A A Unit Il: Current Electricity Current Electricity CHAPTER Note: Ample number of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) will help you prepare in CUET Examinations. AA CURRENT ELECTRICITY | Study of rate of flow of charge.» Drift velocity (¥q) Emt of cell § In extemal electric field electron moves: a rr It is the maximum PD. across the with constant average velocity s a a 4 terminals of cell (e).XN 1, Electric Current: The rate of flow of charge in defined direction through a conductor is called electric current ‘The instantaneous value of current is given by 1 4 dt ‘When the charge flows at a constant rate, then 1 The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). Conventionally, the direction of flow of positive charge is taken as the direction of current. . Drift Velocity: Drift velocity is defined as the average velocity with which a free electron in the conductor gets drifted in a direction opposite to the direction of the applied external electric field. where m is the mass of the electron, E is the appli external electric field, and + is the relaxation time. Relayation Time: The average time interval between to successive collisions is called relaxation time and the distance covered during this time is called mean fre path. ‘Mean free path Fms velocity of electron ‘Mobility: The mobility of a charged particle is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field. -4-f a ‘The SI unit of mobility is m’/V-s and CGS unit of mobility is emPV-s. ‘The mobility of electrons is more than the mobility of holes, Relaxation time + Relation between Drift Velocity and Electric Current T= ygend. where m is the number density of free electrons and A is the area of the eross-section of the conductor. Ohm's Law and its Limitations: Ohm's law states that “the current flowing through a conductor is directly roportional to the potential difference across the ends of the conductor, provided physical conditions of the ‘conductor (temperature, mechanical strain, etc.) are kept constant.” leans) __ ‘Electr ic Current, Drift of Electrons and Origin of Resistivity, Ohm’s \ Law and its Limitations, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity, Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance, Combination of Cells Current Electricity 93 4 7 Vel v= RI where Vis potential difference, I is electric current, and Risa constant. R is called resistance of the conductor. The SI unit of resistance is ohm (2). Its value depends upon the: ( nature ofthe material, (ii) dimensions of the material, and (iif) temperature of the material. Quantitatively, R= nett imitations of Ohm's Law: There are materials and devices for which proport hold. ality of V and I does not, Deviations might be of three types — (H Potential (1) is not proportional to / | of 7 ‘The solid line represents voltage V versus current 1 for 2 good conductor (W Relation between V and / depends on the sign of V. V-1 graph for a semiconductor94 agetker eith® Physics—12 (Gti) Relation between Vand J is not unique. Negative resistance region , Nominear jf reolon + | Vv ‘Variation of current versus voltage for GaAs 7. Resistivity and Conductivity: The resistivity of a ‘material is the resistance offered by acube ofthat material having unit length of its side. “(Bh p is called the resistivity or specific resistance, m where 7 = ne*t The SI unit of resistivity is ohm-metre (Q-m). (Conductivity is the inverse ofthe resistivity of the material of a conductor, 1 > The SI unit of the conductivity is ohm” mor mho m”! or Sm 8. Conductance (G): The inverse of the resistance of a ‘conductor is called conductance. 1 o-1 R The Sl unit of conductances ohm” or mho or siemen (S). 9. Effect of Temperature on Resistance and Resistivity we PR gt Ry) ‘where a. is called the temperature coefficient of resistance. a, - —2=Po "pot =I) where a, is called the temperature coefficient of resistivity oll | = > Graph for copper Graph for nichrome TT Graph for semiconductor 10, Current Density: The current per unit area (taken normal to the current) is called current density. The SI unit of current density is Am”. It is @ vector quantity and its direction is that of the direction of electric current, Relation between j, E and o Jol A Weknow = V=IxR V= jel For a conductor of length / and uniform electric field El across it, we have Thus, where pe the esti ofthe mati oes 1 or joo (-»-2) Here o is the conductivity of the material. 12, Ekewamalive Forceand Terminal Potent iference ots Celt The clesromotve force of el isdn 8s the penta difeence betwee seminal nen open cei (wen cent sot owing). Te twat ofents va Internal resistance (r) is the resistance offered by the ckstlye ot eal Temi potent dteene defined asthe pot difference between the terminals of the cell in a closed circuit. The SI unit of terminal potential difference is vel During discharging of cell (a) Every cell has a characteristic emf (E or e) and some internal resistance r. When some current / is drawn from the cell, its terminal potential difference issued oe F pie Rwhere = V= E~Ir From here, it follows that V'= £, when 7= 0 (open circuit). Thus, the emf of a cell is its terminal potential difference when no current is being drawn from the cell, During charging of cell (8) When a current J is forced into a cell of emf E and internal resistance r i.e. at the time of charging, the terminal potential difference is given as V= E+ Ir ‘and the direction of current is negative terminal to positive terminal. iy (a) A series combination of n identical cells of emf and internal resistance r each is equivalent to a total emf of n£ and a total internal resistance of nr. (®) A parallel combination of n identical cells of emf total (net) emf of £ only and a total (net) intemal resistance of r/n, Multiple Choice © Questions 1 aork NNN 1. The given figure shows I V graph of a copper wire whose length and area of cross-section are L and A respectively. The slope of this curve becomes: [CBSE 2021] Vv (a) less if the length of the wire (b) more if the length of the wire is increased. (c) more if-a wire of steel of same dimension is used. (d) more if the temperature of wire is increased. 2. Two wires A and B, of the same material having length in the ratio I : 2 and diameter in the ratio 2:3 are connected in series with a battery. The ratio of the potential differences (V, / V4) across the two wires respectively ist ICBSE 2021] sereased. Current Electricity 95 (©) When there are n rows of cells each containing, m identical cells of emf E and internal resistance r each, the net emf ofthe combination is mf and the internal resistance ofthe combination is "Here, 1m * mis the total number of cells. (d) When there are two cells of emfs £, and E, and internal resistance r, and r, respectively, connected in parallel as shown, the net emf ofthe combination is, pe Bat ith se 5 r 5 Lwin and the net internal resistance of the combination is re 52 nth (©) Cells are connected in series if it is desired to obtain ‘maximum current, the external resistance should be large as compared to the total internal resistance. (P Cells are connected in parallel if it is desired to obtain maximum current, the external resistance should be very low. 1 3 @> OF 4 9 OF OF 3. Which of the following is wrong? Resistivity of a conductor is (@) independent of temperature. (®) inversely proportional to temperature, (©) independent of dimensions of conductor. (A) less than resistivity of a semiconductor. 