nfXnkfJ^gfjbk

gzikp d/ ezX^fuZsoK dk fJfsjk;e

fgS'eV
 gzikp, T[~so^gZSwh Gkos dk fJe tZvk ns/ wjZstg{oB oki j?. fJ;
dh ;ojZd T[~so ftZu izw{ ns/ ePwho, T[~so^g{op ftZu fjwkub gqd/P,
dZyD^g{op ftZu jfonkDk, dZyD^gZSw ftZu oki;EkB ns/ gZSw ftZu
gkfe;skBh gzikp Bkb brdh j? . gzikp Ppd, |ko;h d/ d' PpdK gzi ns/
nkp s'A fwb e/ pfDnk fi;dk noE j?^ gzi gkDhnK iK gzi dfonktK dh
Xosh. fJj gzi dfonk jB L ;sb[i, fpnk;, okth, uBkp ns/ fijbw.
fJj gqkuhB ;fGnsktK ftZu'A fJZe ;ZfGnsk dk gzx{Vk j?, i' gzikj jIko ;kb
gfjbK ftef;s j'Jh, fi;B{z gqf;ZX f;zX{ xkNh ;fGnsk tZi'A ikfDnk iKdk
;h. fort/d-ekb d"okB fJ; G{^yzv B{z ;gs^f;zX{ nkfynk iKdk ;h, Gkt ;Zs
dfonktK dh Xosh. :{BkBh fJ;B{z ‘g?ANkg'Nkwhnk’ nkyd/ ;B. g?ANK dk noE
j? gzi, s/ g'Nkwhnk dk noE j? dfonk [Link] d/ eJh ;EkBK s/ g[oksZsth
y[dkJh s'A fJj gsk bZrk j? fe gzikp d/ gqkuhB fBtk;h brGr ;ko/ jh w{b
sZsK s'A gfofus ;B i' ;fGnkuko dh f;oiDk eod/ jB, fijBK ftZu Bro
:'iBkpzdh, GtB^ebk, p[Zs^sokPh ns/ fuZsoebk nkfd nkT[Ad/ jB.
okiBhfse ekoBK eoe/ gzikp j[D sZe eJh GkrK ftZu tzfvnk frnk oki j?.
1947 ftZu Gkos dh tzv d/ f;ZN/ tZi'A gfjbK fJ;B{z gZSwh gzikp (j[D
gkfe;skB) s/ g{oph gzikp ftZu tzfvnk frnk. gqkuhB gzikp d/ fJfsjk; dk
T[~soekbhB fJfsjk; fJZe PkBdko ekb dh dZ; gkT[Adk j?, fi; ftZu fJZE'A d/
fBtk;h ;fGnkuko s/ :[ZXebk ftZu fBgz[Bsk gZy'A f;yoK B{z S{zjd/ ;B. gzikp
;dht-ekb s'A jh foPhnK, ntskoK, ghoK, r[o{nK, PjhdK s/ ;[szsosk
;zrokwhnK dh Xosh fojk j?.2 w"fye otkfJsK nB[;ko okwkfJD d/ Pqh okw
B/ xVkw (j[D gfNnkbk fIb/Q ftZu j? ns/ g[oksB fotkfJs nB[[;ko n:[fXnk
fBtk;h okwuzdo d/ BkBfenK dk fgzv ;h.) ftZu iBw fbnk.3 ;torh Pqh

1 Gupta., S.P. (Dr.). (2004). The Punjab (An overview), Ess Pee Publication, Chandigarh, p.1
2 Punjab-The Possible Dream, (1976). Punjab Public Relation Dept., p.1
3. Punjab Govt. Phulkian States Gazetteer (Vol. XVII) (1909), Lahore, p.194

1
XBh okw ukfsqe B/ gzikp B{z ‘Gkos dk Sso’ nkfynk.4 Gkos ftZu wkBt
t;/p/ dk X[ok y'i, ;G s'A gfjbK gzikp, i' nZi s'A gzi s'A S/ bZy toQ/ gfjbK
;'B xkNh, f;zX{ s/ fijbw dfonktK d/ dofwnkB ;h, fwbdk j?.5
wkBt d/ nkozfGe ihtB, T[;d/ ftek; ns/ ;ZfGnsk dk frnkB ;kB{z
ebk B/ jh eokfJnk j?. ebk dh ftnkfynk tZy'^tZy ;fwnK ftZu tZy'^tZyo/
YzrK Bkb ehsh iKdh ojh j?. g[okD/ rqzEK ftZu ebk dh ftnkfynk ns/ ebk
dk o{g Yzr, nZi dh ebk ftnkfynk s/ o{g Yzr Bkb'A pj[s fGzB j?. g[oksB
rqzEK nB[;ko ebk B{z e/tb t;sK B{z ;[zdo pDkT[D dk ;kXB iK jZE e"Pbsk
dk doik jh fdZsk frnk j?. 400 JhL g[L ftZu e"NZfbnk B/ ebk B{z d' w[Zy
o{gK ftZu tzfvnk j? (1) T[g:'rsktkdh ebk^fi; ftZu e/tb T[g:'rsk B{z jh
tX/o/ wjZssk fdZsh iKdh ;h. (2) bfbs ebk^ fJ; y/so ftZu nkofEe ns/
;wkfie T[g:'rsk d/ Bkb^Bkb e'wbsk, ;{ywsk, BkI[esk, ;[jZgD ns/
wB'oziB, ;{yw sZs oZyD tkb/ y/so eftsk, ;zrhs, fuZsoebk, w{oshebk,
GtB fBowkD ebk ns/ BkNe B{z oZfynk frnk j?.6 nkX[fBe gfog/y ftZu id
th fe;/ e"w, f\Zs/ iK T[;dh ebk ftZu ;ZfGnkuko dh gqGktPkbh s;tho
ftykJh fdzdh j? sK :ehBB T[;d/ fgS'eV ftZu ;dhnK bzwk ;zxoP ns/
T[~u/oh xkbDk ftdwkB j[zdh j?.
wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk gzikp d/P pj[s tZvk ;h fi;B/ fe gZEo^
:[r s'A b? e/ fJb?eNqkfBe;^:[r
Z sZe pj[s ftek; ehsk. ;[szsosk gqkgsh
bJh gzikp d/ b'eK B{z p/jZd d[Zy ;fjD/ gJ/, fi;d/ cb;o{g gzikp d' GkrK
ftZu g{oph gzikp ns/ gZSwh gzikp (j[D gkfe;skB) ftZu tzv fdZsk frnk.
1956 Jh: ftZu PEPSU d/ Bkb u?b, i' fe wjkokik gfNnkbk dh rowhnK
dh okiXkBh ;h, gqkgs j'fJnk go GkPkJh nkXko s/ 1966 ftZu fJ;dh fco
s'A tzv eo fdZsh rJh. ftPkb gzikp B{z gzikp, jfonkDk ns/ fjwkub gqd/P

4. Gupta, S.P. (Dr.) (2004). The Punjab (An overview), Ess Pee Publication, Chandigarh, p.41.
5 Gupta, Sher Singh. (1971). Punjab, Govt. of India, Publication, p.2.
6 ;/y', fJzdogkb f;zx. (1970). Gkosh ebk dk fJfsjk;, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk,gzBk^1.

2
ftZu tzv fdZsk. gqkuhB rqzEK t/dK ns/ T[gfBPdK d/ ou?sk th fJ;/ Xosh Bkb
;zpzX oZyd/ ;B. J/esk, GkJhukok ns/ ;wkBsk dk ;zd/P th r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp
ih B/ fJ;/ Xosh s/ fdZsk.
nkozG s'A jh gzikp ebk dhnK tZy' tZyohnK XkoktK dk ;zrw fojk j?.
PKsfus ;?bkBh ik fco Pso{ GktBk tkb/ XkVth, i' th fJE/ nkJ/ nkgD/ Bkb
ebk d/ ;ot'sw sZs b? e/ nkJ/. jo ebk B{z gqc[bs j'D bJh ;[ykt/A tksktoD
dh b'V j[zdh j?. gzikp d/ ebkekoK B{z nfijk tksktoB pj[s xZN ;w/A bJh
fwfbnk ns/ fJ; ;w/A d"okB jh T[jBK B/ nkgDh ebk d/ y/so B{z ftPkb eoB
bJh, T[;B{z ;ikT[D, uwekT[D bJh jo nzdo{Bh ns/ ftd/Ph gqGkt B{z th
;theko ehsk j?.
19thA Pskpdh d/ nkozG sZe nkgDh gZeh ;ZgPN o{g^o/yk XkoB eo
u[Zeh gzikp dh fuZsoebk, fgSb/ nZX ftZu w"i{d ;h ns/ fszB PskpdhnK s'A
ftr;dh uZbh nk ojh ;h. fJj ;wK ebksfwe gqrNk d/ g{oB ftef;s o{g
dk nzfsw gZy ;h.7 f;Zy oki s'A gfjbK gzikp dh fuZsoekoh pko/ e'Jh
;orowh BjhA ;h. gjkVh fuZsoekoK d/ gzikp ftZu nkpkd j'D ns/ ;[szso
tksktoD fwbD ekoB ebksfwe ezw dk nkozG j'fJnk. bkj"o dopko dk
tksktoD gjkVh dopkoK Bkb'A tZyok j'D d/ pkti{d wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh
fdnkbsk fwbD *s/ fJjBK fuZsoekoK B/ bkj"o dopko d/ tksktoD ns/ Bt/A
;ogq;sK d/ nB[;ko nkgD/ nkg B[{z Ykb fbnk. ;dh d/ nkozfGe ekb ftZu
gjkVh okiK dh ;fEsh ns/ okiBhfse gZy'A fJjBK ;ogq;sK dk gsB P[o{ j'
frnk ns/ BthA skes T[~Go e/ ;kwQD/ nkJh. e'Nbk ns/ r[b/o d/ fJbke/ f;Zy
oki nXhB ;B ns/ j'o th gjkVh okig{s xokD/ f;Zy oki nXhB nkT[Ad/
;B, fi; ekoB gjkVh fuZsoekoK ns/ f;Zy jkewK dk w/b j'fJnk. f;Zy
jkewK B/ nkgD/ nXhB nkT[Ad/ okiK ftZu ;[yktK s/ ;[w/btK ;zpzX ;Ekfgs

7 nkfonB, e/H;hH, gzikp g/AfNzrI, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk^13

3
eoe/ oZyD dh e'fPP ehsh fi; ekoB ebk d/ y/so ’u th ;[yktK wkj"b BIo
nkT[D bZrk. gjkVh fuZsoekoK B/ f;Zy ;odkoK dh ;ogq;sh B{z ;thekod/ j'J/
f;ZyK B{z ftfPnK d/ o{g ftZu j"bh^j"bh ngDkT[Dk P[o{ eo fdZsk. okig{sh
T[gokwsk f;Zy rowi'Ph ns/ \[PfwIkih nZr/ jko rJh gozs{ fco th 19thA
;dh d/ d{i/ uoB sZe f;Zy ej/ ikD tkbk e'Jh fuZso T[gbZpX BjhA j?.8
f;Zy^ebk s'A n?B gfjbK d/ gzikp dh fusZoebk dh n;b jkbs d/ e'Jh fuzBQ
BjhA fwbd/. wjkokik oDihs f;zx oki d/ ;[szso tksktoB B/ fJjBK gjkVh
fuZsoekoK B{z nkgD/ tZb fyZfunk ns/ fJjBK f;Zy jkewK dh fBrokBh j/m pD/
fuZso jh \kb; f;Zy ;e{b sfjs nkJ/. nzro/Ih oki ;w/A gzikp d/ eZ[M
fuZsoekoK B/ gZSwh Yzr *s/ ezw eoBk nkozG ehsk. pj[;zwsh pkjob/ gqGkt
s'A nfGZi ojh ns/ gozgoktkdh P?bh Bkb eoVkJh Bkb i[Vh ojh, gozs{
wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh w"s fgZS'A gzikp ftZu okiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie
T[Eb^g[Eb ekoB fJjBK gozgoktkdh fuZsoekoK B{z e'Jh ;ogq;sh Bk fwbh
ns/ gfjbK j' oj/ ek}Ih fuZsoK dh wzr Bk^wkso j' rJh ;h, fi; dk Bshik
fJj fBefbnk fe fJj nkgD/ gozgoktkdh j[Bo B{z ezX^fuZsoekoh bJh
tosD bZr/. fJj gozgoktkdh ezX^fuZsoekoh gzikp ftZu pj[s gqc[bs j'Jh.
nzfwqs;o Pfjo Xkofwe ns/ tgkoe e/Ado ;h fJ; ekoB fJj ebk fJZE/ ;G
s'A gfjbK gqufbs j' rJh. nwho, tIho, XBtkB b'eK B/ pj[s ;kohnK
fJwkosK dh T[;koh eotkJh ns/ ezXK dh ;iktN bJh gozgoktkdh fuZsoekoK
B{z p[bkfJnk iKdk ;h. wfjbK, jt/bhnK, wzdoK, r[od[nkfonK ns/ ;wkXK
dhnK ezXK B{z th fuZsoK Bkb ;ikfJnk frnk. fuZsoekoh dh gozgoktkdh
P?bh ezX^fuZsoK bJh e[dosh s"o ’s/ w/b yKdh ;h. gzikp d/ seohpB jo
fjZ;/ B{z fuZsoekoK B/ ;ikfJnk ns/ fPzrkfonk j? go pdfe;wsh Bkb e[Me[
EktK s'A S[ZN pkehnK d/ fus/fonK d/ Bkw jh BjhA fwbd/. fJ; ezX^fuZsoebk

