj ds lkFk fouez fuosnu dj jgh gS fd ckck esjk fookg ,slh
txg er dj nsuk tgk¡ ty] taxy vkSj tehu eq>ls nwj gks tk,A
fueZyk iqrqy dh dfork ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!^ ^uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs “kCn*
dfork laxzg ls yh xbZ gSA ;g ,d pfpZr dfork gSA blesa L=h vfLerk dk loky]
psruk dk loky] [Link]; dk vfèkdkj u gksuk] vkfnoklh laLÑfr] foLFkkiu dh leL;k
vkSj vkfnoklh ds thou lkSUn;Z ls nwj gksus dh leL;k gSA 251
 fueZyk iqrqy dh ;g dfork bl ckr dk izek.k izLrqr djrh gS fd vkfnoklh ckyk
¼L=h½ vkt viuk oj Lo;a ugha pqu ik jgh gS blfy, og vius ckck ¼firk½ ls dgrh
gS %
¼1½
ckck!
eq>s mruh nwj er C;kguk
tgk¡ eq>ls feyus tkus [kkfrj
?kj dh cdfj;k¡ cspuh iM+s rqEgs
er C;kguk ml ns“k esa
tgk¡ vkneh ls T;knk
bZ“oj clrs gksa
taxy unh igkM+ ugha gksa tgk¡
ogk¡ er dj vkuk esjk yxu
mi;qZDr iafDr;k¡ fueZyk iqrqy dh dfork *mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* ls yh xbZ gSA
izLrqr dkO;ka”k esa dof;=h us vkfnoklh yM+dh dh C;kg lacèa kh bPNk dk dkQh ekfeZd
fp=.k fd;k gSA
dof;=h dgrh gSa fd ckck ¼firk½ esjk fookg mruh nwj er djuk] tgk¡ eq>ls
feyus vkus ds fy, rqedks viuh cdfj;k¡ cspuh iM+As iq=h vius firk dh vkfFkZd
gkyr ls Hkh ifjfpr gSA og tkurh gS fd ;fn firk us mldk fookg cgqr nwj fdlh
“kgj ;k nwljh txg esa dj fn;k rks mlls feyus vkus ds fy, mlds ikl iSls ugha
gkax
s s vkSj firk dks viuh cdfj;k¡ cspuh iM+saxhA vkxs og dgrh gSa fd esjk fookg
ml ns”k esa er djuk tgk¡ vkneh ls T;knk bZ”oj clrs gksa vkSj tgk¡ taxy] unh]
igkM+ ugha gksA ;gk¡ iq=h vius firk ls dgrh gS fd esjk fookg ml ns”k ;k nwljs
“kgj esa er djuk tgk¡ vkneh ls T;knk bZ”oj clrs gSa] vFkkZr~ tgk¡ lkearh ;k
iwathoknh ekufldrk ds yksx Lo;a dks Hkxoku vkSj nwljksa ls mPp le>rs gSaA ,sls
yksx tgk¡ clrs gSa] ogk¡ Hksn&Hkko vkSj Å¡p&uhp dk QdZ djrs gSaA ;gk¡ dof;=h
,d vkfnoklh yM+dh ds ekè;e ls dgrh gSa fd ogk¡ eq>s er C;kguk] tgk¡ taxy]
unh] igkM+ ugha gksaA
fo”ks"k % ¼d½ vkfnoklh laLd`fr dk fp=.k gS
¼[k½ “kgjh laL—fr dk fp=.k gS
¼x½ vkfnoklh thou dk d#.k fp=.k gS
