bdkbZ 5 tufgr ;kfpdk ¼ihvkbZ,y½*

*MkW- ,u- jkE;k

:ijs[kk

5-0 mÌs';

5-1 izLrkouk

5-2 tufgr ;kfpdk dk vFkZ

5-3 tufgr ;kfpdk dh mRifŸk

5-4 tufgr ;kfpdk dh ç—fr

5-5 laoS/kkfud çko/kku

5-6 tufgr ;kfpdk ls lacaf/kr eqís

5-7 tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j djus dh çfØ;k

5-8 tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj lekt dk;Z

5-9 tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj lekt dk;Z ds vU; rjhdksa ds lkFk laca/k

5-10 lkjka'k

5-11 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

5-12 cks/k ç'uksa ds mŸkj

5-0 mís';
*
MkW- ,u jkE;k] lekt dk;Z fo|kihB] bXuw] ubZ fnYyhA
1
Hkkjr dk lafo/kku lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA ;fn
jkT; ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks O;fä U;k; ds fy, dkuwu dh
lgk;rk çkIr dj ldrk gSA vkfFkZd lgk;rk ds vHkko esa] fu/kZu O;fä U;k;
ds fy, U;k;ky; ugha igq¡p ikrsA blds vfrfjä Hkkjrh; dkuwu ç.kkyh ds
rgr] dsoy ihfM+r yksx vius ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks çkIr djus ds fy,
U;k;ky; esa tk ldrs gSaA blfy, lkekftd laxBu] xjhc yksxksa dh vksj ls
muds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds fy, U;k;ky; esa vihy ugha dj ldrsA bl
leL;k dks eglwl djrs gq,] Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; us bl vo/[Link] dks
fodflr fd;k fd lekt dk dksbZ O;fä] pkgs og lh/ks rkSj ij blls 'kkfey
u gks] ijUrq blesa xgu :fp j[krk gks] fu;e 226 ds rgr~ tufgr ;kfpdk
ds ek/;e ls] mu yksxksa dh vksj ls mPp U;k;ky; tk ldrk gS tks xjhch]
vlgk;rk vFkok fodykaxrk vFkok lkekftd@vkfFkZd :i ls oafpr fLFkfr esa
gksus ds dkj.k vnkyr rd ugha tk ldrsA bl izdkj U;k; [Link] esa tufgr
;kfpdk dh 'kq:vkr ,d egŸ[Link] fodkl gSA Hkkjr esa tufgr ;kfpdk dk
lokZf/kd egŸ[Link] ;ksxnku U;k;ky;ksa dks fu/kZuksa esa lokZf/kd fu/kZu] lekt ds
oafpr rFkk gkf'k;s ij jg jgs rcdksa tSls dSfn;ksa] cslgkjk cPpksa vFkok ca/kqvksa
etnwjksa] efgykvksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@tutkfr;ksa rd igq¡pkuk gSA bl
izdkj ;g lkekU; :i esa tufgr ds fy, U;k;ky; dk mi;ksx djus esa lekt
dk;ZdŸkkZ dh lgk;rk djrk gS] lkFk gh lekt ds oafpr ,oa nos&dqpys oxZ
ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djus esa Hkh lgk;d gSA

lekt dk;Z tSls dsl odZ] lewg dk;Z] lkeqnkf;d laxBu] lkekftd ç'kklu
dk;Z fodflr gksus esa le; yxkA O;fäxr] ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd
leL;kvksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, bu lHkh fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
vk/kqfud lekt esa lkekftd leL;k,a tSls cky Je] ca/kqvk etnwjh] i;kZoj.k
laj{k.k] Hkz"Vkpkj eqä ç'kklu] f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu 'kks"k.k]
m|ksxksa dk LFkkukarj.k] dkuwuh fu;e] }kjk vPNh ljdkj tSlh tfVy
2
lkekftd leL;k,a gSaA ;s tfVy leL;k,a cM+s iSekus ij lh/ks ;k ijks{k :i ls
O;fä vkSj lekt dks çHkkfor djrh gSA bUgsa ijaijkxr lekt dk;Z fof/k;ksa ds
ek/;e ls izHkkoh :i ls lqy>k;k ugha tk ldrkA ledkyhu leL;kvksa ds
lek/kku ds :i esa ftlesa tkx#drk vfHk;ku] lalk/ku tqVkuk] usVofdZax]
'kfä vk/kkfjr vH;kl gSa] tufgr ;kfpdk ,oa odkyr gSa] tufgr ;kfpdk ,oa
odkyr lkekftd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, vk'kk dh ,d ubZ lksp
dks fn'kk funsZ'k nsrs gSaA bl çdkj] tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj lekt dk;Z ds chp
laca/k dks le>uk vfuok;Z gSA

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds i'pkr vki fuEu dks le>us ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,%

 tufgr ;kfpdk dk mís'; vkSj ç—fr

 bldh yksdl LVsaMh dh vo/[Link] esa lqçhe dksVZ }kjk fd, x, i;kZIr
cnyko vkSj tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j djus ds fy, ljy çfØ;k,a
viukukA
 ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k vkSj çpkj ds fy, lkoZtfud Lrj ij
tkx#d O;fä;ksa ;k laxBuksa ds ,d lewg dks cuk;k tk,A
 tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj lekt dk;Z ds vU; ikjaifjd vkSj ledkyhu
rjhdksa ds laca/k dks le>ukA

5-1 izLrkouk
ukxfjd U;k; ç.kkyh es tufgr ;kfpdk egŸ[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ;g
turk ds fgrksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gSA bldk mís'; lkekftd vkSj lkewfgd
U;k; lqfuf'pr djuk gSA bldk dk;Z lekt ds oafpr] mRihfM+r vkSj gkf'k,
okys oxksaZ dks U;k; çnku djrk gSA ;g lkewfgd :i ls vf/kdkjksa ds fy, ,d
volj çnku djrk gSA ;g flfoy lksl;Vh dks u dsoy ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds
ckjs esa tkx#drk QSykus dh vuqefr nsrk gS cfYd ljdkj dh [Link]; ysus dh
3
çfØ;k esa Hkh Hkkx ysrk gSA ;g ljdkj dks tokcnsgh ds lkFk vPNs 'kklu esa
;ksxnku nsrk gSA

ikajifjd rkSj ij tufgr ;kfpdk ds mn~Hko ls igys] vf'kf{kr] oafpr vkSj

'kksf"kr turk ds fy, U;k; ,d nwjnjkt dh okLrfodrk Fkh] ,d O;fä ftls
vnkyr ds ek/;e ls dkuwuh mik; Hkqxruk iM+k gSA ekuuh; lqçhe dksVZ us
^yksdl LVsaMh^ dh vo/[Link] dks fQj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k vkSj U;k; ds fy,
U;k;ky;ksa esa ,d cM+h ck/kk dks gVk fn;kA

u;h fLFkfr ;g gS fd ;fn ,d O;fä vFkok O;fä;ksa ds ,d oxZ ds lkFk

dkuwuh :i ls dqN xyr gqvk gS vkSj os xjhch vFkok vU; fdlh v{kerk ds
dkj.k U;k;ky; dk njoktk ugha [kV[kVk ldrs rks mudh vksj ls fdlh
tufgr esa :fp j[kus okys O;fä vFkok ,d lekt dk;Z lewg ds fy,
vnkyr esa U;k; ikus ds fy, ;kfpdk nk;j djus dk jkLrk [kqyk gSA bl u;s
n`f"Vdks.k us fu/kZu rFkk 'kksf"kr O;fä;ksa rd U;k; igq¡pk;k gS vkSj bl izdkj
lHkh ds fy, lkekftd vkfFkZd U;k; iznku djus ds laoS/kkfud mÌs';ksa ds
nk;js dk foLrkj djus esa o`f) gqbZ gSA

5-2 tufgr ;kfpdk dk vFkZ

tufgr ;kfpdk ls rkRi;Z gS lkoZtfud fgr ;k lkekU; fgr esa] çkjaHk dh
tkus okyh U;kf;d dkjZokbZ ftldh leqnk; ds ,d lewg ds fgr esa #fp gks]
ftlls mlds dkuwuh vf/kdkj vkSj ftEesnkjh çHkkfor gksrh gSA tufgr ;kfpdk
,d dkjZokbZ gS] ftlesa ,d O;fä ;k lewg turk ds fy, esa jkgr ekaxrk gS
uk fd vius fy,A

oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa Hkh fo'ks"kr% lekt ds 'kksf"kr oxZ vnkyr ds ek/;e
ls vius dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dks ikus esa vusd dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA
;s ifjorZu U;k; ç'kklu esa /khjs&/khjs gks jgk gS tufgr ;kfpdk ,d dkuwuh
4
lk/ku ds :i esa gS] tks fd bl ifjorZu dks ykus esa ,d çeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkk
jgk gSA lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ tksfd ,d ifjorZu ,tsaV gS] ds fy, bl u;h 'krkCnh
esa tufgr ;kfpdk lekt dk;Z dks fofHkUu izeq[k fof/k;ksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa
mHkjh gSA

cks/k iz'u I

[Link]% v½ mŸkj gsrq uhps fn, x, LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

vk½ bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mŸkjksa ls vius mŸkj dk feyku

dhft,A

1½ tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j gksus ls igys xjhcksa ds fy, U;k; dh okLrfodrk

