bdkbZ 13 dkO; okpu ,oa fo'ys"k.
k % dsnkjukFk vxzoky
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
13-0 mn~ns';
13-1 izLrkouk
13-2 p;fur dforkvksa dk ikB vkSj fo”ys’k.k
13-3 cks/k ç'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
13-4 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
13-
13-0 mn~ns”;
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
• dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh pkj dforkvksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k le> ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh dforkvksa dh O;k[;k dh fn'kkvksa dks tku ldsaxh@ldsax(s
• bu dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls çxfrokn dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dks le> ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh dkO;&Hkk"kk dks le>us dk ç;kl dj ldsaxs@ldsaxh(
• dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh 'kCn&;kstuk vkSj 'kCnkoyh dks tku ldsaxh@ldsaxsA
13-1 çLrkouk
dsnkjukFk vxzoky dk tUe 1911 esa ck¡nk ftys ds dekflu uked xk¡o esa gqvk Fkk budh
i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ bykgkckn vkSj dkuiqj esa gqbZ FkhA bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky; ls ch-,- djus ds ckn
bUgksaus ,y-,y-ch- dh i<+kbZ Mh-,-oh- d‚yst] dkuiqj ls dhA odkyr dks mUgksaus viuk is'kk
vkSj thfodk dk lk/ku cuk;kA mudh e`R;q 22 twu] 2000 dks gqbZA
dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh igpku çxfroknh dfo ds :i esa jgh gSA xzkeh.k thou dks O;Dr djus
esa mUgsa vn~Hkqr lQyrk feyh gSA [ksrh&ckjh] xk¡o dh ç—fr] ck¡nk ds vkl&ikl dk
tu&thou] dsu unh dks vk/kkj cukdj mUgksaus dbZ dfork,¡ fy[kh gSaA
dkO;&laxzg
;qx dh xaxk ¼1947½] uhan ds ckny ¼1947½] yksd vkSj vkyksd ¼1957½] Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa
¼1965½] vkx dk vkbZuk ¼1970½] xqyesagnh ¼1978½] ia[k vkSj irokj ¼1980½] gs esjh rqe ¼1981½]
ekj I;kj dh Fkkisa ¼1981½] cEcbZ dk jDr&Luku ¼1981½] viwokZ ¼1984½] cksy cksy vcksy ¼1985½]
vkRe&xa/k ¼1988½] vugkjh gfj;kyh ¼1990½] [kqyha vk¡[ksa [kqys MSus ¼1993½] iq"i nhi ¼1994½
vuqokn &ns'k&ns'k dh dfork,¡ ¼1970½
dkO;&ladyu
vk/kqfud dfo & 16 ¼1978½] dgsa dsnkj [kjh&[kjh ¼1983] la-& v'kksd f=ikBh½] tequ ty rqe
¼1984] la-& v'kksd f=ikBh½] tks f'kyk,¡ rksM+rs gSa ¼1986] la-& v'kksd f=ikBh½] olUr esa çlUu
3
gqbZ i`Foh ¼1996] la-& v'kksd f=ikBh½] dqgdh dks;y [kM+s isM+ dh nsg ¼1997] la-& v'kksd
f=ikBh½]
fucU/k&laxzg
le;≤ ij ¼1970½] fopkj&cks/k ¼1980½] foosd&foospu ¼1981½
miU;kl & ifr;k ¼1985½
;k=k&o`ÙkkUr & cLrh f[kys xqykcksa dh ¼1975½
i=&lkfgR; & fe=&laokn ¼1991] la& jkefoykl 'kekZ] v'kksd f=ikBh½
13-
13-2 p;fur dforkvksa dk ikB vkSj fo”
fo”ys"k.k
,d
ek¡>h u ctkvks ca'kh
ek¡>h ! u ctkvks ca'kh esjk eu Mksyrk
esjk eu Mksyrk gS tSls ty Mksyrk
ty dk tgkt tSls iy&iy Mksyrk
ek¡>h! u ctkvks ca'kh esjk çu VwVrk
esjk çu VwVrk gS tSls r`u VwVrk
r`u dk fuokl tSls cu&cu VwVrk
ek¡>h! u ctkvks ca'kh esjk ru >werk
esjk ru >werk gS rsjk ru >werk
esjk ru rsjk ru ,d cu >werk
¼1946] ^Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa*½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^ek¡>h u ctkvks ca'kh---* 'kh"kZd dfork ^Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa* ¼1965½ dkO;&laxzg esa lax`ghr
gSA ;g mudh çfl) dforkvksa esa ls ,d gSA dfo dk fopkj gS fd dyk ek/;eksa esa bruh
{kerk gksrh gS fd og nwljksa dks vkRelkr dj ysrh gSA ek¡>h dh oa'kh dh vkokt ds lkFk dfo
dk vkRelkrhdj.k bl dfork dh fo'ks"krk gSA
dfBu 'kCn
ek¡>h&
h uko pykusokyh ,d tkfr] ca'kh&ck¡
kh lqjh] çu&
çu çfrKk] dle] r`u& ?kkl&Qwl] r`u dk
fuokl&?kkl&Qw
fuokl l ls cuk ?kj
4
O;k[;k
bl dfork esa dsnkjukFk vxzoky dgrs gSa fd ek¡>h] rqe tc oa'kh ctkrs gks rks esjk eu Mksyus
yxrk gSA blfy, eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe oa'kh u ctkvks!