4. For a cell, the graph between the potential difference (V) across the terminals of the cell and the current (1) Aravm fromthe cells shown in the figure given below. 20 15 10. 0s: oTssts amperes) ‘The e.m.f, and the internal resistance of the cell are (a) 2V,059 () 2V,049 (©) >2V,050 @ > 2,04096 Papecher auth” Physics—12 5. When there isan eleetric current through a conducting wire along its length, then an electric field must exist (a) outside the wire but normal to it (6) outside the wire but parallel to it. (6) inside the wire but parallel to it (A) inside the wire but normal to it 6. From the graph between current I and voltage V shown below, identify the portion corresponding to negative resistance (@ AB (CD @DE 7. A wire is stretched so as t0 change its length by 0.1%, the percentage increase in its resistance will be : (6) BC (a) 0.2% (6) 0.02% (c) 0.5% (@) 0.05% Answers L@ 2@ 3. (a) Resistivity is property of material and inversely proportional to temperature for conductor, p= nett Inaconductor relaxation time of electron decreases srease in temperature. Resistivity of the conductor is highest for insulator, intermediate for semiconductor and least for conductor. [Link]. is the value of voltage, when no current is. ‘drawn from the circuit so E = 2 V. ‘Also r= slope = 2 = 04.0 40 5. (c) Electric field parallel to wire inside creates potent 4ifference and electrostic force on electrons. For portion CD slope of the curve is negative ic. resistance be negative. pepo Ma 2 = SR 100=2«0.1 R 60 7. (a) 12% A. Short Answer Type [I] & Questions en \\ | 8. Are the paths of electrons straight lines between successive collision (with postive lonsathemeta) in the (i) absence of electric field (if) presence of electric field? (i Inthe absence of electric field, the paths are straight fines Gi) Inthe presence of electric field, the paths are curved, Ans. 9, Plot a graph showing temperature dependence of resistivity for a typical semiconductor. How is this behaviour explained? {Chennai 2019} Ans. In ease of semiconductors, n (no. density of free electrons) increases with temperature. Therefore, | resistivity decreases, The decrease in resistivity due to increase in n > dominates the increase in resistivity due to decrease in t. ‘Therefore the resistivity of semiconductor decreases with the increase in temperature. |. Define mobility of electron in a conductor. How does electron mobility change when (?) temperature of conductor is decreased and (if) applied potential lifference is doubled at constant temperature? IDoE|[Dethi 2019} Mobility is defined as the positive value of drift velocity per unit electric field applied. = “et, ME ‘Therefore, the mobility () increases with the decrease in temperature and (i) remains same. Why a conductor heats up when electric current is passed through it? ‘The electric charge moves through the conductor under the action of the Electric Field. They gain kinetic energy, which they share with the atoms during collisions. Due to increased kinetic energy, atoms vibrate vigorously and the conductor heats up. Distinguish between the emf and the potential difference across a cell. Ans, Emf (This the work Ans. Ans. n Potential difference ( Itis the work required to be required to be done in moving done in moving a unit positive unit positive charge across the charge from one terminals of a cell, point to another ‘when no current point in a closed is withdrawn from circuit, the cell, (W) Mis the maximum | (i) Itis tess than the voltage that the emf, battery can transfer, (ui) lependent | (iif) Itvaries with of the any external the extemal resistance. resistance, 13. Five identical cells, each of emf £ and internal resistance r, are connected in series to form (a) an open (6) a closed cireuit. If an ideal voltmeter is connected across three cells, what will be its reading?Ans. M4 Ans. 15, Ans. 16. Ans. (a) Inan open circuit, the electric current = 0 ‘The reading of ideal voltmeter = 3. + In series, V= E,— Ir and 1 (6) Inaclosed circuit, the reading of Weal valimete } For two nichrome wires connected in series with a battery, how does the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in them depend on their (a) lengths and (6) diameters. ‘As we know te = IR 1 v= pa] [ pql (@ —4 = 1 asitis independent of length, and Vay 2 v4. Ay _[ a © =-42.(4). a Acell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor R. Plot a graph showing variation of terminal voltage V of the cell versus the current I. Using the plot, show how the emf of the cell and its internal resistance can be determined. [AT 2014) V=E-Ir We know that E=V+Ir or ‘An intercept of the graph on Y-axis gives the value of emf E of the cell. slope ofthe lines gives the value of internal resistance, Using the mathematical expression for the conductivity of a material, explain how it varies with temperature for (i) semiconductors, (if) good conductors. nett Conductivity, 6 ™ (9 Semiconductors: With an increase in temperature, the conductivity of semiconductors increases. Itis due to an increase in n which dominates the effect caused by a decrease in the value of relaxation time. (ii) Good conductors: With an increase in temperature, the conductivity of good conductors decreases. It is due toa decrease in the value of relaxation time, The effect of increased value of 7 is negligible. gg 17. Ans. Current Electricity 97 Short Answer Type [II] Queso Sorks | NNN Define relaxation time of the free electrons drifting in a conductor. How is it related to the drift velocity of free electrons? Use this relation to deduce the expression for the electrical resistivity of the material. [Dethi 2019, AT 2012] Relaxation time is the duration for which an electron drifting through a conductor does not suffer any collision. Relation between drift velocity of free electrons and relaxation time. Drift velocity of electron in conductor decreases with increase in temperature due to increase in collision rate (ic. decrease in relaxation time). Here, Eis the electric field across the conductor drifting the electrons. ‘We have the relation y= Se where Vis the potential difference and / is the length of the conductor. Fr 1 gen 1 end a ‘Substituting the value of v, from equation (if) in equation (0, we get = Pp pis called the resistivity of the material ofthe conductor. Plot a graph showing the variation of current density (J) versus the electric field (E) for two conductors of different materials. What information from this plot regarding the properties of the conducting material, ‘can be obtained which can be used to select suitable materials for use in making () standard resistance and (@ connecting wires in electric circuits? Electron drift speed is estimated to he af the order of mm s“!, Yet large current of the order of few amperes. can be set up in the wire. Explain briefly. |A1 2015]98 Pagecher tk® Physics —12 ; 20. ‘Ans. As we know j = a E ‘Ata constant temperature, the slope of the lines gives, the conductivity Ans. (To make a standard resistor, we use a material A having the low conductivity. (i) For connecting wires, we use a material B of high ‘value of the conductivity. Just because of the high electron number density (10 m™), a large amount of current can be established in conductor. 