¼?k½ Hkk’kk ljy vkSj lgt gS
¼³½ *vkneh* vkSj *bZ”oj* izrhdkRed “kCn gSA
***
252
 ¼2½
ogk¡ rks drbZ ugha
tgk¡ dh lM+dksa ij
eku ls Hkh T;knk rst nkSM+rh gksa eksVj&xkfM+;k¡
Å¡p&s Å¡ps edku
vkSj nqdkusa gksa cM+h&cM+h
ml ?kj ls er tksMu+ k esjk fj“rk
ftl ?kj esa cM+k&lk [kqyk vk¡xu u gks
eqxZs dh ck¡x ij tgk¡ gksrh uk gks lqcg
vkSj 'kke fiNokMs ls tgk¡
igkMh ij Mwcrk lwjt uk fn[ksA
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa dof;=h dgrh gSa fd ogk¡ ml txg rks fcYdqy gh esjk fookg
er djuk tgk¡ lM+dksa ij eku&lEeku ls T;knk rst nkSM+rh gkas eksVj&xkfM+;k¡A tgk¡
cM+s Å¡p& s Å¡ps edku vkSj cM+h&cM+h nqdkusa gksaA dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd cM+s “kgjksa esa
O;fDr ds eku&lEeku ls vfèkd egÙo T;knk iSlksa okyksa dks fn;k tkrk gS] ftuds
ikl vfèkd èku] eksVj&xkfM+;k¡] cM+s vkSj Å¡ps edku rFkk cM+h nqdkusa gksrh gSAa ogk¡
xkfM+;ksa dh j¶rkj rst gksrh gSA O;fDr dh e`R;q Hkh gks tk, rks ogk¡ yksxksa dks QdZ ugha
iM+rkA
dof;=h ;gk¡ ij “kgjh laLd`fr dh vksj b”kkjk djrs gq, fy[k jgh gSa fd tgk¡ ij
yksx Å¡p& s Å¡ps edku vkSj can dejs okyk ?kj cuok ysrs gSa] tgk¡ dksbZ [kqyh txg
ugha gksrh gS ogk¡ thou ?kqVu Hkjk gks tkrk gSA cM+h txgksa ij dksbs Z Hkh vius ?kjksa ij
eqxZ&s eqxhZ ugha ikyrs] ftlls lqcg eqxZs dh ckax dh vkokt Hkh ugha vkrh gSA dof;=h
vius vkfnoklh thou “kSyh ds ml vfHkUu va”k dks crk jgh gSa ftlls fnu dk
“kqHkkjaHk eqxZas dh ckax ls vkSj “kke igkM+h ij Mwcrs lwjt ds lkFk gksrh gS blhfy, og
dgrh gS fd esjk fj”rk ml ?kj esa er dj vkuk] ftl ?kj esa cM+k [kqyk vkaxu u gksA
lqcg eqxZs dh ckax lqukbZ u nss vkSj “kke esa tgk¡ igkM+h ij Mwcrk lwjt u fn[kkbZ ns]
ml txg ;k ?kj ls esjk fj”rk er tksM+ukA

1- ;gk¡ dof;=h us vkfnoklh yM+fd;ksa dh bPNk dks vfHkO;fDr nh gSA

2- vkfnoklh laL—fr dh ;gk¡ >yd feyrh gSA
3- Hkk’kk dkQh ljy vkSj lgt gSA
¼3½
er pquuk ,slk oj
tks ikspkbZ] vkSj gafM;k esa
Mwck jgrk gks vDlj
253
 dkfgy fudEek gks
ekfgj gks esys ls yM+fd;k¡ mM+k ys tkus esa
,slk oj er pquuk esjh [kkfrj
dksbZ Fkkjh yksVk rks ugha