rqe tc oa'kh ctkrs gks rks mldk çHkko lcls igys esjs eu ij iM+rk gSA rqEgkjh /kqu ij esjk
eu /khjs&/khjs Mksyus yxrk gSA esjk eu oSls gh Mksyrk gS tSls xgjs ikuh esa gypy gksrh gSA
fgyrk gqvk ikuh brus cM+s tgkt dks Hkh Mksyus dks foo'k dj nsrk gSA bl nksyu esa tgkt
iy&iy >werk gh tkrk gSA
ek¡>h] eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqEgkjh oa'kh dh vkokt ls vçHkkfor jgw¡A rqe yksd ds dykdkj gks vkSj
xobZa 'kSyh dh dyk rqEgkjh igpku gSA eSa ugha pkgrk fd rqEgkjh dyk ls ,dkdkj gks tkš!
exj D;k d:¡] rqe tc oa'kh ctkrs gks rks esjh çfrKk VwVus yxrh gS! esjh çfrKk mruh gh
vklkuh ls VwVrh gS tSls ?kkl VwV tkrh gS ;k ?kkl&Qwl ls cuh gqbZ >ksiM+h VwV tkrh gSA
ckj&ckj >ksiM+h cukus dh rjg eSa Hkh ckj&ckj dle [kkrk gw¡] exj esjh dle >ksiM+h dh rjg
ckj&ckj VwV tkrh gSA
ek¡>h] rqe oa'kh er ctkvks! esjk eu rks Mksy gh jgk Fkk] vc ru Hkh Mksy jgk gSA eu dk
Mksyuk 'kk;n dksbZ ns[k u ik, exj ru dk Mksyuk rks lcds }kjk ns[k fy;k tkrk gSA eSa
pkgrk ugha fd rqEgkjh oa'kh dh /kqu ds lkFk esjh ,dkRedrk dks yksx fpfàr djsa! ysfdu D;k
fd;k tk,! vc rks esjk 'kjhj oSls gh >we jgk gS] tSls rqEgkjk ru >we jgk gSA FkksM+h gh nsj esa
esjk vkSj rsjk ru ekuks ,dkdkj gksdj >weus yxk gSA
dkO; lkS"Bo
● ;g dfork yksd dyk dh 'kfDr dks çdV djrh gSA
● lH; lekt yksd dyk ls nwjh j[kuk pkgrk gS] exj mldh 'kfDr ls vçHkkfor ugha
jg ldrkA
● vkt Hkh yksd /kqu ij vk/kkfjr xhrksa dks O;kid yksdfç;rk feyrh gSA dbZ ckj rks
'kgjh lekt tkurk Hkh ugha gS fd og ftl /kqu dks ilan dj jgk gS mlds ewy esa
dksbZ yksd /kqu gSA
● 25] 24 vkSj 21 ek=kvksa dh rhu&rhu iafDRk;ksa ds Øe ls bl dfork dk fuekZ.k gqvk
gSA iwjh dfork esa rhu&rhu iafDr;ksa ds dqy rhu pj.k gSaA
fo”ks’k
dsnkjukFk vxzoky us yksd thou ds laxhr dh 'kfDr dks euksgj :i esa O;DRk fd;k gSA mudk
[;ky gS fd ç—fr ds djhc jgus okyk tu&thou vius LoHkko ls bruk vkReh; gksrk gS fd
og nwljksa ds eu rd igq¡pus dh vikj {kerk j[krk gSA
nks
?ku&tu
?ku xjts tu xjts
cUnh lkxj dks y[k dkrj
5
,d jks"k ls
?ku xjts tu xjts
{kr&fo{kr y[k fgefxfj vUrj
,d jks"k ls
?ku xjts tu xjts
f{kfr dh Nkrh dks y[k ttZj
,d 'kks/k ls
?ku xjts tu xjts
ns[k uk'k dk [Link] ccZj
,d cks/k ls
?ku xjts tu xjts
¼1946] ^Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa*½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^?ku xjts tu xjts* 'kh"kZd dfork ^Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa* ¼1965½ dkO;&laxzg esa lax`ghr gSA
dsnkjukFk vxzoky dk fopkj gS fd cknyksa dh xtZuk esa eq>s turk dh gqadkj lqukbZ iM+rh gSA
ckny ekuks fo'kky turk ds çrhd gSaA ijk/khurk ds fdlh Hkh :i dks turk Lohdkj djuk
ugha pkgrh gSA og viuk jks"k çdV djrh gSA
O;k[;k
dsnkjukFk vxzoky us bl dfork esa cknyksa dks turk dk çrhd cuk;k gSA ^lkxj*] ^fgefxj*