8 Archer, W.G., (1966). Paintings of the Sikhs, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, p.18

4
dk gjkVh ezX^fuZsoebk Bkb rfjok ;zpzX j? feT[Afe fJjBK d/ ftP/,
ozr^:'iBk, seBhe, P?bh ftZu ;wkBsk t/yD B{z fwbdh j?. ezX^fuZsoekoh d/
fJjh ftP/ ns/ seBheK nkgD/ w"fbe o{g ftZu bzw/ ;w/A se fJZE'A sZe fe
1925 Jh: sZe toshnK iKdhnK ojhnK.9
gqkuhB gzikp ftZu ezX^fuZsoekoh B{z gqwkfDe pDkT[D tkbk e'Jh th
gqwkD ;kjwD/ BjhA nkT[Adk, go fco th e[M ftdtkBK dk fJj wzBDk j? fe
gqwkDK d/ Bk j'D d/ pkti{d th ezX^fuZsoekoh dh gqEk fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZu
gqufbs j't/rh.10 fuZsoebk gozgok Bk j[zd/ j'J/ th T[~soh Gkos ftZu oki
eo oj/ w[;fbw jkewK ftZu'A eJhnK B/ ezX^fuZsoekoh B{z gq's;kjB fdZsk.
n?~;Hnwid nbh B/ fJfsjk;eko ski o/Ik dk jtkbk fdzfdnK fbfynk j?L
‘fJfsjk;eko ski o/Ik okjhA nbswP (1210^1236Jh:) d/ oki^ekb
dh fdZbh Pfjo dh Mbe fJj ;gZPN eo fdzdh j? fe T[~soh Gkos d/ gqkozfGe
w[;fbw jkewK B/ th ezXK dh fuZsoekoh B{z T[s;kfjs ehsk. T[jBK
ezX^fuZsoK dk, fi; ftZu ;[bskB dk th fJZe tZvk fuZso ;h, toDB eodk j?
i' fdZbh dhnK rbhnK B{z \bh|k w[;snf;w fpZbkj d/ J/buh dh 1224Jh:
ftZu nkwd ;w/A ;ikT[D bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ ;B.*11 f;ZyK dh soQK w[}bK d/
oki^ekb ftZu ezX^fuZsoK dh ebk B{z j'o gqc[Zbs j'D dk w"ek fwfbnk feT[Afe
T[j ne;o jh nkgD/ wfjbK wepfonK dhnK nzdobhnK ezXK T[Zs/
ezX^fuZsoekoh eotkT[Ad/ ;B. w[}b pkdPkj nepo ns/ ijKrho B/ th
fuZsoekoh B{z GtBK dh ;iktN bJh tofsnk. ijKrho B/ nkgDh ;t?^ihtBh
s[Ie-J/-ijK}hoh ftZu \[d fIeo ehsk j? fe T[;B/ nkgD/ gfotko ns/
dopko d/ w?ApoK d/ fuZso pDtkT[D dk j[ew fdZsk ;h. ezX^ fuZsoK dk
fotki e/tb Pkjh xokfDnK sZe jh ;hfws BjhA ;h fojk ;r'A j/mb/ spe/

9 nkfonB, e/H;hH, gzikp g/fNzrI, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk^21

10 ezr,eztoihs f;zx., (vkH) (1988) gzikp d/ ezX fuZso, gpbhe/FB fpT[o', gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh
gfNnkbk, gzBk^3
11 Ikram, S.M. and Spear, Percival (ed.)(1955). The Cultural Heritage of Pakistan, p.63

5
fdnK b'eK ftZu th ezX^fuZsoK gqsh o[uh tXD bZrh. wepfonK s/ v/fonK
nkfd ftZu th ezX^fuZsoekoh d/ Bw{B/ t/yD ftZu nkJ/. w[}b ekb ftZu
w[jokePh B{z ekPh dh seBhe Bkb ;z:'fre o{g ftZu fuZso T[bheD bJh
tofsnk iKdk ;h.12 fJwkos d/ nzdob/ gk;/ w[jokePh ns/ pkjob/ gk;/
ekPh dk ezw ehsk iKdk ;h.
gzikp 19thA ;dh d/ gfjb/ nZX ftZu f;Zy, fjzd{ ns/ w[;bwkB fszB
gqw[Zy f|ofenK tkbk xZN nkpkdh tkbk d/P ;h. fszB' f|oe/ d/ b'e ;IktN d/
P"ehB ;B. wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ ekb ftZu f;Zy Xow B{z Pkjh ;ogq;sh
fwbD Bkb Xkofwe ;EkBK B{z PkBdko s/ gqGktPkbh pDkT[D tZb fXnkB d/Dk
P[o{ eo fdZsk. j[D f;ZyK ftZu th nkgD/ r[o{nK gqsh PoXk ekoB ebkswe
nfGftnziBk dh wzr j'D bZrh. gzikp ftZu f;Zy r[o{nK Bkb ;zpzfXs eJh
Xkofwe ;EkBK dhnK ezXK B{z ezX^fuZso Bkb fPzrkfonk frnk j?.
wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ T[~Gko Bkb f;ZyK d/ jkbks ftZu ek|h nzso
nk frnk i' fe 17thA ns/ 18thA ;dh ftZu nkgDh j'Ad ekfJw oZyD ftZu bZr/
j'J/. fJ; wro'A s;tho^ebk B{z gq's;kjB fwfbnk ns/ f;Zy ;odkoK B/
nkgD/ PkBdko g'oNo/N; pDtkJ/.
;[zdosk d/ fJZe ftP/P ;w/A d/ x/o/ ns/ ;wki d/ fJZe ftP/P tor nzdo
ftr;/ ;zebg dhnK iVQK T[BQK fJfsjkf;e jkbksK ftZu j[zdhnK jB fiBQK ftZu
fJj ;wki iK tor g[r
z fonk ns/ ihftnk j't/.13
f;ZyK ftub/ \[Pjkb wkj"b B/ jh BjhA ;r'A fjzd{nK Bkb ;[ykt/A ;zpzX th
ezX*^fuZsoK d/ ftek; dk fJZe gqw[Zy gZy ;h, fi;dh T[dkjoD n;hA
tZy'^tZyohnK fJwkosK, Xkofwe ;EkBK *s/ pD/ ezX^fuZsoK d/ ftfPnK ftZu
t/y ;ed/ jB. fJjBK ezX^fuZsoK ftZu fjzd{ s/ f;Zy d't/A ftfPnK B{z fuZsos

12 ezr, eztoihs f;zx. (vkH)(1988), gzikp d/ ezX fuZso, gpbhe/PB fpT[o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,
gfNnkbk, gzBk^5H
13 T[jh, gzBk^7H

6
ehsk frnk j?. f;Zy Xow ftZu p/PZe w{oshg{ik dh wBkjh j? go fco th f;Zy
r[o{nK d/ g'oNo/N; ezXK ns/ ek}IK d'jK T[~s/ jh fuZsfos j'D bZr/. fJ; d/
Bkb eJh r[od[nkfonK ftZu ns/ iBw;kyhnK dhnK jZE^fbys g'EhnK th
r[o{ fuZsoK Bkb ;fuZsos j'D bZrhnK ;B. r[od[nkok pkpk nZNb, nzfwqs;o
d/ ezX^fuZso iBw;kyh *s/ jh nkXkfos jB.14 t/b, p{fNnK d/ nfs ;z[do
Bw{B/, fiBQK d/ fuZsoB ftZu w[;bwkB g{oh soQK fBg[zB ;B, fjzd{nK ns/ f;ZyK
B/ ngDk bJ/ ns/ fJj T[BQK dhnK fJwkosK dhnK ezX^fuZso ;iktNK dk
nfByVtK nzr pD rJ/. fjzd{nK bJh fe;/ fe;w dh gkpzdh Bk j'D eoe/ T[j
fuZsoekoh dk y[ZbQk gq:'r eod/ ;B. Xkofwe T[s;tK d/ nt;oK *s/
ezX^fuZsoK dk o;wh fuZsoekoh d/ o{g ftZu gq:'r ehsk iKdk ;h i' fe
;dhthA ouBk tkb/ ezX^fuZsoK s'A tZyoh gqeko d/ ;B.
gzikp d/ fgzvK ftZu tZv/ tv/fonK dhnK ;wkXK ns/ Pkjh ;wkXK *s/ th
ezX^fuZso t/yD B{z fwbd/ jB. fJj ezX^fuZso ;iktN d/ Bkb^Bkb
gftZsosk ns/ PkB d/ gqGkt B{z th ftnes eod/ jB. gzikp ftZu ezX^
fuZsoekoh dh u'yh gqf;ZXh nwho xokfDnK ns/ fw;bK d/ ;odkoK tZb'A
ezX^fuZso pDkT[D Bkb j'Jh. T[BQK B/ nkgDh mkm^pkm d/ gqrNkn bJh fuZso
pDtkJ/. joh f;zx Bbtk, T{B/ d/ p/dh, nNkoh tkb/, ;zXktkbhJ/ ns/ j'o
fw;bK d/ ;odkoK B/ th ezX^fuZso pDtkJ/. fJ; ;w/A sZe ezX^fuZso
;wkfie o[sp/ d/ fuzBQ pD u[Ze/ ;B. fiZE/ tgkoh tor th ezX^fuZsoK B{z
nkgD/ xoK d/ fPzrko bJh b'VhAdk ;wMd/ ;B T[E/ tgko bJh nkJ/ wkotkVh
tgkohnK ns/ j'o th eJh S'N/^tZv/ ;ko/ ;odko fe;/ Bk fe;/ gqeko dh rVQh
iK febQ/ ftZu irhodko d/ o{g ftZu ofjzd/ ;B fInkdkso T[BQK d/
f;zx^d[nko, fojkfJPh ewo/, toKv/ ik fco wfjwkB xo ezX^fuZsoK Bkb

14 Pjo:ko,;zs'y f;zx, (2007), f;Zy wkBf;esk ns/ pkpk nNZb d/ ezX fuZso, r[o{ BkBe d/t
:{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o, gzBk^5H

7
fPzrko/ iKd/ ;B.15 xoK dhnK gZehnK fJZNK dhnK ezXK *s/ u{B/ d/ wjhB
gb;so *s/ r[o{nK d/ g'oNo/N;, f;Zy ;odkoK d/ fuZso, fJfsjkf;e xNBktK
d/ fuZso, fjzd{ fwfEjkf;e fuZsoK d/ Bkb^Bkb gzikp dhnK gqhs rkEktK d/
fuZso pDkT[Ad/ ;B. eZuhnK ezXK B{z fuZsoB bJh fwZNh s/ r'j/ dh fwbktN
Bkb pfDnk gbZ;so eoe/ T[~s/ fuZso pDkfJnk iKdk ;h.16
gzikp ftZu ezX^fuZsoebk 19thA ;dh d/ nzs sZe ns/ fJ; s'A pknd
th gqufbs ojh. 1708 JhL ftZu r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ i'sh^i'fs ;wkT[D s'A
pknd f;ZyK ftZu 12 |"ih iE/pzdhnK pD rJhnK fiBQK B{z fw;bK fejk iKdk
;h. jo fw;b dk nkgDk fJZe y/so j[zdk ;h. fJjBK fw;bK d/ j'Ad ftZu
nkT[D dk ;wK n;fEosk dk ;wK ;h. f;nk;h n;fEosk d/ ubfdnK fe;/
th ebk dk tZXDk c[bDk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh fJj ;wK fuZsoekoh bJh
pj[sk fefonkPhb BjhA ;h go i' th ezX^fuZsoK d/ ;[oZfyns T[dkjoD fwb/
jB T[BQK s'A ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe fJ; ;w/A th ebk w{b o{g ftZu ysw BjhA
j'Jh ;h. 1870 ftZu j'J/ r[o{d[nkok g'Ehwkbk d/ ezX^fuZsoK B{z t/y e/
ebksfwe f;oiDk dh fBozsosk B{z oZd BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. ezX^fuZsoekoh
dhnK j'o T[dkjoDK ftZu 19thA ;dh d/ nzfwqs;o d/ pkpk nNZb d/
ezX^fuZso, fIbQk |ohde'N ftZu pkx/g[okD/ B/V/ fgzv wkVh w[;s|k ftZu pDh
pkpk f;ZX dh wkVh d/ ezX^fuZso, |fsjrVQ u{VhnK, nzfwqs;o fty/ fJZe
wzdo d/ ezX^fuZso t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJj ezX^fuZso f;Zy ns/ fjzd{ d'jK
XowK d/ ftfPnK *s/ nkXkfos jB. r[od[nkfonK, wzdoK, jt/bhnK, ;wkXK,
nykfVnK ns/ fJwkosK dhnK ezXK B{z ;fuZso eotkT[D dh f;Zy oki ;w/A
fwbh b'e^fgqnsk f;Zy oki d/ 19thA ;dh d/ nZX ftZu j'J/ nzs Bkb ;wkgs
BjhA j'Jh ;r'A nzs sZe gqubs ojh. bkj"o d/ f;Zy je{wsK j/m nkT[Ad/

15 Barr, Lt. William, Journal of a March from Delhi to Peshawar and from thence to Cabul,
pp.69-71.
16 Kang.,Kanwarjeet Singh(Dr.), (1985), Wall Painting of Punjab & Haryana, Atma Ram
Sons, Delhi-Lucknow, p.18, Ref. No.90.