fd ckn esa tc pkgw¡xh cny ywx ¡ h
vPNk&[kjkc gksus ij
tks ckr&ckr esa
ckr djs ykBh&MaMs dh
fudkys rhj&èkuq"k dqYgkMh
tc pkgs pyk tk, caxky] vklke] d“ehj
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa dof;=h fy[krh gSa fd ckck esjs fy, ,slk oj Hkh er pquuk tks
ges”kk “kjkc ds u”ks vkSj gfM+;k esa Mwck gqvk gks vFkkZr~ tks dsoy “kjkc ihus vkSj [kkus
esa Mwck jgs] dksbZ dke&èkke u djrk gks vkSj ekfgj ¼mLrkn½ gks] èkwrZ gksAs tks esys
¼mRlo okyk gkV&cktkj½ls yM+fd;k¡s dks Qalkdj vius lkFk ys tkrk gks] ,slk oj
esjs fy, er pquukA og dksbZ Fkkjh&yksVk rks ugha gS tks vPNk ;k [kjkc gks rks] eSa tc
pkgs cny ywx ¡ hA tks ckr&ckr esa ykBh&MaMs fudkydj ekjus yxs vkSj rhj&?kuq"k vkSj
dqYgkM+h fudkydj tc pkgs caxky] vle vkSj d”ehj Hkkx tk;s vFkkZr~ tks O;fDr
dksbZ dke&èkke uk djrk gks vkSj dsoy “kjkc ihrk gks vkSj esys ls yM+fd;k¡ Hkxkrk
gks] ,slk oj esjs fy, er pquuk D;ksfa d og dksbZ Fkkjh&yksVk ¼ihry] dkal ;k LVhy
dk crZu½ rks ugha gS ftls vPNk ;k [kjkc yxus ij nqdku tkdj cnyk tk lds vkSj
tks NksVh&NksVh lh ckr ij ekjus ds fy, ykBh&MaMs dk mi;ksx djrk gks vkSj tc
pkgrk gks rhj&èkuq"k vkSj dqYgkM+h fudkydj eq>s NksM+dj dgha Hkh caxky] vle vkSj
d”ehj Hkkx tk;s ,slk oj esjs fy, er pqukukA
¼4½
,slk oj ugha pkfg, eq>s
vkSj mlds gkFk esa er nsuk esjk gkFk
ftlds gkFkksa us dHkh dksbZ isM+ ugha yxk;k
Qlysa ugha mxkbZ ftu gkFkksa us
ftu gkFkksa us ugha fn;k dHkh fdlh dk lkFk
fdlh dk cks> ugh mBk;k
vkSj rks vkSj
tks gkFk fy[kuk ugha tkurk gks ^g^ ls gkFk
mlds gkFk esa er nsuk dHkh esjk gkFk
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa dof;=h dgrh gSa fd ckck] eq>s ,slk oj ugha pkfg, vkSj esjk gkFk
fdlh ,sls vkneh ds gkFk esa ugha nsuk] ftlus dHkh vius gkFkksa ls isM+&ikSèks ugha yxk,
gks]a u gh dHkh Qlysa mxkbZ gksa] u gh mlds gkFkksa us dHkh fdlh dh lgk;rk dh gks]
u gh mlus dHkh fdlh dk cks> mBk;k gks vkSj rks vkSj mls ^g* ls gkFk fy[kuk Hkh
254
ugha vkrk gks] ,sls vkneh ds gkFk esa esjk gkFk er nsuk ckckA vFkkZr~ ftl vkneh dks