vkSj ^f{kfr* & bu rhu çrhdksa ds ek/;e ls dfo us turk dh nqnZ'kk dks fpf=r fd;k gSA os
dgrs gSa fd cknyksa dh xtZuk esa eq>s turk dh Økafrdkjh yydkj lqukbZ iM+rh gSA ckny
ns[krs gSa fd fojkV leqæ viuh lhekvksa esa dSn gS] og cscl gSA bl fojkV dh ijk/khurk cknyksa
esa jks"k mRiUu dj nsrh gS vkSj os ekuks leqæ dh eqfDr ds fy, xjt mBrs gSaA
lalkj dh lcls cM+h vkSj Å¡ph ioZr Ük`a[kyk fgeky; dk ân; ekuks vkt cqjh rjg ?kk;y gSA
;g ns[kdj cknyksa esa jks"k Hkj tkrk gS vkSj os xjt mBrs gSaA blh rjg fojkV /kjrh dh Nkrh
vkt ttZj voLFkk dks çkIr dj x;h gSA /kjrh dh bl gkyr dks loZ= ns[kdj ckny xjt
mBs gSaA pkjksa rjQ fouk'k dk vd#.k u`R; py jgk gSA bu ckrksa dks le>rs gq, ckny xjt
mBs gSaA
dfBu 'kCn
?ku&
?ku ckny] tu & lkekU; turk] cUnh lkxj&ekuks
lkxj leqæ Hkh c¡/kk gqvk gks] y[k&
y[k ns[k dj] dkrj&
dkrj cscl]
ijs'kku jks"k&
k xqLlk] {kr&fo{kr&
{kr&fo{kr ?kk;y] cqjh rjg pksfVy] fgefxfj vUrj & fgeky; dk eu] f{kfr dh Nkrh&
Nkrh
/kjrh] ttZj& detksj vkSj VwVk&QwVk] 'kks/k&
k [kkst ls çkIr fu"d"kZ] [Link] & u`R; dk fo/oald :i] ccZj&
funZ;] cks/k&
k le>
6
dsnkjukFk vxzoky us ç—fr ds miknkuksa ds ek/;e ls turk dh nqnZ'kk dk fp=.k fd;k gSA
mudk [;ky gS fd bu ckrksa dks turk [kwc le>rh gSA og jks"k esa gS] mls bu ccZjrkvksa dk
cks/k gS vkSj og viuk fojks/k eq[kfjr gksdj çdV djrh jgrh gSA
;g dfork ç—fr fp=.k ds ek/;e ls tu&ljksdkjksa dks O;Dr dj jgh gSA
dkO; lkS"Bo
● ^?ku* vkSj ^tu* dk rkyesy lqanj cu iM+k gSA
● turk dh nqnZ'kk ç—fr dh rjg O;kid :i ls QSyh gSA mldk funku t:jh gS]
vU;Fkk foæksg vo';EHkkoh gSA
● 16] 08 vkSj 12 ek=kvksa dh rhu iafDr;ksa ls bl dfork dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA rhu&rhu
iafDr;ksa ds pkj [Link] ls ;g dfork iwjh gqbZ gSA
fo”ks’k
turk fojkV gSA mls ck¡/kus dh dksf'k'k vlQy gks tkrh gSA turk dk Øks/k lc dqN cny
ldrk gSA
rhu
paæxguk ls ykSVrh csj
ns[k vk;k paæxgukA
ns[krk gw¡ –'; vc eSa
esaM+ ij bl [ksr dh cSBk vdsykA
,d chrs ds cjkcj
;g gjk fBaxuk puk]
ck¡/ks eqjSBk 'kh'k ij
NksVs xqykch Qwy dk]
lt dj [kM+k gSA
ikl gh feydj mxh gS
chp esa vylh gBhyh
nsg dh iryh] dej dh gS yphyh]
uhy Qwys Qwy dks flj ij p<+k dj
dg jgh gS] ^tks Nq, ;g
7
nw¡ ân; dk nku mldksA*
vkSj ljlksa dh u iwNks &
gks x;h lcls l;kuh]
gkFk ihys dj fy, gSa]
C;kg&eaMi esa i/kkjh;
Qkx xkrk ekl Qkxqu
vk x;k gS vkt tSlsA
ns[krk gw¡ eSa % Lo;aoj gks jgk gS]
ç—fr dk vuqjkx&vapy fgy jgk gS
bl fotu esa
nwj O;kikfjd uxj ls
çse dh fç; Hkwfe mitkÅ vf/kd gSA
vkSj iSjksa ds rys gS ,d iks[kj]
mB jgha blesa ygfj;k¡]
uhy ry esa tks mxh gS ?kkl Hkwjh
ys jgh og Hkh ygfj;k¡A
,d pk¡nh dk cM+k&lk xksy [kaHkk
vk¡[k dks gS pdedkrkA
gSa dbZ iRFkj fdukjs
ih jgs pqipki ikuh]
I;kl tkus dc cq>sxh!
pqi [kM+k cxqyk Mqck;s Vk¡x ty esa]
ns[krs gh ehu papy
8
/;ku fuæk R;kxrk gS]
pV nck dj pksap esa
uhps xys ds Mkyrk gS!