19, (@) Define the term ‘conductivity’ of a metallic wire. Write its ST unit. () Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, Aerive the expression for the conductivity of a wire in terms of number density and relaxation time, Hence obtain the relation between current density and the applied electric field E. [CBSE 2018} ‘Ans. (a) Conductivity: It is the reciprocal of resistivity 1 > SL unit: (© my or mho. m"! or § mt 21 E ™ (©) The acceleration @ = The average dif velocity yi given by werage relaxation time) 4 ng ‘Number of free electrons : If n= See cectrons Volume ‘Then current J is given by I= neA|¥,|=neAv, x Caen des j= = y= ne Es) neEs ne? “ Conductivity = ¢ = "2 m Current density (= o£ or J=oE Acell of emf ¢ and internal resistance r is connected acrossa variable load resistor R. Draw the plots of the terminal voltage V versus (i) R and (if) the current f. Its found that when R= 40, the current is 1A and when R Is increased to 9 0, the current reduces to 0.5 A. Find the values of the emf ¢ and Internal resistance r. [Dethi 2015) o a 7 Given: R, = 4.0, ,=1A,R,=99,1,=05A omme Re = c= IR+n c= 1X @tn=der O ‘When & is increased then C= 059+ )=45405r Li) From equations (i) and (i), we get 4tr= 454057 > O5r= 05 = e=1x@+) 19 Vv . A number of identical cells, n, each of emf E, and internal resistance r connected in series are charged by ade source of emf £’, using a resistor R. (@ Draw the circuit arrangement, (@ Deduce the expressions for (a) the charging current, and (6) the potential difference across the combination of the cells. Er 0 il t 1 R $2 e (i) (@) Expression for charging current Net resistance of the circuit, R= R + nr Total emf of the cells, E,= nE™ Effective emf = £” — nE Charging curent, = £=nE R+or (6) Potential difference across the combination of cells V= nE~I (nr) => V=n(E- I)Ans. 2 Ans. Apotential difference Vis applied across a conductor of length L and diameter D. How are the electric field E and the resistance R of the conductor affected when (Vis halved (i) L is halved (ii) D is doubled. Justify your answer, neal The electric feld =, therefore, the electric ied will be (i) halved, (i) doubled and (iii) remained same, Also the resistance = po 4ol = AEE, therefore, the xD’ resistance R wil be (remained same (i) halved, and Gi of the original value The thickness of a conductor continuously decreases from its one end (4) to another end (B). It is connected across the terminals of a battery. What will be the ‘effect on the value of (a) electric field, (®) current density, and (©) mobility of the electron at a point on the conductor as one moves from end Ato end B? ICBSE 2020(C)} (@) Electric field increases TPT" (Mark) VS Re ; Tin Al ged. As area (4) decreases from end E increases Current density increases A to end B, o (©) Mobility of electron remains same SB sane mE mm “4 “e*, ‘p’ and ‘* are constant thereft constant. (CBSE Marking Schemel] ‘Two cells of emfs c,,€, and internal resistances r, and 1, respectively are connected in parallel as shown in the figure. [Panchkula 2019, Foreign 2012], Deduce the expression for ( the equivalent emf of the combination, (ii) the equivalent resistance of the combination, Since and (itt) the potential difference between the points A and B. omer 7 Current Electricity 99 Ans, We know, 76) ~ Ir So, Simitarly, As the cells are in parallel, the potential difference across the ells is same, ie. ¥,= F= V Now, T= hth S re (f42)- t+) afd) non) \i entean) [ft Wh mh s y- (setei) (22) @ nen [nen 2 Vm tg (The expression for the equivalent emf of the combination ater . tq 7 HS 2A) (4 Expression forthe equivalent resistance of the combination 1s Be Bee old) (i) Expression forthe potential difference between the points 4 and B. ya aetean (it, nen \ntn 25, (a) Explain the term ‘drift velocity” of electrons in a conductor. Hence obtain the expression for the current through a conductor in terms of ‘drift velocity 112013] ‘Obtain the expression for the current density in terms of relaxation tim Drift velocity: Drift velocity is defined as the average ‘velocity with which a free electron in the conductor gets drifted in a direction opposite to the direction of the applied extemal electric field. ® Ans. (a)100 a 26. Ans. agether with® Physics—12 where isthe mass ofthe electron, Z isthe applied ‘extemal electric field, and + is the relaxation time. Consider a conductor of length /,area of cross-section ‘A and having number density of free electrons rt i— ‘On establishing the potential difference across the conductor, suppose the electrons drift from lower potential to higher potential side with velocity ¥. The volume of the conductor covered by an electron in unit time is Ve vA wl Te Volume = A/ and 1= ¥,* t ste Lec 2. T= ¥4] Electrons occupying the volume in unit time is mA eli) Thus, the charge flow through any cross-section of the conductor in unit time is elena (ui) According to the definition, the electric current is the rate of flow of change through any cross-section of the conductor. Hence, Te (r= 18) T= end sali) Or got = pone, where j is the current density. nei el je ees (yet m ry where, + is relaxation time. Marks \\YS (@ Derive an expression for drift velocity of electrons in a conductor. Hence deduce Ohm's Jaw. (@ Arwire whose cross-se rea is increasing Hinearly from its one end to the other, is ‘connected across a battery of ¥ volts. Which of the following quantities remain constant in the wire? (@) drift speed (©) electric current Justify your answer. (O In the absence of elect Long Answer Type Question (®) current density (@ electric field {Dethi 2017) field, the motion of electron is random and the net velocity is zero, eererteeer? oo ie i = Atta te here ity of W electrons, are random veloci w@ In the presence of electric field, each electron experiences an acceleration ol) mass of electron and ~e = charge on an Here m electron. ; Tf yy typ ne ty are the time intervals for which respective electrons accelerate then Wa mbar, Vy = My taty, J Drift velocity, OE here Vis potential difference applied across the ends ‘ofaconductor of length ‘and cross-sectional area “A*, then eq. (ti) becomes (considering magnitude only) Dp ¥, ale iii) Using relation, T= nedy, Sars (wy 4 nel From eqs. (ii) and (iv), we Beer geet or ¥=RI which is Ohm’s law. Here (—2-| 1 nee A = electrical resistance (@) Drift speed, v= (@) Current density, ap a (@) Blectric field, E = p= It can be seen that quantities in parts (a), (b) and (d) vary with cross-sectional area. Only (c) electric current will remain the same throughout the conductor.; k Q° Numerical Problems WH 27. A10V cell of negligible internal resistance is connected in parallel across a battery of emf 200 V and internal resistance 38 Q as shown in the figure. Find the value of current in the circuit, oe Case 2018), “aby 3 Equivalent emf = 6 = 200~ 10 = 190 V Internal resistance r = 38 © Ans. Curent inthe given cicuit= £= 92 a 5.4 28. Two resistances 52 and 79 are joined as shown to two batteries of emf 2 V and 3 V. If the 3 V battery is short circuited, What will be the current through 50? IDoE} 4 oA er 79 we doy Fl t—b . When 3 V is short-circuited in the loop then, circuit will become as shown in the figure. t= Hela RS 3s ve A Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional area 1.0 « 107 m? carrying a current of 1.54. Assume the density of conduction electrons to be 9 * 10 m>. 