8
fJbkfenK tKr gzikp dhnK f;Zy fonk;sK BkGk, ihAd, gfNnkbk ns/
|ohde'N nkfd ftZu fJj gqEk pj[s gqc[Zbs j'Jh ns/ fJjBK d/ Bkb bZrd/
fJbkfenK ftZu th gqGkt fgnk ns/ T[E/ th ezX^fuZsoekoh d/ Bw{B/ t/yD
ftZu nkJ/ i' 19thA ;dh ftZu T[bhe/ rJ/. gqkuhB gzikp dh i/eo G{r'fbe
;fEsh B{z w[Zy oZyd/ j'J/ ;ot/yD ehsk ikt/ sK nfijhnK fJwkosK dh frDsh
pj[s j?.
gzikp ftZu w[;bwkBK d/ okiekb ;w/A d/ ezX fuZso pj[s/ t/b^p{fNnK
dh ;iktN sZe jh ;hfws ;B. fJ;bkw ftZu nkfeqse Xkofwe wBkjh j'D
ekoB th T[~soh Gkos ftZu w[;bwkB ;[bskBK B/ ezX^fuZsoK dh ebk B{z
gq's;kjB fdZsk. }[bkw ns/ fybih tzP dh je{ws ;w/A gzikp dh ezX
fuZsoekoh ftZu fJZe BthA P?bh dk gqt/P j'fJnk. fJj ;h ‘ekPh dh ebk*
fi;B{z PhP/ d/ o'}B dk ezw th nkyd/ ;B.17 ekPh d/ ezw dh ezX^fuZsoekoh
dk Bw{Bk w[bskB ;fEs Pkj :{;ca rodhIh dk wepok j?.18
19thA ;dh ftZu gzikp dh fuZsoekoh d/ w[Zy e/Ado nzfwqs;o d/ w[}b
pIko ftZu fJZe rbh ;h fi;B{z ‘rbh BZekPK* iK ‘fuZsoekoK dh rbh* (fJ;dk
toswkB BK ‘gqskg rbh* j?) fejk iKdk ;h, fiE/ fJj gozgoktkdh ebkeko
fit/A g{oB f;zx w[;Zto, nwho f;zx nkfd t;d/ ;B fJjBK B{z BekP nkfynk
iKdK ;h.19 t/b^p{fNnK dh ;iktN fJjBK dk gqXkB r[D ;h. nzfwqs;o,
|ohde'N, gfNnkbk, BkGk, ihAd ns/ j[fPnkog[o nkfd ;EkBK *s/
ezX^fuZsoK d/ fpjsohB Bw{B/ t/yD B{z fwbd/ jB. ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe d'jK
ftfPnK B{z fJwkos dhnK ezXK T[~go soshptko fuZsos ehsk iKdk ;h.
;ogq;sK dh gqw[Zysk B{z t/yd/ j'J/ ftfPnK dh tzv ehsh iKdh ;h. eJh tko

17 ezr, eztoihs f;zx (vkH),(1988) gzikp d/ ezX fuZso, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,
gfNnkbk, gzBk^15H
18 T[jh
19 nkfonB,e/H;h, gzikp g/fNzrI, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk ^21H

9
ezXK B{z ftfPnK d/ nXko ’s/ tzv fbnk iKdk ;h. r[od[nkok g'Ehwkbk e;pk
r[o{ jo;jkfJ, f|o'Ig[o d/ ezX^fuZso, i' fe f;Zy r[o{nK, wjKGkos,
okwkfJD ns/ gqhs rkEktK *s/ nkXkfos jB, B{z tZy^tZy g?BbK ftZu fuZsos
ehsk frnk j?. iBw;kyhnK *s/ nkXkos ezX^fuZso jo fJwkos ftZu Io{o
t/yD B{z fwbd/ jB. r[od[nkok pkpk nNZb okJ/ ih, nzfwqs;o d/ ezX^fuZso
iBw;kyhnK *s/ jh nkXkfos jB. ‘iBw;kyh gozgok* ftZu fwjopkB tkbh
iBw;kyh dh fJfsjkf;e gZy s'A wjkBsk pko/ dZf;nk j?.20 GkJh pkb/ tkbh
iBw;kyh ;G s'A g[oksB j?.21
f;Zy fuZsoebk Bkb ;zpzfXs fJZe j'o wjZstg{oB T[dkjoD d/ o{g ftZu
f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ftnesh^fuZso fwbd/ jB, fiBQK B{z f;Zy r[o{ Pqh jfo
okJ/ ;kfjp d/ tZv/ g[Zso Pqh okwokJ/ (1646 Jh:) B/ fJZe w[}b fuZsoeko s'A
pDtkfJnk ;h, id'A Pqh okwokJ/ n"ozrI/p d/ dopko ftZu ofjzd/ ;B. Pqh
okwokJ/ B{z rVQtkb d/ fJbke/ ftZu d/jokd{B dh irho f;Zy gzE d/ fto[ZX yVQk
j'D bJh fdZsh rJh ;h ns/ T[E/ jh Pqh okwokJ/ B/ fJZe r[od[nkok
pDtkfJnk. fJj ftnesh^fuZso d/jokd{B ftZu T[BQK d/ tko;K gk; ;[oZfyns
j?.22 okwokJ/ ih dk fJj ftnesh^fuZso r[o{ ftnesh^fuZso dh gqEw
T[dkjoD wzBh iKdh j?.23 fJjBK fuZsoK B{z dopkoh w[}b P?bh ftZu pDkfJnk
frnk ;h ns/ pknd ftZu ftef;s j'Jh fuZsoebk dk fJjBK Bkb e'Jh ;pzX
BjhA j?.
vpfb:{H ihH nkouo, vkH eztoihs f;zx ezr, phHn?~B r';tkwh, i/H
;hH nkfonB, n?~cHn?~;H fJikI[dhB, J/He/H e[wkok;[nkwh, w[be oki nBzd,

20 f;zx,feogkb,(1969),iBw;kyh gozgok, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk,gz^12H

21 Mcload, W.H. (1975). The Evaluation of the Sikh Community, Delhi Oxford Univ. Press, p. 4.
22 Randhawa., M.S. (Dr.) Painting of the Sikh Guru in the Collection of Mahants of Gurudwara
Ram Rai, Dehradun, Roopa- Lekha XXXIX.1, AIFACS, Rafi Marg,New Delhi, p. 13-20.
Mcleod., W.H. (1991). Popular Sikh Art, Delhi Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford New York, p. 7.
23 Ibid, pp. 7-8.

10
vkH n?~wH n?~;H ozXktk, jfozdo f;zx o{g, y[Ptzs f;zx, vpfb:{H n?~uH
w?eb'v, fJwkbh J/vB, i/H;hHc?Au, nkfd fJfsjk;ekoK B/ f;Zy ebk pko/
nkgD/ ftuko g/P ehs/ jB.24
gzikp d/ jkewK s/ fuZsoekoK dk ;'cs dhnK feosK okjhA gZSwh ebk
Bkb gfjbh tko ;zgoe j'fJnk. wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk ;qh jfowzdo
;kfjp ftZu Pqh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dk gkm ;[DB dk fdqP, wjkokik P/o f;zx,
PfjIkdk dbhg f;zx, dopkohnK Bkb P/o f;zx, wjkokDh fizdK ns/
1850^55 ftZu thB; ftZu pDkfJnk frnk ‘wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk dopko*
nkfd. ;'cs d[nkok pDkJ/ fuZso gkfe;skB d/ gqf;ZX ebk ftP/Pr ns/ f;Zy
fuZsoebk d/ nzsookPNoh ftPb/Pe [Link] B/ nkgDh g[;se "Sikh
Portraits by European Artist" ftZu gqekPs ehs/ jB.25
1849 JhL ftZu nzro/IK dk gzikp TZ[go nfXeko j'D ekoB ;fEsh ftZu
gfotosB nkT[Dk nkozG j' frnk. fJ;/ ;dh d/ nzs ftZu bkj"o ftZu
ezX^fuZsoekoK dh fuZsoekoh dk Xzdk fpbe[b pzd j' frnk feT[Afe f;Zy
;odkoK dh EK s/ nkJ/ nzro/I nc;oK B{z Gkosh t;s{nK ftZu e'Jh
fdbu;gh BjhA ;h. 1900 JhL ftZu nzro/IK d/ tkg; ikD s'A pknd eJh
EKtK s/ ezX fuZsoK dh gqEk 20thA Pskpdh sZe ikoh ojh. soBskoB ns/ Pqh

24 Archer., W.G. (1966). Painting of the Sikhs, Her Majestry and Stationery office,Victoria &
Albert Museum, London. Kang., Kanwarjeet Singh. (Dr.) (1985). Wall paintings of Punjab
& Harayana, Atma Ram & Sons (H.O.) Kashmere Gate, Delhi. Pb. Art and Culture, (1988).
Atma Ram & Sons (H.O.) Kashmere Gate Delhi.
fwZNh nkg' nkgDh (1985) nko;h gpbhe/PBI, fdZbh.
Aijazuddin., F.S. (1979). Sikh Portraits by European Artist, Sotheby Parke Bernet London
New York Oxford University Press, Karachi, Delhi.
Aryan., K.C. (1977), Punjab Paintings, Pb. University Patiala. Cultural Heritage of Pb.,
(1983). Rekha Parkashan, New Delhi. Punjab Murals, (1977). Rekha Prakashan, New Delhi.
Eden, Emily. (1844). Portraits of Princes & people of India, London.
Goswamy, B.N. (Dr.) (1981). A Matter of Taste: Some Notes on the context of Painting
in Sikh Pb., Marg Pub.
Fench, S.C. (1931). Himalayan Art, Oxford.
25 Ajazzuddin., F.S. (1979). Sikh Portraits by European Artists, London, New York,Oxford
University Press, Karachi Delhi, Plates I, II, III, IV, V, IX.

11
dopko ;kfjp nzwqhs;o d/ fuZso 1905 JhL ns// r[od[nkok pkT[bh ;kfjp,
r'fJzdtkb d/ fuZso brGr 1920 JhL d/ B/V/ pDkJ/ rJ/ jB. r[od[nkok
g'Ehwkbk,e;pk r[o{ jo;jkJ/ d/ ezX^fuZso 19thA ;dh d/ nzsb/ uoD d/ jB.
19thA ;dh d/ d{i/ nZX ftZu fuZsoekoK B{z j'o tXD^c[ZbD dk w"ek fwfbnk.26
fJwkw p\P bkj"oh fJ; ;w/A dk ;G s'A gqf;ZX dopkoh fuZsoeko ;h.27
nzfwqs;o fty/ 1750 JhL ftZu T[;kfonk frnk ox{BkE dk;
mke[od[nkok, i' fe j[D yzvo dk o{g XkoB eo u[Zek j?, dhnK ezXK s'A ;gZPN
Ikfjo j? fe T[; t/b/ T[jBK T[~go ezX fuZsoekoh dk tXhnk doi/ dk ezw
j'fJnk ;h.28e;pk x[wkD, fIbQk r[odk;g[o fty/ Grs Bkwd/t ih d/ wzdo
ftZu 18thA ;dh dh ezX^fuZsoekoh d/ nzP d/yD B{z fwbd/ jB.29 f;Zy ;w/A dh
fuZsoebk n;b ftZu eKrVk ebk s/ p;"bh, uzpk, e[b{ tkdh dhnK gjkVh
gogkNhnK dh fuZsoebk d/ pu/^y[u/ nzP jB.30 fGzB^fGzB P?bhnK dk obrv
j'D eoe/ fJ;B{z ‘fjwkfbnk dh ebk* fejk frnk.31
oki gqkgsh dh bkb;k ekoB gjkVh oki d/ toswkB nkr{nK B/
wjkokik oDihs f;zx B{z GVekn fdZsk.32 fJj ;koh ekotkJh e[M jZd sZe
}?o okig{sh ;h ns/ gjkVh ;ZfGnsk d/ nkw pkJhekN d/ pkti{d fJj fJZe
n;kXkoD rZb ;h i' dopkoh gZygks d/ j[zfdnK th r[b/o d/ fuZsoekoK B/
nkgDk ;EkB pDk fbnk.33 T[; ;w/A f;Zy jkewK dk fwbkg eKrV/ d/
fuZsoekoK Bkb j'fJnk. eKrVk ns/ r[b/o^ebk *s/ fInkdk okig{s^ebk dk

26 Alam., Nadeem. (2009). Article, Painting in the Sikh Period, March 29.
27 Ibid.
28 Dist. Gazztteer Ferozepur, 1965, p. 47.
29 Kang., Kanwerjeet Singh. (Dr.) (1985). Wall Paintings of Punjab &
Haryana,Atma Ram & Sons, New Delhi, p. 22.
30 ozXktk, n?~wHn?~;H(vkH), (2006) gzikp, GkPk ftGkr, gfNnkbk,gzBk 96H
31 T[jh, gzBk^90H
32 Archer., W.G. (1966). Painting of the Sikhs, Her Majestry & Stationrey Office, Victoria &
Albert Museum, London.
33 Kang., Kanwarjeet Singh. (Dr.)(1985). Wall Paintings of Punjab & Haryana. Atma Ram &
Sons, New Delhi, p. 22.