,d dkys ekFk okyh prqj fpfM+;k
'osr ia[kksa ds >ikVs ekj QkSju
VwV iM+rh gS Hkjs ty ds ân; ij]
,d mtyh pVqy eNyh
pksap ihyh esa nck dj
nwj mM+rh gS xxu esa!
vkS* ;gha ls &
Hkwfe Å¡ph gS tgk¡ ls &
jsy dh iVjh x;h gSA
Vªsu dk Vkbe ugha gSA
eSa ;gk¡ LoPNUn gw¡]
tkuk ugha gSA
fp=dwV dh vux<+ pkSM+h
de Å¡ph&Å¡ph igkfM+;k¡
nwj fn'kkvksa rd QSyh gSaA
ck¡> Hkwfe ij
b/kj&m/kj jhaok ds isM+
dk¡Vsnkj dq:i [kM+s gSaA
lqu iM+rk gS
ehBk&ehBk jl Vidkrk
9
lqXxs dk Loj
Vsa Vsa Vsa;
lqu iM+rk gS
ouLFkyh dk ân; phjrk]
mBrk&fxjrk
lkjl dk Loj
fVjVksa fVjVksa;
eu gksrk gS &
mM+ tkš eSa
ij QSyk;s lkjl ds lax
tgk¡ tqxqy tksM+h jgrh gS
gjs [ksr esa
lPph çse dgkuh lqu yw¡
pqIis pqIisA
¼1946] ^Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa*½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^paæxguk ls ykSVrh csj* 'kh"kZd dfork ^Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa* ¼1965½ dkO;&laxzg esa lax`ghr
gSA ;g dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh ,d çfl) dfork gSA fp=dwV {ks= esa paæxguk ,d xk¡o gSA bl
xk¡o ds vkl&ikl dh ç—fr ds ckjs esa bl dfork esa crk;k x;k gSA ;g fp=.k xzkeh.k ds
lkFk&lkFk fdlkuh Hkh gSA eSnku dh fdlkuh&ç—fr ij dfork fy[kus esa dsnkjukFk vxzoky
dks i;kZIr lQyrk feyh gSA
O;k[;k
dsnkjukFk vxzoky us çLrqr dfork esa] paæxguk uked xk¡o ls ykSVrs gq,] ç—fr ds ckjs esa dqN
ckrsa dgh gSaA bl ;k=k esa ç—fr ds dqN :i dfo dks fn[kkbZ iM+s] ftudk ftØ bl dfork esa
gqvk gSA dfo dk i;Zos{k.k vkSj vkReh; çLrqfr bl dfork dh fo'ks"krk gSA
dfBu 'kCn
paæxguk&
xguk ,d xk¡o dk uke] ykSVrh csj& ykSVrs le;] esM+ & [ksr dk Å¡pk fdukjk] ,d chrs& ,d fcÙkk] ,d ckfy'r]
fBaxuk&
uk ckSuk] ftldh Å¡pkbZ de gks] eqjSBk& k eqjsBk] ixM+h] vylh&
vylh rhlh] rsygu dh ,d Qly] gBhyh&ftn~gBhyh nh]
l;kuh&
l;kuh C;kg ds yk;d gks x;h gS] gkFk ihys& 'kknh dh rS;kjh esa gYnh&mcVu ls vkbZ xqjkbZ] 'kknh djuk] Qkx &
gksyh ds xhr] Qkxqu&QkYxqu dk eghuk] olar _rq dk eghuk Lo;aoj& j fookg dh ,d i)fr ftlesa nqYgu viuh bPNk
ls nwYgs dks pqurh gS] vuqjkx&vapy & çse ls [Link] vk¡py] fotu & ,dkar txg] iks[kj&
kj iks[kjk] rkykc] uhy ry &
rkykc dh xgjkbZ esa ry uhys jax dk utj vk jgk gS] ?kkl Hkwjh& h ikuh ds Hkhrj teus okyk ikS/kk] ekFk&
ekFk ekFkk] flj]
pVqy & papy] LoPNUn&
LoPNUn ftl ij dksbZ ca/ku u gks] ck¡> Hkwfe& e catj tehu] jhaok ds isM+ & ,d dk¡Vsnkj isM+]
ouLFkyh&
ouLFkyh taxyh vkSj ohjku txg
10
dfo paæxguk dks ns[k vk;k gSA og [ksr dh esM+ ij cSBk gS vkSj vkl&ikl ds –';ksa dks ns[k
jgk gSA dfo us ns[kk fd [ksr esa pus dh Qly yxh gSA mldk gjk ikS/kk yxHkx ,d fcÙks ds
cjkcj Å¡pk gks x;k gS] exj O;fDRkRo ls fBxuk ekywe iM+rk gSA mlesa fudyk gqvk xqykch
Qwy flj ij c¡/kh ixM+h dh rjg ekywe iM+rk gSA ltk&/ktk puk ekuks fdlh mRlo dh rS;kjh
dj jgk gS] gks ldrk gS fd og viuh 'kknh dh rS;kjh dj jgk gks!
ogha ikl esa gh lV dj rhlh ds ikaS/ks mxs gq, gSaA exj og rks pus ls yach gS] nsg ls nqcyh Hkh
gS] mldh dej esa cgqr ypd Hkh gSA mlus vius uhys Qwy dks ekFks ij p<+k<k j[kk gS
vkSj 'krZ j[k nh gS fd tks bl Qwy dks Nw nsxk mls eSa vius ân; dk nku ns nw¡xhA eryc
mlls 'kknh dj yw¡xhA yxrk gS fd mlus pus dks /;ku esa j[kdj ;g dfBu 'krZ j[k nh gS!
cspkjk ,d fcÙks dk fBxuk puk ml yach Njgjh vylh ds flj ij lts uhys Qwy dks dSls Nw
ik,xk! vylh us pus dks NsM+us ds fy, [kwc 'kjkjr jph gS!