D;k Fkh\

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2½ D;ksa 'kks"k.k ds f'kdkj xjhc yksxksa dks vke yksxksa dh rjg U;k; fey
ldrk vrhr esa vnkyrksa ds ek/;e ls U;k; dh iqf"V djsaA

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5
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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3½ D;k mPpre U;k;ky; us xjhcksa dks U;k; fnykus ds fy, vnkyrksa rd

igqap dh ck/kk dk gVk fn;k\

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5-3 tufgr ;kfpdk dh mRifÙk

la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa 1960 ds n'kd ds e/; esa tufgr ;kfpdk dk çkjaHk
ekuk tkrk gSA mUuhloha lnh esa] la;qä jkT; vesfjdk us fofHkUu dkuwuh
lgk;rk vknksyuksa ds ek/;e ls lkoZtfud fgrksa ds fy, dkuwu cukus ds fy,
;ksxnku fn;k FkkA 1960 ds n'kd esa tufgr ;kfpdk vkanksyu us xfr çnku
dhA odhyksa vkSj mRlkfgr O;fä;ksa dks fo'ks"kkf/kdkj nsus gq, bu ekeyksa dks
xfr nh vkSj i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa tSls lkoZtfud LokLF;] 'kks"k.k]
miHkksäkvksa dk 'kks"k.k vkSj detksj oxksZa ds izfr vU;k; tSls ekeyksa ls yM+us

6
ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;kA 1970 ds n'kd ds nkSjku la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa]
tufgr ;kfpdk dks ykxw fd;k vkSj 1970 ds var esa Hkkjr esa Hkh tufgr
;kfpdk dk izkjaHk gqvk vkSj 1980 ds n'kd esa bls fodflr fd;k x;kA

Hkkjr esa xjhc yksxksa ds ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd vf/kdkj dsoy nLrkostksa esa
ekStwn FksA xjhc vkSj vui<+ yksxksa ds fy, fHkUu çfØ;kvksa vkSj mPp ykxr ds
dkj.k os U;k;ky;ksa ls U;kf;d jkgr ikus esa l{ke ugha FksA gkykafd] Hkkjr esa
tufgr ;kfpdk ds vkus ls] xjhcksa ds fy, U;kf;d jkgr vkSj laoS/kkfud U;k;
ds vf/kdkj c<+ pqds FksA tufgr ;kfpdk ds mnHko esa tfLVl oh-vkj-—".kk
v¸;j vkSj U;k;ewfr ih-,u- Hkxorh dks vxznwr ekuk tkrk FkkA lfefr ds
v/;{k ds :i esa U;k;ewfrZ ih-,u- Hkxorh us dkuwuh lgk;rk ;kstukvksa dks
ykxw djus ds fy, tufgr ;kfpdk dks çksRlkfgr fd;k FkkA loksZPp U;k;ky;
us bl rjg ljdkjksa] vjktdrk] ç'kklfud ykijokgh vkSj mnklhurk tSlh
neudkjh çFkkvksa ls mRiUu gksus okyh nqcZyrkvksa ds gLr{ksi dks de djus ds
fy, vius laoS/kkfud nkf;Ro dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA U;k;k/kh'k lkekftd U;k;
ds fy, egŸ[Link] Hkwfedkvksa vkSj lÙkk esa larqyu cuk, j[krs gSaA

5-4 tufgr ;kfpdk dh ç—fr

tufgr ;kfpdk dk mís'; xjhc yksxksa ds lkFk fd, x, vU;k; ds f[kykQ
U;k;ky; ls dkuwuh :i ls fuokj.k djus ds fy, U;k; fnykuk gSA U;k;ewfrZ
oh-vkj- —".k v¸;j ds vuqlkj] ^tufgr ;kfpdk ,d çfØ;k gS] tks yksxksa dh
f'kdk;rksa dks dkuwuh çfØ;k ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds fy, U;k; çkIr djus dks
O;ä djrk gSA U;k;ewfrZ ih- ,u- Hkxorh us dgk fd] ^lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
U;k;] tks gekjs lafo/kku ds gLrk{kj dk çrhd gS turk ds fgrksa dk fojks/k
fojks/kh eqdnesa dh ç—fr esa ugha gS] ysfdu ;g ,d pqukSrh gS vkSj ljdkj rFkk
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks oafpr vkSj detksj oxksaZ ds fy, lkFkZd] cqfu;knh ekuokf/kdkj
cukus vkSj mUgsa vk'oLr djus dk ,d ekSdk nsuk gSA bl çdkj] tufgr
7
;kfpdk esa] ikjaifjd fookn ds lek/kku ra= ds foijhr] dksbZ –<+ ladYi ugha
gksrk gS] ;k O;fäxr vf/kdkjksa ij QSlyk ugha fd;k tkrk] ysfdu ;g yksxksa
ds ewy vf/kdkjksa ds çfr vU;k; ;k mYya?ku ds f[kykQ ;kfpdk nk;j dh tk
ldrh gSA

5-5 laoS/kkfud çko/kku

Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa tufgr ;kfpdk ds Hkkx 3 esa fufgr ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dh
ubZ vkSj mnkj O;k[;k vkSj Hkkx 4 esa jkT; ds uhfr funsZ'kd fl)karksa dk
mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 32 vkSj 226 esa tc Hkh ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gS rks fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks loksZPp U;k;ky; ;k
mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks ;kfpdk LFkkukarfjr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA

vuqPNsn 32 ¼1½ ds }kjk ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dh mfpr dkjZokbZ gsrq vkSj ykxw
djus ds fy, mPpre U;k;ky; dks LFkkukarfjr djus ds vf/kdkj dh xkjaVh
nsrk gSA lafo/kku ds Hkkx 3 vuqPNsn 32 ¼2½ esa dgk x;k gS fd mPpre
U;k;ky; ds ikl funsZ'kksa] vkns'kksa ;k mUgs jí djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS]
ftlesa mifLFkfr&i=] ijekns'k] eukgh] vf/kdkj i`PNk] mRçs"k.k dh ç[Link]
dh ç—fr gksA

vuqPNsn 226 ds vuqlkj] vkSj vuqPNsn 32 ds ckotwn leLr mPp U;k;ky; ds

ikl ;g 'kfä gksrh gS fd og mifLFkfr&i=] ijekns'k] eukgh] vf/kdkj i`PNk]
mRçs"k.k dks ykxw dj ldsa tks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds Hkkx 3 }kjk vf/k—r FksA

mPpre U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; nksuksa ds ikl ;g vf/kdkj gS fd oks

ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds rgr~ fjV v‚MZj vkSj bUgsa ykxw djus ds fy, leku
vf/kdkj gSaA lekt ds detksj oxZ ds yksxksa ds fy, mPpre U;k;ky; us
ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds vFkZ dks vkSj vf/kd foLrkj fn;k gS] vkSj lafo/kku ds
vuqPNsn 14] 21 vkSj 32 ds Hkh vFkZ vkSj {ks= dks Hkh la'kks/ku }kjk foLr`r fd;k
8
gSA thou ds vf/kdkj dks jkstxkj ds vf/kdkj ds :i esa O;kf[;r fd;k gSA
vius [Link]; esa mUgksaus lekurk ds vf/kdkj dks tks vuqPNsn 14 }kjk tks
LFkkfir gS mls dk;Zdkjh vkSj ç'kklfud euekuh dks fujLr djus ls tksM+
fn;k gSA

5-6 tufgr ;kfpdk ls lacf/kr eqís

tufgr ;kfpdk esa fuEufyf[kr eqíksa dks fy;k tk ldrk gS%

1½ cqfu;knh lqfo/kk,a tSls lM+d] ikuh] nokbZ;ka] fctyh] çkFkfed fo|ky;]