12
n;o ;h i' iIpksh, o[wKfNe ns/ ojZ;g{oB ;h. fJjBK r[DK s'A, i' gjkVh
ebk dh fIzd^ikB ;B, f;Zy ;odko Bktke| ;B. T[j e/tb :EkoEe wB[Zyh
fuZso iK T[j fuZso fiBQK ftZu fjzd{ fwfEjk; dh f;Zy Xow Bkb ;KM ;h,
g;zd eod/ ;B. 19thA ;dh d/ nk\oh djkfenK ftZu jh eKrVk ebk dhnK
\{phnK pko/ ;'Mh j'Jh go fJsB/ fuo ftZu jh wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh w"s
ekoB f;Zy oki dh nX'rsh j'Dh P[o{ j' rJh. wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk fJZe
g[Zso P/o f;zx ebk^of;e ns/ fuZsoekoh dk tZvk gkoy{ ;h. T[;dh fJ;
fdnkbsk B/ T[;d/ gqGkt B{z tXkT[D ftZu ;jkfJsk ehsh.
r[od[nko/, mke[od[nko/ ns/ ;wkXK T[;kohnK iKdhnK ns/ fJZe wzst
fjs ezX fuZsoK Bkb ;ikJhnK iKdhnK jB.34 ezX^fuZsoK dh fJ; N[ZNthA
gozgok B/ i' fe ek|h jZd sZe ;[oZfyns j?, ebk d/ y/so ftZu fBo;zd/j
gqGktPkbh G{fwek fBGkJh j?. Xow fJZe GkJhukoe ihtB dh wzr eodk ;h
fi;B{z ezXK T[Zs/ fuZsoK okjhA do;kJhnK nKsfoe ehwsK dk jo PoXkb{ d/
;fjGkrh j'D Bkb fiT[Adk oZfynk ik ;edk ;h, Gkt/A T[j fJjBK dh ;[zdosk
d/ sZs B{z wkD ;edk iK Xkofwe ;EkB dh ftPkbsk, PkB ns/ Pesh s'A
gqGkts j' ;edk. pj[s xZN b'e nkgD/ fBZih xoK dhnK ezXK bJh s;thoK
\ohd ;ed/ ;B ns/ ezX^fuZso fJZe nkw b'V B{z g{ok eod/ ;B.35
nzro/IK d/ gzikp T[Zs/ epI/ Bkb ;fEsh ftZu s/Ih Bkb gfotosB
nkT[Dk nkozG j' frnk ns/ gzikp ftZu fuZsoekoh dk u"yk ezw j'fJnk. ezX
fuZsoebk fi;B/ fJ; ;w/A nkgDh PeshPkbh gozgok dk ftek; eo fbnk
;h, nkgDhnK BthnK ;wkfie spdhbhnK ekoD gsB tZb ikD bZrh. bkj"o
fty/ ezX^fuZsoK d/ fuZs/fonK dh d;sekoh dk nwbh s"o s/ nzs j' frnk
;h.36 f;Zy ;odkoK dh EK s/ nzro/I n|;oK B{z Gkosh t;s{nK ebk ;zpzXh

34 Dovie, J.M. (1887). Guru Guga as a Snake God, Indian Antiquary, XXVI, March, p. 84.
35 Anand, Mulk Raj. (Dr.) The world of colour, Marg XVII, No. 3, p. 3.
36 ezr, eztoihs f;zx. (vkH), (1988),gzikp d/ ezX fuZso, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,
gfNnkbk, gzBk^14H

13
e'Jh \k; fdbu;gh BjhA ;h. T[BQK bJh fJj nihp t;s{nK s'A tZX e[M BjhA
;h. d{i/ gk;/ fi; gqeko dh ebk dk nzro/I tkXk eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B, T[j
gozgotkdh fuZsoekoK d/ ezw s'A fpbe[b jh tZy ;h. nzro/IK d[nkok ;zrfms
ehsh rJh f;Zfynk gqDkbh d/ nXko ’s/ bfbs ebktK ns/ d;sekohnK tZb
th fXnkB fdZsk frnk.
gzikp ftZu ezX^fuZsoK dh fuZsoekoh fiBQK th fJwkosK ftZu j'Jh,
p/PZe T[j nZi w"i{d jB iK fco ;w/A dh G/AN uV u[ZehnK jB, B{z d' GkrK ftZu
tzfvnk frnk j?^ Xkofwe ns/ }?o^Xkofwe. Xkofwe fJwkosK ftZu
r[od[nkfonK, wzdoK ns/ v/fonK nkfd B{z fbnk frnk j? ns/ }?o^Xkofwe
fJwkosK ftZu, wfjbK, ;wkXK ns/ jt/bhnK pko/ toDB ehsk frnk j?.
Xkofwe fJwkosKL r[od[nkok pkpk nNZb okJ/ d/ whBko ezX^fuZso
ns/ gZEo ftZu sokP/ fuZsoK bJh gqf;ZX j?. nzfwqs;o dk fJZe j'o gqf;ZX
nikfJp xo i' jfowzdo ;kfjp d/ B/V/, nykVk pkbk Bzd j?, fi;dh gfjbh
wzfIb s/ fJZe nikfJp xo dk tZvk jkb j?, fi; dhnK ezXK Xkofwe ftfPnK
Bkb ;zpzXs fuZsoK Bkb fPzrkohnK rJhnK jB. wjkokik eow f;zx d/ ;w/A
gqc[Zbs j'Jh fuZsoebk dh fJZe j'o Pky ;h, fi;B{z ‘gfNnkbk fuZsoebk
;e{b* dk BK fdZsk frnk. wjkokik eow f;zx ns/ Bfozdo f;zx B/ eJh
fuZsoekoK B{z nkgD/ gk; dopko ftZu oZfynk ns/ fJjBK fuZsoekoK B/ r[o{
;kfjpkB, ok; bhbQk, okr^okrDhnK nkfd fuZso pDkJ/.
gqf;ZX ftdtkBK B/ gzikp ns/ jfonkDk d/ Bkb^Bkb gkfe;skBh gzikp
d/ ezX^fuZsoK dk th p/jZd v{zxkJh Bkb ;ot/yD ehsk j?, fiBQK dk ftPk e/tb
f;Zy fJfsjk; jh BjhA ;r'A fjzd{ fwfEjk; th ;h. Xkofwe fJwkosK ftZu
nzfwqs;o fty/ |fsjrVQ u{VhnK dk ‘gzu wzdo* 19thA ;dh d/ p/jZd fdbeP
ezX^fuZsoK Bkb ;fuZsos j?. nzfwqs;o s'A 26 e[ feb'whNo dh d{oh s/ fIbQk
r[odk;g[o ’u nkpkd fJfsjk;e e;pk |fsjrVQ u{VhnK d/ pZ; nZv/ d/ e'b

14
jh pkIko ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ g[Zso wjkokik yVe f;zx dh gsBh
okDh uzd e"o d[nkok pDtkfJnk 170 ;kb g[okDk ‘gzu wzdo’ p/jZd ;[zdo
ezX^fuZsoekoh d/ Bw{fBnK Bkb ;[;Zfis j?. wzdo d/ w"i{dk wjzs wfjzdo
dk; d/ dZ;D nB[;ko fJj wzdo 1838^39 JhL dk pfDnk j'fJnk j?. fe;/
wepo/ d/ r[zpd dh Peb tork w[Zy wzdo dk r[zpd eohp 20 c[N
Z T[~uk ns/
18 c[ZN u"Vk j?. fJ; wzdo ftZu 19thA ;dh d/ 150 d/ eohp fdbeP
ezX^fuZso pD/ j'J/ jB go fJjBK ftZu nZX/ Bkb'A fInkdk ezX^fuZso
ozr^o'rB eoe/ BPN eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB. fJ; wzdo dh d/y^o/y wjzs wfjzdo
dk; ;g[Zso gzvs r'gh uzd eo oj/ jB.
r[od[nkok pkpk pho f;zx, fibQk nzfwqs;o ftZu soBskoB^ r'fJzdtkb
;Ve T[~s/ fgzv B"ozrkpknd fty/ ;fEs j?. fJj pkpk pho f;zx dh :kd ftZu
pDtkfJnk frnk ;h. S'NhnK fJZNK Bkb T[;ko/ fJ; r[od[nko/ dhnK ezXK
T[~go 19thA ;dh d/ p/jZsohB ezX^fuZso ;B.37 r[od[nkok pkpk nNZb okJ/
ih fibQk nzfwqs;o, jfowzdo ;kfjp dh dZyD dh ;oK s'A 150 rI d{o j?.
fJj nZm e'Dh B"A wzIbh fJwkos n;b ftZu fJZe ;wkX o{g j?, i' fe S/t/A r[o{
jfor'fpzd ;kfjp d/ ;g[Zso pkpk nNZb okJ/ ih dh j?. fJj nzfwqs;o dh ;G
s'A T[~uh fJwkos j?. 18thA ;dh d/ nzsw ;w/A fJ; dh T[;koh j'Jh ns/ 19thA
;dh ftZu ezX^fuZsoK dk ezw j'fJnk. r[od[nkok ;kfjp ftZu r[o{ BkBe
;kfjp dh ihtB-eEk ezX^fuZsoK okjh do;kJh rJh j?.38 r[o{ BkBe d/t ih
d/ iBw s'A b? e/ r[o{ nzrd d/t ih B{z r[orZdh ;"AgD sZe dhnK ;kohnK
xNBktK fJZe ubfuZsoB[wk Yzr Bkb fuZsohnK rJhnK jB.
r[od[nkok b'jrVQ ;kfjp, |ohde'N fIbQ/ dh sfj;hb w'rk ftZu ;fEs
dhBk BK dk fgzv r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih Bkb ;zpzXs gqw[Zy ;EkBK ftZu'A fJZe j?.

37 Kang., Kanwarjeet Singh. (Dr.) (1985). Wall Paintings of Punjab & Haryana,Atma Ram &
Sons, New Delhi, , p. 25.
38 Pjo:ko, ;zs'y f;zxH (2007)H f;Zy wkBf;esk ns/ pkpk nZNb d/ ezX fuZso, r[o{ BkBe d/t
:{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o, gzBk^5H

15
fJZE/ r[od[nkok I|oBkwk b'jrVQ ;kfjp ;fEs j?. r[od[nkok ;kfjp dh
fJwkos dh gZeh T[;koh fonk;s |ohde'N d/ okik tIho f;zx B/ 1857 Jh
ftZu eotkJh ;h.39 fJwkos dhnK ezXK ns/ EwfbQnK T[~s/ u{B/ dk pj[s ;[zdo
gb;so ehsk j'fJnk j?, fi; s/ eJhnK EktK s/ 19thA ;dh d/ ezX^ fuZso
nzfes jB. fJjBK dk ftPk f;Zy Xow j? go nZi fJjBK fuZsoK dh j'Ad
\so/ ftZu j?.
Pqh gbfenkDk ;kfjp, fibQk nzfwqs;o ftZu soBskoB^gZNh ;Ve T[~s/
fgzv i"Vk d/ T[~so^gZSw tZb ;fEs j?. wzdo d/ nzdo pDh gfoeowk dhnK
d'jK ezXK T[Zs/ fuZso pD/ j'J/ ;B fijBK ftZu nZi pj[s xZN ;zfynk ftZu
fuZso ;[oZfyns pu/ jB.40 fJ; wzdo dh T[;koh wjkokik oDihs f;zx tZb'A
fdZsh IwhB dh nkwdB s'A j'Jh. ezX^fuZsoK ftZu Xkofwe ns/ r?o^Xkofwe
d't/ ftP/ fusZos ehs/ rJ/ jB.
t?PBt ;zgqdkfJ Bkb i[fVnk p?okrhnK dk wzdo mke[od[nkok,
okwNNtkbh BK d/ fgzv ftZu fIbQk j[fPnkog[o fty/ ;fEs j?. fJj wzdo
sokP/ j'J/ gZEoK Bkb fJZe nZm e'D/ nkXko s/ T[;kfonk frnk j? fi; d/
f;yo s/ rz[pd j?.41 wzdo dhnK ezXK *s/ 19thA ;dh d/ ezX^fuZso T[bhe/ rJ/
;B go j[D fJj BPN j' u[Ze/ jB.
okXk feqPB B{z ;wofgs dfonkDk wZb dk mke[od[nkok, nzfwqs;o fty/
eZNVk w'jo f;zx ftZu dfonkDk wZb B/ 1875 Jh: ftZu pDtkfJnk ;h. fJZe
tZv/ u"o; dbkB ftZu nZm e'D/ o{g ftZu T[;kfonk frnk j?. fJ; dbkB ns/
wZX Gkr dhnK ;kohnK nzdobhnK ezXK ;fuZsos ;B ns/ ezXK d/ pkjob/
GkrK ftZu th fuZso ;B, go nZi T[BQK dh j'Ad \sw j' u[Zeh j?. w"fye

39 Dist. G. Ferozepur, 1915, p. 48.

40 fBZih s'o s/ d;zpo 2007 B{z ik e/ t/fynk j?.
41 Kang., Kanwarjeet Singh. (Dr).(1985), Wall Painting of Punjab & Haryana, Atma Ram &
Sons, Delhi, p. 38.