1AL2014) =1SA,n=9* 10% mi? 29, Ans. Given: A= 1.0 «107 m’, 1 Ls nde 9x19" x1.0*107*1.6*10-" yy= 0.1041 * 10°? = 1.041 = 107 m/s 30. Current flowing through a wire varies with time sin second as T= Q+dA How much charge passes through a cross-section of the wire in 2s? Ans. Given: = (21+ 4) A As we know, dg = Idt , £ > 4; foraar (f+) AIH 2s g= 25442 = 12C Current Electricity 104 31. The current flowing through a conductor is 2mA at S0V and 3mA at 60V. Is it an ohmic or non-ohmic conductor? Give reason. iven: 1, = 2 mA = 2% 10° A; V7, = 50, I= 3mA=3~ 10° A; 7,=60V Using the formula Ans. = 25x 10° 2...) and = 20 « 10° 2...(4), 3x10" From (and (i), we conclude Ry # Ry Hence, the given conductor is non-ohmic. 32. An emf ofa cell i 1.5 V and its internal resistance is 1. For what eurrent drawn from the cell will its terminal potential difference be half ofits emf? Ans. As we know E= 7+ Ir and = 2,r=10 e-Far ISA ~ 2r 33. Astorage battery of emf 12.0 V and internal resistance 0.3. Qis tobe charged by a 120 V desupply of negligible internal resistance. What resistance is required in the circuit for the charging current to be 3A? What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? Ans. Given: applied emf= 120 V, emf of storage battery = 12 V, 05.9,1 A OS+R 3R=1065 = R=3550 O5+R and V=12+3%05=135V 34, Ade supply of 120 Vis connected toa large resistance X. A voltmeter of resistance 10 kO placed in series in the cireuit reads 4 V. What is the value of X? What is the purpose behind using a voltmeter instead of an ammeter, to determine the large resistance X? ‘Ans, Given: Reading of voltmeter = 4 V, Resistance of voltmeter = 10° 2. ‘20V i 14 x 10KW Vv 4 =4x 104A 108 Current drawn by the voltmeter,102 Tagecher eotk® Physics—12 Again, uy a X= 29x 10°O= 290k As current is very less, the ammeter reading could be very small. This particular use of voltmeters to measure very high resistance, A straight line plot showing the terminal potential difference (¥) of a cell as a function of current (2) drawn from itis shown in the figure. Using this plot, determine () the emf, and (ji) internal resistance of a the cell. 45 4 3} 12 | 0| 7 Sloe c So 0008 012 020 028 —> carrot (ampere) Ans. We know that E- V= Ir (@ Clearly, where 7 graph) Gi) Also, when , E= V= 1.4 V (from the V=12V,1= 0044 E-V 14-12 020 ” a I 0.04 0.04 a 36. A call of emf 1.5 V ad intra resistance 0.5 Q is connected to 34} aordnear) conductor whose i} 7argraps shown In gure Onin gepuecaiy ne curet bray drawn from the cell and its terminal voltage. Given: E=15V,r= 052 We know = Er 2 Ir=E-V = 051=15-V¥ ‘The values of V and J satisfying above equation are: PRACTICE QUES’ IE 1. The resistances of two wires having same length and same area of cross-section are 2.0 and 8 Q respectively. If the resistivity of 2 © wire is 2.65 « 10° O-m then the resistivity of 8 © wire is: ICBSE 2021), (@) 1060 «10% 2m (6) 832 «10% Om (© 761% 10% Om (a) 545 * 10% O-m 2. When @ potential difference V is applied across a conductor at temperature T, the drift velocity of the ‘electrons is proportional to: ICBSE 2021), @T VT Vv WV Ans. 0 3 0s 2 Lo I 1s 0 ‘The graph of these values isa line represented by dotted line. There is a common point between the dotted line and the graph given. This point corresponds to 1 V and 1 A. So, the cell supplies 1 A of current at 1 V. 237. Inthe cruit shown in the gure, the galvanometer G gives zero deflection. Ifthe batteries 4 and B have negligible Internal resistance, find the value of the roistr R. (Foreign 2013] soon S “TT eR ATe2v Ans. There sno dfccton Tn the gaanometer It indicates thatthe potential ference arose Ris equal 02 ” vik 2. R” 500+8 2 4 ae e (x35) 100042 R= 12.8 oR = 1000 = Re 000 \AA\ WEEE 3. Ohms law is true for (@) metallic conductors at low temperature. (®) metallic conductors at high temperature. (©) electrolytes when current passes through them. @) diode when current flows. 4. The terminal potential difference ofa cel is greater than its e.m.f. when itis, (a) being discharged. (b) in open circuit, (0) being charged. (A) being either charged or discharged.§, Name two factors on which the resistivity of a given material depends, 6, Write the relationship of dri velocity with relaxation time in terms of the electric field E applied to a conductor. A potential difference 1” is applied to a conductor of length L. How is the drift velocity affected when V is doubled and L is halved? 7. Define drift velocity of electrons in a conductor connected across a battery. Figure shows variation of the drift velocity (v,) of electrons in two copper wires Aand B of different lengths versus the potential difference (¥) applied across their ends. TOPICS COVERED Kirchhoff’s Rules, Wheatstone Bridge, Heating Effects of Current, Electric Power, Electric Energy Current Electricity 103 v (#) What does the slope of the line represent ? (ii). Which one ofthe twowiresis longer? [CBSE 2021(C)] ‘8, Twonichrome wires are connected in series with a battery. “The lengths of nichrome wires are in the ratio of 1: 2 whereas their resistances are in the ratio of 2: 1. Find the (a) ratio oftheir diameters and (6) rato of drift velocity of free electrons in them. 1. Kirchhoff's Laws [Chennai 2019, Al 2015] First Law (Junction rule): The algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero, i.e. E/ = 0. This implies that total current entering the junction is equal to total current leaving the junction. It is based on the principle of conservation of electric charge. Second Law (Loop rule): In a closed loop, the algebraic sum of the emf's is equal to the algebraic sum of the products of the resistances and the respective currents in them, ie. BE = EIR It is based on the principle of conservation of energy. 2. Wheatstone Bridge: Wheatstone bridge is a network of four resistors P, Q, R and S connected as shown in the ‘igure. When some potential difference is applied between A and C and when é = 4, the potential difference between B and D becomes zero and the wheatstone bridge is said to be balanced. At the balance condition, no current flows through the galvanometer arm. Note: When £ > &, 8 will be at a lower potential Qo Ss with respect to D and the eurrent will flow from D to B. When a < £, a will be ata higher potential with respect to D and the current will flow from to D. 3. Heating Effects of Current: When an electric field is set up across the ends of a conductor with the help ofa source of an emf, the free electrons present in the conductor get accelerated in a direction opposite to that of the electric field applied. These electrons gain kinetic ‘energy and suffer from frequent collisions with the ions fr atoms of the lattice and transfer their gained kinetic ‘energy to them. This inereases the average kinetic energy of the vibrations of the ions or atoms of the conductor. So, the temperature of the conductor rises. This way cal energy supplied by the source of emf gets 10 heat energy. Amount of heat produced is as per Joule’s law of heating. Law states that amount of heat developed in a conductor ‘on passing current (2) through it for certain time ‘is (A directly proportional to the square of the curent ie, Ho (i) directly proportional to the resistance of the conductor ie, Ho R (ii) directly proportional to the time for which the current flows i.e, H & ¢ Quantitatively Hf or H or H 4, Electric Power: Electrical power is the rate at which energy is supplied by the source of emf in maintaining the current in an electri circuit. Or ‘The rate of consumption or dissipation of electrical energy is called electric power. It is represented by the symbol P and is measured in watt (W) in the SU system of units, Quantitatively, P = V1 ‘The St unit of power is watt (W).