çkFkfed fpfdRlk dsaæ] cl lsok vkfnA

2½ foLFkkfir O;fä;ksa ds iquokZl

3½ ca/kqvk vkSj cky etnwjksa dh igpku vkSj muds fy, iquokZl

4½ voS/k utjcanh vkSj fxj¶rkjh

5½ iqfyl fgjklr esa yksxksa dks ;kruk,a

6½ dSn[kkuksa esa ekSr

7½ dSfn;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks laj{k.k

8½ tsy lq/kkj

9½ ijh{k.k ds nkSjku 'kh?kz ijh{k.k

10½ vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds f[kykQ vR;kpkj

11½ dSfn;ksa dh ljdkjh dY;k.k x`gksa esa mis{kk

12½ dSn esa cPps

9
13½ cPpksa dks xksn ysuk

14½ ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds f[kykQ Hkz"Vkpkj ds vkjksi

15½ dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dk ikyu

16½ U;wure etnwjh dk Hkqxrku

17½ xjhcksa ds fy, dkuwuh O;oLFkk

18½ Hkw[k ls ekSrsa

19½ vHknz nwjn'kZu dk;ZØe

20½ i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k

21½ xjhc yksxksa dk efyu cfLr;ksa ls vukf/k—r fu"dklu

22½ dkuwuksa ds çfr dY;[Link] dk;kZUo;u

23½ detksj oxksaZ ds ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku A

5-7- tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j djus dh çfØ;k

tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j djus ds fy, Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds mPpre U;k;ky; ds
vuqPNsn 32 ds rgr~ fjV dh lHkh fu/kkZfjr çfØ;kvksa vkSj vkSipkfjdrkvksa dk
mnkj O;k[;k ds :i esa ikyu djuk vko';d ugha gSA

mPpre U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa tufgr ;kfpdk dkjZokbZ fuEufyf[kr
rjhdksa ls dh tkrh gS%

 iath—r i= rFkk ;kfpdkvksa ds lkFk rF;ksa vkSj nLrkostksa dks vnkyr

ds eq[; U;k;k/kh; dks HkstukA

10
  lkoZtfud tufgr ;kfpdk dks fu%'kqYd dkuwuh lsok lfefr ds ek/;e
ls lh/ks U;k;ky; esa çLrqr dj ldrs gSaA
 fdlh Hkh odhy dh enn ls lh/ks gh ekeys dks nkf[ky dj ldrs gSaA
 xSj ljdkjh laxBu ;k tufgr ;kfpdk la?k ds ek/;e ls ekeyksa dks
nkf[ky djukA

cks/k iz'u II

[Link]% v½ mŸkj gsrq uhps fn, x, LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

vk½ bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mŸkjksa ls vius mŸkj dk feyku

dhft,A

1½ tufgr ;kfpdk dh izd`fr D;k gS\

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2½ tufgr ;kfpdk dks viukus ds ihNs eq[; /[Link] D;k gS\

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11
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3½ tc Hkh ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks mYya?ku gksrk gS rks lafo/kku dk dkSu lk

vuqPNsn ukxfjdksa dks loksZPp U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; tkus dk
vf/kdkj nsrk gS\

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5-8 tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj lekt dk;ZdÙkkZ

tufgr ;kfpdk dk mi;ksx lekt dk;ZdŸkkZvksa ds }kjk çHkko'kkyh rjhds ls
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl çfØ;k esa lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ U;k; çnku djus esa
fo'ks"krkSj ij detksj oxksaZ dks U;k; çnku djus esa egŸ[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrs gSaA lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ dkuwuh ç.kkyh fof/k ds lkFk laidZ dj ldrs gSa
vkSj fd'kksjksa] dSfn;ksa ds iquokZl] os';kvksa] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa@tutkfr;ksa vkSj
xjhcksa ds fy, lkekftd U;k; dks dk;kZUo;u djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrs gSa

12
vkSj ftu t#jrean yksxksa dks dkuwuh lgk;rk dh vko';drk gS mudh
lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA okLro esa] lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ tufgr ;kfpdk ds }kjk
Lo;a ds fy, ,d lkFkZd vkSj jpukRed Hkwfedk rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA

D;k tufgr ;kfpdk ¼ihvkbZ,y½ lkekftd ifjorZu dk lk/ku gS\

dqN lekt oSKkfudksa dk fo'okl gS fd dkuwu@ra= ifjorZu dk usr`Ro ugha

dj ldrh gS] og dsoy mldk vuqlj.k dj ldrh gSA bl çdkj] ;g ewY;ksa
vkSj O;ogkjksa ds ewy ifjorZu dk ,d lk/ku ugha gks ldrk] rks nwljh rjQ] os
fo'ks"kK gSa ftudk er gS fd tufgr ;kfpdk ¼ihvkbZ,y½ lkekftd ifjorZu
ykus dk ,d egŸ[Link] l{ke rjhdk gSA ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fd
dkuwu@ra= vdsys] çHkko mRiUu ugha dj ldrk tc rd turk ds fopkj
vkSj ç'kklfud lq/kkjksa ds }kjk iwjd vkSj lefFkZr ugha gksrkA

bldh lhekvksa ds ckotwn tufgr ;kfpdk is'ksoj lekt dk;ZdŸkkZvksa ds gkFkksa

esa lekt ds detksj vkSj misf{kr oxksaZ ds fy, mudh çfrc)rk dks iwjk djus
ds fy, 'kfä'kkyh vkSj çHkkoh lk/ku gks ldrk gSA

pwafd lekt dk;Z dk mís'; ljapukRed vlekurkvksa] lkewfgd xjhch]

lkekftd&vkfFkZd vU;k; vkSj vHkko ls lacaf/kr leL;k,a vkSj eqíksa dks gy
djuk gSA orZeku le; ds nkSjku lekt dk;ZdŸkkZvksa ds çeq[k dk;ksaZ esa ls ,d
yksxksa dks l'kfädj.k }kjk lkekftd ifjorZu dks c<+kok nsuk gksxkA orZeku
le; ds lanHkZ esa lekt dk;Z ds n'kZu ij /;ku nsus ds fy,] gesa is'ksoj
lekt dk;Z dks fQj ls ifjHkkf"kr djuk pkfg,] ^^,d vksj lekt dk;Z vH;kl
O;olk; gS] tks çHkkodkjh yksxksa ds lkFk jk"Vªh; ekudksa ds vuq:i ifjorZu
vkSj fodkl ykus ds }kjk mUgsa lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLd`frd vlekurkvksa
ls eqä djk dj] mUgsa l'kä djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA tcfd nwljh rjQ ;g

13
nqyZHk vkSj xSj&vuqokaf'kd i;kZoj.k ds rgr~ oafpr vkSj xjhc yksxksa dh nqnZ'kk
dks de djus esa leku :i ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ dfBukbZ vkSj ihM+k dks nwj djus vkSj jksdus dk iz;kl djrs
gSa] mudk nkf;Ro gksrk gS fd os O;fä;ksa] ifjokjksa] lewgksa vkSj leqnk;ksa dks
mfpr usrkvksa ds izko/kku vkSj lapkyu ds ek/;e ls vkSj lkekftd fu;kstu ds
;ksxnku ds }kjk lgk;rk djsaA

os O;fäxr vkSj lkekftd dfBukbZ ls fuiVus vkSj vko';d lalk/kuksa vkSj

lsokvksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, mu yksxksa ds fgrksa ds lkFk ;k mudh vksj ls
vkSj muds lkFk dk;Z djrs gSaA budk dk;Z O;fäxr vH;kl] lkewfgd dk;Z]
lkeqnkf;d dk;Z] lkekftd fodkl] lkekftd fØ;k] uhfr fodkl] vula/kku]
lekt dk;Z f'k{kk vkSj i;Zos{kh vkSj çca/ku dk;Z bu {ks=ksa esa 'kkfey gks ldrs
gSa ijarq ;s lhfer ugha gSaA is'ksoj lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ }kjk tufgr ;kfpdk dk
mi;ksx lkekftd odkyr ds fy, lk/ku ds :i esa] cqfu;knh ekuo vf/kdkj]
xfjek vkSj vuqdwy okrkoj.k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, l'kfädj.k ds :i esa
fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lekt dk;Z dk lexz tksj
xSj&vfHktkR;oknh –f"Vdks.k ds lkFk fodklkRed] mipkjkRed vkSj iquokZl ds
vk;ke ij gksxkA bl çdkj tufgr ;kfpdk lkekftd lq/kkj] lkekftd
dY;k.k fodkl vkSj ifjorZu ds fy, ,d midj.k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
lkFk gh blds ek/;e ls xjhch js[kk ls uhps ds yksxksa ls laidZ LFkkfir djrs
gSa] tks viuh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, misf{kr vkSj 'kfäghu gksrs gSaA