isM&+ ikSèks ;k Qly yxkuh ugha vkrh vkSj u gh mlus dHkh fdlh ds cks> dks mBkus
esa lgk;rk dh gks] u gh og Bhd <ax ls i<+k fy[kk gks] ,slk vkneh esjs thou dks
dHkh [kq”kgky ugha cuk ldrk] D;ksfa d u gh og dHkh esjh enn djsxk vkSj u gh
thou dks le> ik;sxk blfy, ckck eq>s ,slk oj ugha pkfg,A
¼5½
C;kguk rks ogk¡ C;kguk
tgk¡ lqcg tkdj
'kke dks ykSV ldks iSny
eSa dHkh nq%[k esa jksš bl ?kkV
rks ml ?kkV unh esa Luku djrs rqe
lqudj vk ldks esjk d#.k foyki------
egqvk dk yV vkSj
[ktwj dk xqM+ cukdj Hkst ldw¡ lUns“k
rqEgkjh [kkfrj
mèkj ls vkrs&tkrs fdlh ds gkFk
Hkst ldw¡ díw&dksgMk] [ks[klk] cjcêh]
le;&le; ij xksxks ds fy, Hkh
esyk gkV tkrs&tkrs
fey lds dksbZ viuk tks
crk lds ?kj&xk¡o dk gky&pky
fprdcjh xS;k ds C;kus dh [kcj
ns lds tks dksbZ mèkj ls xqtjrs
,slh txg esa C;kguk eq>s
vHkh rd dof;=h us fy[kk fd ckck esjs fy, ,slk oj er pquukA vc og viuh bPNk
crkrh gSa fd mls fdl txg ij tkuk gS vkSj mldks dSlk oj pkfg,A og fy[krh
gSa fd ;fn C;kguk gks rks eq>s ,sls ?kj esa C;kguk tgk¡ rqe lqcg tkdj “kke rd iSny
ykSV ldksA ;fn dHkh eSa nq[k ds dkj.k unh dh ?kkV ij cSB dj jksš rks rqe ml ?kkV
Luku djrs gq, esjh d#.k foyki lqu ldksA vFkkZr~ esjk fookg ,slh txg ij djuk
tgk¡ lqcg tkdj “kke dks iSny ykSVk tk lds vkSj nksuksa LFkkuksa ds chp esa unh gksA
tc dHkh nq[k ds dkj.k eSa unh dh ?kkV ij jksš rks rqe viuh ml rjQ ds ?kkV esa
ugkrs gq, esjs nq[k vkSj jksus dks tku tkvksA
vkxs dof;=h dgrh gSa fd eSa viuk lan”s kk rqEgkjs fy, tc Hkh Hkst¡w rks lkFk esa egqvk
dk yV vkSj [ktwj dk xqM+ cukdj Hkst ldw¡A mèkj vkrs tkrs fdlh O;fDr ds gkFk
rqEgkjs fy, vius ?kj esa mxus okyh lCth tSls dn~nw ¼dqEgM+k½] dksgM+k ¼jf[k;k½]
[ks[klh vkSj cjcêh] Hkst ldwA¡ le;&le; ij xksxks ¼ek¡½ ds fy, Hkh eSa dqN Hkst ikus
255
 esa leFkZ jg¡Aw tc Hkh esyk&cktkj vkrs&tkrs ;fn dksbZ viuk fey tk, rks og eq>s
vius xk¡o vkSj ?kj dk gky&pky crk ldsA fprdcjh xk; ds C;kgus dh [kcj mèkj
ls xqtjrs gq, tks crk lds] ,slh txg ij esjk fookg djukA
¼6½
ml ns“k C;kguk
tgk¡ bZ“oj de vkneh T;knk jgrs gksa
cdjh vkSj 'ksj
,d ?kkV ij ikuh ihrs gksa tgk¡
ogha C;kguk eq>s!