[ksrksa esa QSyh ljlksa dh Qly D;k [kwc yx jgh gS! ,slk yxrk gS ekuks ljlksa vc C;kg ds
yk;d l;kuh gks x;h gSA mlds ihys Qwy ;w¡ yx jgs gSa tSls] 'kknh dh rS;kjh ds fy,
gYnh&mcVu ls gkFk ihys gks x, gSaA og C;kg ds fy, ekuks [Link] esa vk pqdh gSA ;w¡ yxrk gS
fd QkYxqu dk eghuk viuh QxqukgV dh gok ds tfj, C;kg vkSj gksyh ds xhr xk jgk gS!
dfo dks yx jgk gS fd ç—fr esa Lo;aoj dk dk;ZØe py jgk gSA bl [kq'kh esa ç—fr dk
vk¡py ekjs Lusg ds Mksy jgk gSA oSls rks ;g txg futZu gS] exj /ka/ks&O;kikj okys 'kgj ls
nwj jgus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ çse dk mitkÅ okrkoj.k ekStwn gSA vFkkZr~ ljy thou ls mRiUu çse
dh lEHkkouk,¡ ;gk¡ miyC/k gSaA
blds ckn dfo us ,d cM+s rkykc dh ppkZ dh gSA dfo tgk¡ cSBk gS] ogk¡ ls mlds iSjksa dh
rjQ ,d cM+k iks[kj gSA gok ds dkj.k ml iks[kj esa ygjsa fn[kkbZ iM+ jgh gSaA iks[kj bruk
xgjk vkSj lkQ&lqFkjk gS fd mldh rygVh uhyh ekywe iM+ jgh gSA ml rygVh esa Hkwjh ?kkl
gS vkSj og Hkh ygjkrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ iM+ jgh gSA lwjt viuh ped ds lkFk iks[kj ds ikuh esa
pk¡nh ds ,d cM+s xksy [kEHks dh rjg çfrfcafcr gks jgk gSA iks[kj ds fdukjs dbZ iRFkj gSaA dfo
dYiuk djrk gS fd ;s iRFkj ekuks pqipki ikuh ih jgs gSaA exj ;s rks u tkus fdl tekus ls
ikuh ih jgs gSa! u tkus budh I;kl dc cq>sxh\
rkykc esa ,d cxqyk pqipki [kM+k gSA fcYdqy /;ku yxk, & ^odks/;kua*A rSjrh gqbZ ,d eNyh
dks ns[kdj og viuh /;ku&fuæk ds vfHku; dks R;kxrk gS vkSj pksap esa QqrhZ ds lkFk nckdj
xys esa Mky ysrk gSA eNyh cxqys ds isV esa pyh xbZA ,d nwljh prqj fpfM+;k gS ftldk ekFkk
dkyk gSA og lQsn ia[kksaokyh gSA og vpkud ikuh ij >iV~Vk ekjrh gS vkSj ,d papy eNyh
dks viuh ihyh pksap esa nckdj nwj vkdk'k esa mM+ tkrh gSA
iks[kj ds bu –';ksa dks fn[kkus ds ckn dfo crkrk gS fd iks[kj ds ikl ls gh tehu Øe'k%
Å¡ph gksus yxh gSA ml Å¡pkbZ ls jsy dh iVjh xqtjh gSA exj vHkh fdlh Vªsu ds tkus dk
le; ugha gSA dfo dks eglwl gks jgk gS fd bl ekgkSy esa og iwjh rjg vktkn gSA mls dgha
vkus&tkus dk Hkh ruko ugha gSA og pkjksa rjQ utj mBkdj ns[krk gS fd fp=dwV dh
igkfM+;k¡ nwj&nwj rd QSyh gqbZ gSaA ;s igkfM+;k¡ T;knk Å¡ph ugha gSaA ;s vkdkj&çdkj esa Hkh
lqx<+ ugha gSaA ogk¡ dh Hkwfe Hkh catj gSA b/kj&m/kj jhaok ds dk¡Vsnkj vkSj dq:i isM+ fn[kkbZ iM+
jgs gSaA
exj bl iFkjhyh catj tehu ds okrkoj.k esa Hkh rksrs dh vkokt lqukbZ iM+rh gSA lqXxs tc Vsa
Vsa cksyrs gSa rks yxrk gS fd dkuksa esa ehBk&ehBk jl Vid jgk gks! bl ou&Hkwfe ds lUukVs dks
11
phjrk gqvk lkjl i{kh dk Loj fVjVksa fVjVksa lqukbZ iM+rk gSA dfo dk eu gksrk gS fd ia[k
QSyk, ml lkjl i{kh ds lkFk og mM+ tk, vkSj ogk¡ igq¡p tk, tgk¡ og viuh tksM+h ds lkFk
jgrk gSA mldh bPNk gS fd gjs&Hkjs [ksrksa esa jgusokyh bl tksM+h dh lPph çse dgkuh og
pqipki lqu ys vkSj vkufUnr gksrk jgsA
dkO; lkS"Bo
● ;g dfork fp=dwV ds futZu xzkeh.k bykds dh ç—fr dk fp=.k djrh gSA dfo us iwjh
vkReh;rk ls ç—fr ds chp ?kfVr gks jgh xfrfof/k;ksa dks fn[kk;k gSA ;gk¡ ç—fr dk
eq[; fgLlk fdlkuh ls tqM+k gSA Qlyksa dk ekuohdj.k djrs gq, tks dqN çLrqr fd;k
x;k gS] og cgqr lqanj cu iM+k gSA
● [ksr] rkykc vkSj igkM+h ds chp Qly] eNyh vkSj i{kh dks j[kdj tks ifjos'k jpk