5-9 tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj lekt dk;Z dh vU; fof/k;kas ds

lkFk bldk laca/k
ikjaifjd lekt dk;Z ds rjhds tSls ekeyk dk;Z] lewg dk;Z] lkeqnkf;d
laxBu] lekt dY;k.k ç'kklu] lkekftd vuqla/kku vkSj lekt dk;Z ,d
14
nh?kkZof/k esa kfodflr fd, x, FksA bu lHkh rjhdksa@fof/k;ksa dks O;fä;ksa]
ifjokjksa] leqnk;ksa vkSj lekt dh leL;kvksa dks cM+s iSekus ij fuiVkus ds fy,
rS;kj fd;k tk jgk gSA fdUrq fQj Hkh vk/kqfud lekt esa] lkekftd
leL;k,a&tSls cky Je] ca/kqvk etnwj] dSfn;ksa ds vf/kdkj i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk]
Hkz"Vkpkj eqä ç'kklu] f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj] dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu mRihM+u] m|ksxksa
dk LFkkukarj.k dkuwu ds fu;e] lq'kklu bR;kfn tfVy gSA ;s tfVy leL;k,a
çR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls O;fäxr vkSj lekt cM+s&cM+s iSekus ij çHkkfor djrh
gS] ;k ikjaifjd lekt dk;Z i)fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls çHkkoh <ax ls lacksf/kr ugha
gks ldrh gSA tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj leFkZdksa us ledkyhu lkekftd leL;kvksa
ls fuiVus ds fy, vk'kk dh ,d ubZ igy dh gSA ;g v/;k; tufgr ;kfpdk
vkSj lekt dk;Z ds vU; X;kjg rjhdksa ds chp laca/kksa dk irk yxkrk gS@dh
[kkst djrk gSA

lewg dk;Z

lekt lewg dk;Z ,d ,slh fof/k gS] tks O;fä;ksa dks vius lewg ds vuqHkoksa ds
ek/;e ls vius lkekftd dk;ksaZ dks c<+kus vkSj muds O;fäxr] lewg ;k
lewnk; dh leL;kvksa ds lkFk vf/kd çHkkoh <ax ls lkeuk djus esa lgk;rk
djrk gS ¼ekjtksjbZ eqjQh] 1959½A lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ bl rjhds ls egŸ[Link]
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ leL;kvksa dk irk yxkrs gSa] vkSj çHkkfor
O;fä;ksa dks mudh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, mudh lgk;rk djus ds fy,
O;ofLFkr djrk gSA czkmu ds vuqlkj ¼1994½] lkewfgd dk;Z ,d lanHkZ çnku
djrk gS] ftlesa O;fä ,d nwljs dh lgk;rk djrs gSa] ;g lewgksa dh lgk;rk
djus ds lkFk&lkFk O;fä;ksa dh lgk;rk djus dk ,d rjhdk gS] vkSj ;g
O;fä;ksa vkSj lewgksa dks O;fäxr vkpj.k] lewg ç[Link] vkSj xfr'khyrk]
laxBukRed vkSj lkeqnkf;d leL;kvksa dks çHkkfor djus vkSj cnyus ds fy,
l{ke dj ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh lewg dk;Z lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ dks mu leL;kvksa

15
dh igpku djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS ftUgsa dkuwuh mik; ls lqy>k;k tk
ldrk gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa] vnkyr esa tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j ihfM+r O;fä;ksa ds
dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, ,d vk'kktud lek/kku gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] nf{k.k Hkkjr esa rfeyukMq jkT; ds xqMkywj fdlkuksa ij taxy ds
vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj iqfyl }kjk tcju fu"dklu vkSj iqfyl }kjk fd, x,
vR;kpkj ds f[kykQ xjhc fdlkuksa dh vksj ls nk;j ;kfpdk nk;j dh xbZ
FkhA vnkyr us gLr{ksi fd;k vkSj Qlyksa ds fouk'k vkSj fdlkuksa dks cyiwoZd
fu"dklu jksd fn;kA tufgr ;kfpdk ds jrye vkSj ofnZpan ekeys dh ,d
tufgr ;kfpdk esa] ihfM+r ukxfjdksa ds ,d lewg Fks] tks cncw vkSj chekfj;ksa
dk dkj.k cukA ukxfjdksa ds lewg ds vf/kdkj dks igpkuus okys U;k;ky; us
tksj nsdj dgk fd U;k; ds xq#Ro dk dsaæ] yksdl LVSaMh ds ikjaifjd
O;fäokn ls] lkoZtfud vfHk#fp eqdnesa ds lkeqnkf;d mUeq[khdj.k esa cnyko
djuk gSA bl çdkj] lekt lewg dk;Z dh fof/k cM+s dkuwuh eqíksa dh igpku
djus esa lgk;rk djrh gS] tks tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls gy gks ldrs gaSA
;s nksuksa rjhds ,d nwljs ls iwjd gSaA

lkeqnkf;d laxBu

lkeqnkf;d laxBu i)fr vU; rjhdksa ls var% lacf/kr gSa tks vuqiwjd vkSj
iwjd çHkko ykrs gSaA ejh-th-j‚l ¼1967½ leqnk; laxBu dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa]
^,d çfØ;k ftlds dkj.k ,d leqnk; viuh vko';drkvksa ;k mís';ksa dks
igpkurk gS] mUgsa çkFkfedrk nsrk gS] vkRefo'okl fodflr djrk gS vkSj tks
ml ij dk;Z djus ds bPNqd gSa muls ysu&nsu djus ds fy, ¼vkarfjd vkSj
ckgjh½ lalk/ku ikrk gS] vkSj ,slk djus ls leqnk; esa lgdkjh vkSj lg;ksxh
O;ogkj vkSj çFkk,a fodflr gksrh gSaA Øsej vkSj LiSp ¼1975½ us dgk gS fd
lkeqnkf;d laxBu gLr{ksi ds fofHkUu rjhdksa dk mYys[k djrk gS ftlls ,d
O;olkf;d cnyko ,tsaV O;fä] lewgksa ;k laxBuksa ls feydj ,d lkewfgd

16
dkjZokbZ ç.kkyh esa lgk;rk djrk gS] tks ewY;ksa dh yksdrkaf=d ç.kkyh ds lkFk
fo'ks"k leL;kvksa ls fuiVkus ds fy, lkewfgd dkjZokbZ djus esa layXu gSA bl
fof/k ds fy, lcls vPNs [Link] esa ls ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu ,d gSA
vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa ;g lcls yksdfç; vkanksyu gSA ;g vkanksyu ueZnk unh
?kkVh ifj;kstuk ds fo#) o"kZ 1970 esa çkjaHk gqvk FkkA vkanksyu esa dbZ
ifjorZu gq,A çkjafHkd pj.k esa] Mk- es/kk ,d is'ksoj lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ ds :i esa
leqnk; laxBu }kjk foLFkkfir yksxksa ds leqfpr iquokZl ds fy, dke djrs
FksA ;kstukc) lkewfgd dkjZokbZ vkSj lkeqnkf;d laxBu ds ek/;e ls dbZ
tufgr ;kfpdk fQj ls vkokl vkSj i;[Link]; eqíksa ij nk;j dh xbZA ,d
vU; Jh jke QwM ,aM QfVZykbtj baMLVªht ¼[kk| vkSj moZjd m|ksx½ dh
tufgr ;kfpdk ekeys esa iz[;kr odhy ,e- lh- esgrk us ,d uqdlku dk
nkok djus ds fy, tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j dhA [krjukd xSlksa ds fudyus ds
dkj.k vkS|ksfxd lewg ds vkl&ikl dbZ yksx ekjs x,A vnkyr us mu
m|ksxksa dh fofuekZ.k xfrfof/k;ksa dks can djus vkSj [krjukd vkSj ?kkrd
jlk;uksa ds çlaLdj.k ds funsZ'k fn,A bl izdkj ;g ik;k x;k fd lkeqnkf;d
laxBu vkSj ;kstuko) lkewfgd dkjZokbZ tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls cM+s
dkuwuh eqíksa dk lek/kku djus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA A

lekt dk;Z

lkekftd dkjZokbZ dks cM+s iSekus ij leL;kvksa ds æO;eku ek/kku ls lacaf/kr

,d fof/k ds :i esa [Link] fd;k x;k gSA lekt dk;Z esa dbZ ,sls O;fä;ksa dks
jkgr feyrh gS ftuds lkFk laHkor% ftruh laHko gks mruh gh cM+h nq?kZVuk,a
gksrh gSA lkekftd U;k; vkSj lkekftd dkuwu] lkekftd U;k;] dY;k.k vkSj
fodkl ds mís';ksa dks iwjk djus esa ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA lkekftd dkjZokbZ
u, dkuwuksa ds fy, ,d egŸ[Link] gLr{ksi Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS] iqjkus dks cnyrh
;k la'kksf/kr djrh gS vkSj ekStwnk yksxksa dks ,d bZekunkjh ls dk;kZUo;u djrh