16
gozgok nB[;ko fJjBK ftZu pj[s/ fuZso d/th d/tfsnK d/ ;B ns/ e[Me[
fuZso f;Zy r[o{nK d/ th ;B.
wB;k d/th dk wzdo uzvhrVQ B/V/ ;fEs j?. fJZe S'Nh gjkVh T[~s/ pD/
fJ; wzdo sZe g"VhnK okjhA gjz[funk iKdk j?. wzdo d/ f;zx d[nko s'A b? e/
nzdo dhnK ;kohnK ezXK T[~s/ fe;/ ;w/A jo EK *s/ fuZso nzfes ;B go j[D
e/tb wZX Gkr ns/ pkjob/ toKv/ dhnK ezXK T[~s/ jh ;[oZfyns jB. fJ;
wzdo d/ ezX^fuZsoK dk gqXkB ftPk wkoezvk g[okD *s/ nkXkfos d[ork d/th
dh eEk Bkb ;zpzXs j?.
fIbQk f|o'Ig[o d/ fgzv Iho/ fty/ gqkPtBkE ih d// i?B wzdo dh T[;koh
1887 JhL ftZu ;zg[oD j'Jh.42 dbkB dhnK ezXK *s/ i?B Xow Bkb ;zpzXs
fuZso pD/ jB. e[M ;w/A gfjbK fJjBK ftZu'A eJh fuZsoK d/ ozr MV rJ/ ;B
ns/ fJjBK T[~s/ d[pkok ozr eotkfJnk frnk ;h i' pj[sk ;|b BjhA j'
;fenk.
}?o^Xkofwe fJwkosK L jZEb/ y'i gqpzX ftZu }?o^Xkofwe fJwkosK
ftZu'A ;wkXK, jt/bhnK ns/ wjZbK B{z fbnk frnk j?.
pkpk w'jo f;zx dh ;wkX fIbQk j[fPnkog[o d/ fgzv NKvk d/ ;oekoh
jkfJo^;?ezvoh ;e{b d/ ;kjwD/ w;srVQ BK d/ fBowb ;zgqdkfJ d/ v/o/ ftZu
;fEs j?. fJ; ;wkX dh T[;koh ns/ fuZsoekoh okik fBjkb f;zx B/ eotkJh
;h.43 nzdobhnK ezXK T[go ezX^fuZso pD/ j'J/ jB. ezX^fuZsoK B{z fszB
nkekoK ftZu fuZsfonk frnk j?. j/mbhnK d' eskoK d/ fuZso nkeko ftZu
tZv/ jB ns/ shih esko d/ fuZso nkfJskeko T[bhe/ rJ/ jB. fInkdkso
fuZso pkpk w'jo f;zx d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs jB. fJj v/ok fBowb ;zgqdkfJ

42 Rose., H.A. (ed.) (1990). A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of Punjab and North-West
Frontier Province, vol-1, Language Department,Punjab, p. 114.
43 ezr, eztoihs f;zx. (vkH),(1988), gzikp d/ ezX fuZso, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,
gfNnkbk, gzBk^30H

17
Bkb ;zpzXs j?. pkpk w'jo f;zx dh ;wkX fIbQk b[fXnkDk ftZu d'okjk wzvh
B/V/ fgzv b'g' fty/ ;fEs j?. pkpk w'jo f;zx, gzi fgnkfonK ftu'A GkJh
fdnk f;zx d/ tzP ftZu'A ;h. ;wkXK d/ d[nko/ dh bZeVh dh u"yN T[Zs/
whBkekoh dk ezw ehsk j'fJnk j? ns/ ezXK d/ nzdo{Bh GkrK T[~s/ fuZso pD/
j'J/ ;B.
fonk;sh Pfjo gfNnkbk fty/ PhP wjZb dh T[;koh wjkokik Bfozdo
f;zx B/ 1847 Jh: ftZu eotkJh ;h.44 fJj fJwkos oki^xokD/ d/ fBtk;
;EkB w'sh pk} wjZb d/ fgSb/ gk;/ fJZe owDhe ;EkB fty/ ;fEs j?. fJ;
d/ fJZe pzBQ/ ;[zdo pkokdoh ns/ d{i/ pzBQ/ pBktNh Mhb j? fi; *s/ bSwD M{bk
bNe fojk j?. i/eo PhP wjZb dh w"i{dk jkbs pko/ rZb ehsh ikt/ sK nZi
fJ;dh jkbs p/jZd so;:'r j?. PhP wjZb d/ nzdo pj[s jh y{p;{os ezX^
fuZso fusZos jB. fJ;d/ Bkb jh fJZe ewo/ ftZu ;ko/ gk;/ PhP/ iVQ/ j'J/ jB
fJ; eoe/ jh fJ; dk BK PhP wjZb g? frnk. PhP wjZb nzdob/ eJh fuZso
ni/ th ;[oZfyns jB, fi;dk ekoB ewo/ nzdo ikD dh nkfrnk Bk j'Dk j?.
dbkB dh SZs B{z th nzdob/ gkf;U bZeVh d/ ;iktNh ezw Bkb fPzrkfonk
frnk j?, fi; Bkb fJZe ;zg{oB ebkswe tksktoD pfDnk j'fJnk j?. fuZsoK
dk ftPk ;hws BjhA j?. fJj Grtsg[okD, okXk feqPB, ftPB{z ntsko,
BkfJe BkfJek, pkokwkj ns/ okrwkbk ftfPnK T[~s/ nkXkfos jB. seBheh
gZy'A fJj fuZso gqsZy jh wkfjo jZEK dk ezw gqshs j[zd/ jB. fuZsoK dk ;w[Zuk
gqpzX ns/ ;z:'iB pVh :'iBkpzdh nXhB ehsk j'fJnk j?.
gfNnkbk d/ jh fJZe j'o wjZb febQk w[pkoe ftZu d' dbkBK dhnK ezXK
;fuZsos jB. fJjBK ftZu'A fJZe dbkB febQk nzdo{B d/ e/Ado ftZu j?, i'
gqshs j[zdk j? fe e/tb Pkjh xokD/ dhnK fJ;sohnK bJh okytK ;h. fJjBK
fuZsoK B{z PhP wjZb s/ w'sh wjZb d/ ezX^fuZsoK dk gqsho{g th nkfynk iKdk

44 Phulkian State Gazetteer. (1904), p. 202.

18
j? feT[Afe fuZso ;z:'iB, P?bh, ftPk t;s{ gZy'A ;Kt/ jB ns/ fJj ezX fuZso
fJZe' T[;skd fus/o/ dh fBrokBh j/m pD/ j'J/ ikgd/ jB. poBkbk d/ g[fb;
PN/PB B/V/ ;fEs T[dk;h v/o/ nzdo pkpk fdnkb dk; dh ;wkX ftZu
;[oZfyns ezX fuZso t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. T[go'es ;EkBK s'A fJbktk th pj[s
;ko/ nfij/ ;EkB jB fiBQK ftZu ezX^fuZso pD/ j'J/ jB gozs{ ;kohnK
fJwkosK ftZu e/tb f;Zy ftfPnK Bkb ;zpzX fuZso jh BjhA jB. ezX^fuZsoK
dk T[go'es ;ot/yD f;Zy fuZsoebk dk pj[w[Zbk Gkr j?. fi; s'A gzikp d/
nwho b'eK d[nkok T[BQK dh o[uh nB[;ko ezX^fuZso pDkT[D dh gqEk dk gqwkD
fwbdk j?. r'fJzdtkb ;fEs r[od[nkok u[pkok ;kfjp ns/ r[od[nkok pkT[bh
;kfjp ftZu 1920 JhL d/ ezX^fuZso fwbd/ jB. nzfwqs;o ;fEs nykVk
;zrbktkbk ftZu 16 ezX^fuZso pDkJ/ fwbd/ jB. fJjBK 16 fuZsoK ftZu'A
‘tokjntsko* ns/ ‘Pqh r[o{ BkBe d/t B{z ;kEhnK Bkb r'PN eod/* Bkwe
fuZso wkor ftZu gqekPs jB45, gozs{ w"i{dk wjzs Pqh nzBskBzd dk; ih Bkb
ehsh w[bkeks s'A gsk bZrk fe g[oksB fJwkos d/ fro ikD ns/ BthA T[;koh
ekoD fJj fuZso j[D BjhA fwbd/. soBskoB ;fEs dopko ;kfjp dh fvT[VQh
ftZu ns/ gfjbh wzfIb dhnK ezXK *s/ th e[M fuZso pDkJ/ rJ/ jB.46
r[od[nkok g'Ehwkbk e;pk r[o{ jo;jkfJ, fco'Ig[o fty/ 19thA ;dh dh
p/jsohB ns/ fdbeP fuZsoekoh t/yD B{z fwbdh j?. fJ; fJwkos ftZu
fuZsoK okjhA tZy^tZy ftfPnK B[{z BthB Yzr Bkb g/P ehsk frnk j?. fJj
fuZso Xkofwe ns/ }?o^Xkofwe d'jK P?bhnK nXhB fusZos jB. gzikp
dhnK gqhs rkEktK d/ fuZso, f;Zy ;odkoK d/, wjKGkos, okwkfJD, ;kyhnK,
ok; bhbQktK ns/ ;[szso ftnesh fusoB th ehsk frnk j?. t?PBt ws Bkb
;zpzXs fuZso, ;w[zdo wzEB, feqPB ftnkj dk fuZso, pkokwkj d/ fuZso, Pqh

45 Kang., Kanwerjeet Singh. (Dr). (1977). Survival of Wall Painting in Amritsar, Marg XXX. 3
June, p. 51, Plate 46, 47.
46 Arshi., P.S. (1986). Sikh Architecture in Punjab, Intellectual Publishing House, New Delhi, p.
58.

19
r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ ;kfjpIkfdnK d/ fuZso, pkpk fgqEhuzd ns/ pkpk
fwjopkB ih d/ r[o{ o{g ftZu fuZso fusZos jB gozs{ nZi fJ; fJwkos d/
eJh fuZsoK dh jkbs pj[s jh fInkdk \;sk j' u[Zeh j? ns/ eJh fuZsoK dh
j'Ad jh \sw j' u[Zeh j?. fJ; fJwkos d/ Bkb fJZe febQk ;h fi; dh e/tb
fJZe dhtko jh puh j?. nZi fJjBK ’u'A pu/ ezX fuZsoK B{z pukT[D dh e'fPP
B{z w[Zy oZyfdnK J/Hn?~;HnkJhH B/ fJjBK fuZsoK B{z i' fe ebk dk pj[w[Zbk
\IkBk jB, nkgD/ nXhB b? fbnk j?.
ebk gqsh o[uh ns/ brB jh fe;/ ebk B{z tZXD c[ZbD ftZu wdd eo
;edh j?. gzikp d/ b'e p/jZd ebk gq/wh ;B Gkt/A nPKsh dh ;fEsh ojh fco
th ebk^gq/w B{z fJjBK B/ dpkfJnk BjhA ns/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZu fJjBK dh
nzdo{Bh ebk T[ikro j[zdh jh ojh. fJjBK ekoBK ;dek nZi ;kv/ e'b f;Zy
fusZoebk iBw;kyh fuZsoK, g'Eh fuZsoK ns/ ezX fuZsoK d/ o{g ftZu T[gbZpX j?.
18thA ;dh d/ nzs ftZu pD/ d' bx{ fuZsoK ftZu fw;bdko i? f;zx
xBZJhnk, uzpk d/ wjkokik okik f;zx, eKrVk d/ ;z;ko uzd ns/ j'o dopkoh
ftneshnK Bkb p?m/ jB. d't/A fuZsoK ftZu ;z;ko uzd B"itkB BIo nk oj/

jB, fi; s'A fJj nB[wkB brdk j? fe fJj fuZso 1775^1785 d/ j'Dr/.47
fJ; s'A fJbktk i? f;zx d/ g[Zso r[op\P f;zx d/ d' ftnesh fuZso ns/
;odko iZ;k f;zx dk fJZe o/yk fuZso pko/ th toDB fwbdk j?,i' fe uzvhrVQ

nikfJp xo, fteN'ohnk n?Av n?bpoNk fwT{Ihnw ns/ fpqfNP fwT[Ihnw

ftZu ;[oZfyns jB.48 1810^1830 JhH d/ ftueko gjkVh fusZoeko f;Zy
PkPeK d/ ;Bw[Zy j'J/ ns/ fJ;/ d"o ftZu f;ZyK dh fuZsoebk ftZu o[uh g?dk

j'Jh. f;Zy fusZoebk d/ fuZsoK B{z fszB GkrK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?