x;k gS] mles çxfrokn dh ç[Link] dke dj jgh gSA dfo us xSj&jkseSafVd okrkoj.k ds
çfr vkd"kZ.k mRiUu fd;k gSA
● iwjh dfork esa ekf=d Nan dk çokg ekStwn gSA NksVh&cM+h iafDr;ksa ds lgkjs dksf'k'k dh
xbZ gS fd ekf=d NUn ds çokg esa iwjh dfork yxHkx dFkk dh rjg lqukbZ tk ldsA
fo”ks’k
dsnkjukFk vxzoky us çxfroknh –f"V dks bl dfork esa Å¡pkbZ çnku fd;k gSA lS)kafrd
'kCnkoyh ls cprs gq, mUgksaus xk¡oksa ds çfr /;ku [khapus dk dke fd;k gSA ;g dfork xk¡o ds
okrkoj.k dks ltho vkSj vkd"kZd rjhds ls is'k djusokyh 'kq#vkrh dforkvksa esa egÙ[Link] gSA
pkj
/kwi
/kwi pedrh gS pk¡nh dh lkM+h igus
eSds esa vk;h csVh dh rjg exu gS
Qwyh ljlksa dh Nkrh ls fyiV x;h gS
tSls nks getksyh lf[k;k¡ xys feyh gSa
HkS;k dh ck¡gksa ls NwVh HkkStkbZ&lh
yg¡xs dks ygjkrh yprh gok pyh gS
lkjaxh ctrh gS [ksrksa dh xksnh esa
ny ds ny i{kh mM+rs gSa ehBs Loj ds
vukoj.k ;g çk—r Nfo dh vej Hkkjrh
jax&fcjaxh ia[kqfj;ksa dh [kksy psruk lkSjHk ls e¡g&e¡g egdkrh gS fnxar dks
ekuo eu dks Hkj nsrh gS fnO; nhfIr ls
f'ko ds uanh&lk ufn;ksa esa ikuh ihrk
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fueZy uHk vouh ds Åij fclq/k [kM+k gS
dky dkx dh rjg Bw¡B ij xqelqe cSBk
lks;h vk¡[kksa ns[k jgk gS fnokLoIu dksA
¼17-
¼17-01-
01-1959] ^Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa*½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^/kwi* 'kh"kZd dfork esa xk¡o dh dqN Nfo;k¡ çLrqr dh x;h gSaA blesa /kwi dk ekuohdj.k gqvk
gSA mls euq"; dh rjg dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls tksM+dj fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA /kwi ds vykok gok
vkfn çk—frd miknkuksa dks Hkh euq"; dh rjg fØ;k'khy fn[kk;k x;k gSA
O;k[;k
çLrqr dfork esa çxfrokn ds çfrfuf/k dfo dsnkjukFk vxzoky dgrs gSa fd /kwi ped jgh gSA
,slk yxrk gS fd pk¡nh dh lkM+h igudj dksbZ csVh vius ek;ds esa vk;h gSA ek;ds vk;h gqbZ
csVh llqjky dh vkSipkfjdrkvksa ls eqDr gksrh gSA og exu Hkh gksrh gS vkSj csijokg HkhA f[kyh
gqbZ /kwi] Qwyksa ls ynh ljlksa ls ,sls fyiV x;h gS] tSls nks ge&mez iqjkuh lf[k;k¡ cgqr fnuksa
ds ckn feyus ij Nkrh ls fyiV tkrh gSaA
cgqr I;kjh gok py jgh gSA dfo dh dYiuk txrh gS fd ;g rks HkkStkbZ ds ygjkrs gq, y¡gxs
ls pyh gok dh rjg I;kjh ekywe iM+ jgh gSA HkS;k us ?kj&Hkj dh ijokg ugha dh vkSj HkkStkbZ
dks ck¡gksa esa Hkj fy;k FkkA HkkHkh ykt ds ekjs ck¡gksa ls vius dks NqM+k dj tc Hkkxh rks y¡gxs ds
ygjkus ls Ük`axkj esa Mwch ,slh gh gok pyh FkhA dfo us nsoj&Hkko ls gok ij [Link] dh gSA
[ksrksa esa u tkus fdrus lqjhys iaNh mM+&cSB jgs gSaA ,slk yxrk gS fd bu [ksrksa dh xksnh esa ;s
iaNh lkjaxh dh rjg gSa vkSj ct jgs gSaA ç—fr dh ;g lqanjrk fcYdqy [kqys :i esa dfo ds
lkeus gSA mls yxrk gS fd ç—fr dk ;g [kqyk :i gh fo|k dh nsoh dk vlyh :i gSA bl
Nfo dks gh ^vej Hkkjrh* eku ysuk pkfg,A ;g vej Hkkjrh Qwyksa dh jax&fcjaxh ia[kqfj;ksa dks
[kksy dj vuar lkSjHk QSyk nsrh gSA og lHkh fn'kkvksa dks lqxa/k ls Hkj nsrh gSA og euq"; ds
eu dks vykSfdd ped ls Hkj nsrh gSA bu lc ds chp jgusokyk euq"; ekuks vykSfdd lq[k
dks çkIr djrk gSA dfo dk ladrs gS fd yksd dh lqanjrk esa gh vykSfdd dk vfLrRo gSA