17
gSA fgy ds vuqlkj ¼1951½ lekt dk;Z] cqfu;knh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
fLFkfr;ksa ;k çFkkvksa dks çHkkfor djus dk ç;kl djds lkewfgd lkekftd
leL;kvksa dks gy djus ;k lkekftd :i ls okaNuh; mís';ksa dks vkxs c<+kus
ds fy, ,d laxfBr lewg ç;kl gSA ckYMfou ¼1966½ us lekt dk;Z ;k
lkekftd lsok ls vyx lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd laLFkkuksa dks cnyus ds fy,
,d laxfBr ç;kl ds :i esa lkekftd fØ;k dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k] ftuds {ks=
LFkkfir laLFkkuksa esa egŸ[Link] ifjorZuksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls 'kkfey ugha djrs gSaA
tufgr ;kfpdk ds lkFk bl i)fr dk laca/k Hkkjr ds ekeyksa ^ijekuan dVkjk
cuke la?k ds ek/;e ls le>k;k tk ldrk gSA bl ekeys esa] vnkyr us ;g
ekuk fd ;g fdlh&fpfdRld O;olk; ds çR;sd lnL; dk lcls vf/kd
mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd çR;sd ?kk;y ukxfjd dks fdlh Hkh çfØ;kRed
vkSipkfjdrkvksa ls bartkj fd, fcuk ftruk 'kh?kz gks lds] fpfdRlk lgk;rk
çnku djsaA bl ekeys esa] tufgr ;kfpdk ds tfj, tu leL;k ds fy, tu
lek/kku okLrfodrk esa vk;k gSA nwljs ekeys esa] ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu ds tu
lekt dk;Z] tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls foLFkkfir tutkrh; vkcknh ds
mfpr iquokZl ds fy, vnkyr ls fn'kk funsZ'k çkIr gq, gSaA

lekt dY;k.k ç'kklu

;g ewy :i ls ijksidkjh] /kkfeZd vkSj /kekFkZ laxBuksa }kjk lkekftd uhfr;ksa]

lekt dk;ZØeksa vkSj lkekftd dkuwuksa dks fu"iknu gS] tks lkekU; tula[;k
dh vko';drk ds fy, lsok,a vkSj ykHk çnku djrs gSaA ch-,y- okMsjs vkSj
,felrjk iVsy us tufgr ;kfpdk ds }kjk Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; esa
tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls dgk fd >qXxh bykdksa esa jgus okys yksxksa }kjk
lkoZtfud Hkwfe dk cM+k {ks= 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA tSlk fd >qXxh cLrh ds
fodkl esa o`f) gqbZ] vnkyr us lacaf/kr foHkkxksa dks >qXxh cfLr;ksa ds fodkl
dh tkap djus vkSj i;kZoj.k ds ewY;ksa dks thfor cukus ds fy, mfpr dkjZokbZ

18
dk funsZ'k fn,A blh rjg tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls loksZPp U;k;ky; us
ljdkj dks ç;kZoj.k çnw"k.k ds eqís dks gy djus ds fy, i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy
bZa/ku ds :i esa ladqfpr çk—frd xSl ¼lh-,u-th-½ dk mi;ksx djus ds fy,
ljdkjh LokfeRo okyh clksa dks ifjofrZr djus dk vkns'k fn;kA blds ckn]
fnYyh ds çnw"k.k dh leL;kvksa dks lacksf/kr djus ds fy, v‚Vks fjD'kk dks c<+k
fn;k x;k FkkA gky ds o"kksaZ esa tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls loksZPp U;k;ky;
us iwjs Hkkjr esa ou laj{k.k mik;ksa dh fuxjkuh ds fy, dne mBk;k gS vkSj
,d fo'ks"k ^xzhu oS|^ dk xBu fd;k x;k gS rkfd lacaf/kr ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa
dks taxy dh j{kk ds fy, U;kf;d i;Zos{k.k cuk, j[kus dk funsZ'k fn;k tk
ldsA cM+s iSekus ij vfrØe.k vkSj ç'kklfud mnklhurk ds fo#) tufgr
;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2009 Hkkjr esa ikfjr fd;k
x;k ftlesa lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21&, ds rgr~ vf/kdkj dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj
ds :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZA

lekt dk;Z vuqla/kku

;g lekt dk;Z esa 'kks/k i)fr ds vkosnu ds ek/;e ls gS tks lekt

dk;ZdŸkkZvksa dks lekt dk;Z ds vH;kl esa lkeuk djus okyh leL;kvksa dks gy
djus ds fy, vfrfjä Kku vkSj dkS'ky laiUu cukrk gSA lekt dk;Z esa
vuqla/kku dk;Z dk mís'; lekt dk;Z vH;kl esa gLr{ksi ;k mipkj
çHkko'khyrk ds ckjs esa mBk, x, ç'uksa ds mÙkj [kkstus ds fy, gSA ;g Kku
çnku djus dk ç;kl djrk gS fd dkSu ls gLr{ksi ;k mipkj okLro esa
lgk;rk djrs gSa] ;k lekt dk;Z y{;ksa dh çkfIr esa ck/kk Mkyrs gSaA bl çdkj
lekt dk;Z 'kks/k] lekt dk;Z çFkkvksa dh [Link]Ùkk c<+kus ds fy, lkekftd
leL;kvksa vkSj lekt dk;Z vH;kl dh O;ofLFkr vkSj O;olkf;d tkap gSA
lekt dk;Z O;olkf;dksa dks fofHkUu dkuwuh eqíksa ij ,d xgjkbZ ls v/;;u
djus vkSj tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dks iquZLFkkfir djus]

19
dkuwu ds ek/;e ls ekeys dks mBkus ds fy, fdlh Hkh ekSfyd ekuokf/kdkj ds
mYya?ku dh igpku djuh pkfg,A dbZ tufgr ;kfpdk ekeyksa esa lekt
dk;ZdŸkkZvksa us lkekftd leL;kvksa ds dkj.k dks ç[Link] djus ds fy, fofHkUu
vkadM+ksa ds ek=kRed vkSj [Link] fo'ys"k.k tSls vuqla/kku fof/k;ksa dk dk;Z
fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Jh jke [kk| inkFkksaZ vkSj moZjd ekeys esa] ,d=
ek=kRed vkadM+ksa us ç[Link] dj fn;k fd m|ksxksa ls fudyus okyh tgjhyh
xSl vkSj jlk;u çR;{k chekjh vkSj ekSr dk dkj.k cuh ftlus cqfu;knh
vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku ds fo#) ,d tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j djus ds fy, ekxZ
ç'kLr fd;k vkSj ihfM+rksa ds fy, jkgr dh ekax dhA lekt dk;Z O;olkf;dksa]
,uthvks dk;ZdŸkkZ vkSj dkuwuh fo'ks"kKksa us tufgr ;kfpdk nkf[ky djus ds
fy, lekt dk;Z vuqla/kku ds [Link] dk O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;kA

lalk/ku tqVkuk

lalk/ku tqVkuk] lekt dk;Z ds ledkyhu rjhdksa ds :i esa çpkfjr fd, tkus
okys u, rjhdksa es ls ,d gSA ;g lkekftd vkanksyu] dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa vkSj
lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, lalk/kuksa ds egŸo vkSj vko';drk ij cy
nsrk gSA lalk/kuksa esa Kku] foÙk] ehfM;k] Je] ,drk vkSj fofHkUu lsokvksa ls
vkarfjd vkSj cká leFkZu 'kkfey gSA lalk/ku tqVkus dk dkj.k laxBu ds
fy, fofHkUu çdkj ds leFkZu dks c<+kus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA blesa /kuh vkSj
n;kyq leFkZu nksuksa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkeqnkf;d
laxBukRed dk;ZØe ds rgr] ,d O;olkf;d leqnk; dks mudh yxkrkj
cSBdksa ds fy, dqN cqfu;knh <kapk cukus ds fy, lalk/kuksa dh vko';drk gks
ldrh gSA ;s lalk/ku ekuo 'kfä] /ku lkexzh vkSj le; ds ekeys esa gks ldrs
gSaA bl fof/k dk mi;ksx djds lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ leqnk; ds Hkhrj ;k leqnk;
ds ckgj ds lalk/kuksa dks mi;ksx djus ds rjhdksa ls voxr djkrk gS vkSj
nwljh rjQ yksxksa dks lalk/kuksa ds lk/ku dh igpku djkrk gS vkSj bl rjg