47 Goswamy., B.N. (Dr.)., 1981 A matter of Taste: Some notes on the context of Paintings in
Sikh Punjab, Marg Publication, Bombay, , p. 76-77.
48 Ibid. p. 76-77.

20
Miniature, Ivory, Mural.49 wjkokik oDihs f;zx fuZsoK B[{z uzr/ ;zpzX
;Ekgs eoB bJh T[gjko d/ o{g ftZu tosd/ ;B. T[BQK B/ nkgD/ x'V/ dk
ns/ okik ;[u/s f;zx dk fuZso bkov p?AfNe B[z{ G/fink.50 wjkokik oDihs
f;zx dh Xow fBoZgysk t/y e/ ;k| iakfjo j[zdk j? fe T[BQK d/ dopko ftZu
jo Xow d/ ebkeko ;B. fJjBK ftZu e/jo f;zx, w[jzwd p\P, g[oy{, P/o

w[jzwd, okw f;zx, nwho py;a ns/ w[jzwd nih; nkT[Ad/ ;B.51 1831 Jh:
ftZu fuZsoeko ihtB okw ftfbnw p?AfNe d/ nwb/ Bkb o'gV nkfJnk ns/
T[;B/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk fuZso pDkfJnk fi; s'A gqGkfts j' e/ oDihs
f;zx B/ T[;B{z 100 o{g? fJBkw ti'A fds/.52 wjkokik id'A th f;aeko s/ iKdk
T[jBK Bkb fuZsoeko th j[zd/ ;B.53 fJ; s'A fpBK wjkokik B/ wfjwkBK tk;s/
fJe jt/bh ftZu th ezX fuZso pDtkJ/ ;B54 go fJjBK fuZsoK pko/ j[D e'Jh

gqwkD BjhA fwbdk. t?;/ fJj jt/bh nzfwqs;o ftZu j?. 1831 Jh: ftZu
ftfbnw p?AfNe Bkb ehsh w[bkeks ftZu wjkokik d/ bPeo Bkb fuZsoeko
th ;B.55 wjkokik oDihs f;zx s'A pknd T[BQK d/ g[Zso yVr f;zx ns/

B"fBjkb f;zx B/ th ebk ftZu o[uh fdykJh fi; dk gqwkD bkj"o dh jt/bh
ftZu pD/ ezw fuZsoK s'A fwbdk j?.56 P/o f;zx dk BK fuZsoebk d/ ;woEeK

49 Randhawa., T.S. (2000). The Sikh, Images of Heritage, Parkash Book Depot, New Delhi, p.
11.
50 Ajazzuddin., F.S. (1981). Honoured Images: The use of Portrailure in Sikh Diplomacy. Marg
Publication, Bombay, p. 92.
51 Srivastwa., R.P. (Dr.) (1990). Art & Archeology of Punjab, Sandeep Parkashan,New Delhi, ,
p. 11.
52 ezr, eztoihs f;zx. (vk),(1985),fwZNh nkg' nkgDh, nko;h gpbhPoI uKdBh u"Ae,fdZbh, gzBk
77 ns/ gzikp d/ ezX fuZso,(1988) gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,gfNnkbk, gzBk^82H
53 Ahuja., Roshan Lal. The Story of Ranjit Singh, Amritsar, Khalsa College Book Depot, p. 72.
54 Kang., Kanwarjeet Singh.(Dr.),(1985). Wall Paintings of Punjab & Haryana,Atam Ram &
Sons, New Delhi, p. 120.
55 Suri., Sohan Lal. (1962).Umdat-ut-Tawarikh, Translated by V.S. Suri III, Delhi, [Link] &
Com. p. 39.
56 Kang, Kanwarjeet Singh. (Dr.), (1985). Wall Paintings of Punjab & Haryana,Atam Ram &
Sons, New Delhi, p. 121.

21
ftZu tX/o/ nkT[Adk j? i' fe S'Nh T[wo ftZu eKrVk d/ rtoBo pD/ ns/ eKrVk
fuZsoebk B{z g{oB ;woEB fdZsk. P/o f;zx B/ th nkgDk fuZso JhwkJhbh
(Emily) s'A pDtkfJnk. fJj fuZso Emily Eden dh g[;se Portraits of the
Princes : People of India, ftZu gqekfPs j?.57 bkj"o ftZu f;Zy Pkjh
xokD/ s'A fJbktk wkbt/ dhnK c[behnK fonk;sK d/ okfinK d[nkok f;Zy

fuZsoebk B{z fdZs/ rJ/ ;fj:'r d/ gqwkD th fwbd/ jB. wzvh ftZu ‘;iB{z’
fuZsoeko d[nkok pDkJ/ rJ/ ezX^fuZsoK tKr gfNnkbk ftZu ‘jwho jZN’ Bkw
d/ fJe fuZsoeko d[nkok pDkJ/ ezX^fuZso dh fJe T[dkjoD dk jtkbk vkH
jhok Bzd Pk;soh B/ fdZsk j?.58 febQk |ohde'N d/ PhP wjZb ftZu fpeow
f;zx B/ ezX^fuZsoK dh fuZsoekoh eotkJh. ouBkswe ekoi B{z e/tb nkgDk
eosZt ;wM e/ d{i/ dh fJZSk dh g{osh bJh fuZsoekoh dk ezw ;zg{oB eoB

ns/ nkgD/ Bkw nzfes Bk eoB eoe/ fJjBK fuZsoekoK pko/ ikDekoh BjhA
fwb ;eh.59 fJ; eoe/ gzikp d/ eJh fuZsoeko r[wBkwh d/ jB/o/ ftZu th
r[nku u[Ze/ jB, feT[Afe T[BQK d[nkok gqf;ZXh gqkgs eoB bJh ekoi BjhA

ehsk frnk. fuZsoekoK B/ iK sK \[d jh nkgD/ Bkw fuZsoK *s/ nzfes BjhA
ehs/ iK fco T[BQK B{z wkbeK tZb'A sZ[S ;wMd/ j'J/ nkgDk Bkw BjhA fbyD fdZsk
frnk. y'i d"okB gzikp dh fuZsoebk d/ ghVQh do ghVQh uZb/ nk oj/ gjkVh
fuZsoekoK d/ BK ns/ P?bh d/ nkXko s/ T[BQK d/ fuZsoK dh gfjukD eoB dk
;cb :sB ehsk j?. gzikp d/ ezX^fuZsoK dh fuZsoekoh d/ fJfsjk;e
fgS'eV d/ X[zdb/gB d/ fgZS/ fJe ekoB j'o th w"i{d j?, fe fJ; ;w/A fJe

57 Archer, W.G. (1966). Paintings of the Sikhs, Her Majestry's of Stationery Office Victoria &
Albert Museum London, p. 18.
58 Hath.,Hamir. (1915). Journal of Indian Art, Oct, XVII No. 132.
59 Mukerjee, Radhakamal. (1951). The Social Function of Art, Edition 2, Hind kitab, p. 226.
Kang, Kanwarjeet Singh. (Dr.), (1985) Wall Paintings of Punjab & Haryana, Atam Ram &
Sons, New Delhi, p. 113.

22
ftnesh eJh soQK d/ ezw eodk ;h, fit/A fe bZeVh dk ezw eoB tkbk
fw;soh b'j/ dk ezw th eodk ;h. eJh fuZsoeko fiBQK B/ ezX fuZso pDkJ/
tk;st ftZu fwT[ofb;N BjhA ;B pbfe T[BQK B/ fw;soh, BZekPh, rZu ns/
N[ZeVh dk ekoi th ehsk j'fJnk ;h. fJ;/ bJh fJjBK B{z oki fw;soh d/ BK
Bkb ikfDnk iKdk ;h. eJh ezX^fuZso fJ;/ gqeko d/ fuZsoekoK dh ouBk

j?.
dwEb dk t?PBt wZm B{og[o d/ fuZsoeko fpPBdk; d[nkok
ezX^fuZsoK Bkb ;ikfJnk frnk ns/ wBhwkiok d/ wB;k d/th d/ ezX^fuZso
f;ow{o d/ nzrd B/ pDkJ/ jB.60 fJ; s'A fJbktk gfNnkbk d/ PhP wjZb ftZu
ehsh ezX^fuZsoekoh d/ ou?sk, fijBK B/ oki;EkBh fuZsoekoK Bkb fwbe/
ezw ehsk, gjkVh fuZsoeko ;kv/ ;kjwD/ nkT[d/ jB.61 fJj jfod[nko d/
‘pjh fbyD tkb/’ ns/ ‘gKX/’ ;B.62 g{oph gzikp s'A fJbktk gZSwh gzikp
(gkfe;skB ftZu) bkj"o d/ \_kprj^J/^PkjijkBh, ijKrhoh jwkw, nepo dk
d"bs ykBk^J/^yk;^U^nkw, Pkjh p[oi, ekbk p[oi, o"PBh r/N, bkj"o
wjkokik P/o f;zx dh ;wkX ns/ e'N \tkik ;ZJhd ;fEs T[BQK dhnK okDhnK
dhnK ;wkXK dh ezX^fuZsoekoh gjkVh fuZsoekoK d[nkok ehsh rJh ;h.63
gzikp d/ ezX^fuZsoK dh fJ; fuZsoekoh dh P?bh B{z w'jokePh th efjzd/
jB fi;B{z i'Xg[oh j[Bo d/ Bkw Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?.64 fJjBK fuZsoK ftZu
fJfsjk;e xNBktK ns/ fwfEjk; B{z fiE/ gqw[Zysk fdZsh rJh T[E/ ;iktN bJh

60 Goswamy, B.N. (1966). Some Nineteenth Century Frescoes and The Painter Angad of
Sirmur, Arts Asistiques, XIII, p. 99.
61 Goswamy, Karuna. Frescoes in the Shish Mahal at Patiala, Roopalekha, XXVIII No. 1& 2,
p-124.
62 Goswamy, B.N. (1969). Sikh Painting:An Analysis of Some Aspects of Patronage Oriental
Art, (New Series), XV No.1, p. 46.
63 Kang, Kanwarjeet Singh. (Dr.) (1985). Wall Painting of Punjab and Haryana, Atma Ram
and Sons, New Delhi, p. 114.
64 Aryan, K.C. (1977). Punjab Paintings, 100 yrs. Survey of Punjab Painting (1841-1941),
Punjabi University Patiala, pp. 16-17.

23
\{p;{os t/b p{fNnK d/ Bkb^Bkb gzShnK dk th fuZsoB j[zdk fojk j?. gqw[Zy
fuZsoK s'A pknd tkX{ EK s/ fJjBK fuZsoK B{z fuZsos ehsk iKdk. fJjBK ftZu
w'o, fuVhnK, pKdo, w?Bk, s'sk nkfd nkT[Ad/ jB. ezX^fuZsoK ftZu w'o dh
\k; EK ojh j?. w'o B{z gftZso wzBd/ j'J/ fJ;B{z wkoBk gkg ;wfMnk iKdk
;h. fJj fjzd{ Xow ftZu \k; EK oZydk j?. gjkVh P?bh Bkb ;zpzXs nB/eK
fuZso ftZu w'o fuZsoK d/ ;z:'iB dk ftP/P nzr ;h. 19thA ;dh d/ gzikp ftZu
w'o B[z{ wjZstg{oB ;EkB gqkgs ;h. nzfwqs;o fty/ xoK dhnK ezXK T[s/ th
w'o dh nkfeqsh gqXkB ;h. ezX^ fuZsoK ftZu w'o dh nkfeqsh dhnK uzrhnK
T[dkjoDK j'o th eJh EktK s/ BIo nkJhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu |fsjrVQ u{VhnK
;fEs wjkokDh uzd e"o dk wzdo fi;B{z gzu^wzdo th fejk iKdk j?.
gfNnkbk d/ fBozekoh v/o/ ftZu ;iktNh fuZsoK ftZu w'o B{z fusfonk j?.
gzikp d/ ezX^fuZsoK ftZu r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dh Sth tkb/ fuZso
seohpB jo fJwkos ftZu t/y/ rJ/ jB. wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ oki ftZu
\[Pjkbh ;dek f;ZyK B/ nkgD/ Xkofwe ;EkBK B{z PkBdko s/ gqGktPkbh
pDkT[D bJh ezX^fuZsoK dh fuZsoekoh eotkJh. gZeh ns/ \{p;{os T[;koh
eotk e/ ezX^fuZsoekoh bJh fsnko ehshnK rJhnK. Xkofwe fJwkosK d/
Bkb^Bkb fBtk; ;EkBK dhnK ezXK T[s/ th fuZsoekoh ehsh ikD bZrh. gzikp
ftZu f;Zy oki j'D eoe/ f;Zy r[o{ ;kfjpkBK d/ ftP/ B{z ezX^fuZsoK ftZu u'yh
EK fwbh. fJjBK fuZsoK ftZu ;G s'A tZX fuZso r[o{ BkBe d/t ih s/ r[o{
r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ fwb/ jB. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B[z{ nzfes eodk ;G s'A
g[oksB ezX^fuZso fiabQk r[odk;g[o ftZu fgzv x[wkD fty/ Grs Bkwd/t ih d/
wzfdo ftZu 18thA ;dh d/ nzs ftZu fuZsfonk frnk ;h. ezX^fuZsoK ftZu r[o{
BkBe d/t ih B{z ne;o jh uNkJh T[s/ fuzsBPhb w[dok ftZu fJZe r'b sehJ/
d/ ;jko/ p?fmnK fuZsfonk frnk j?. T[BQK d/ fJZe jZE ftZu wkbk ns/ fJZe jZE
fuNkJh T[~s/ ftPokw nt;Ek ftZu fNfenk j[zdk j?. f;ZXK Bkb r'PN tkb/