vykSfdd dh dksbZ nwljh nqfu;k ugha gSA
dfork ds vxys pj.k esa dfo crkrk gS fd LoPN vkdk'k /kjrh ds Åij cslq/k >qdk gqvk
ekywe iM+ jgk gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd Hkxoku~ 'kadj dk uanh cSy >qddj ufn;ksa ls ikuh ih jgk
gks! bu lqanj –';ksa dks ns[kdj ekuks le; Hkh LrC/k jg x;k gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd lw[ks gq,
isM+ ij cSBk gqvk dkSvk dky ¼le;½ gS vkSj og grçHk gksdj [kks;h&[kks;h vk¡[kksa ls bu –';ksa
dks ns[k jgk gSA mls yx jgk gS fd dgha eSa tkxrs gq, lius rks ugha ns[k jgk\
dfo dk [;ky gS fd xk¡o dh ç—fr vykSfdd lqanjrk ls lEiUu gSA ,dckjxh bl lqanjrk dks
ns[kdj fo'okl ugha gksrk fd ;g lc lp gS!
dfBu 'kCn
Qwyh ljlks
ljlka & Qwyksa ls ;qDr ljlksa dh Q+ly] getksyh lf[k;k¡& ,d mez dh nksLr HkkStkbZ&HkkHkh] yprh&
yprh ypdrh
gqbZ] çk—
çk—r Nfo & çk—frd lqanjrk] vej Hkkjrh & ç—fr ekuks ljLorh dk 'kk'or :i gS] lkSjHk& Hk lqxa/k] fnxar&
f{kfrt] fnO; nhfIr&
nhfIr vykSfdd ped] uUnh& uUnh Hkxoku 'kadj ds uUnh cSy dh rjg] vouh & /kjrh] fclq/k&
k cslq/k] gks'k
[kksdj] dky≤
dky fnokLoIu&
fnokLoIu fnu esa fn[kusokyk liuk] vR;f/kd dkYifud
13
dkO; lkS"Bo
● ;g dfork xk¡o dh ç—fr ds dqN –';ksa dks çLrqr djrh gSA
● dfo dk [;ky gS fd xk¡o dk ifjos'k bruk lqanj gS fd mls vykSfdd dgk tk ldrk
gSA
● iwjh dfork esa 24 & 24 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa dk mi;ksx gqvk gSA
fo”ks’k
pedrh gqbZ /kwi esa xk¡o dh izÑfr ds dqN n`”; j[kdj dfo us bl ckr ij tksj fn;k gS fd
gekjs ns”k ds xk¡o lqanjrk ds izrhd gSaA xk¡oksa ds izfr >qdko dks c<+kus dh dksf”k”k izxfrokn dh
,d igpku jgh gSA
cks/k iz”u&1
fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mŸkj la{ksi esa nsaA
1- ^ek¡>h u ctkvks ca'kh* dfork dk ewy Hkko D;k gS \
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2- ^?ku xjts tu xjts* dfork esa fdl rjg dh psruk gS\
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3- ^paæxguk ls ykSVrh csj* dfork esa dqN Qlyksa dk fdl :i esa ftØ gS\
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4- ^/kwi pedrh gS pk¡nh dh lkM+h igus* esa dfo us fdldk fcEc fufeZr fd;k gS\
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cks/k iz”u&2
i. ^ek¡>h u ctkvks ca'kh* 'kh"kZd dfork fdl iqLrd esa gS\
d½ ;qx dh xaxk [k½ Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa x½ yksd vkSj vkyksd
?k½ ia[k vkSj irokj
ii. paæxguk ls ykSVrh csj* fdl dkO;&laxzg dh dfork gS\
14
d½ Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa [k½ ia[k vkSj irokj x½ gs esjh rqe
?k½ ;qx dh xaxk
iii. dsnkjukFk vxzoky us ç—fr&fp=.k esa lcls T;knk fdl i)fr dk mi;ksx
fd;k gS \
d½ vçLrqr [k½ ekuohdj.k x½ :id ?k½ vU;ksfDr
iv. ^pVqy* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\
d½ cM+h [k½ f'kfFky x½ NksVh ?k½ papy
v. ^fVjVksa fVjVksa* Loj fudkyusokyk i{kh dkSu gS\
d½ lqXxk [k½ cxqyk x½ lkjl ?k½ dkys ekFks okyh fpfM+;k
vi. ^Qwy ugha jax cksyrs gSa* dkO;&laxzg dk çdk'ku dc gqvk Fkk\
d½ 1947 [k½ 1965 x½ 1957 ?k½ 1970
vii ^f{kfr* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS \
d½ f{kfrt [k½ xxu x½ fn'kk ?k½ /kjrh
viii ^ck¡/ks eqjSBk 'kh'k ij* fdlds fy, dgk x;k gS\