‘The commercial unit of power is horse power (HHP. VHP = 746 watt 5. Electrie Energy: Electrical energy is the total energy produced or consumed by an electric appliance in a circuit. Electric energy =P «1 Multiple Choice On | 1. Inthe circuit given below PR and the reading ofthe galvanometer is same with switch S open or closed. ‘Then: ICBSE 2021] © Ig=Iy OIg= 1g (©) Ip= Ie (Ig Ig 2. The figure below shows currents in a part of electrie circuit. The current jis, 2A 1h, an 1 @17A — (&) 2A] 34A@ 085A 3. AWheatstone bridge is balanced. Ifthe galvanometer is short-circuited, the current in the various resistors will (@) increase, (®) decrease, (©) not change. (@) cannot say. 4. Kirchhoff’s current law at a junction deals with (2) conservation of energy. (®) conservation of momentum. (©) conservation of angular momentum, @ conservation of charge. 5. In the figure given below, both switehes S, and , are closed. Then oe om G Qs S: 100, 200 B00'V ‘The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kwh). TRWh = 3.6 « 10°F yp Aso electric energy = Vit= FRi= 1 (a) L, will be brighter than L, or Ly, (H) L, will be dimmer than L; oF Ly (©) L; will be as bright as L, or Ly, (@) none of the above, 6, In the above question, Switches S, and S, are closed and the supply voltage is inereased to 400 V. Then, (@) lamp L, will burn out. (8) lamp L, will bum out. (©) both lamps L, and L, will burn out (@ all the lamps will be safe. 7, Power P, is dissipated through a series combination and power P, is dissipated through the parallel combination of 3 equal resistors. The ratio of P, to Pils [CBSE Learning Framework @9 @) U9 @I @6 8. A current of 0.8 A flows in a conductor of 40 9 for 1 minute. The heat produced in the conductor will be ICBSE 2023} (@ 14453 (8) 15363 (©) 15695 (a) 16405 Answers L@ 2. (@) 1.7 A [by using Kirchhof’s junction rule). 3Q@ 40 5@ 6.(@) 7. (@) Equivalent &, = 37 Power dissipated by battery of voltage V in series contin, valent &, = Z Equivalent, = 2 Power dissipated by battery of voltage in parallel fey (3) * 3 8. (0) By Joule’s law of heating, H = PRr HT= (0.8)2 (40) (60) = 1536 J @ \ Short Answer Type [I] Questions 2 Marks 9. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and area of cross-section are connected in series, current is passed through them, Why does the nichrome wire Bet heated first? [at2017] ‘Ans. As, in series, H oc R (where H = Heat produced and R = resistance] and the resistance of nichrome wire is more than the resistance of copper wire of same dimensions, Hence, the nichrome wire will heat up more. combination is P,10. Ans. nL. d Ans. Under what condition is the heat produced in an electric current () directly proportional, and Gi) inversely proportional to the resistance of the cuit? ( Since = PR Heat produced is directly proportional to the resistance only if current in the circuit is kept constant. Pr i) Since H= “y « zi Heat produced is inversely proportional tothe resistance if voltage is kept constant, A battery of 10V and negligible internal resistance fs connected across the diagonally opposite corners of a cubical network consisting of 12 resistors each of resistance 3 9 in figure. Determine the equivalent resistance of the network and the current along each edge of the cube, _lChennai 20191 Ist Step: We specify current in all the 12 edges of the cube in terms of /, using the Kirchhoff's first law and the symmetry in the problem. 2nd Step: We take closed loop ABCCEA and apply Kirchhoff"s second rule. 0 For R= 39, Rag = Fore=10V, 3/= = Is us a ; Current through each edge of the cube is now obvious from the diagram, a" 2 Ans. 13, Ans. Current Electricity 105 Short Answer Type [ll] Questions 3 Marks V aa Using Kirchhoff's rules, calculate the current through the 40 © and 20 © resistors in the following circuit: ICBSE 2019], a 20.0 aie 7 400 7 e F Lp 45. ST, =a, -94@* Extract from CBSE Topper’s Sheet] Astudent has two wires of copper and silver having same dimensions. First he connects the two wires in series and passes electric current through this series combination which increases gradually. Then he joins the two wires in parallel and repeats the process of passing the current. Which wire will glow first in each case and why’? Case - 1 (For series) In series combination the current (1) through both the wires will remain same.106 Pagceher ewuth® Physics—12 H= PR “Flesh bal Pritver ~ Pe So, copper wire will stil glowing first, Case - 2 (For parallel) In parallel combination potential (V) through both the wires will remain same, Poppe Silver wire Will star glowing first. Prive 14, Use Kirchhoff’s laws to obtain balance condition in the given Wheatstone bridge. [CBSE Semple Paper 2022] Ans, (a) Kirchhoff's rules: Refer to Point no. 16 [Im- portant Terms and Concepts] Letus consider @ wheastone bridge L__,. Take loop ABDA and using KVL, PU=i)+Xi— Rip 0. Take loop BCDB and using KVL, OU-i,-4)- SG, +i)-Xi, = 0 Qi-i)-0i,-Si,-S+H,=0 ‘When the point B and D are at same potential, the bridge is said to be balanced. As in balanced state, i, = 0, from equations (j) and (ii), we get PU-i) = Ri, Qi-i) = Si, Peak os A) Long Answer Type Question 5 Marks \ 15. (2) What is a Wheatstone bridge? When it is said to be balanced? () What do you mean by sensitivity of a Wheatstone bridge and write the factors on which it depends? (o) What are the advantages of measuring resistance by Wheatstone bridge method over other methods? ‘Ans, (a) Its an arrangement of four resistances which is used to calculate one ofthese resistance accurately in terms of the other three resistances ‘A Wheatstone bridge is said to be balanced when no current flows through the galvanometer and hence, Por ary 1 a ae (®) fora small change of resistance in resistance arm, the galvanometer shows a large deflection then the ‘Wheatstone bridge is said to be sensitive, Sensitivity of the Wheatstone bridge depends on following factors: (® Relative magnitudes of the resistances in the four arms of the bridge. (ti) Relative positions of galvanometer and battery. (©) Advantages of Wheatstone bridge method: ( Theresistance ofthe galvanometer and internal resistance of the cell do not affect the null point. (# As in this method measurement of current and potential difference are not involved so the resistances of ammeters and voltmeters do not affect the measurement. OG?) Numerical Problems WW 16, In the figure, what is the potential difference between, Aand BY part tea 102° 2A 12V @ Ans. ¥,~V,= 12-2 10=~8 volt 17. In the network shown here, find the following: (@) Currents 1,, 1, and I. (6) Terminal potential difference of each battery. Consider 6 2 to be the internal resistance of 6.V battery and 4 to be internal resistance of 8V battery. 4 60 A He FI 4 4 Ley ey fonmea | 4 ra lo6a, B q fy 40 aaa ¢ Ww e "20 B o (a) Using KVL for loop 1, we get 61, + 6-8+ 4h =0 3-31, +21, = 0 Using KVL for ip TL, we get " “Al, + 8 ~ 121, = Al, +8 ian - 12h, 4h +31, =2 oli) Solving (and (i), we get 6h, = 3 = 1 A 1. The figure shows a network of current and the magnitude of current. The current / will be 4 BAY y > 1 5A @8A (BA OBA MUA 2. Kirchhoff’ voltage law deals with (@) conservation of angular momentum. (®) conservation of charge. (©) conservation of linear momentum. (d) conservation of energy. 