24
fuZsoK ftZu th r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B{z fJ;/ nk;D ftZu do;kfJnk iKdk fojk
j?. fuZso dh fgZm G{wh ftZu fJe SKdko o[Zy ftykfJnk j[zdk j?. fJ;/ ;z:'iB
ftZu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B{z do;kT[d/ ezX^fuZso nZi th gzikp dhnK e[M
fJwkosK ftZu d/yD B{z fwb iKd/ jB. fJ;/ soQK r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dk fuZso
th eJh fJwkosK ftZu d/yD B{z fwbdk j?. gziK fgnkfonK d/ Bkb iK fco
uko ;kfjpIkfdnK d/ Bkb r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B{z x'V/ *s/ ;tko fuZsfonk
iKdk fojk j?. eJhnK EktK *s/ \kb;/ dh f;oiDk dh xNBk f;Zy Xow ns/
fJfsjk; d/ Bkb^Bkb ebk d/ y/so ftZu th gqwkfDs ojh j?. fJj ftPk
ezX^fuZsoK d/ o{g ftZu eJhnK fJwkosK ftZu fuZsfonk fwbdk j?.
gzikp d/ ezX^fuZsoK ftZu ;G s'A tZX g'oNo/N wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/
fwbd/ jB. bkj"o d/ Pkjh wZjbK d/ fJe ezX fuZso ftZu wjkokik B{z r[o{
BkBe d/t ih dh jkiaoh ftZu jZE i'V e/ p/Bsh g{ote ;fEsh ftZu fuZsfonk
frnk j?.65
eJhnK EktK d/ ezX^fuZso jkb/ th BPN j'D s'A pu/ j'J/ jB ns/ t/y/
ik ;ed/ jB, fit/A fe nykVk pkbk Bzd, nzfwqs;o ns/ okwNNtkbh,
j[fPnkog[o d/ p?okrhnK d/ wzdo ftZu, nkfd. soBskoB^gZNh ;Ve T[~s/
fgzv i"Vk B/V/ ;fEs gbfenkDk ;kfjp d/ wzdo ftZu 1971 sZe 50 d/ eohp
ezX^fuZso ;[oZfyns ;B.66 nZi fJjBK ftZu'A pj[s/ fuZso BPN j' u[Ze/ jB.67
fjzd{ Xow ftZu ntskotkd dh wjkBsk B/ t?PBt ;zgqdkfJ B{z pj[s
gqf;ZX eo fdZsk ;h. ;qh okw ns/ ;qh feq;aB w[Zy ntsko jB. t?PBt wZs dk
gquko gzikp ns/ gzikp d/ gjkVh fJbkfenK ftZu I'o *s/ ;h. r[odk;g[o B/V/
;fEs gzv'oh dk t?PBt wZm gzikp dk ;G s'A tZvk e/Ado j?. gzikp dhnK
nB/eK fJwkosK ftZu t?PBt ftfPnK Bkb ;zpzfXs 19thA ;dh d/ p/jsohB ezX

65 ezr, eztoihs f;zx. (vkH), nihs b/y, ezX fuZsoK ftZu wjkokik oDihs f;zx, 18 iBtoh
2011H
66 ezr,eztoihs f;zx. (vkH),(1988)Hgzikp d/ ezX fuZso, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk^26H
67 fBZih s"o ’s/ d;zpo 2007 ftZu wzfdo t/fynk frnk.

25
fuZso T[bhe/ j'J/ jB. t?PBt bfjo Bkb ;zpzXs gzikp d/ ezX^fuZsoK ftZu
;G s'A tZX EK ;qh feq;aB ih B{z fwbh j? i' t?PBt wZs d/ ;G s'A tZX jowB
fgnko/ ntsko wzB/ rJ/ jB. T[BQK d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs jo gqeko d/
ezX^fuZso d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. Gkt/A fe;/ fJe EK d/ ezX fuZsoK ftZu feqPB ih
d/ ihtB B{z ;zg{oB o{g ftZu fusfonk BjhA fwbdk go i/ gzikp d/ ftfGzB
EktK d/ ezX^fuZsoK dk nfXn?B ehsk ikt/ sK gsk brdk j? fe feqPB ih d/
ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs PkfJd jh e'Jh xNBk j'J/, i' fuZsoekoK d/ p[oP okjhA
ezXK T[s/ fuZsfos Bk ehsh rJh j't/. fJjBK ftZu feqPB ih d/ pugB dh
;zg{oB bhbQk, T[jBK dhnK ok;^bhbQktK, j'bh^bhbQk, uhojoB nkfd d/ fuZso
fwbd/ jB. ;G s'A tZX ok; bhbQktK d/ fuZso jo fJwkos ftZu t/yD B{z fwb/
jB.
gzikp ftZu ezX^fuZso d/ fus/fonK B/ fJ; d/ fJfsjk; B{z pj[s fXnkB
g{ote fusfonk j? ns/ jo gZy B{z ftP/ d/ o{g ftZu fbnk j?. fiE/ f;Zy
r[o{nK d/ fuZso jB T[E/ T[dk;h wZs ns/ ;kX{nK ntskoK B{z th \k; EK fdZsh
rJh. fJjBK ezX fuZsoK dk dkfJok pVk ftPkb j?. e[M fJwkosK \k;
;z;EKtK Bkb i[VhnK ;B ns/ T[jBK fJwkosK dhnK ezXk T[s/ fJj fuZso
tX/o/ T[bhe/ rJ/. nfijh fJe T[dkjoD j? pkpk ;qh uzd ih d/ fuZso. fJj
tX/o/ eoe/ nykfVnK ftZu T[bhe/ fwbd/ jB feT[Afe fJjBK nykfVnK Bkb
pkpk ;qh uzd tZb'A nozG ehsh T[dk;h ;zgqdkfJ dk f;ZXk ;zpzX ;h. gzikp ftZu
T[dk;h nykV/ Gkt/A eJh EktK s/ ;Ekfgs jB go fJjBK dk tZvk e/Ado
nzfwqs;o j?. fJ; Pfjo ftZu ;fEs brGr ;ko/ nykfVnK B{z ezX^fuZsoK
Bkb fPzrkfonk frnk j?.
gzikp d/ ezX^fuZsoK ftZu eJh t/o fuZsos ftP/ ;zpzXh fuZso dh
fgZm^G{wh s/ jh fbys okjhA ;gZPNheoB d/ fdZsk iKdk ;h. eJh EktK s/
fuZsoK dh ;/tk eotkT[D tkfbnK d/ BK th fuZso ftZu nzfes ehs/ fwb/ jB,

26
gozs{ nfij/ pj[s xZN t/yD B{z fwb/ jB. gzikp dhnK b'e }kEktK,
jho^oKMk, ;'jDh^wjhAtkb, fwoIk^;kfjpk nkfd eJh ezX^fuZsoK ftZu T[bhe/
rJ/ jB. fJ; s'A fpBK ;[szso o{g ftZu ehs/ fuZsoB d/ gqwkD pj[s fInkdk
;B go fJjBK gksoK dh gfjukB Bjh j' ;eh iK fco fJj nkw ihtB ftZu'A
bJ/ rJ/ gkso jh ;B, feT[Afe fuZsoK dh u'D ftZu fuZsoekoK dk tX/o/ jZE
j[zdk ;h. t?;/ sK fuZsoeko ftP/ ;hwk ftZu ofj e/ jh fuZsoB eod/ ;B go
ed/ edkJhA nfij/ fuZso th t/yD ftZu nkJ/ jB fiBQK ftZu fuZsoeko dh
fBZih fdbuZ;gh j[zdh ;h fit/A fe r[od[nkok g'Ehwkbk, r[o{ jo;jkfJ,
f|o'Ig[o ftZu nfij/ eJh fuZso jB fiBQK B{z fe;/ ftP/ nXhB BjhA fbnk
iKdk. fJj fuZso ;[szso o{g ftZu yVQhnK n"osK ns/ g[oPK d/ fuZso jB.
nfijh fBZih fdbu;gh fJwkos d/ wkbeK ns/ fuZsoeko d'jK dh j' ;edh
j?. ezX^fuZsoK ftZu p/PZe g[oPK Bkb'A Bkoh B{z xZN nzfes ehsk frnk j? go
Bkoh B{z tZy^tZy o[{gK ftZu do;kT[Ad/ 19thA ;dh d/ i' ezX^fuZso nZi sZe
;[oZfyns jB, T[j fe;/ o'ue nfXn?B s'A ;ZyD/ BjhA jB. fJj
ezX^fuZsoekoh d/ ihtB d/ eJh gZyK B{z ;{yw nzdkI Bkb T[xkVd/ jB. Bkoh
dk ftneshrs o{g ftZu fuZsoB dk gqGkt |ozrhnK s'A gq/os j?. ;wki ftZu
T[~u/ spe/ dhnK BkohnK s'A fpBK eJh EktK s/ ;kXkoB BkohnK d/ fuZso th
nzfes fwb/ jB gozs{ fJjBK dh e'Jh gSkD BjhA j' ;eh. fJjBK ftZu'A e'Jh
;zrhseko j?, e'Jh r[ioh j? ns/ e'Jh g/qfwek. fJjBK ftfPnK d/ ;zdoG ftZu
nkJ/ Bkoh fuZsoB dh xkN BjhA j?. ;', fJefjo/ wzst fjZs th ezX^fuZsoK dh
T[;koh ehsh iKdh ojh j?.
gZehnK fJZNK dhnK ezXK T[s/ u{Bk gb;so eoB T[gozs fJ; B{z frZbk
oZyfdnK T[bhe/ fuZsoK dh fuo;EkJh j'Ad d/ Bkb^Bkb nfij/ ezX^fuZsoK dh
ouBk th ehsh iKdh ;h i' b'e^ebk d/ x/o/ ftZu nkT[Ad/ ;B. ezX^fuZsoK
ftZu nkT[Adh fJ; ebk pko/ fIeo ehs/ fpBK gzikp d/ ezX^fuZsoK dk

27
fJfsjk; ;zg{oB BjhA j[zdk ns/ fJ; gZy B{z nDr"fbnk BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.
fJj fuZso nkw b'eK d[nkok xoK dh eZuhnK ezXk s/ T[bhe/ iKd/ ;B. gzikp
d/ fgzvK ftZu nZi th fJj ebk nkgD/ fto;/ B{z ek|h jZd sZe ;zGkbh p?mh j?.
fJjBK ezX^fuZsoK dk ftPk pj[sk ;iktNh Bw{fBnk sZe ;hws j[zdk j?, fit/A
p{N/ s/ p?mhnk fuVhnK, w'o nkfd. gzShnK d/ Bkb^Bkb g/Av{ u["frod/ ftZu'A
bJhnK eJh j'o nkfeqshnK th fJjBK fuZsoK dk ftPk pDdhnK jB, fit/A fe
fpZb/ ik e[Zs/ nkfd. b'e fuZsoKtbh ftZu ep{soK, x[ZrhnK, fuZVhnK nkfd
nkfeqshnK gqdofPs ehshnK fwbdhnK jB go fJjBK ftZu ;G s'A gqw[Zy
;EkB w'o B{z fwfbnk j? fit/A fe gfjbK th fIeo ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ebk
dk ftPk ;EkBe u[frod/ dh nt;Ek d/ nkb/^d[nkb/ x[zwdk j? fit/A fe gzikp
d/ b'e ezX^fuZsoK s'A th gqsZy j?. fJjBK dh e'Jh fB:ws P?bh BIo BjhA
nkT[Adh.68
ezX fuZsoK dh T[;koh fJe \k; wzst fjZs ehsh iKdh ;h. vkH w[be
oki nkBzd dk fJ; ;zdoG ftZu j/m fbfynk ftuko pj[s Y[ZetK j?. ;kv/ d/P
ftZu ebk dh ;[oZfyns go N[ZNthA gozgok ftZu ezX^fuZsoK B/ fBo;zd/j jh
fJe gqGktPkbh G{fwek fBGkJh j?. Xow fJZe GkJhukoe ihtB dh wzr eodk
;h fi;B{z ezXK T[Zs/ fuZsoK okjhA do;kJhnK nKsfoe ehwsK B{z jo PoXkb{ d/
;fjGkrh j'D Bkb fiT{Adk oZfynk ik ;edk ;h, Gkt/A T[j fJjBK dh ;[zdosk
d/ sZs B{z wkD ;edk iK Xkofwe ;EkB dh ftPkbsk, PkB ns/ Pesh s'A
gqGkfts j' ;edk. pj[s xZN b'e nkgD/ fBZih xoK dhnK ezXK bJh s;thoK
\ohd ;ed/ ;B ns/ ezX^fuZso nkw b'eK dh Io{os B{z g{ok eod/ ;B.
1849 JhH ftZu nzro/IK d/ gzikp T[s/ epI/ Bkb ;fEsh ftZu s/Ih Bkb
gfotosB nkT[Dk nkozG j' frnk. ezX^fuZsoK dh ebk, fi;B/ fJe
PeshPkbh gozgok dk ftek; eo fbnk ;h, 19thA ;dh ftZu BthnK