mlh ds lax C;kguk tks
dcwrj ds tksM+ vkSj iaMqd] i{kh dh rjg
jgs gjne lkFk
?kj&ckgj [ksrksa esa dke djus ls ysdj
jkr lq[k&nq%[k ck¡Vus rd
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa dof;=h dgrh gSa fd ,sls ns”k ;k ,slh txg esjk fookg djuk]
tgk¡ Hkxoku de vkSj vkneh T;knk jgrs gksa vkSj tgk¡ “ksj vkSj cdjh nksuksa unh ds
,d gh ?kkV dk ikuh ihrs gksAa dof;=h ds dgus dk eryc gS fd tgk¡ lekurk gks]
Å¡p&uhp] tkfr&ik¡fr dk Hksn Hkko u gks] ogha vkfnoklh yM+dh fookg djuk pkgrh
gSA
dof;=h dgrh gSa mlh ds lkFk esjk fookg djuk tks ges”kk esjs lkFk jgs] ?kj vkSj
ckgj] [ksrksa esa dke djus ls ysdj jkr dks lq[k&nq%[k ck¡Vus rd tks esjk lkFk ns] mlh
rjg tSls dcwrj dk tksMk+ vkSj iaMqd i{kh dk tksMk+ lnSo lkFk jgrk gS] mlh ls esjk
fookg djukA
¼7½
pquuk oj ,slk
tks ctkrk gksa ck¡lqjh lqjhyh
vkSj <ksy&ek¡nj ctkus esa gks ikjaxr
clar ds fnuksa esa yk lds tks jkst
esjs twM+s dh [kkfrj iyk“k ds Qwy
ftlls [kk;k ugha tk,
esjs Hkw[ks jgus ij
mlh ls C;kguk eq>As
mi;qZDr i|ka”k esa dof;=h dgrh gSa fd gs ckck! Esjs fy, ,slk oj pquuk tks lqjhyh
ck¡lqjh vkSj <ksy&ek¡nj ctkus esa fuiq.k ¼ikjaxr½ gksA tc Hkh clar _rq vk;s rks og
esjs twM+s esa ltkus ds fy, iyk”k ds Qwy ysdj vk,A eSa ;fn Hkw[kh jgw¡ rks mlls Hkh
256 [kk;k u tk lds vFkkZr~ oj ,slk pquuk tks izes djus okyk gks] esjs Ja`xkj dk Hkh og
[;ky j[kus okyk gksA eSa Hkw[kh jgw¡ rks mlls Hkh [kk;k uk tk;s] gs ckck esjs fy, ,slk
gh oj pqukukA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g dfork vkfnoklh vfookfgr L=h dh d#.k iqdkj gSA
og vius oj dk pquko Lo;a ugha dj ldrh gS blfy, og vius ckck ls vius eu
dh bPNk laons u”khy rjhds ls dg jgh gS rkfd mlds lkFk fdlh rjg dk vU;k;
u gkss lds vkSj og viuh laLd`fr] ty] taxy vkSj igkM+ ds vkl&ikl fdlh lq;ksX;
oj ds lkFk [kq”kgkyh Hkjk thou-;kiu dj ldsA

1- fueZyk iqrqy ewyr% fdl Hkk’kk dh dof;=h gSa\

d½ fganh [k½ laFkkyh x½ Hkkstiqjh ?k½ ukxiqjh
2- fueZyk iqrqy fdl jkT; dh ----------------------------- gS\
d½ NRrhlx<++ [k½ mRrjk[kaM x½ >kj[kaM ?k½ gfj;[Link]
3- buesa ls dkSu vkfnoklh dof;=h ugha gS\
d½ jkst dsjdsêk [k½ xzsl dqtjw x½ vukfedk ?k½ iq"ik VsV]s
4- ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!^ dfork esa dof;=h dSlk oj pkgrh gS\
d½ rcyk ctkus esa ikjaxr gksA [k½ <ksy vkSj ek¡nj ctkus esa ikjaxr gksA
x½ u`R; esa ikjaxr gksA ?k½ buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
5- fueZyk iqrqy dks lkfgR; vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh }kjk lkfgR; lEeku fdl lu~ esa
izkIr gqvkA
d½ 2008 [k½ 2006 x½ 2013 ?k½ 2001
6- larkyh Hkk’kk esa fyf[kr fueZyk iqrqy ds dkO; laxgz dk uke D;k gS\