3. Wheatstone bridge method is considered unsuitable for the measurement of very low resistances. Why? Current Electricity 107 18, A heating element is marked 210 V, 630 W. What is the value of the current drawn by the element when connected to.a 210 V de source? {Delhi 2013] Ans, Given: P= 630 W, Y= 210 V + pam = 1-2-8 .34 vo 210 19. Using the Kirchhoff's rules determine the value of the current in the electric circuit given below. 209, 5 Ic al ls sov 200 ‘Ans, According to the Junction rule, h=hth ) ‘Taking the loop FEDCE 201, + 40/, = 40 = h+2h=2 = U+4=4 ii) Taking the loop FCBAE 401, 201, = ~ 40-80 = 4h +2, ~ 122, +1,-6 Substituting the value of J rom equation (0 in equation (i 21, +) = 6 = | 3h-=6 (On solving the equations (if) and (iv), we get =-12A Civ) 4, Using Kirchhoff’s laws, calculate the potential difference across the 8.9 resistor. Ar 28a av en 82 40. sv 19 5. With switch S open, the network of resistors shown here draws a current from the battery. How many times will this current be on closing the switch $? gon se _ bee ‘108. ycoter mak® Physics —12 2. What is the concept of drift velocity and how does it 1, What factors affect the resistance in a conductor and how depend on the electric field in a conductor? (3 Marks) can it be calculated and managed in practical circuits according to Kirchhofl’s laws in the context of eurrent electricity? (Marks) 4. Assertion: There is no current in the metals in the For the following question, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). absence of electric field Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes Reason: Motion of free electrons in a conductor is {(@) (8) (and (4) as given below. random. (6) Both Aand R are true and R isthe correct explanation §, Assertion: The same amount of current flows through oie the filament and line wire. But more heat is produced (8) BothAandRaretruebutRisNOTthecorectexplanation in lament. of A. Reason: Filament is made of material having high (6) Ais tre but Ris false. resistance and high melting point. (2) Nis fle and Ris alo fle. 6. Assertion: KithotTs junction ris vid fr only 1. Assertion: The intemal resistance causes dissipation of three number of lines meeting at a point in an electrical heat inside the cel circuit Reason: The intemal resistance arises due to flow of Reason: When there is a flow of varying current, then fons in a cel trough electrolyte there is no accumulation of charge at the junction, 2. Assertion: When a resistance of given material is cut 7, Assertion: The wires supplying current to an electric into half, its resistance reduces to half ofits original "eater are not heated appreciably. value = Reason: Resistance of connecting wires is very high. Reason: The resistivity of a conductor changes with assertion It is advantageous to transmit electric power dimensions, temperature and material of conductor. * thigh volage. sai 3. Assertion: Ina simple battery circuit, the point of lowest Reason: High voltage means high current. oseatlal is ‘positive termainal of the battery. 9. Assertion: Good conductors of heat are also good Reason: The current flows towards the point of the higher potential as it flows in such a circuit from the negative to the positive terminal. conductors of electricity and vice-versa. Reason: Mainly electrons are responsible for conduction. 1. All charges whether free or bound, were considered (@ Lightning ——(®) Glass to be at rest. Charges in motion constitute an electric (©) Water (@) Juice current. Such currents occur naturally in many situations, (i) Which type of charges is either free or bound? Lightning is one such phenomenon in which charges flow (@) Positive charge (6) Negative charge from the clouds to the earth through the atmosphere, (©) Neutral charge (d) All types of charges sometimes with disastrous results. The flow of charges (dit) Which of the following statement is correct? in lightning is not steady, but in our everyday life we see (@) Only positive charge is considered to be at rest. (6) Torch and a cell~driven clock are the incorrect ‘example of flow of charges. many dvies where charges flow in a steady manner, Tike water owing smoothly in a rivet. A treh 30d & cell-drven clock are examples of such devices, Gi) Which ofthe following isthe corect example of (© All1ypes of charges whether postive oF the flow of charges? negative charge are considered to be at rest. (d) Both (a) and (6).(0) Nh of he flowing semen is cone shou (@) The flow of charges in lightnin (6) Lighting is one such phenomenon in wich charges flows from the clouds to the earth through the atmosphere. (©) Liphining ison sch phenomenon in which charges flows from the atmos through the clouds neetottecenh (@ Both (a) and (6). or (is) Which ofthe following is the correct example of flow of charge in a steady manner? (2) Torch @) Lighting (©) Celledriven clock (4) Both () and (e) . Ohms law is obeyed by many substance, but one can’t say that it’s a fundamental law of nature. It's a basic law regarding flow of the current which defines resistance as constant of proportionality. The dependence of R was also discussed by Ohm’s law. The potential applied across a conductor and currentthrough it ‘was also one ofthe important point discussed inthis law. () What will be resistance across a slab if area is doubled? (@) Resistance will be doubled. (8) Resistance will be halved. (©) No change (@) Resistance will be zero. (ii) On what factor does the resistance depends? (a) Material only. (8) Dimension of conductor only. (6) Material and dimension both. (d) None of these. (iit) How does the current density varies if area is doubled? (a) j becomes half () j willbe doubled (©) J doesn’t vary. (d) jis only depend on current. Or (i) How does resistivity change with temperature? (Increases linearly () Decreases linearly (e) First increases and then decreases. (a) None of the above. (iv) What ean you say about the relation between 7 and I from Ohm's law? (a) ¥ depends on J linearly. (6) V depends on J non-inestly. (6) V doesn't depend on I. (@ Can't say. Current Electricity 109 3. When a conductor does not have a current through it, its conduction electrons move randomly, with no net motion in any direction. When the current flows through the conductor, these electrons actually still move randomly, ‘but now they tend to drift with the drift speed vj, The rift speed is very less as compared to speeds in random ‘thermal motion. (i A steady current 1 flows through a metallic cconduetor whose area of cross-section (A) increases continuously from one end to the other, the drift velocity of free electron (v,) as a function of A will be: (@) vat ® Mat © vst @ A (i), For Ohm's law is obeyed, then what isthe relation between electric field(E) and drift velocity (v,)? @ «FE @) yee @ ye VE (iii) When a current flows in a conductor, the order of magnitude of drift velocity of electrons through it © wee is? (@) 107 ems (6) 107 cms © 10'mms — @) 05 mms (iv) Two nichrome wires of equal lengths but having. radii in the ratio 1:3 are connected in series across an electric cell. The drift velocities of free electrons through them will be in the ratio of @ 3: () 1:3 (© 4:9 @91110 