68 ezr, eztoihs f;zx. (vkH) (1988) gzikp d/ ezX fuZso, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk,gzBk^93H

28
spdhbhnK ekoB gsB tb ikD bZrh. d{i/ gk;/ fi; gqeko dh ebk nzro/I
ukj[zd/ ;B T[j gozgoktkdh fuZsoekoK d/ ezw s'A fpbe[b tZyoh ;h. 1875^76
Jh: ftZu bkj"o fty/ wkU ;e{b nk| nkoN dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh. fJ; fgZS'A
ebk ftZu gZSwh gqGkt nkT[Dk nkozG j' frnk.
20thA ;dh d/ gfjb/ fszB uko djkfenK ftZu nzsookPNoh nkX[fBe
M[ekn j"bh^j"bh tZXD bZrk ns/ gozgoktkdh fuZsoekoh j"bh^j"bh nkX[fBe
fuZsoebk d/ o{g ftZu T[~Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[D bZrh. Gkos T[; ;w/A
nkgDhnK gozgoktK Bkb'A ;zpzX s'V u[Zek ;h ns/ gZSw d/ T[God/ gqfeqshtkd
gqGkt EZb/ nk u[e
Z k ;h.69
1849 Jh: ftZu nzro/IK d/ nXhB gzikp d/ nk ikD Bkb f;Zy fuZsoebk
ftZu fJe eqKshekoh gfotosB nkfJnk. i' ebkeko gfjbK f;Zy ;ogq;sK d/
nXhB ekoi eod/ ;B T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ j[D Bt/ gq:'r nkT[D bZr/. ebk d/
y/so ftZu Skg/\kB/ ns/ bhE'rqkcI seBheK d/ o{g ftZu Bt/ gfotosB nkT[D
bZr/. j[D sZe fijV/ fuZso e/tb XBkv b'eK sZe ;hfws ofjzd/ ;B j[D
Skg/\kfBnK ekoB nkw b'eK dh gj[zu ftZu nk rJ/. nzrq/IK d/ nkT[D Bkb
bkj"o dopko ns/ f;ZyK d/ nXhB ezw eoB tkb/ ebkekoK d/ ezw ftZu eJh
gqeko dhnK spdhbhnK nkT[D bZrhnK. gzikp ns/ f;Zy oki *s/ nzrq/IK d/
nfXeko fgS'A jh BthB P?bh n?Arb' w[}b70 g{oB o{g ftZu T[~Go e/ ;kjwD/
nkJh fi;d/ ekoB ftnesh fuZsoB ftZu fGzB^fGzB o{g ns/ nkeko T[~Go e/
;kjwD/ nkJ/.
ftnesh fuZsoB ftZu gqw[Zy gfotosB gqf;ZX j;shnK d/ ;w{j s/
fBoGo eodk j? fi; ftZu ik sK g{o/ ;w{j B{z fuZsos ehsk iKdk ;h ik fco
ftnesh fuZsoK dh bVh fsnko ehsh iKdh ;h. fJjBK fuZsoK dk ftPk

69 owB, J/Hn?; . dk v/bh NkJhwia nkc fJzvhnk, 28 i[{B 1953 ftZu Sfgnk b/y.
70 Mcleod, W.H. (1991). Popular Sikh Art, Delhi Oxford University Press, Oxford New York, p.
16.

29
wjkokik oDihs f;zx iK dopkoh j'fJnk eod/ ;B. fuZsoebk ftZu d{ik
gfotosB fJwkJhbh d/ o/yk^fuZsoK s'A gzikph fuZsoekoK B[{z d{oh d/ ;zebg
dk nkGk; j'fJnk.71 shik gfotosB ozrK ftZu nkfJnk fi; okjhA uNe ozr
e[M wZXw j' rJ/. fJj gfotosB nzr/qIh gqGkt ns/ wkU ;e{b nkc nkoN
d[nkok T[sPkfjs eoB ekoB nkfJnk.
f;Zy fuZsoekoK B/ fJjBK gfotosBK s'A ek|h e[M f;Zfynk ns/ Bt/A
gq:'r eoe/ t/y/. e/jo f;zx (1820^1882) dk Bkw fJjBK fuZsoekoK ftZu
;G s'A gfjbK nkT[Adk j? fi; B/ 19thA ;dh d/ nkyoh djke/ d"okB pVh jh
e[Pbsk d/ Bkb bkj"o, nzfwqs;o ns/ eg{oEbk ftZu fJjBK gfotosBK dk
;cb gq:'r ehsk.
nzrq/Ih gqGkt nXhB ;EkBe ns/ ftd/Ph gozgoktK dhnK seBheK d/
fw;aoB B/ fJe ftPkb wzvh dk o{g XkoB eo fbnk. 19thA ;dh d/ nzs ftZu
Skg/\kfBnK B/ f;Zy u/sBk dh g[Bo ikfrqsh ftZu Gog{o :'rdkB gkfJnk ns/
f;Zy fuZsoebk dh gqf;ZXh ftZu nfjw G{fwek fBGkJh.
f;Zy fuZsoebk *s/ n?Arb'^w[}b P?bh dk gqGkt ;gZPN fdykJh fdzdk
j?.72 r[o{ ;kfjpkBK ns/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx B{z nkgD/ dopkoh ns/
;fjpIkfdnK Bkb fJZe jh fuZso ftZu fdykT[D dh gqEk n?Arb'^w[rb P?bh s'A
rqfjD ehsh, fi;B{z nkouo B/ fuZsoebk (Timesless Conclave) ekb ofjs
r[gs ;Gk dk Bkw fdZsk.73
19thA ;dh d/ nzfsw uoB ftZu Skg/\kB/ d[nkok ehsh rJh f;Zy
fuZsoebk B{z bkj"o d/ wkU ;e{b nk| nkoN (1875^93) d/ fgqz;hgb i/H
fegfbzr ns/ T[BQK d/ gqf;ZX b/ye g[Zso B/ fJeZso ehsk i' fteN'ohnK n?Av

71 Anand, Mulk Raj. (1977). Painting & Prayer: A note on Heratic Pictorial Art under the
Sikhs,Marg XXX3, June, p. 45.
72 Mcleod, W.H. (1991). Popular Sikh Arts, Delhi Oxford University, Press Oxford, New York,
p. 19.
73 Archer, W.G. (1966). Paintings of the Sikh, Her Majestry & Stationery office V. & A.
Museum London, fig. 61-62.

30
n?bpoNk fwT[Ihnw bzdB ftZu ;[oZfyns j?. fJj fuZso T[; ;w/A nkw
T[gbZpX j'D ekoB n;kBh Bkb fwb ;ed/ ;B ns/ fJjBK fuZsoK B{z ;zGkbD
dk f;jok, b'et[v fegfbzr ns/ o{v:kv fegfbzr B[{z iKdk j?. fJj fuZso
d;K r[o{ ;kfjpkBK, iBw;kyhnK, wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ pkoK thoK ns/
;wekbhB f;Zy ;wki s/ nkXkfos ;B.74
1911^1930 JhH d/ d"okB gzikp ftZu fszB Pq/DhnK d/ fuZsoeko ;B
gozgoktkdh fijV/ pkjob/ gqGkt s'A nfGZi oj/ ns/ gozgoktkdh P?bh B{z fIzdk
oZfynk. |oIh nekdwh;aB, fijV/ gZSwh P?bh ftZu fuZsoekoh eod/ ;B.
pkIkoh fuZsoeko, fijV/ EhJ/Nqheb ezgBhnK bJh ezw eod/ ;B. fJj
EhJ/Nqheb ezgBhnk 20thA ;dh d/ nkozG ftZu pj[s wPj{o ;B. Gkt/A T[BQK dk
pj[s ;kok ezw tgkoe gZXo s/ ehsk j'fJnk j?, go T[; dk e[M fjZ;k pj[s
tXhnk j?. T[BQK ftZu'A e[M d/ BK bkj"o fBtk;h j[;?B p\P, w[jzwd nkbw,
wZbk okw, joh f;zx, nZbk pyP s/ nzfwqs;o fBtk;h mkeo f;zx ns/ ;'Gk
f;zx jB.75 20thA dk nkozG gfotosB ekb wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ;B/ ;kv/
ftfdne Yku/, ;fGnkukoe ;orowhnK ns/ iB^ihtB s/ v{zxk gqGkt
gkfJnk. 19thA Pskpdh ftZu ;kohnK fJfsjk;e s/ GtB T[;koh ebkswe
P?bhnK dk nkozG j'fJnk.
20thA ;dh d/ nkozGe ekb ftZu fuZsoebk d/ y/so ftZu gzikp ftZu
e'Jh T[BZsh BjhA j'Jh. fJ; ;w/A gzikp B{z fe;/ uzr/ ebkeko dh ofjB[wkJh dh
b'V ;h i' g[oksB ebk dh gozgok B[{z Btk o{\ fdzdk ns/ ;wekbh fuZsoebk
B{z ;/X fdzdk. fJ; ;w/A ftZu nzfwqsk P/ofrZb (1911^1941) nkT[Adh j? ns/
T[;B/ ebk dhnK BthnK bhjK s'ohnK. T[j ;jh noEK ftZu nkX[fBe
fuZsoeko ;h go T[;d/ fuZso f;Zy fuZsoekoh Bkb ;zpzXs BjhA ;B. 20thA

74 Mcleod, W.H. (1991). Popular Sikh Arts, Delhi Oxford University. Press Oxford, New York,
pp. 20-23.
75 nkfonB, e/H;hHgzikp g/fNzrI, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, gzBk^26H

31
;dh d/ nkozfGe wZX ekb ftZu f;Zy fuZsoebk d/ pziogB d/ d' ekoB dZ;/
rJ/ jB^ f;zx ;Gk dk gquZbs f;Zy fuZsoebk s'A p/w[Zy j'Dk ns/ d{ik ekoB
f;ZyK dk gowkswk d/ fBonkeko B{z wzBDk.76 f;zx ;Gk d/ ;wki ;[XkoeK B/
p/PZe fJ; f;Zy ebk d/ fBowkD ftZu o[ektNK gkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh go T[j
fJ;B{z fpbe[b ysw Bk eo ;e/. gzikp s'A d[{o gNBk ftZu fJ; f;Zy
fuZsoebk B[z{ gq's;kjB fwbdk fojk ns/ T[E'A f;Zy ftP/ fuZsos j[zd/ oj/.
1947 s'A fgS'A f;Zy fuZsoebk d/ fJfsjk; ftZu d' soQK Bkb ftek;
j'fJnk. fJe sK f;Zy ftfPnK Bkb ;zpzXs fuZso Io{osK w[skpe gqekfPs
j'D bZr/ ns/ d{ik f;Zy fuZsoebk ftZu tZvw[bk :'rdkB gkT[D tkb/ fuZsoeko
;w{j. nkX[fBe ebk ftZu fJj f;Zy fuZsoeko th d' gqeko d/ ;B fJZe T[j
fiBQK B/ f;Zy r[o{nK d/ nkfXnksfwe gqGkt B{z do;kT[D bJh ftnesh fuZso
pDkJ/. d{i/ T[j fijBK d/ f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXs ftP/ xNBktK B[{z fusos
ehsk. f;Zy r[o{nK d/ fuZsoK ftZu ;odko ;'Gk f;zx dk Bkw ;q/Pm j? ns/
f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXB xNBktK d/ fusoB bJh feqgkb f;zx gqf;ZX jB.
;'Gk f;zx ns/ j'o f;Zy fuZsoeko fiBQK B/ ekbgfBe fuZso th pDkJ/
jB. gfjb/ ns/ dZ;t/A r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ftnesh fuZso tX/o/ jB. feogkb
f;zx B/ th f;Zy r[o[{nK d/ fuZso pDkJ/ ns/ T[jBK d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzXs
;kEhnK ns/ xNBktK B{z fpnkB d/ fuZso th bVh o{g ftZu fuZsos ehs/ jB.

76 Mcleod, W.H. Popular Sikh Art, pp. 27-28.

32