20
ds lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djus ds rjhds crkrk gSA okLro esa tufgr ;kfpdk
nk;j djus ds fy, lalk/kuksa dh vko';drk gSA ;g dkuwuh O;olk;ksa dks
vkdZ"kd cukus ds fy, vkSj lkekftd leL;kvksa ds [Link] dks ç[Link] djus
ds fy, vko';d vkadM+ksa dks bdÎk djus ds fy, ekuo 'kfä ds ekeys esa
nksuksa :i ls gSaA oafpr yksxksa ds fy, lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ cM+s Lrj ij dk;Z dj
jgs gSaA muds vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, lacaf/kr çkf/kdj.k ls laidZ
djus ds fy, muds ikl i;kZIr lalk/ku ugha gS blfy, tufgr ;kfpdk ds
ek/;e ls dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djus esa U;k;ky; lfgr vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
ikl vkus ds lalk/ku tqVkuk iwokZis{kk gSA dqN fo'k"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] tufgr
;kfpdk ds pSuy dks lcls detksj vkSj oafprksa dh t:jrksa dk iwjk djus ds
fy, lalk/ku tqVkus ds fy, vnkyr ds gLr{ksi dh ekax dh tk ldrh gS]
ftlesa dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa 'kkfey O;fä Hkh lfEefyr gSaA

usVofdaZx

usVofdaZx dks ^O;fä;ksa] lewgksa ;k laLFkkuksa ds chp tkudkjh ;k lsokvksa dk

vknku&çnku ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] fo'ks"k :i ls jkstxkj ;k
O;olk; ds fy, mRikfnd laca/kksa dh [ksrh ¼esfj;e&oscLVj 'kCndks"k 2012½A
;g lekt dk;Z O;olkf;dksa }kjk viuk;k tkus okyk ,d u;k rjhdk gSA ;g
fofHkUu lapkj ek/;eksa ds ek/;e ls lwpukvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds vknku&çnku dh
vo/[Link] gSA usVofdaZx dk ykHk nh?kZdkfyd vkSj fujarj ,d gSA usVofdaZx ,d
midj.k gS pkgs lkekftd ehfM;k daifu;ksa ;k cSBdksa ds lkeus vkdj] fopkjksa
dk vknku&çnku djus] yksxksa ds lkFk ckrphr djus dk volj çnku djrk gSa
vkSj blls Kku vftZr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] rfeyukMq jkT;
dhdqMudqye [Link] mtkZ ifj;kstuk ¼ds-,u-ih-ih-½ ds fo#) dke dj jgs xSj
ljdkjh laxBu ds ,u-ih-ih-@ds-,u-ih-ih- ds fo#) tufgr ;kfpdk nk;j
djus ds fy, nf{k.k Hkkjr ds yksxksa] laxBuksa vkSj nkrk ,tsafl;ksa ds fofHkUu

21
lewgksa ds lkFk usVodZ cukuk iM+kA vr% ds-,u-ih-ih- ds vklikl vkSj mlesa
dk;Zjr yksxksa ds fy, ljdkj dks ,d fodkl iSdst ykxw djus ds fy, foo'k
fd;k x;k FkkA

fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls laLFkk ;k ljdkj ds fo#) tufgr ;kfpdk 'kq# djus ij
çHkkfor lsokFkhZ] muds leFkZdksa] [Link]; fuekZrkvksa dkuwuh fo'ks"kKksa vkSj çHkkfor
leqnk; ds lkFk gh ,d O;kid usVodZ gksuk pkfg,A usVodZ mu fofHkUu L=ksrksa
ls lalk/kuksa dks ,df=r djus esa lgk;rk djsxk] ftuesa çpkj ehfM;k 'kks/k
fufof"V;ka vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dh çfrfØ;k,a 'kkfey gSa] ftUgsa leku fLFkfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA

'kfä vk/kkfjr rjhdk@–f"Vdks.k

'kfä vk/kkfjr –f"Vdks.k dks ,d fof/k@n`f"Vdks.k ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS] tks
?kkVs mUeq[k –f"Vdks.k ij /;ku dsafær djus dh laHkkoukvksa ;k fdl dke ij
/;ku dsafær djuk gS] dk çLrko çLrqr djrs gSaA ,d ?kkVs ds –f"Vdks.k ds
foijhr rkdr & vk/kkfjr ifjçs{; cPpksa vkSj ;qokvksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, mUgsa
lgk;rk djus vkSj mUgsa l'kä cukus dk ,d rjhdk çnku djrk gS ¼jkdks] ,-]
2009½A mudh loksZPp {kerkvksa dks çkIr djus esa ;g /[Link] gS fd yksxksa ds
ikl vius l'kfädj.k ds fy, 'kfä;ka vkSj lalk/ku gSA ;g tkurk gS fd
thou ds vf/kdka'k Hkkx ds fy,] yksxksa dks çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+k os gksus okys ifjorZuksa ls laHkyus esa leFkZ gks tkrs gSa vkSj lk/ku
laiUu cu tkrs gSaA çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij dkcw ikus ds fy, ubZ [Link];ka
lh[krs gSA bl çdkj 'kfä vk/kkfjr –f"Vdks.k xzkgd@lsokFkhZ dh O;fäxr
rkdr@'kfä dk mi;ksx dj jgk gS vkSj lsokFkhZ dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk
djus ds fy, okrkoj.k ds lalk/kuksa dh [kksr djrk gS vkSj lsokFkhZ ds
yphysiu dks c<+krk gS ¼uksjeSu] 2000½A ;g ijaijkxr rjhdksa dk ,d fodYi
gSA tufgr ;kfpdk 'kfä vk/kkfjr –f"Vdks.k@rjhdksa ds fy, ,d iwjd Hkwfedk
22
fuHkk ldrk gSA i;kZoj.k lja{k.k] Hkz"Vkpkj eqä ç'kklu] f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj]
dkuwu dk 'kklu] lq'kklu vkSj ys[kkikyu dh lqj{kk ds {ks= esa nk;j tufgr
;kfpdk yphysiu dks c<+kus dh dksf'k'k ds fy, gSA 'kfä vk/kkfjr
rjhdk@n`f"Vdks.k okLro esa ldkjkRed igyqvksa dh igpku djus esa lgk;rk
djrk gS] ftuds ikl yphysiu dks c<+kus dh {kerk gSA bl rjg ds
ldkjkRed igyw dks ykxw djuk] tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls gh laHko gSA

tufgr ;kfpdk xzkgdksa dh viuh fNih {kerkvksa vkSj ÅtkZ dh 'kfä;ksa dks
c<+kus esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA lekt dk;Z O;olkf;d] lsokfFkZ;ksa dks leFkZu
vkSj jkgr ds çfr tkx#d gksus dh lqfo/kk çnku dj ldrs gSa] ftuls O;fä
tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls dkuwu ds ikl igqap ldrk gSA ;g lsokfFkZ;ksa
}kjk fofHkUu leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, viuh igqap ds Hkhrj miyC/k rkdr
ds ckjs esa mUgsa f'kf{kr djus dk ,d vU; rjhdk gSA

tkx#drk vfHk;ku

tkx#drk vfHk;ku] lekt dk;Z ds rjhdksa ds fy, egŸ[Link] ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
bldk lekt dk;Z vH;kl ds ikjaifjd vkSj ledkyhu rjhdksa ls ?kfu"B laca/k
gSA tkx#drk vfHk;ku fofHkUu lapkj ehfM;k ds }kjk ,d laxfBr] O;ofLFkr
ç;kl gS] tks fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= dh lkekU; vkcknh dks mudh egŸ[Link]
vfHk#fp ds çfr lpsr djrk gSA bl rjhds dk Hkh tufgr ;kfpdk ij iwjd
çHkko gSA leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus dh çfØ;k esa yxs lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ fofHkUu
lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls çHkkfor yksxksa dh leL;kvksa dks mtkxj djrs gSaA dbZ
ckj] lkekftd :i ls laosnu'khy odhy tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls uhfr
varj dks lacksf/kr djus ds fy, bu ekeyksa dks mBk ldrs gSa] dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa
ds çorZu dks lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa vkSj ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk nk;jk c<+k
ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] gqLukjk [kkrwu cuke fcgkj ds jkT; ¼1979½ dks
,d odhy us nk;j fd;k Fkk ftlesa Hkkjrh; ,Dlçsl esa çdkf'kr lekpkj i=
23
ij vk/kkfjr fcgkj tsyksa ds eqdnesa dSfn;ksa dh eqf'dyksa ds laca/k esa çdkf'kr
gqvk FkkA blh rjg fganqLrku VkbEl cuke dsUæh; çnw"k.k cksMZ ds ekeys esa]
,d v[kckj ds ys[k ij dkuwu ds }kjk f'kdk;r ds :i esa fy;k x;k FkkA
Hkz"Vkpkj ds fo#) vUuk gtkjs ds vkanksyu us vius mís';ksa dks çkIr djus ds
fy, vPNh rjg ls ;kstukc) tkx#drk vfHk;ku dk ikyu fd;kA tkx#drk
vfHk;ku us Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;ky; ds le{k tufgr ;kfpdkvksa esa egŸ[Link]
Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA

tkx#drk vfHk;ku i)fr fuf'pr :i ls yksxksa ds thou ds lHkh igyqvksa dks

tufgr ;kfpdk ds }kjk dkuwu ds mipkjkRed mik;ksa dh ryk'k ls vklku
cuk ldrh gSA Hkkjr tSls yksdrkaf=d lekt esa O;kid HkkSxksfyd {ks= rFkk
?kjksa esa yxHkx 1-25 vjc yksx] xjhch esa lcls xjhc yksxksa ds lkeus vkus
okyh leL;k,a vkSj ekeys yf{kr tula[;k rd igqapus esa nwj gSA tc yksxksa ds
vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk le>kSrk fd;k tk jgk gS rks tufgr ;kfpdk ds }kjk
U;k;ky; ls funsZ'k ekaxus ds fy, lekt dk;Z gLr{ksi lcls vf/kd
vk'kktud lk/kuksa ;k rjhdksa esa ls ,d gSA tkx:drk vfHk;ku dk rjhdk
tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls 'kksf"kr vkSj ihfM+r yksxksa dks csgrj vkSj
larks"ktud mÙkj nsus esa csgrj lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA

odkyr

'kCndks"k esa odkyr dk vFkZ gS] ^odkyr dk dk;Z djuk@[Link] fu'p;

djuk] leFkZu ;k flQkfj'k djukA ;g eqíksa ij çHkkfor yksxksa dh HkykbZ ds
fy, fofHkUu Lrjksa ij lŸkk [Link];ksa vkSj lajpukvksa esa yksxksa dks çHkkfor djds
–f"Vdks.k] fØ;k] uhfr;ksa vkSj dkuwuksa dks cnyus ds fy, ,d lrr~ çfØ;k gSA
odkyr dks ,sls Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ^xzkgdksa ds fy, lsokvksa ;k
lalk/kuksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, xzkgdksa dh vksj ls vkSj lkFk dke djus dh
çfØ;k gS] tks fd vU;Fkk ugha iznku fd, tk,axs] rduhfd;ksa] çfØ;kvksa ;k
24
vH;kl dks la'kksf/kr djus ds fy, tks xzkgdksa ij izfrdwy çHkko Mkyrs gSa ;k
u, dkuwu ;k uhfr;ksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSa vko';d lalk/ku ;k lsok ds çko/kku
esa [Link] gksaxs ¼gsioFkZ vkSj yklZu 1986½ odkyr ds fy, le; dh vof/k esa
dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, vPNh rjg ls fu;ksftr vkSj ,d nwljs ls tqM+s {ks=ksa
dh ,d J`a[kyk dh vko';drk gSA ;g nksuksa Lrjksa vkSj ç.kkyhxr Lrjksa ij
ifjorZu vkSj [Link] vU;k; dks c<+kok nsus ds ckjs esa gSA tufgr ;kfpdk
odkyr ds lkFk gh lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj [Link] vU;k; dks c<+kok nsus
ds lkFk lacaf/kr gSA nksuksa esa ,dek= varj ;g gS fd tufgr ;kfpdk dk
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tc ekSfyd vkSj ykxw djus ;ksX; vf/kdkjksa dk
mYya?ku fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu odkyr ds ekeys esa] bls vU; lkekftd
leL;kvksa esa Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu ;s nksuksa lekt dk;Z ds
lanHkZ esa ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA

O;kid vFkZ esa] tufgr ;kfpdk us odkyr dh lqfo/kk nh gSA tufgr ;kfpdk
uhfrxr ifjorZu ds lkFk lkekftd eqÌksa ds lanHkZ esa uhfr fuekZ.k dks c<+kok ns
ldrk gSA fo'ks"kdj mu xjhcksa dks tks xjhch js[kk ls uhps gSa] dks çHkkfor
djrs gSaA vkS|ksfxd nq?kZVuk] Hkkstu esa feykoV] unh ds çnw"k.k vkSj m|ksxksa ds
dkj.k ty çnw"k.k] efgykvksa dh lqj{kk] nq?kZVukvksa ds f'kdkj yksxksa dh
lgk;rk djus ds fy, ,flM geyksa esa jkgr] ca/kqvk etnwj] cky Jfed]
deZpkjhx.k] fodykax vkfn dh lgk;rk djus ij lekt dk;Z O;olkf;dksa dks
vnkyr esa LFkkukarfjr dj ldrs gSaA dbZ ekeyksa esa] vnkyrksa us u dsoy
ihfM+rksa dks rRdky jkgr çnku dh gS] cfYd ljdkjksa dks dkuwuksa ds la'kks/kuksa
ds fy, ;k ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku djus okys yksxksa dks çHkkfor djus ds
fy, U;k; çnku djus ds fy, u, dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus dk Hkh funsZ'k fn;k
gSA

25
cks/k iz'u III

[Link]% v½ mŸkj gsrq uhps fn, x, LFkku dk mi;ksx dhft,A

vk½ bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, mŸkjksa ls vius mŸkj dk feyku

dhft,A

1½ D;k tufgr ;kfpdk lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d midj.k gS\

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2½ lekt dk;ZdÙkkvksa }kjk tufgr ;kfpdk dk ç;ksx dSls fd;k tkrk gS\

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26
3½ lekt dk;Z ds ledkyhu rjhds D;k gS\

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4½ tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj lekt dk;Z ds chp laca/kksa dh ppkZ djsaA

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5-10 lkjka'k
Hkkjr dk lafo/kku çR;sd ukxfjd dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj çnku djrk gSA bu
vf/kdkjksa dk ykxw djus ds fy, jkT; dk nkf;Ro gS fd tc dksbZ Hkh jkT;
vkSj ,tsafl;ksa ds }kjk bu vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku fd;k tkrk gS rks] yksxksa ds
vf/kdkjksa esa çorZu ds fy, laoS/kkfud U;k;ky;ksa esa ysus dk vf/kdkj gSA ysfdu
27
vrhr esa] lekt ds oafpr oxZ dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dh vufHkKrk vkSj lk/kuksa dh
deh ds dkj.k U;k; ikus ds fy, laoS/kkfud çko/kkuksa dk ç;ksx ugha dj
ldrkA

if'peh ns'kksa esa tufgr ;kfpdk ¼ihvkbZ,y½ dk vkxeu] Hkkjr dh loksZPp

U;k;ky; us ^yksdl LVSaMh^ dh vo/[Link] dks c<+kus ds fy, tulkekU;
O;fä;ksa vkSj laxBuksa dks detksj oxksaZ ds fodkl vkSj dY;k.k ds fy,
laoS/kkfud U;k;ky;ksa rd igqapus ds fy, l{ke fd;kA loksZPp U;k;ky; us
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks U;k;laxr rjhds ls foLrfjr fd;k gS] vkSj mudh
dkjZokbZ dk ljy cuk;k gSA tufgr ;kfpdk dks fodflr djus ds ihNs eq[;
/[Link] ;g gS fd xjhc yksxksa ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks çHkkoh :i ls ykxw ugha
fd;k tkrk gS rks U;k;ky;ksa ds ek/;e ls lekt esa dêjiaFkh rjhds ls cnyko
yk, tk ldrs gSaA

vkt tulkekU;] ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, vuqPNsn 226 ds
rgr~ vuqPNsn 32 ;k mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk,a
nk;j dj ls ca/kqvk etnwjksa ds iquokZl] efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds lkFk voS/k dk;Z
dk fojks/k] tsyksa esa e`R;q] i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k] xanh cfLr;ksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dh
vukf/k—r fudklh] udyh nokbZ;ka vkfn U;k; çkIr djus ds fy, ekuo
vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku ds ihfM+rksa dh enn dh gSA ;g dk;Z vc lekt
dk;ZdŸkkZvksa vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa ds fy, NksM fn;k x;k gS tks lekt ds
detksj oxksaZ ds fgrksa ds fodkl esa enn j[krs gSaA gky gh esa Hkkjr ds
lafo/kku }kjk U;kf;d ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx dj ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djus
vkSj ifjorZu djds lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