agether awcth® Physics—12 or (iv) The path of electrons (1) in the absence (II) in the presence of electric field is (a) straight line in case (I) and (II) (b) curved in (1) and straight in (11) (©) curved in (11) and straight in (1) (d) curved in case (I) and (11) both 1. Consider the case when no electric field is present. The electrons will be moving due to thermal motion during which they collide with the fixed ions. An electron colliding with an ion emerges with the same speed as, before the collision, However, the direction ofits velocity after the collision is completely random. Ata given time, ‘there is no preferential direction for the velocities ofthe electrons. Thus on the average, the number of electrons travelling in any direction will be equal to the number ‘of electrons travelling in the opposite direction. So, there will be no net electric current. (0 What i the cause of the movement of electrons? (a) Thermal motion (6) Kinetic energy (©) Resistance _(d) Capacitance (Gi), Whatis the relation between speed of the electron both before and after the collision? (@) Greater speed before the collision than after the collision (®) Same speed, before and after the collision (©) Greater speed after the collision than before the collision (@ None of the above (tii) What is the direction of the velocity of electron after collision? (@) Towards the cell @) Away from the resistor (©) Random @ Static or (ii) What isthe value of net electric current? (@) Infinite @) 904 © 1804 @ 0A . An electric charge will experience a force if an electric field is applied. Ifit is free to move, it will thus move contributing toa current. In nature, free charged particles do exist like in upper strata of atmosphere called the ionosphere. However, in atoms and molecules, the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged nuclei are bound to each other and are thus not free to move. Bulk matter is made up of many molecules, 2 gam of water, for example, contins approximately 10 molecules. @ When will an electric charge experiences force? (a) Ifan electric field is applied, (b) If electric current is applied. (c) If voltage is applied. (d) Both (a) and (6). (i Which of the following correctly describes ionosphere? (a) Free charged particles do exist like in lower strata of atmosphere called the ionosphere (b) Free charged particles do exist like in upper strata of atmosphere called the ionosphere (©) Itisonly the free molecules in the atmosphere (q)_ Bulk matter is responsible forthe ionosphere, (iii) Which ofthe following have free electrons to move within the bulk material? (a) Non-Metals (6) Semi-conductors (©) Alloys (d) Metals (i) Which type of matter is made up of many molecules? (@ Bulk (6) Semi- Bulk (©) Both (a) and (4) (d) Conductor Or (iv) Which of the following statement is correct? (@) An electric charge will experience a force if an electric field is applied. (®) Bulk matter is made up of many molecules, a gram of water, for example, contains approximately 10” molecules. (© In nature, free charged particles do exist like in upper strata of atmosphere called the sphere. (@ Allofthe above. If we consider solid conductors, then of course the atoms are tightly bound to each other so that the current is carried by the negatively charged electrons. There are, however, other types of conductors like electrolytic solutions where positive and negative charges both can move. We will focus only on solid conductors so that the curent is caried by the negatively charged electrons in the background of fixed positive ions (0, Which type of conductor, have tight bond of atoms to each other? (@) Liquid ( Solid (© Semi-sotid (4) Both (a) and (6) (i) Which of the following type of conductor have Positive and negative charge, which can move? (@) Electrolytic solutions @) Insulator (©) Semi-conductor @ Alloys (G4), Which of the following statements is correct? (@) Other types of conductors like electrotyti solutions where positive and negative charges both can move. (8) We consider solid conductors, and then of course the atoms are tightly bound to each other 50 that the current is carried by the negatively changed electrons.3. 32. (©) Only in solid conductors, the current is carr by the negatively charged electrons in he background of fixed positive ions, (@ Allof the above. (i) We are able to obtain conductor because (@) drift speed of electron is usually very large. (©) the number density of fee electrons is ey high and this can compensate for the low values of the electron drift [Link] the very small magnitude of the electron charge. (©) the number density of free electrons as well as the electron drift speeds are very large and these compensate forthe very small magnitude of the electron charge. (A) none of the above. Or (i) Which of the following is responsible for the flow of current in a conductor? rly large currents in a (@) Protons () Free electron (©) Positive ions (d) Protons and holes Kirchhoff"s Laws In 1942, a German Physicist Kirchhoff extended Ohm's law to the complicated circuits and gave two laws, which enable us to determine current in any part of such a circuit. Kirchhoff’ first law is also known as current law and is based on conservation of charge whereas, his 2nd ‘The storage battery of a car has an emf of 12 V. If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.4.0, what is the maximum current that can be drawn from the battery? Given: 2.V, r= 0.4 2, Inge Using the formula 7 R+r For maximum current, the resistance R= 0. So, Tuy = E/r = 12104 = 30.8 ‘Abattery of emf 10 V and internal resistance 3 Q2is connected toa resistor. Ifthe current in the circuit is 10.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circult Is closed? Given: E= 10 V,r=39,1=0.5A, R=, Using the formula, R= and V=IR = 0.5 x 17=8.5V Current Electricity 114 law is also known as Kirchhoff's voltage law and itis based on conservation of energy. (0) Kirchhoff’s current law is based on the fact that (a) there isa possibilty for a node to store energy. (b) there cannot be an accumulation of charge at « junction (©) charge accumulation is possible at junction. (@) charge accumulation may or may not be possible. (id) Which ofthe following law is used with Kirchhof's current law? (a) Obm’s law (6) Faraday’s law (©) Coulomb's law (d) Both (6) and (c) (lit) Which of the formula defines KCL where i, i, are incoming currents and i,, i, are outgoing currents from a node in a circuit? @ tht OA thraty © ibn he @ hm ith (iv) Algebraic sum of voltages around any closed path in a network is equal to (@) infinity @1 (© x10 (d) negative polarity Or (i) The equation EE = EIR, is applicable to which law? (a) Kirchhoff’ first law (8) Kirchhoff’s junction rule (© Kirchhoff’s second law (d) Newton's second law At room temperature (27.0°C) the resistance of « heating element is 100 ©. What is the temperature of the element if the resistance is found to be 117 ©, given that the temperature coefficient of the material of the resistor is 1.70 10% °C"!. iven: R, = 100, R, = 117 Q,a= 1.7 104°C, 1,=27°C, 1,5? Using the formula, R, = Rll +al,-4)) = RR = Ralt,~4) po Be, Ro H7= 100 57 100%1.7*10~* x10" +27 100%27 1, = 1000 +27 = 1027°C112 Pagecher ewcth® Physics—12 3.4. A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross-section 6.0 x 10-'m!, and its resistance is measured to be 5.0.0, What is the resistivity of the material at the temperature of the experiment? Given: Length of the wire, 1-15 m, Atea of cross section of the wire, A= 6.00» 107m, Resistance of the material of the wire, R= 5.0.0 Let the resistivity of the material of the wire = p Ans. 1 We know that R= p— ve 5 61077 1 15 =2* 107 Om Hence, the resistivity of the material is 2 « 10°” Qm. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 © at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 © at 100 °C. Determine the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver. Using the formula, R, = P Ans. 0 (1 + at) a Rays Ry (1 +275 @) and Rigo = Ry (1 + 100 a) Given: yyy = 2.1 Qand Ry = 27.2 Putting these values in (i) and (i) and then dividing, them, we get 11000. 142750 On solving, we get «= 0.0039°C" A heating element using nichrome connected to 8 230 V supply draws an initial current of 3.2 A which settles after a few seconds to a steady value of 2.8 A. What is the steady temperature of the heating element if the room temperature is 27.0°C? ‘Temperature coefficient of resistance of nichrome averaged over the temperature range involved is 1.70 104°C". Given: supply voltage, 132A Let the initial resistance be R,, which is giv = L=ensra 1 32 ‘Steady value of the current, J, = 2.8 A Let the resistance at the steady state be Ry, which is given as, 27 2. 36. Ans. 230 V, initial current drawn, as 230 R,= SO = 82.140 32 ‘Temperature coefficient of nichrome, a= 1,70 x 104°C Initial temperature of nichrome, 7; Let the steady temperature ofthe heating element be Ty, itcan be calculated by the given relation, ie. a. Ans. ¥ 840.5 fF 82.14-71.87, of T,-2rc= SL ° 71.87 %1.71104 = Ty = 840.5 +27 = 867.5°C Therefore, the steady temperature of the heating clement is 867.5°C. Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in Fig 3.20: 100 5a A c sa 10.0 02 aby Fig 3.20 BU-h- 1) ton tov In closed loop ABDA, applying KVL, =10(1= 1.) ~ Si, + 51, =0 or -101+ 10h, ~ 5f, + 5h 101+ 151,51, =0 or 2-31,+5=0 In closed loop BCDB, applying KVL ~S(I~ 1, =) + 10(1, +1) + 5h, =0 51+ 51, + 51, + 101, + 101, + 51, =0 -SI+ 151, +20 = 0 orI-31,-41,=0 In closed loop ABCEA, applying KVL. =10(1 = 1,) - S(I= 1, ~,) + 10-107 = 0 101 + 10/, ~ 51+ 51, + 51, + 10 10F=0 -251 + 151, + 5l,=- 10 or S131, — = 10Solving equations Ist, 2nd and 3rd, we peta SA gestA Wha hh aA 6 Current in AD = 1, = 7 Current in BD Cunent in CD=1,+,=£-2 24 71717" Curent in AB=J-=42-S 24g 77 7 Curent in BC=/-1,-h=-F 4226 WoW 17" Total current = 42 4 ‘ 7 A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 © is being charged by a 120 V de supply using a series resistor of 15.5.0. What is the terminal voltage of the battery during charging? ‘What is the purpose of having a series resistor in the charging circuit? Given E= 8.0 V, r= 0.5.2, R= 15.5.9 ‘The total resistance of the circuit is given by R= 155+05= 160 The total emf of circuit is calculated as, 120-8 112V (Battery emf opposing supply emf) «. Charging current = 2 =10A 38, Ans. 1. Consider a current carrying wire current J in the shape of a circle. Note that as the current progresses along the wire, the direction of j (current density) changes in an exact manner, while the current remain unaffected. The agent that Is essentially responsible for is (@) source of emf. (B) electric field produced by charges accumulated on the surface of wire. the charges just behind a given segment of wire ‘which push them just the right way by repulsion. the charges ahead. ‘Current density j changes due to electric field produced by charges accumulated on the surface of wire. 2. Ametal rod of length 10 em and a rectangular cross- section of 1 em * 1/2 em is connected to a battery across opposite faces. The resistance will be (a) maximum when the battery is connected across Tem * 1/2 em faces. (8) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 em x | cm faces. : © @ ‘Ans. (6) Current Electricity 113 For battery being charged, terminal voltage will be Y= E+ Ir=8.0+70%05~ 15 V ‘A cseries resistor is used to limit the current drawn 10 a proper value. 3.9. ‘The number density of free electrons In & copper conductor estimated in Example 3.1 [s 8.5 * 10m”. How long docs an electron take to drift from one ‘end of a wire 3.0 m long to Its other end? The are Sterose-section of the wire Is 2.0 x 10° m? and It Is carrying a current of 3.0 A. ‘Ans. Given: Length of the copper wire, = 3.0 m Area of cross-section of the wire, A = 2.0 * 10% m? ‘Number density of free electrons in a copper conductor, n=85 x10" m> Current carried by the wire, = 3.0 A, Using the formula, J = ndevy where e = electric charge = 1.6% 10°C Length of the wire (0) Now, v= drift velocity * “Time taken to cover () Hence, we can write /= nel adel. 7 _, 8.5x10%*2%10°61,6%10"9X3 = 3.0 > t =2,7108s ‘Therefore, the time taken by an electron to drift from one end of the wire to the other is 2.7 * 10" s. (©) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm x 1/2 em faces. (q) same irrespective of the three faces. ‘Ans. (a) The resistance of a wire is given by Repl PA For greater value of R, ! must be higher and A should be lower and it is possible (i when the battery is connected across 1 em « (+) em (area of cross- section A) 2 3. Which of the following characteristles of electrons determines the current in a conductor? (a) Drift velocity alone. (8) Thermal velocity alone. (©) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity. (d) Neither drift nor thermal velocity. ‘Ans. (a) Drift velocity is the average uniform velocity acquired by free electrons inside a metal bv the application ofan electc field which i responsible for the current thfough it.Ans. (a) 114 Fagecher evk® Physics—12 4, Temperature dependence of resistivity p(T) of Ans, (d) Junction rule: Algebraic sum ofthe currents flowing semiconductors, insulators and metals is significantly based on the following factors: (a) number of charge carriers can change with temperature T. (8) time interval between two successive collisions is independent on T. (©) length of material can be a function of T. (2) mass of carriers isa function of 7. Resistivity is the intrinsic property ofthe substance. For a metallic conductor, resistivity is given by Pro nee Where mis the number of charge carriers per unit volume (number density) which can change with temperature Tand ts relaxation ime Lime interval between two successive collisions) which decreases with the increase of temperature (r= §, Kirchhoff’s junction rule isa refction of (© conservation of current density vector. (@) conservation of potential. (©) the fact thatthe momentum with which a charged particle approaches a junction is unchanged (as a vector) as the charged particle leaves the junction. (@ the fact that there is no accumulation of charges at 2 junction. Ans. towards any point in an electric network is zero, i. charges are conserved in an electric network. The proof of this rule follows from the fact that when currents are steady, there is no accumulation of charges at any junction or at any point in a line ‘The circuit in figure shows two cells connected in opposition to each other. Cell E, is of emf 6 V and internal resistance 2 0 and the eell E, is of emf 4 Y and internal resistance 8 Q. Find the potential Aitference between the points and B. em & & 2A PD. across £, = 6-02 *2=5.6V PD. across E, = Vyg = 4 +02 * 8=5.6V Point B is ata higher potential than 4. nr