d½ fBaxuk puk [k½ vylh x½ ljlksa ?k½ Qkxqu
ix. ^paæxguk ls ykSVrh csj* 'kh"kZd dfork esa fdl {ks= dh ç—fr dk fp=.k gS\
d½ x<+oky [k½ NksVkukxiqj x½ lriqM+k ?k½ fp=dwV
x. ^/kwi* 'kh"kZd dfork esa fdruh ek=k dh iafDr;ksa dk mi;ksx gqvk gS\
d½ 12 [k½ 16 x½ 24 ?k½ 28
xi. dsnkjukFk vxzoky dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\
d½ 1909 [k½ 1910 x½ 1911 ?k½ 1912
xii. dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh e`R;q dc gqbZ Fkh\
d½ 1998 [k½ 1985 x½ 2002 ?k½ 2000
xiii. dsnkjukFk vxzoky ewyr% fdl /kkjk ds dfo ekus tkrs gSa\
d½ Nk;koknh [k½ ç;ksxoknh x½ gkykoknh ?k½ çxfroknh
xiv. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh iqLrd dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh ugha gS \
d½ uhan ds ckny [k½gs esjh rqe x½ ;qx/kkjk ?k½ yksd vkSj vkyksd
13-
13-3 cks/k ç'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
Ckks/k iz”u&1
1- ^ek¡>h u ctkvks ca'kh* dfork esa dfo dk ewy Hkko ;g gS fd yksd dykvksa esa xgjh
vkReh;rk gksrh gSA mlesa vkdf"kZr djus dh vn~Hkqr rkdr gksrh gSA mlls tqM+us dh
dksf'k'k ek= ls ge mlesa Mwcus yxrs gSaA blh ckr dks dgus ds fy, dfo us ek¡>h dk
15
;g :id x<+k gSA og dgrk gS fd eSa ek¡>h dh oa'kh dh vkokt ls vuklDr&vçHkkfor
jguk pkgrk gw¡A exj ,slk gks ugha ikrkA oa'kh T;ksa&T;ksa ctrh gS] eSa mlesa Mwcrk tkrk
gw¡A
2- ^?ku xjts tu xjts* dfork esa çxfroknh psruk dke dj jgh gSA dfo cknyksa dh xtZuk
ead turk ds vkØks'k dh /ofu dks vkjksfir dj jgk gSA og fn[kykuk pkgrk gS fd
vU;k; ds f[kykQ O;kid foæksg dh lEHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA og crkuk pkgrk gS fd
'kks"kdksa dks fdlh Hkze esa ugha jguk pkfg,] mudk fojks/k vo'; gksxkA
3- ^paæxguk ls ykSVrh csj* dfork esa puk] vylh vkSj ljlksa dk ftØ gSA ,d fcÙks ds
cjkcj dk puk vius flj ij xqykch Qwy ds lkFk ltk gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd og xqykch
jax dh ixM+h ck¡/k dj 'kknh ds fy, rS;kj gSA ogha lV dj vylh [kM+h gSA og nsg ls
iryh vkSj dej ls yphyh gSA mlus uhys Qwy dks vius flj ij ltk j[kk gSA vkSj
mlus 'krZ j[k nh gS fd tks bl Qwy dks Nw nsxk eSa mlls 'kknh dj yw¡xhA ljlksa rks vc
cgqr l;kuh gks x;h gSA ekuks gYnh&mcVu yxkdj mlus gkFk ihys dj fy, gSaA og
C;kg ds [Link] esa vk;h gSA
4- ^/kwi pedrh gS pk¡nh dh lkM+h igus* esa dfo us ek;ds vk;h gqbZ csVh dk fcEc fufeZr
fd;k gSA dfo dg jgk gS fd pedhyh /kwi fudyh gqbZ gSA ,slk yxrk gS tSls dksbZ csVh
llqjky ls ek;ds vk;h gSA og pk¡nh dh pedhyh lkM+h igus gq, gS vkSj vius esa eXu gSA
fQj yxrk gS fd og pedhyh /kwi Qwyksa ls ynh ljlksa dh Qly ls fyiV x;h gSA
ljlksa ls og ,sls fyiV x;h gS ekuks nksuksa ge&mez iqjkuh lf[k;k¡ gksAa
Ckks/k iz”u&2
i. [k
ii. d
iii. [k
iv. ?k
v. x
vi. [k
vii. ?k
viii. d
ix. ?k
x. x
xi. x
xii. ?k
xiii. ?k
xiv. x
16
13-
13-4 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
1- çfrfuf/k dfork,¡ % dsnkjukFk vxzoky] laiknd & v'kksd f=ikBh] jktdey çdk'ku]
ubZ fnYyh
2- ijEijk dk ewY;kadu & jkefoykl 'kekZ] jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh
3- dsnkjukFk vxzoky % dfork dk yksd vkyksd] laiknd & larks"k HknkSfj;k
17