mi;qZä ppkZ ls Li"V gksrk gS fd tufgr ;kfpdk esa lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj
U;kf;d lq/kkj dj egŸ[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA tuleqnk; }kjk lekt dk;Z
dks fofHkUu izdkjksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA tufgr ;kfpdk dks cM+s iSekus ij
28
U;k; iznku djus ds fy, *vizR;{k lekt dk;Z vH;kl dk ,d vkn'kZ :i gSA
blds vykok] tufgr ;kfpdk dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vf/kdkjksa dk
mYya?ku fd;k tkrk gS ;k dqN ekuokf/kdkjksa dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus ds
fy, dkuwuh izko/kku i;kZIr ugha gksrs gSaA tufgr ;kfpdk lekt dk;Z ds vU;
rjhdksa dh iwjd vkSj vuqiwjd Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA gkykafd] ;g lkekftd
leL;kvksa dks laoS/kkfud vkSj dkuwuh rjhdksa ls fuiVkus esa ,d çfrf{kr {ks= gSA
U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds ek/;e ls] U;k;ky; fo/kk;h vkSj ç'kklfud vf/kdkjksa dks
lfØ; :i ls j{kk djrh gS] [kklrkSj ij oafpr vkSj xjhc yksxksa ds fy,A
blfy, tufgr ;kfpdk dk ç;ksx dj cM+s iSekus ij mHkjrh gqbZ tfVy
lkekftd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd
lHkh lekt dk;Z fof/k;ka ijLij ,d nwljs ds iwjd vkSj vuqiwjd gSaA

5-11 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrds

fi;fjl] th-,y- ¼1991½] Hkkjrh; mi&lEesyu esa lkoZtfud :fp;ksa ds eqdnes%
orZeku vk;ke] ^varjkZ"Vªh; vkSj rqyukRed dkuwu =Sekfld] tuojh 1991A

tufgr ;kfpdk % ih<+h vkSj laHkkouk,a^- Hkkjrh; lkekftd laLFkku] ih;wlh,y

¼fnYyh v/;k;½ ,oa tufgr ;kfpdk laLFkku] 1994A

lqLeSu] lqlu Mh] ¼1995½] ^tufgr ;kfpdk esa lkoZtfud eqdnesckth esa LFkk;h
ifjorZu] dkuwuh ys[k vkSj fopkj] uoEcj 1995A

xSaxjkM] ds-Mh- 1978] Hkkjr esa lkekftd dkuwu] d‚UlsiV çdk'ku daiuh] ubZ
fnYyhA

lkekftd dkuwu dh ;kstuk% lkekftd vk;ksx dY;k.k ¼1956½ Hkkjr ljdkj]

fnYyhA

nklh vpZuk ¼2010½-Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lekt dk;Z vH;klA

29
çks- th- Fk‚el ¼bZMh½dsl dk;Z ,oa ijke'kZ% odZ fon baMhfotwvy] bXuw ubZ
fnYyhA

t‚u] jkscVZ ¼2014½A lekt dk;Z esa dkuwu dk ç;ksx ¼6oka ,lh½ lst ifCyds'kA
ubZ fnYyhA

feJk] ih Mh ¼1994½ lekt dk;Z] n'kZu ,oa fof/k;kaA ubZ fnYyhA baVj bfy;k
ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyhA

uhjk vxuhfe=k ¼2010½A lkeqnkf;d laxBu% vo/[Link]] ewY; vfHkfoU;klA çks-

th Fk‚el ¼bZMh½] lkeqnkf;d laxBu çca/ku] ubZ fnYyh- bXuwA

oxhZl tkslsQ ¼2010½ lekt dk;Z dh ,d fof/k ds :i esa lkekftd lewg

dk;ZA

çks- th- Fk‚el ¼bZMh½] lekt lewg dk;Z% lewg esa dk;Z] ubZ fnYyh] bXuwA

osc lanHkZ

fnok lw;kZ ¼2009½ Hkkjr esa tufgr ;kfpdk % ,d egŸ[Link] leh{kk] lhtsvks
o‚Y;we 28 ¼1½

,u,,lMCY;w- tqykbZ 2012 dSfj;jA lekt dk;ZdŸkkZA [Link]

stract=1424236 ls iqu% çkIrA

iwyk] oh ¼2012½ D;k vki 'kfä vk/kkfjr vH;kl dj jgs gSa\ iwyk }kjk oh
pkSuksosFkks] ,y] Qkfll] ,] cdkt] ,l]bZMh] 'kfä vk/kkfjr isij çsfDVl] ubZ
fnYyh% ,ykbM ifCy'klZA

tufgr ;kfpdkA dkuwuh f'k{kd http:[Link]/litigation-

law/essays/public ls iqu% çkIrA

30
jkdks] ,- ¼2009½ D;k cPps vkSj ;qokvksa dh ns[kHkky dh 'kfä gS\ lk;dksykbu
127 ds }kjk http:[Link]/[Link] iqu%
çkIrA

'kekZ] dqlqe Hkkjr esa tufgr ;kfpdk dk fodkl] O;k[;ku 5 Qjojh vesVh
fo'ofo|ky;] uks,Mk] ;w-ih-A

flag vjk/kuk] tufgr ;kfpdk] ihvkbZ,y] ,uthvks Hkkjr

http:[Link]èresources/pilèphy on 18th December 2014
}kjk iqu% çkIrA

lwn esgrk vouh ¼2009½ ys[k Hkkx 2 efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj vkSj lkekftd
cfg"dkj% U;k;ikfydk ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk [Link]

JhokLrok] vatyh ¼2013½ Hkkjr% tufgr ;kfpdk% , U;w gksfjtu

http:[Link]èindia/x/273102ètrails+appeals+compensatione
public+interest+litigation+A+Horizon on 18th December 2014
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ation re-trieved on 26th December 2014 }kjk iqu% çkIr

http:www//SW741 advocacy. [Link] 23rd December

2014
http:[Link]/articles/[Link]
24th December 2014

http//[Link]/2012/09/human-rights-advocacy-for
-[Link] on 23rd December 2014

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31
5-12 cks/k iz'uksa ds mŸkj
cks/k iz'u I

1½ v½ vius dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:drk dk vHkkoA

vk½ viuh fuEu vkfFkZd&lkekftd fLFkfr ds dkj.k vkxzfgrk dk vHkkoA

2½ cspkjs 'kksf"kr vius dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d ugha FksA ;fn os
tkx:d Hkh gksrs rks muds ikl vnkyrksa esa eg¡xs U;k; gsrq tkus ds
fy, u rks lk/ku vkSj u gh bPNk gksrhA

3½ *yksdl LVsUMh* dh ijaijkxr vo/[Link] dh ck/kk] tks fdlh lkoZtfud

fgr lk/kd dks lekt ds detksj rcdksa dh vksj ls ;kfpdk nkf[ky
djus dh vuqefr ugha nsrhA

cks/k iz'u II

1½ tufgr ;kfpdk ls rkRi;Z gS lkoZtfud fgr ;k lkekU; fgr esa nk;j

dh tkus okyh U;kf;d dkjZokbZ] tc jkT; izkf/kdj.k vFkok ,tsUVksa }kjk
muds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dk guu fd;k x;k gSA

2½ U;k;ky;ksa ds ek/;e ls lekt esa mYys[kuh; ifjorZu vk,xk] ;fn xjhc

rFkk detksj ukxfjdksa ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks izHkkoh rjhdksa ls ykxw
fd;k tk,A

3½ vuqPNsn 32 rFkk vuqPNsn 226 ds lanHkZuqlkjA

cks/k iz'u III

1½ lhekvksa ds ckotwn] tufgr ;kfpdk O;olkf;d lekt dk;ZdŸkkvksa ds

gkFkksa esa] lekt ds fu/kZu rFkk gkf'k, ij jgus okys rcdksa ds izfr
32
 izfrc)rk dks iwjk djus dk ,d 'kfä'kkyh rFkk izHkkoh midj.k gks
ldrh gSA

2½ lekt dk;ZdŸkkZ fd'kksjksa] dSnh iquokZl] os';kvksa] ,l-lh-@,l-Vh- rFkk

xjhcksa ,oa t:jreanksa ftUgsa dkuwuh lgk;rk dh vko';drk gS] gsrq
t:jreanksa ftUgsa dkuwuh lgk;rk dh vko';drk gS] gsrq lkekftd U;k;
dks ykxw djus esa dkuwuh O;oLFkk ds lkFk usVodZ dj ldrk gS rFkk
mldh enn dj ldrk gSA

3½ ledkyhu fof/k;k¡ gSa& usVofdZax] 'kfä vk/kkfjr fof/k] tkx:drk

vfHk;ku] odkyr rFkk tufgr ;kfpdkA

4½ lkekftd dk;Zokgh ls tu leL;k dk tu lek/kku gksrk gS] tks

tufgr ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls laHko gSA

33