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7- ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!^ dfork fdl dfork laxzg ls yh xbZ gS\
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8- fueZyk iqrqy ds dksbZ nks dfork laxzg ds uke fyf[k,A
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257
 9- vkfnoklh dof;f=;ksa ds uke fyf[k,A
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10- fueZyk iqrqy ds vU; L=hoknh dforkvksa ds uke fyf[k,A
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11- ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!^ dfork esa dof;=h D;k dguk pkgrh gS\
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12- ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!^ dfork esa dof;=h dSlk oj ugha pkgrh gS\
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13- ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!^ dfork esa dof;=h dSlk oj pkgrh gS\
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6- ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!* ds }kjk fueZyk iqrqy us D;k dguk pkgk gS\
7- fueZyk iqrqy viuh dfork ds ekè;e ls vkfnokfl;ksa ds dkSUk&dkSu ls eqn~nksa dks
258 mBkrh gS\
8- fueZyk iqrqy dk thou ifjp; fyf[k,A
9- fuEufyf[kr in~;k”kksa dh lizlx
a O;k[;k dhft, %
¼d½ pquuk oj ,slk
tks ctkrk gks ckalqjh lqjhyh
vkSj <ksy&ek¡ny ctkus esa gks ikjaxrA
¼[k½ ,slk oj ugha pkfg, eq>s
vkSj mlds gkFk esa er nsuk esjk gkFk
ftlds gkFkksa us dHkh dksbZ isM+ ugha yxk;k
Qlysa ugha mxkbZ ftu gkFkksa us
ftu gkFkksa us ugha fn;k dHkh fdlh dk lkFk
fdlh dk cks> ugha mBk;kA

C;kguk % fookg
Ekkfgj % mLrkn] fo”ks"k dke djus esa vkxs jguk] fuiq.k
dkfgy fudEek % tks fcYdqy dqN dke ugha djrkA
ikspkbZ % pkoy ls cuus okyk “kjkc
gafM;k % og crZu ftlesa “kjkc] [kkuk cuk;k tkrk gSA
dn~nw % dksgM+k [ks[klk cjcV~Vh ¼,d izdkj dh lCt+h½
xksx
s ks % ek¡@ ekrk
Fkkjh % Fkkyh] Fkky] IysV ftlesa [kkuk [kk;k tkrk gSA
¼ihry] dkal ;k LVhy dk crZu½
yksVk % ikuh ds fy, ik= ¼ihry] dkal ;k LVhy dk crZu½
iaMd
q % i{kh] fpfM+;k
fprdcjh % dkys vkSj lQsn jax dk feDl jax
xS;k % xk;
esyk % ,slk cktkj tks R;ksgkj ds nkSjku gh yxrk gSA
gkV % ckt+kj

izLrqr bdkbZ esa pkj dof;f=;ksa dh L=hoknh dforkvksa ij izdk”k Mkyk x;k gSA pkjksa
dfork,¡ vyx&vyx le; ij fy[kh xbZ gSaA ;s lHkh dfork,¡ L=h thou ds eqn~nksa
dks vyx vankt esa mBkrh gaSA bu eqn~nksa esa L=h thou dk vfLrRo] otwn vkSj mudh 259
 vfLerk dh iqdkj fNih gqbZ gSA ;g bdkbZ vki ds fy, L=h foe”kZ ds lokyksa dks u;s
vankt esa izLrqr djrh gS vkSj u;s iz'u mBkrh gS fd fir`lÙkk izkjaHk ls gh ge fL=;ksa
ds lkFk D;ksa ‘kM+;=
a djrk vk;k gS\
izLrqr bdkbZ esa igyh dfork dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh *lhekjs[kk* gS tks fd rhljs rkjlIrd
esa fy[kh xbZ gSA ;g dfork L=h ds ?kj ls ckgj fudyus ij tks lhek js[kk f[akprh
vkbZ gS] mlh lhekjs[kk ds ekè;e ls loky [kM+k djrh gS fd vfXuijh{kk vkSjr dks
gh D;ksa nsuh iM+rh gS\ iq#"k D;ksa vfXuijh{kk ugha nsrk\ ge fL=;ksa ds fy, gh
lhekjs[kk D;ksa fuèkkZfjr dj nh xbZ gS] iq#"kksa ds fy, ;g lhekjs[kk D;ksa ugha gksrh gS\
bl bdkbZ esa dhfrZ pkS?kjh dk thou ifjp; vkSj dfork dk lkjka”k vkSj iwjh dfork
dh O;k[;k Hkh nh xbZ gSA
nwljh dfork dkR;k;uh dh *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* gSA bl bdkbZ esa dkR;k;uh
dk laf{kIr ifjp; O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo ds ekè;e ls fn;k x;k gSA dfork dk
lkjka”k vkSj iwjh dfork dh O;k[;k Hkh nh xbZ gSA ;g dfork uosa n”kd esa fy[kh
xbZ gSA blesa Hkh L=h ds iquthZfor gksus vkSj ftthfo"kk ds dkj.k vkRela?k’kZ dks
fn[kk;k x;k gSA dof;=h yksddFkkvksa ds vkèkkj ij L=h thou dh foMacukvksa ij
izdk”k Mkyrs gq, crkrh gS fd fir`lÙkk fL=;ksa ds otwn dks ckj&ckj u"V djrk
jgrk gS fQj Hkh ,d L=h vius vfLrRo dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fofHkUu foMacukvksa
dks >syrh gqbZ vius thou dks cpkus ds fy, iwjs vkRefo”okl ds lkFk la?k’kZjr
jgrh gS vkSj varr% og vius fy, ,d ,slh txg ryk”k ysrh gS tgk¡ og lqjf{kr
jgdj eqLdqjkrh gSA
bl bdkbZ dh rhljh dfork vukfedk dh ^cstxg* dfork gSA ;g dfork L=h foe”kZ
ls lacfa èkr gSA bl bdkbZ esa dof;=h vukfedk dk laf{kIr ifjp; O;fDrRo vkSj
d`frRo ds ekè;e ls fn;k x;k gSA cstxg^ dfork ds vFkZ vkSj mn~n”s ; ds ckn bldh
ewy lanus k vkSj varoZLrq crkbZ xbZ gSA fQj vxys fcanq esa *cstxg* dfork dh O;k[;k
dh xbZ gSA L=h ds fy, dkSu lh txg gksrh gS] bl iz'u dks ;g dfork mBkrh gSA
izLrqr bdkbZ esa pkSFkh dfork vkfnoklh dof;=h fueZyk iqrqy dh ^mruh nwj er
C;kguk ckck!* gSA bl bdkbZ esa dof;=h ds lewps O;fDrRo vkSj d`frRo ds lkFk
mudh vkfnoklh oSpkfjdh dks Hkh crk;k x;k gSA ^mruh nwj er C;kguk ckck!*
dfork esa vkfnoklh L=h ds foLFkkiu dh ihM+k] Lo;a thoulkFkh u pqu ikus dh
d#.kk] vkfnoklh vfLEkrk dh ryk”k vkSj vkfnoklh {ks= ty] taxy vkSj tehu ls
tqM+s gksus ds Hkko Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ,d vkfnoklh L=h ds fy, bu izkd`frd
phtksa ds D;k ek;us gSaA og bUgsa fdl n`f’V ls ns[krh gS vkSj D;k pkgrh gSA bl
ckr dk Hkh fo”ks"k è;ku j[kk x;k gS vkSj blh vkèkkj ij dfork dh O;k[;k dh xbZ
gSA
var esa bdkbZ dh lHkh dforkvksa dks geus mudh {kerkvksa vkSj lhekvksa ds vuq:i
js[kkafdr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vkids fy, egÙ[Link] vH;kl lacaèkh Hkh egÙ[Link]
fcUnq fn;s x, gSaA lkFk gh var esa pkjksa dforkvksa ls lacfa èkr cksèk iz'u vkSj muds mRrj
Hkh fn;s x, gSaA
260
 1- rhljk lIRkd] laiknd&vKs;] Hkkjrh; KkuihB izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh] igyk
laLdj.k&1959
2- *lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp paik* dfork laxzg] dkR;k;uh
3- [kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡] vukfedk] jkèkk—".k izdk”ku izk- fy-] ubZ fnYyh] igyk
laLdj.k&2005
4- vkfnoklh vkSj vkfnoklh lkfgR; dh voè[Link]] ohjHkkjr ryokj] rn~Hko&34]
uoacj 2016
5- laiknd dh dye ls] vkfnoklh lkfgR; foe“kZ & xaxk lgk; [Link] ¼la-½]
vukfedk çdk“ku] fnYyhA
6- fueZyk iqrqy dh dforkvksa esa vkfnoklh thou ¼vkfnoklh lkfgR; % fofoèk
vk;ke½ & larks"k rqdkjke VsydhdjA

1- ¼Xk½ r`rh; rkj lIRkd

2- ¼[k½ vKs;
3- Lkhek js[kk
4- Lkhek js[kk] ,dyO;] nkf;Ro Hkkj] yrk 1] 2 vkSj 3
5- r`rh; rkj lIRkd
6- iz;kx ukjk;.k f=ikBh] dsnkjukFk flag]dqaoj ukjk;.k] fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh]
losZ”oj n;ky lDlsuk vkSj enu okRL;k;u tSls lkfgR;dkjksa ds lkFk dhfrZ
pkSèkjh dks Hkh rhljk lIrd dk fgLlk cuk;kA dhfrZ pkSèkjh dh lkfgfR;d ;k=k ;ksa
rks cgqr yack&pkSMk+ le; vkSj l`tu lesVs gq, ugha gS ij ftruk Hkh gS] mls
fdlh rjg ls derj ugha vkadk tk ldrkA
7- nsf[k, 8-2-1
8- nsf[k, 8-2-2

1- ¼[k½ L=h foe”kZ

2- ¼d½ mRrj izn”s k
3- lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik 261
 4- lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik^] ¼1994½] bl ikS#"[Link] le; esa] psgjksa ij vk¡p] tknw
ugha dfork ¼2002½] QqVikFk ij dqlhZ ¼2009½
5- ‘kM;a=jr~ e`rkRekvksa ds chp ¼lkEçnkf;d] Qklhokn] cqf)thoh ç“u lkfgR; dh
lkekftd Hkwfedk ij dsfUær fucUèkksa dk ladyu½] dqN thoUr] dqN ToyUr
¼lekt] laL—fr vkSj lkfgR; ij dsfUær fucUèkksa dk ladyu½] çse] ijEijk vkSj
foæksg ¼“kksèkijd fucUèk½ çdkf“krA
6- nsf[k, 8-3-3

1- ¼[k½ [kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡

2- ¼d½ ykyk fVu dh NRk
3- Ikzfruk;d
4- Ckhtk{kj] nwc&èkku] le; ds “kgj esa] [kqjnqjh gFksfy;k¡] dfork esa vkSjrA
5- Eku ek¡tus dh t:jr] L=hRo dk ekufp=] L=h foe”kZ dk yksdi{kA
6- mÙkj nsf[k, 8-4-1
7- mRrj nsf[k, 8-4-3

1- ¼[k½ laFkkyh
2- ¼Xk½ >kj[kaM
3- ¼Xk½ vukfedk
4- ¼[k½ <ksy vkSj ek¡nj ctkus esa ikjaxr gksA
5- ¼?k½ 2001
6- vkslM
as g+ as &larkyh Hkk’kk esa fyf[kr dkO; laxzgA
7- *uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs “kCn*
8- *uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs “kCn* vkSj *vius ?kj dh ryk“k es*a A
9- fueZyk iqrqy] jkst dsjdsêk] xzl
s dqtwj] oanuk VsV]s iq"ik VsV]s eeax nbZ] okloh
fdM+k]s [Link] xqIrk vkSj lfjrk cM+kbd vkfn izeq[k gSaA
10- cgkequh] fcfV;k eqeZw ds fy,] D;k dgwa eSa rqEgkjs fy,] esjs ,dkar dk izo”s k }kj
vkfnA
11- dfork dh O;k[;k 8-5-4 esa ns[kaAs
12- dfork dh O;k[;k 8-5-4 esa ns[kaAs
13- dfork dh O;k[;k 8-5-4 esa ns[kaAs
262